𓂝
a
(Forearm & hand)
MDC: a
Budge: ā
Gardiner: Ꜥ, ˤ
Hannig: ˁ
Allen: ˁ , ʕ ; d (in some dialects)
Schneider: ɗ
Fergus Sharman: â
Loprieno : ʿ , (ʕ) IPA
Alt: á, ꜥ , ʾ
Transliteration: a or ā
Gardiner code: D36
IPA History : ʕ, ˁ (OE-LE) ; ɑː (Egyptological)
IPA: /ɑː/
Pronounced
Demotic: ˤ
Coptic:
a
(Forearm & hand)
MDC: a
Budge: ā
Gardiner: Ꜥ, ˤ
Hannig: ˁ
Allen: ˁ , ʕ ; d (in some dialects)
Schneider: ɗ
Fergus Sharman: â
Loprieno : ʿ , (ʕ) IPA
Alt: á, ꜥ , ʾ
Transliteration: a or ā
Gardiner code: D36
IPA History : ʕ, ˁ (OE-LE) ; ɑː (Egyptological)
IPA: /ɑː/
Pronounced
Demotic: ˤ
Coptic:
𓄿
A
(Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus)
MDC: A
Brugsch : ꜣ
Erman : ꜣ
Budge: a
Other :ʾ
Erman & Grapow : ꜣ
Gardiner: ꜣ
Edel : ꜣ
Hodge : ꜣ
Allen: Ꜣ
Schneider: ɹ, ʁ
Leiden : ꜣ
Loprieno : ꜣ , (ʀ > ʔ) IPA
Alt: à
Transliteration: a
Gardiner code: G1
IPA History : ʀ (OE-ME)> ʔ, j, ∅, ɾ, l (LE); ɑ (Egyptological)
IPA: /ɑ/, /ɑː/
Pronounced
Old Egyptian: l , ɾ (J.P.A.)
Late Egyptian : n , r , nr
Demotic: l
Coptic: ⲗ , ⲣ
A
(Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus)
MDC: A
Brugsch : ꜣ
Erman : ꜣ
Budge: a
Other :ʾ
Erman & Grapow : ꜣ
Gardiner: ꜣ
Edel : ꜣ
Hodge : ꜣ
Allen: Ꜣ
Schneider: ɹ, ʁ
Leiden : ꜣ
Loprieno : ꜣ , (ʀ > ʔ) IPA
Alt: à
Transliteration: a
Gardiner code: G1
IPA History : ʀ (OE-ME)> ʔ, j, ∅, ɾ, l (LE); ɑ (Egyptological)
IPA: /ɑ/, /ɑː/
Pronounced
Old Egyptian: l , ɾ (J.P.A.)
Late Egyptian : n , r , nr
Demotic: l
Coptic: ⲗ , ⲣ
𓃀
b
(Lower leg & foot)
MDC: b
Budge: b
Gardiner: b
Hannig: b
Allen: b
Schneider: b
Transliteration: b
Gardiner code: D58
IPA History : b, p (OE-ME), b (MK), β, b (LE); b (Egyptological)
IPA: b or β (aspirated stop)
Pronounced
Demotic: β, b
Coptic: ⲃ /b/ , ⲡ /p/
b
(Lower leg & foot)
MDC: b
Budge: b
Gardiner: b
Hannig: b
Allen: b
Schneider: b
Transliteration: b
Gardiner code: D58
IPA History : b, p (OE-ME), b (MK), β, b (LE); b (Egyptological)
IPA: b or β (aspirated stop)
Pronounced
Demotic: β, b
Coptic: ⲃ /b/ , ⲡ /p/
𓂧
d
(hand)
MDC: d
Budge: ṭ, d
Gardiner: d
Hannig: d
Allen: d
Schenkel: ṭ
Schneider: ḍ
Transliteration: d
Gardiner code: D46
IPA History : tʼ (OE), tʼ, t͡ʃʼ (ME-LE); d (Egyptological)
IPA: /d/ , /tʼ/
Pronounced
Demotic: t
Coptic: ⲧ/t (B,S)
d
(hand)
MDC: d
Budge: ṭ, d
Gardiner: d
Hannig: d
Allen: d
Schenkel: ṭ
Schneider: ḍ
Transliteration: d
Gardiner code: D46
IPA History : tʼ (OE), tʼ, t͡ʃʼ (ME-LE); d (Egyptological)
IPA: /d/ , /tʼ/
Pronounced
Demotic: t
Coptic: ⲧ/t (B,S)
𓆓
D
(cobra)
MDC: D
Budge: ť, tch, dj
Gardiner: ḏ
Hannig: ḏ
Allen: ḏ
Schenkel: č̣
Schneider: c̣
Allen: ɟ
Transliteration: dj
Gardiner code: I10
IPA History : cʼ, tʲ (OE), tʲ (MK), t͡ʃʼ, tʲʼ (ME-LE); d͡ʒ (Egyptological)
IPA: dʒ, t͡ʃʼ (unaspirated stop)
Pronounced
Demotic: tʲʼ
Coptic: ϫ
D
(cobra)
MDC: D
Budge: ť, tch, dj
Gardiner: ḏ
Hannig: ḏ
Allen: ḏ
Schenkel: č̣
Schneider: c̣
Allen: ɟ
Transliteration: dj
Gardiner code: I10
IPA History : cʼ, tʲ (OE), tʲ (MK), t͡ʃʼ, tʲʼ (ME-LE); d͡ʒ (Egyptological)
IPA: dʒ, t͡ʃʼ (unaspirated stop)
Pronounced
Demotic: tʲʼ
Coptic: ϫ
𓆑
f
(horned viper)
MDC: f
Budge: f
Gardiner: f
Hannig: f
Allen: f
Schneider: f
Transliteration: f
Gardiner code: I9
IPA History : f, ᴾf (OE), f (ME), f (LE); f (Egyptological)
IPA: f (affricate)
Pronounced
Demotic: f , φ
Coptic: ϥ /f/ , ⲃ /b/
f
(horned viper)
MDC: f
Budge: f
Gardiner: f
Hannig: f
Allen: f
Schneider: f
Transliteration: f
Gardiner code: I9
IPA History : f, ᴾf (OE), f (ME), f (LE); f (Egyptological)
IPA: f (affricate)
Pronounced
Demotic: f , φ
Coptic: ϥ /f/ , ⲃ /b/
𓎼
g
(jar, jug)
MDC: g
Budge: ḳ
Gardiner: g
Hannig: g
Allen: g
Schneider: g
Late Kingdom?, Coptic : k
Transliteration: g
Gardiner code: W11
IPA History : kʲ (OE), kʲ (ME), kʲ (LE); ɡ (Egyptological)
IPA: kʲ, ɡ (palatalized stop)
Pronounced
Demotic: /kʲ/
Coptic: [Veils] ⲕ/k (Schmidt), Ⲹ/ k (Palaeothebaic), ⲕ/k (B), ⲕ/k (all others)
[Palatiales] ⳛ (Schmidt), ⲕ (Palaeothebaic), ϫ (B), ϭ/ ć (all others)
Alternative letters
𓎤
g
(jar, jug)
MDC: g
Budge: ḳ
Gardiner: g
Hannig: g
Allen: g
Schneider: g
Late Kingdom?, Coptic : k
Transliteration: g
Gardiner code: W11
IPA History : kʲ (OE), kʲ (ME), kʲ (LE); ɡ (Egyptological)
IPA: kʲ, ɡ (palatalized stop)
Pronounced
Demotic: /kʲ/
Coptic: [Veils] ⲕ/k (Schmidt), Ⲹ/ k (Palaeothebaic), ⲕ/k (B), ⲕ/k (all others)
[Palatiales] ⳛ (Schmidt), ⲕ (Palaeothebaic), ϫ (B), ϭ/ ć (all others)
Alternative letters
𓎤
𓉔
h
(courtyard)
MDC: h
Budge: h
Gardiner: h
Hannig: h
Allen: h
Schneider: h
Transliteration: h
Gardiner code: O4
IPA History : h (OE-ME-LE); h (Egyptological)
IPA: h (glottal fricative)
Pronounced
Demotic: h
Coptic: ϩ/[h
h
(courtyard)
MDC: h
Budge: h
Gardiner: h
Hannig: h
Allen: h
Schneider: h
Transliteration: h
Gardiner code: O4
IPA History : h (OE-ME-LE); h (Egyptological)
IPA: h (glottal fricative)
Pronounced
Demotic: h
Coptic: ϩ/[h
𓎛
H
(twisted wick, flax bundle)
MDC: H
Budge: h
Gardiner: ḥ
Hannig: ḥ
Allen: ḥ
Schneider: ḥ
Transliteration: h or ḥ
Gardiner code: V28
IPA History : ħ (OE-ME-LE); ħ (Egyptological)
IPA: ħ (palatalized fricative)
Pronounced
Demotic: ḥ
Coptic: ϩ/[h
H
(twisted wick, flax bundle)
MDC: H
Budge: h
Gardiner: ḥ
Hannig: ḥ
Allen: ḥ
Schneider: ḥ
Transliteration: h or ḥ
Gardiner code: V28
IPA History : ħ (OE-ME-LE); ħ (Egyptological)
IPA: ħ (palatalized fricative)
Pronounced
Demotic: ḥ
Coptic: ϩ/[h
𓇋
i
(single reed , flowering reed)
MDC: i
Brugsch : ʾ
Erman : ı͗
Budge: ȧ ; e, or i
Gardiner: ỉ (claims y sound at being and sometimes A)
Erman & Grapow: ỉ, j
Gardiner : ı͗
Edel : j
Hodge : ʔ
Schenkel : ı͗
Allen: j
Hoch : ı͗
Schneider: ỉ
Hier: j , i̯
Demotic: j , ꞽ
Loprieno : j , (j > ʔ) IPA
Late Kingdom: ʾ
Transliteration: i or ȧ/a
Gardiner code: M17, A1
IPA History: j (OE-ME), /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ (LE); i, iː (Egyptological)
IPA: /i/, /j/, /iː/
Pronounced
Middle Egyptian: ˀ
Late Egyptian: j , Ꜣ
Demotic: Ꜣ
Coptic:
i
(single reed , flowering reed)
MDC: i
Brugsch : ʾ
Erman : ı͗
Budge: ȧ ; e, or i
Gardiner: ỉ (claims y sound at being and sometimes A)
Erman & Grapow: ỉ, j
Gardiner : ı͗
Edel : j
Hodge : ʔ
Schenkel : ı͗
Allen: j
Hoch : ı͗
Schneider: ỉ
Hier: j , i̯
Demotic: j , ꞽ
Loprieno : j , (j > ʔ) IPA
Late Kingdom: ʾ
Transliteration: i or ȧ/a
Gardiner code: M17, A1
IPA History: j (OE-ME), /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ (LE); i, iː (Egyptological)
IPA: /i/, /j/, /iː/
Pronounced
Middle Egyptian: ˀ
Late Egyptian: j , Ꜣ
Demotic: Ꜣ
Coptic:
𓎡
k
(basket with handle)
MDC: k
Budge: k
Gardiner: k
Hannig: k
Allen: k
Schneider: k
Transliteration: k
Gardiner code: V31
IPA History : k (OE), kʰ , k (ME), kʰ , k (LE); k (Egyptological)
IPA: /k/, /kʰ/, /kʲ/ (aspirated stop)
Pronounced
Demotic: k /kʰ/
Coptic: [Veils] ⲕ/k (Schmidt), Ⲹ/ k (Palaeothebaic), ⲭ/kh (B), ⲕ/k (all others)
Greek: ϰ
Roman: χ
k
(basket with handle)
MDC: k
Budge: k
Gardiner: k
Hannig: k
Allen: k
Schneider: k
Transliteration: k
Gardiner code: V31
IPA History : k (OE), kʰ , k (ME), kʰ , k (LE); k (Egyptological)
IPA: /k/, /kʰ/, /kʲ/ (aspirated stop)
Pronounced
Demotic: k /kʰ/
Coptic: [Veils] ⲕ/k (Schmidt), Ⲹ/ k (Palaeothebaic), ⲭ/kh (B), ⲕ/k (all others)
Greek: ϰ
Roman: χ
𓃭
l, rw
(lion)
MDC: rw
Late Kingdom: l
Transliteration: l or r, ru
Gardiner code: E23
IPA History : rw (OE) rw, l (ME-LE), l (LE)
IPA :
Pronounced
l, rw
(lion)
MDC: rw
Late Kingdom: l
Transliteration: l or r, ru
Gardiner code: E23
IPA History : rw (OE) rw, l (ME-LE), l (LE)
IPA :
Pronounced
𓅓
m
(owl and hill)
MDC: m
Budge: m
Gardiner: m
Hannig: m
Allen: m
Schneider: m
Transliteration: m
Gardiner code: G17
IPA History : m (OE-ME), n , m (LE); l (Egyptological)
IPA: /m/ (nasal)
Pronounced
Demotic:m
Coptic: ⲙ
Alternative letters
𓐝 /im/ originally
m
(owl and hill)
MDC: m
Budge: m
Gardiner: m
Hannig: m
Allen: m
Schneider: m
Transliteration: m
Gardiner code: G17
IPA History : m (OE-ME), n , m (LE); l (Egyptological)
IPA: /m/ (nasal)
Pronounced
Demotic:m
Coptic: ⲙ
Alternative letters
𓐝 /im/ originally
𓈖
n
(water)
MDC: n
Budge: n
Gardiner: n
Hannig: n
Allen: n, l (sometimes)
Schneider: n
Transliteration: n
Gardiner code: N35
IPA History : n (OE), n ,l (ME-LE); n (Egyptological)
IPA: /n/ (nasal)
Pronounced
Demotic: n
Coptic: ⲛ /n/ , ⲗ /l/
Alternative letters
𓋔from nt originally, 𓋋
n
(water)
MDC: n
Budge: n
Gardiner: n
Hannig: n
Allen: n, l (sometimes)
Schneider: n
Transliteration: n
Gardiner code: N35
IPA History : n (OE), n ,l (ME-LE); n (Egyptological)
IPA: /n/ (nasal)
Pronounced
Demotic: n
Coptic: ⲛ /n/ , ⲗ /l/
Alternative letters
𓋔from nt originally, 𓋋
𓍯
o
(cord or noose)
MDC: wA
Late kingdom: o
Transliteration: wa, o
Gardiner code: V4
IPA History : wA (OE-ME), wA>o (ME-LE) o (LE)
IPA :
Pronounced
o
(cord or noose)
MDC: wA
Late kingdom: o
Transliteration: wa, o
Gardiner code: V4
IPA History : wA (OE-ME), wA>o (ME-LE) o (LE)
IPA :
Pronounced
𓊪
p
(Reed mat or base/support)
MDC: p
Budge: p
Gardiner: p
Hannig: p
Allen: p
Schneider: p
Transliteration: p
Gardiner code: Q3
IPA History : p , pʰ (OE-ME-LE); p (Egyptological)
IPA: /p/ , /pʰ/ (asperated stop)
Pronounced
Demotic: p
Coptic: ⲡ /p/ , ⲫ /pʰ/
p
(Reed mat or base/support)
MDC: p
Budge: p
Gardiner: p
Hannig: p
Allen: p
Schneider: p
Transliteration: p
Gardiner code: Q3
IPA History : p , pʰ (OE-ME-LE); p (Egyptological)
IPA: /p/ , /pʰ/ (asperated stop)
Pronounced
Demotic: p
Coptic: ⲡ /p/ , ⲫ /pʰ/
𓈎
q
(Wedge hill)
MDC: q
Brugsch : ḳ
Erman : ḳ
Budge: q , ḳ
Gardiner: ḳ
Hannig: q
Allen: q
Schneider: ḳ
Transliteration: q or k
Gardiner code: N29
IPA History : qʼ, k (OE-ME-LE); k (Egyptological)
IPA: /qʼ/ , k/ , /q/ (unaspirated stop)
pronounced
Demotic: k
Coptic: ⲕ /k/ , ϭ /cʰ/ (B), ϭ kʲ (S) , ϫ/dj/
q
(Wedge hill)
MDC: q
Brugsch : ḳ
Erman : ḳ
Budge: q , ḳ
Gardiner: ḳ
Hannig: q
Allen: q
Schneider: ḳ
Transliteration: q or k
Gardiner code: N29
IPA History : qʼ, k (OE-ME-LE); k (Egyptological)
IPA: /qʼ/ , k/ , /q/ (unaspirated stop)
pronounced
Demotic: k
Coptic: ⲕ /k/ , ϭ /cʰ/ (B), ϭ kʲ (S) , ϫ/dj/
𓂋
r
(Mouth)
MDC: r
Brugsch : r, l
Erman : r
Budge: r, l
Gardiner: r
Hannig: r
Allen: r , l (in some dialects)
Schneider: l
Transliteration: r
Gardiner code: D21
IPA History : ɾ , l (OE), /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ (ME), /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ (LE); r (Egyptological)
IPA: /r/ , some dialects l
Pronounced
Demotic: r, l
Coptic: ⲣ/r, ⲗ/l
r
(Mouth)
MDC: r
Brugsch : r, l
Erman : r
Budge: r, l
Gardiner: r
Hannig: r
Allen: r , l (in some dialects)
Schneider: l
Transliteration: r
Gardiner code: D21
IPA History : ɾ , l (OE), /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/ (ME), /ɾ/, /l/, /ʔ/, /j/, ∅ (LE); r (Egyptological)
IPA: /r/ , some dialects l
Pronounced
Demotic: r, l
Coptic: ⲣ/r, ⲗ/l
𓊃
s, z
(door bolt)
MDC: s
Budge: s
Gardiner: s (sounds like z)
Edel : z
Hannig: z, s
Allen: z
Schneider: s
Transliteration: s or z
Gardiner code: O34
IPA History : z (OE), s (ME), s (LE); z (Egyptological)
IPA: /z/, /s/
pronounced
Demotic:
Coptic: ⲥ/s/ , ϣ/sh/
s, z
(door bolt)
MDC: s
Budge: s
Gardiner: s (sounds like z)
Edel : z
Hannig: z, s
Allen: z
Schneider: s
Transliteration: s or z
Gardiner code: O34
IPA History : z (OE), s (ME), s (LE); z (Egyptological)
IPA: /z/, /s/
pronounced
Demotic:
Coptic: ⲥ/s/ , ϣ/sh/
𓋴
s
(folded cloth)
MDC: s
Brugsch : s
Erman : s
Budge: s
Erman & Grapow : ś
Gardiner: s or ś (claims unvoiced s)
Hannig: s
Allen: s
Schenkel : ś
Schneider: ś
Transliteration: s
Gardiner code: S29
IPA History : s (OE-ME-LE); s (Egyptological)
IPA: /s/
Pronounced
Demotic: s
Coptic: ⲥ /s/ , ϣ /sh/
s
(folded cloth)
MDC: s
Brugsch : s
Erman : s
Budge: s
Erman & Grapow : ś
Gardiner: s or ś (claims unvoiced s)
Hannig: s
Allen: s
Schenkel : ś
Schneider: ś
Transliteration: s
Gardiner code: S29
IPA History : s (OE-ME-LE); s (Egyptological)
IPA: /s/
Pronounced
Demotic: s
Coptic: ⲥ /s/ , ϣ /sh/
𓈙
S
(pool)
MDC: S
Brugsch : š
Erman : š
Budge: ś , sh
Gardiner: š
Hannig: š
Allen: š
Schneider: š
Transliteration: sh
Gardiner code: N37
IPA History : ʃ (OE-ME-LE); ʃ (Egyptological)
IPA: /ʃ/
Pronounced
Demotic: ʃ /sh/
Coptic: ϣ /sh/
S
(pool)
MDC: S
Brugsch : š
Erman : š
Budge: ś , sh
Gardiner: š
Hannig: š
Allen: š
Schneider: š
Transliteration: sh
Gardiner code: N37
IPA History : ʃ (OE-ME-LE); ʃ (Egyptological)
IPA: /ʃ/
Pronounced
Demotic: ʃ /sh/
Coptic: ϣ /sh/
𓏏
t
(bread)
MDC: t
Brugsch : t
Erman : t
Budge: t
Hannig: t
Allen: t
Schneider: t
Gardiner: t
Transliteration: t
Gardiner code: X1
IPA History : t, tʰ (OE), /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, tʰ (ME), /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅, tʰ(LE); t (Egyptological)
IPA: tʰ
pronounced
Demotic: t , /t̪/
Coptic: ⲑ/tʰ (B), ⲧ/t (S)
Alternative letters
𓍘 /ti/ originally
t
(bread)
MDC: t
Brugsch : t
Erman : t
Budge: t
Hannig: t
Allen: t
Schneider: t
Gardiner: t
Transliteration: t
Gardiner code: X1
IPA History : t, tʰ (OE), /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, tʰ (ME), /t/, /t͡ʃ/, /ʔ/, ∅, tʰ(LE); t (Egyptological)
IPA: tʰ
pronounced
Demotic: t , /t̪/
Coptic: ⲑ/tʰ (B), ⲧ/t (S)
Alternative letters
𓍘 /ti/ originally
𓍿
T
(tether rope, noose)
MDC: T
Brugsch : ṯ
Erman : ṯ
Budge: θ, th
Gardiner: ṯ
Hannig: ṯ
Allen: ṯ
Schneider: c
Hodge : č
Schenkel: č
Transliteration: tj, tch
Gardiner code: V13
IPA History : /c/ (OE), /t͡ʃ/, /t/, /ʔ/ (ME), /t͡ʃ/, /t/, /ʔ/, ∅ (LE); /t͡ʃ/ (Egyptological)
IPA: /tʲ/, /tʃ/, /tʰʲ/
pronounced
Demotic: tʰʲ
Coptic: ϭ /cʰ/ (B), ϭ kʲ (S), ⲇ /dj/
T
(tether rope, noose)
MDC: T
Brugsch : ṯ
Erman : ṯ
Budge: θ, th
Gardiner: ṯ
Hannig: ṯ
Allen: ṯ
Schneider: c
Hodge : č
Schenkel: č
Transliteration: tj, tch
Gardiner code: V13
IPA History : /c/ (OE), /t͡ʃ/, /t/, /ʔ/ (ME), /t͡ʃ/, /t/, /ʔ/, ∅ (LE); /t͡ʃ/ (Egyptological)
IPA: /tʲ/, /tʃ/, /tʰʲ/
pronounced
Demotic: tʰʲ
Coptic: ϭ /cʰ/ (B), ϭ kʲ (S), ⲇ /dj/
𓅱
w
(Gallinaceous quail chick)
MDC: w
Brugsch : w
Erman : w
Budge: u
Hannig: w
Allen: w
Schneider: ɗw
Gardiner: w
Loprieno : w , (w) IPA
Transliteration: u or w
Gardiner code: G43
IPA History : w/u (OE-ME) > w/u, ʔ, ∅(LE); uː, w (Egyptological)
IPA: w, uː
pronounced
Demotic: w
Coptic: ⲟⲩ /ou/
Alternative letters
𓏲
w
(Gallinaceous quail chick)
MDC: w
Brugsch : w
Erman : w
Budge: u
Hannig: w
Allen: w
Schneider: ɗw
Gardiner: w
Loprieno : w , (w) IPA
Transliteration: u or w
Gardiner code: G43
IPA History : w/u (OE-ME) > w/u, ʔ, ∅(LE); uː, w (Egyptological)
IPA: w, uː
pronounced
Demotic: w
Coptic: ⲟⲩ /ou/
Alternative letters
𓏲
𓐍
x
(placenta or sieve)
MDC: x
Brugsch : ḫ
Erman : ḫ
Budge: x , kh
Hannig: ḫ
Allen: ḫ
Schneider: ḫ
Gardiner: ḫ
Transliteration: kh
Gardiner code: Aa1
IPA History : /χ/ (OE-ME-LE), /x/ (Egyptological)
IPA: x
Pronounced
Demotic: ḫ
Coptic: ϧ /x, ⳋ/ç, (P); ϧ /x, ϣ/ʃ (B); ϩ /h, ϣ/ʃ (M); ⳉ/x, ϣ/ʃ (A); ϧ
x
(placenta or sieve)
MDC: x
Brugsch : ḫ
Erman : ḫ
Budge: x , kh
Hannig: ḫ
Allen: ḫ
Schneider: ḫ
Gardiner: ḫ
Transliteration: kh
Gardiner code: Aa1
IPA History : /χ/ (OE-ME-LE), /x/ (Egyptological)
IPA: x
Pronounced
Demotic: ḫ
Coptic: ϧ /x, ⳋ/ç, (P); ϧ /x, ϣ/ʃ (B); ϩ /h, ϣ/ʃ (M); ⳉ/x, ϣ/ʃ (A); ϧ
𓄡
X
(animal belly w/ tail, or teats)
MDC: X
Brugsch : ḫ
Erman : ḫ
Budge: x, kh
Hodge : x̯
Hannig: ẖ
Allen: ẖ
Schneider: ẖ
Gardiner: ẖ (interchanging sh and kh)
Alt: x̣
Transliteration: kh
Gardiner code: F32
IPA History : ç , xʲ, š (OE), xʲ (ME), xʲ (LE); /ç/ (Egyptological)
IPA: /ç/ , /χ/ (palatalized fricative)
Pronounced
Demotic: ẖ
Coptic: ϧ/x (B); ϩ /h (M); ⳉ/x (A) ; ϣ/sh
X
(animal belly w/ tail, or teats)
MDC: X
Brugsch : ḫ
Erman : ḫ
Budge: x, kh
Hodge : x̯
Hannig: ẖ
Allen: ẖ
Schneider: ẖ
Gardiner: ẖ (interchanging sh and kh)
Alt: x̣
Transliteration: kh
Gardiner code: F32
IPA History : ç , xʲ, š (OE), xʲ (ME), xʲ (LE); /ç/ (Egyptological)
IPA: /ç/ , /χ/ (palatalized fricative)
Pronounced
Demotic: ẖ
Coptic: ϧ/x (B); ϩ /h (M); ⳉ/x (A) ; ϣ/sh
𓇋𓇋
y
(two of reeds , flowering reed)
MDC : y
Brugsch : ʾʾ
Erman : y
Budge: ī , i, y
Erman & Grapow : j
Gardiner: y
Edel : jj, j
Allen : y
Hodge : y
Schneider : y
WikiHiero: i-i
Erman & Grapow: ỉj
Loprieno : jj, y , (j - yoke) IPA
Alt: ii, ỉỉ
Transliteration: y, ii
Gardiner code: M17-M17
IPA History : j+ j (OE) > j (ME) > ʔ, j, ∅ (LE); iː (Egyptological)
IPA: /iː/
pronounced
Alternative letters
𓏭
MDC : y
Brugsch : "
Erman : ï
Budge : i
Edel : j
Gardiner : y
Schenkel : ı͗
Leiden : ï
y
(two of reeds , flowering reed)
MDC : y
Brugsch : ʾʾ
Erman : y
Budge: ī , i, y
Erman & Grapow : j
Gardiner: y
Edel : jj, j
Allen : y
Hodge : y
Schneider : y
WikiHiero: i-i
Erman & Grapow: ỉj
Loprieno : jj, y , (j - yoke) IPA
Alt: ii, ỉỉ
Transliteration: y, ii
Gardiner code: M17-M17
IPA History : j+ j (OE) > j (ME) > ʔ, j, ∅ (LE); iː (Egyptological)
IPA: /iː/
pronounced
Alternative letters
𓏭
MDC : y
Brugsch : "
Erman : ï
Budge : i
Edel : j
Gardiner : y
Schenkel : ı͗
Leiden : ï
