mdw nTr Etymology
Phonology and Phonetic Reconstruction Project
The Language of Ancient Egyptian
𓅓𓌃𓂧𓅱𓂋𓏺𓈖 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖
/mdw rA n kmt/
moudi ro en khēmi(t) (Lower Egyptian) (B)
moudə rah en kēmə(t) (Upper Egyptian) (S)
maːtʼaw (raʔ) ni kuːmat (OK) (Loprieno)
maːtʼaw raʔ n̩(i) ˈku.mat (MK) (Loprieno)
maːtʼaw raʔ ne kuːmaʔ (MK-LK) (Loprieno)
moːtʼ (ra) ne keːmə (LK) (Loprieno)
•
'Language of Egypt' (Spoken)
Mət rəme n khēmi/ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ⳰ⲭⲏⲙⲓ
(Lower Egypt, (B)=Bohairic Coptic)
Ment rmə n kēmə/ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ
(Upper Egypt, (S)= Sahidic Coptic)
•
"Hieroglyphics"
Hieros/ἱερός "sacred" + glýphein/γλύφειν "written or engraved" (Greek)
This list has been compiled for personal research prepossess only and I wanted to share it with all who care to learn from it. I would also like to give credit and a huge thank you to the makers of the program Marcion whom without, I wouldn't have been able to do half my research. If you would like to read more about Etymology look for books by Antonio Loprieno, James P. Allen and Jaroslav Černý.
Please keep in mind Egyptian was spoken for thousands of years, there is some distinct differences between Upper/ Sahidic (S) and Lower/ Bohairic (B) and some other dialects. When at all possible I have show these differences when I can find documentations for them. I believe it is important to still study Coptic in aiding our understanding on how to pronounce Ancient Egyptian. If one studies the etymology of a word and looks at all the neighboring cultures and their languages around at the time it is possible to reconstruct Egyptian to a certain extent. Although people will always disagree. This etymology page was started by me years ago in hopes of reconstructing some of the words of Ancient Egyptian and has expanded greatly over the years. People have argued ever since Hieroglyphics were cracked on how to pronounced the language and the ignorance seems to be getting worse. There is no debating that Coptic was the last evolutionary step in the Ancient Egyptian language. It is also a good to look at other languages as well, but keep in mind they have their own set of rules and etymology so it isn't always the same as medu netjer. Letters are changed or evolved or are dropped altogether.
One must remember the Coptic language is a a combination of Demotic (Late Kingdom Egyptian) and Greek combined. It is not a purely Middle Egyptian based language. By the time Demotic was around the language had evolved and many things started shifting and changing. Demotic is derived from Hieratic, a cursive version of Hieroglyphics and from Demotic came Coptic. The Coptic alphabet is derived from Greek letters and some sounds lifted from Meroitic as well as Egyptian. Greeks also used the Egyptian beginnings of many words and added their traditional endings to a lot of the names and gods. Such as the Egyptian god known now as 'Horus', this name comes from the Greek (Hōros/ Ὡρος) with the ending which was derived from the Egyptian (MDC: Hr, Hrw) pronounced Hōr or Hōru. Now add the Greek/Latin endings of 'us', 'is', or 's' and you get Hōrus, or Anubis from the Greek (Anoubis/Ἄνουβις) adding the (-ιν) or (-ιδον) for Greek (masculine ending) and finally in Latin Ănūbis (-is) or (-ĭdis) (masculine ending). The name 'Anubis' comes from the Coptic from Anoup that later turned into Anoub Late Kingdom. The 'p' and 'b' are often interchangeable. Anubis's original Egyptian name was Ȧnpu from (MDC: inpw) or possibly Anoupu from the Akkadian Anapa. Such as the 'is' ending in Isis from the Greek form (Īsis/Ἶσις) is, ĭdis or ĭdos (feminin ending). Isis in Egyptian is (MDC: Ast) pronounced Iset or Auset, Ese Late Kingdom. It is also important to keep in mind that sometimes there is alternative spellings of a given word in Egyptian and sometimes gods have more then one name. We can examine the alternative spellings of words for more help in how to pronounce words.
Some have also claimed and with good evidence that from Demotic to Coptic the 't' was dropped in pronunciation, and in Coptic wasn't written, but not always. It is a good rule to check the Coptic equivalent if it can be found, but also good to keep in mind the language has evolved. I have seen no proof to suggest the 't' wasn't originally pronounced. Although it's possible with words such as /sn/ (brother) and /snt/ (sister) it was always pronounced. Or it was always pronounced like it is in Coptic son/ⲥⲟⲛ (brother) (S, B, O) and sōni/ⲥⲱⲛⲓ (Sister) (B, F), with the (i) as the distinction between male and female. But it can also be argued it was pronounced son (brother) and sōnit (sister) Middle Kingdom to Early Kingdom. At any rate every year there is more and more uncovered. Perhaps one day we will get definitive proof of the pronunciations for all Kingdoms and dialects.
Some argue there is no vowels in Ancient Egyptian which is not entirely true as well some have called the vowels weak consonants. Whatever you wish to call the A, a, i, y, w, and wA they are present and are pronounced. I believe Coptic and Greek have proven other wise for the definite presence of vowel sounds. Please view the Alphabet under the heading Uniliterals ABC's + , as well as this page for more information. Some have even gone so far as to say there is no point in even learning to speak Ancient Egyptian because we do not know how it was pronounced. Please tell this to all the professors at Cambridge and all over the world who still teach the language and yes you can even get a degree in the language. These people have dedicated their lives to the Etymology study of the Egyptian language and who as well are fluent in Greek, Coptic, Hebrew and many other Semitic languages. I personally have spent over 10 years studding the language and etymology. There is history to any given language you just can't excuse. Without the background in the Etymology of the language I am afraid those are very uneducated opinions. This is why the study of etymology is so important especially to "dead languages". Also keep in mind Coptic was never not spoken and is still spoken today so technically medu netjer isn't a "dead language" anyway. I have seen a few people attempt to reconstruction the language, but most have no background in etymology nor do they look to sister languages outside of African languages. Coptic and Greek spellings of Gods, places and royal names is how they were able to crack the Ancient Egyptian language using the Rosetta Stone. Some will strictly only look at African Languages which have a few borrowed words, but are not a living example of Ancient Egyptian. It still however should not be ignored. The Rosetta Stone is comprised of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, Demotic script, and Ancient Greek. If you would like further proof this language can be spoken and written then I urge you to look into how they cracked it and the Rosetta Stone itself.
This section is a collection of Egyptian words and a lot of Etymology research I have collected for years in the hopes of reconstructing some of the words of Ancient Egypt. I have given the evolution of the words with written proof, not just speculation or opinions, however my opinions are given in suggested fixes on how to pronounce the given words. I have suggest a fix to the word based upon the evolution itself. Please take it or leave it, that entirely up to you. I will not force my opinions on anyone, but rather urge you to study. Become your own scribe and the world may open up to you as it did for me. Enjoy.
Senebty
Archaic Egyptian (Early Dynastic Period) (2600 BCE)
Old Egyptian (2686-2181 BCE)
Middle Egyptian (until the Amarna Period) (2055-1650 BCE)
Late Egyptian (3rd Intermediate Period) (1353-700 BCE)
Demotic (7th century BCE-5th century CE, until Roman Egypt)
Coptic (1st-17th century CE, until Early Modern Period)
Afrasian/ Afroasiatic (Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel.)
Africanus/Afroas (sometimes when the exact language isn't stated)
Akkadian
Assyrian
Amharic aka Amarigna
Tigrinya aka Tigrigna Sumerian
Arabic
Aramaic
Baŋgi
Beja
Berber
ciLuba (Luba-Kasai, also known as Western Luba)
Coptic (Demotic Egyptian mixed with Greek still spoken today)
For more info on sounds and reconstruction here
Greco-Bohairic (GB)
reformed modern pronunciation leaning more on Greek sounds
Old Bohairic (OB)
used in the Monastery of St. Shenouda in Rochester and was reconstructed by Dr. Emile Maher. is evidence-based,
using archived sound recordings and transcriptions of the oral tradition of Zeneya, Dabeyya, and other villages made
by various scholars
Old Coptic (O)
Archaic Coptic (AC)
Upper Egypt (UE)
Achmimic (A)
The dialect of the town of Achmim of Upper Egypt, (Greek Panopolis). Phonologically the most archaic dialect.
/x/ is realized as /ʃ/ in most other dialects.
sub Achmimic (sA)
Combination of Sahidic and Akhmimic dialects
Lycopolitan or Subakhmimic or Assiutic (L)
The dialect closely related to Akhmimic. Manuscripts written in Lycopolitan tend to be from the area of Asyut.
Extensively for translations of Gnostic and Manichaean works
Sahidic or Thebaic (S) tmᵉntrᵉm.ᵉn.kēmə/ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⲕⲏⲙⲉ
Main Upper Egyptian dialect, most biblical texts are written in. Around Hermopolis
Sahidic /Achmimic (Sa)
Combination of Sahidic and Achmimic mostly Theben.
Sahidic /Fayyumic (Sf)
Combination of Sahidic and Fayyumic.
Nag Hammadi (NH)
Gnostic codices written in this dialect. So named after the town Naj 'Hammádì at the Jabal al-Tárif where The Gnostic
Gospels were found
Lower Egypt (LE)
Used in the Delta (Lower Egypt)
Bohairic or Memphitic (B) timət.rəm.en.khēmi/ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ
Western Nile Delta and Alexandria, a widely standard dialect dates back to the 4th century and is the liturgical language of
the Coptic Orthodox Church today surpassing Sahidic
Fayyumic (F)
The dialect of Fayum of Lower Egypt, spoken along the Nile River valley chiefly on the west bank, survived until the 8th century
Fayyumic/Bohairic (Fb)
Combination of Fayyumic and Bohairic.
Oxyrhynchite or Mesokemic (M)
Similarities with Fayyumic and is attested in manuscripts from the fourth and fifth centuries.
Dahalo-general
Dogon
Egyptian Arabic (Masri, Masry)
Egyptian (Ancient) mdw nTr
Dialects
Upper Egypt (UE)
Late Egyptian around Thebes represents spoken UE, (Sahidic)
Lower Egypt (LE)
Literary Old and Middle Egyptian around Memphis represents spoken LE (Bohairic)
Old Egyptian (OE)
Middle Egyptian (ME)
~ Pre-Late Egyptian (PLE)
Late Egyptian (LE)
Demotic
Alternative Egyptian (sometimes vowels or extra letters are given an alternate hieroglyphic spellings)
European languages
Ethiopic/Amharic
Ge'ez
Greek
Hebrew
Biblical
Igbo
Kabyle
Kalenjiin
Kiswahili-Bantu
Meroitic
Old Babylonian
Semitic
Sumerian
Wolof
Key for Amharic letters
ä IPA æ Listen a harder 'a' sound like in 'and' if you over enunciated the a
ɘ Listen a deep 'uh' sound like you are almost sick
Key for symbols
() a letter placed between () means it can be pronounced, but sometimes isn't written or pronounced
V stand in place of a vowel if it is not know what it might be
Letters evolving
rw > r
i > ȧ or a (ah)
g > k
q > k
y > i (ē)
(letters can vary depending on the word)
Ancient Egyptian
A/Ꜣ 𓄿
a/Ꜥ 𓂝 k/𓎡 d 𓂧 di 𓂞 D/ḏ 𓍑 H/ḥ X/ẖ 𓄡 p 𓊪 r 𓂋 SA/š 𓈙 T/ṯ 𓍿 x/ḫ 𓐍 xA 𓆼 xy𓐍𓏭 |
Demotic
ỉ
ỉ . . . . ḥw 𓄑𓏛 , ḥi 𓇉 > 𐋤. ʰ . rw 𓃭 > l/λ (Greek) 𓈙>𐦓 sa . . |
Coptic
ï/ⲉⲓ .... ⲁ, ⲱ, e
ï/ⲉⲓ kʲ (S), cʰ (B), ʃ (LC)/ ϭ t/ⲧ di (S) , də (B?), ti (LC)/ϯ č/ϫ ϩ=ḥ . b/ⲃ l/ⲗ (la in Meroitic) s/ⲥ t/ⲧ or d/ⲇ sh/ϣ, ϩ/ḥ (S, A2, F), ϧ/KH (B), ⳉ=kha, gh (A) ϧ= KH (B), ϩ=ḥ (S, A2, L), ⳉ=kha, gh (A) sh/ϣ (S, A2, F, B), ⳉ=kha, gh (A) |
' t ' has been suggested to not be pronounced at the end of a word when the word is singular, but is still written.
ie. /mAat/ pronounced ma'āt (true, righteous, just) > /mAa/ pronounced ma'ā (true, righteous, just)
If this is true it might be strictly a late kingdom concept leading into Coptic.
Coptic Letters carried over from Egyptian Demotic
ϣ=š from 𐦓 sha, /SA/
Ⲝ=ḫ from 𓐍 kh, /x/
ϥ=f from 𓆑 f
ϧ=ḫfrom 𓆼 kha, /xA/
ϩ=ḥ from 𓄑𓏛 or 𓇉 ḥw, ḥi
ϫ=ḏ from 𓍑 dja, DA or 𓅷ti
ϭ=č (kʲ, q , ch (B) from 𓎡 k or 𓐍 kh
ϯ=ti from 𓂞𓏏 dit
A book based on Coptic pronunciation by Amentetneferet
Part 1
https://amentetneferet.wordpress.com/2014/08/29/egyptian-language-phonetic-system-and-pronunciation-part-i
Part 2
https://amentetneferet.wordpress.com/2014/05/29/la-pronuncia-dellantica-lingua-egizia-ii-parte
Part 3
https://amentetneferet.wordpress.com/2015/01/16/la-pronuncia-dellantica-lingua-egizia-iii-parte
A paper on Language phonetics and pronunciation by Amentetneferet
https://amentetneferet.wordpress.com/egyptian-language
https://www.academia.edu/8123139/Egyptian_Language_phonetic_system_and_pronunciation_-_part_I
https://www.academia.edu/11675098/Egyptian_Language_phonetic_system_and_pronunciation_-_part_II
***Note***For the purpose of this section I have used MDC and then other renditions of the language as well as other cultures borrowed words. All references are located at the bottom of the page.
Phonology
Pronunciations
Phrases
Demotic: pAi=i-si.w nti ir=f-srm
Coptic: pa-āsoou ent-a=f-sūrm/ⲡⲁ-ⲉⲥⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲛⲧ-ⲁ=ϥ-ⲥⲱⲣⲙ /
The gifts of Ra
𓅮𓄿𓂞𓅮𓂋𓂝𓇳𓏺𓀭
MDC: pA-di-pA-ra/ Pa-di-pa-rā
Hebrew: פּוֹטִי פֶרַע /Pôti-Phĕra'
Hymn to the Goddess Isis
(from the Inner Shrine (room X, north wall) of Her Temple at Philae)
English translation:
Praise to you, Auset Hut-Hor,
Mother of God, lady of heaven,
Lady of Abaton/Ἄβατον/Abatos (pure island), Queen-regent of Gods
MDC iAw n.T Ast Hwt-Hr
transliteration: mwt-nTr nbt pt
Hnwt iAt-wabt ityt nTrw
Pronunciation: ȧahu en.etj Auset Ḥut-Ḥor
Mut-netjer nebet pet
Ḥenut ȧat-wābet ȧtyt netjeru
Coptic: Pōu nā Āsatʰōr (Ēsi-Atʰōr)/Ⲡⲱⲩ ⲛⲉ Ⲉⲥⲁⲑⲱⲣ (Ⲏⲥⲓ-Ⲁⲑⲱⲣ)
thmow mpinouti thnābphā/ⲑⲙⲁⲩ ⲙⲡⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲑⲛⲉⲃⲫⲉ
thbasilissa nabaton thourō nnintēr/ⲑⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓⲥⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲃⲁⲧⲟⲛ ⲑⲟⲩⲣⲱ ⲛⲛⲓⲛⲧⲏⲣ
Amentet Neferet pronunciation:
"póu nè Esathór
(è)thmàu (è)mpinùti (è)thnebphè
(è)thbasilissa (è)nAbaton (è)thuró (è)nni(è)ntìr "
Scribe of the house of life
sS n pr-anx MDC
saḥpransh /ⲥⲁϩⲡⲣⲁⲛϣ (S), saḥpraeish /ⲥⲁϩⲡⲣⲁⲉⲓϣ (S) Coptic
~ sbA n pr-anx
sh-n-pr-Ꜥnḫ Demotic
sphransh/ⲥⲫⲣⲁⲛϣ (B) (Soothsayer) Coptic
What is this hour for a god to come?
zi pn nw n iw nTr pn MDC
zǎ pǐn nǐw-n jǐw natǔr-pin Possible Pronunciation
I give you your feet, may you make your feet going
di.i n.k rdwy.k Sm.t MDC
dǎi nǐk radǎk šǐmat/šǐt Possible Pronunciation
Servant of his name
bAk-n-rn.f MDC
/baːʀak-vn'ri:nvf/ > /bokko'ri:(nv)/ "Bocchoris (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Boukhopis/Βοϒχορις, Bokkhopis /Βοκχορις , Bokhopins/Βοχορινις Coptic
I am your servant, O Lord of the Hermopolis
ink bAk.k nb Xmnw Middle Egyptian
ink pAy.k bAk pA nb Xmnw Late Kingdom
anᵉk pək bōk /ⲁⲛⲕ ⲡⲉⲕ ⲃⲱⲕ (I am your servant ) Coptic
ȧnok páï.ak bok pi nēb Shmoun Possible Pronunciation
I found my father
wi gmi it.i MDC
aidjimi əm-pa jōt/ⲁⲓϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ Coptic
Names
Akhenaten 'Effective for Aten'
Amenhotep IV Nomen
Amenhotep IV > Amenophis 'Amun is Satisfied' Greek
~ Neferkheperure/ nfr-xprw-ra 'Beautiful are the Manifestations of Re' Prenomen
Naph-hurru-riya (Goetze) Akkadian
Alara (King of Kush)
i-rw-rw-i 𓇋𓀀𓃭𓃭𓇋 , i-r(w)-r 𓇋𓀀𓃭𓏺𓂋𓏺 Egyptian
Alexander (the Great)
Alksindrs MDC
𓄿𓃭𓎡𓋴𓇋𓈖𓂧𓂋𓊃 Arwksindrz (MDC) > Alksindrs (the 𓃭 /rw/ became /l/) Egyptian
𓄿𓃭𓎡𓊃𓇋𓈖𓂧𓂋𓊃 Arwkzindrz (MDC) Alt Egyptian
𓇋𓃭𓎡𓋴𓇋𓋔𓂧𓂋𓊃 irwksindrz (MDC) > Ȧlksindrs (the 𓃭 /rw/ became /l/) Alt Egyptian
𓇋𓂋𓏘𓋴𓇋𓏌𓏏𓂋𓊃 irqsinwtrs (MDC) Alt Egyptian
Ȧlksȧndrs Budge
Alaksānduš/𒀀𒆷𒀝𒊭𒀭𒁺𒍑 “Alaksandu” Hittite
Aleksandros/ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲟⲥ (S) , Alksandrs/Ⲁⲗⲕⲥⲁⲛⲇⲣⲥ , Alksamdrs/Ⲁⲗⲕⲥⲁⲛⲇⲣⲥ Coptic
a-re-ka-sa-da-ra/𐀀𐀩𐀏𐀭𐀅𐀨 Mycenaean Greek
Alexándra/Ἀλεξάνδρα (man who repels [enemies) Ancient Greek
Alexandros /Αλεχανδρος, Alésaɪandros/Ἀλέξανδρος (man who repels [enemies) Greek
Ălexandĕr Latin
aˈlek.san.dros IPA
Amenhotep 'Amun is content'
imn-Htp MDC
Amanahatpi Akkadian
Parmhotp/ⲡⲁⲣⲙϩⲟⲧⲡ (S), Pʰamānôtʰ/ⲫⲁⲙⲉⲛⲱⲑ (B) Coptic
Phamenôth Greek
Baramhât Arabic
a.'ma.na 'ħatʰ.pʰə (JPA), Amánahátpa (Romanized, JPA) IPA
Ȧmunḥotep Pronounced
~ nbmAatra : (Pharaohs name Amenhotep)
Nimmuarîa or Nibmuarîa (Pharaohs name Amenhotep) Akkadian
Anthony
Antonious/Ⲁⲛⲧⲟⲛⲓⲟⲥ Coptic
Arsinoë II
irsinA(t) MDC
Arsenai, Arsina Alt Spellings
Arsina Demotic
Arsinóe Ἀρσινόη Ancinet Greek
Arsinoë III
ArsynAy(t) MDC
Arsinóe/Ἀρσινόη Ancient Greek
Arsinois/ΑΡΣΙΝΟΗΣ Greek
Arsinoë
ir(w)z(ir)nA(t) MDC
Ȧrsna Budge
𓇋𓃭𓊃𓁹𓈖𓄿𓏏𓆇
Ἀρσινόη Greek
Arsĭnŏē , Arsĭnŏa Latin
Asenat (Joseph's Wife biblical)
jw.s-(n)-n(j.)t 'she who belongs to Neith' or jw.s-n-’t 'she belongs to her' , ns-nt 'belongs to nt/Neith' MDC
'asěnat/ אָסְנַת Hebrew
ʾåsənaṯ Tiberian
Asenath Latin
Auteqreter (Augustus)
𓄿𓏲𓂧𓏲𓎼𓂋𓂧𓂋, 𓄿𓏲𓏏𓏘𓂋𓏏𓂋 (Autocrator)
Awdsgrdr> audugrtr (Demotic) MDC
Autotráctōr/αὐτοκράτωρ Greek
Autŏcrătŏr, Autocrator, Augustus Latin
bAk-n-rn.f : Bocchoris 'servant of his name'
baːʀak-vn-'riːnvf, bokko'riː(nv) Antonio Loprieno
bogxoris / Βογχορις, Bokxoris/Βοκχορις, boxorins/Βοχορινις Greek
Berenice
𓊸𓂋𓈖𓇋𓇋𓏘𓅭𓏏𓆇 brnyq
Brnikē/Ⲃⲣⲛⲓⲕⲏ Coptic
Berenice I
𓃀𓂋𓈖𓇋𓇋𓎡𓏏𓆇 brnykt
bArnyg(t) MDC
Barnig(a) Budge
Berenice/Βερενίκη Greek
Bĕrĕnīcē Latin
Berenikê ALT
Berenice II
birnygA(t) > birniga (Demotic) MDC
Barniga Budge
Berenice/Βερενίκη Greek
Berenice III
bArnygA(t) > barniga (Demotic)MDC
Barniga Budge
Berenice/Βερενίκη Greek
Blemys
blhm ? Demotic
brhm, tibrhmt (female version) MDC
blhmou/Ⲃⲗϩⲙⲟⲩ (Crum) Coptic
Blémus/Βλέμυς Greek
Blemmyes < bly/בלי (without), moach/מוח (brain) (possible connections, Samuel Bochart) Hebrew
Djedhor/Dd-Hr : ‘Horus says’
ṣi-ḫa-a /𒍢𒄩𒀀 Middle Assyrian
ṣi-ḫa-ˀ/𒍢𒄩𒀪 Neo-Babylonian
Taḥo/ ⲧⲁϩⲟ Coptic
Darius I ('he who holds firm the good')
𓇾𓂋𓅱𓆷 tA-r(A)-w-S(A) (Pronounced: Taraush(a) MDC
𓇾𓃭𓍯𓆷 tA-rw-wA-S(A) (Pronounced: Taruōsh(a) MDC
𓇾𓃭𓇌𓅱𓆷 tA-rw-y-w-S(A) (Pronounced: Taruēush(a) MDC
𓏎𓍘𓃭𓆷 in-ti-rw-S(A) (Pronounced: Taruēush(a) MDC
𓍿𓃭𓇌𓅱𓆷 T-rw-y-w-S(A) (Pronounced: Tjruēush(a) MDC
𓏎𓍘𓃭𓍯𓆷 in-ti-rw-wA-S(A) (Pronounced: Intiruōsh(a) MDC
𓏎𓍘𓃭𓇌𓍯𓆷 in-ti-rw-y-wA-S(A) (Pronounced: Intiruēōsh(a) MDC
𓏎𓍘𓃭𓇌𓅱𓆷 in-ti-rw-y-S (Pronounced: Intiruēush(a) MDC
𓏌𓈖𓍘𓃭𓇌𓆷𓄿 nw-ti-rw-y-S-A (Pronounced: Nutiruēsha) MDC
𓈖𓏏𓂋𓇌𓏲𓆷 n-t-r(A)-y-w-S(A) (Pronounced: Intiruōsh(a) MDC
𓏎𓍘𓂋𓅱𓆷 in-ti-r(A)-w-S(A) MDC
Tarȧush Budge
Da-ri-(y)a-ma-u-iš, Da-ri-ya-(h)u-(ú-)iš Elamite
Dārayava (h) uš Ancient Persian
Dā-ra-ya-va-ū-ša, Dārayava(h)uš, Da-a-ra-ya-va-u-š (Budge) /𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 (Dārayauš) Old Persian
Dāryuš/داریوش New Persian
Dârâb/ داراب , Dârâ /دارا Middle Persian
Dâryuš)/داریوش Persian
Dārā/دَارَا Arabic
Dara)/Դարա Old Armenian
Da-ri-(y)a-ma-u-iš / 𒁕𒊑 𒄿𒀀 ? Bablonian
Da-(a-)ri-ia-(a-)muš Akkadian
𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡄𐡅𐡔/dryhwš, 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡄𐡅𐡔/drywhwš, 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡔/drywš, 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡔/drwš Aramaic
Dāryāwaš/ܕܪܝܘܫ Classical Syriac
Darᵉyávesh/ דָּֽרְיָוֶשׁ , Dārəyā́weš/ דריווש Hebrew
Ñtarijeus /𐊑𐊗𐊀𐊕𐊆𐊊𐊁𐊒𐊖 Lycian
Dareh/Դարեհ Old Armenian
Dāráyāwéš, Dāreyāveš (Modern) Tiberian
Dareh/Դարեհ Old Armenian
Dareiaîos/Δαρειαῖος, Dareîos/ Δαρεῖος Ancient Greek
Dareíos/Δαρείος Greek
Dārīus, Dārēus Latin
Domitianus
𓂧𓐝𓍘𓇋𓇋𓈖𓊃
Dmtins/Ⲇⲙⲧⲓⲛⲥ Coptic
Caesarion
kysrwz> kisrs (Demotic) MDC
Cleopatra V (Tryphaena)
𓏘𓃭𓄿𓍯𓊪𓂧𓂋𓄿𓏏𓆇 qrwAwApdrA(t)/ qlwpAtrA.t> qlopatra (Demotic) MDC
(it's obviouse they had a hard time in medu netjer spelling her name becuase you see a few diffarent forms of it)
ʾAklâʾûbaṭrâ /አከላኡበጠራ, ʾAbəṭĕlmâwôs/ አብጠልማዎስ Ethiopic
Kleopatra /Κλεοπάτρα (she who comes from glorious father) Greek
Clĕŏpătra Latin
Cleopatra VI
𓏘𓃭𓇋𓍯𓊪𓄿𓂧𓂋𓏏𓄿𓆇 qrwiwApAdr(t) > qliopatra (Demotic) MDC
𓏘𓃭𓄿𓍯𓊪𓂧𓂋𓄿𓏏𓆇 qrwAwApdrA(t )> qlaoptra (Demotic) MDC
𓏘𓃭𓏲𓊪𓂧𓂋𓏏𓆇 qrwwpdr(t) > qlwptr (Demotic) MDC
Kleopatra /Κλεοπάτρα, Kleopatra /Κλεοπάτρα (she who comes from glorious father) Greek
Clĕŏpătra Latin
Khlāopatra /Ⲭⲗⲉⲟⲡⲁⲧⲣⲁ Coptic
Horemheb ('Horus is in jubilation')
H(w)r-m-Hb MDC
Ḥarmaḥa New Kingdom
Ḫar(a)maḫa (ḥ>ḫ) (Zsolt Simon) Suggested Hittite
Armes-is,Hrmes-is/Αρμεσις (Hrw-ms 'Born of Horu/Horus);
Hrma-is/Arma-is/Αρμαις (Harma) ; HArmai-os, Armai-os/Αρμαιος (Ḥarmaḥa) Attested Greek
Armess-es, Hrmess-es/Αρμεσσης (Hwr-ms-sw 'He born of Horu/Horus)
(diffarent names given to him? ref needed) Attested Greek
Ar-ma-a-aš Zsolt Simon
~ mry-imn 'beloved of Amun' >Nom
~ Manetho/Αρμαις > (Hwr-m-Hb), Αρμεσσης / Αρμεσις > (Hwr-ms) Greek
ref. link
Hormose ('Horu/Horus is born')
Hr-m-Hb MDC
Ḫaramašši (ḫa-a-ra-ma-aš-ši) (ref. EA 20), ḫa-ra-ma-ša (ref. EA 49) Akkadian
ref. link
ibSA (name Ibsha)
Abishai/ אבישי Hebrew
Imhotep : ('comes in peace')
ỉ-m-ḥtp , ỉ m ḥtp , Ỉy-m-ḥtp (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ii-m-Htp , ii m Htp MDC
I-em-hetep, Ȧi-em-ḥetep Budge
Asklepius /Ἀσϰληπιὸϛ Eusebius
Imouthes Sextus Julius Africanus
Imḥotep Gardiner
jj m ḥtp Hannig
Iì-m-ḥtp Demotic
ɪmˈhoʊtɛp IPA
jā-im-ḥātap (needs ref) Alt Pronunciation
Imouthes/ Ἰμούθης (Eusebius) (27th century BC); (Asclepius) Asklepius/Ἀσκληπιὸϛ , Asklepius /Ἀσϰληπιὸϛ ,
Asklepios (alternate name according to Eusebius , identified with the Greek god of medicine), Imuthes Greek
Job (Biblical name)
iōb/Ⲓⲱⲃ (Ancient Coptic Book of Job the Just) Coptic
Kaisrs
qAyzrz > kaisrs (Demotic) MDC
Kaisaros/Καισαρος Greek
Khent-min/xn(t)-mnw (Akhmim) 𓏅𓈖𓏏𓐍𓋉𓐝𓊖
Ipu, Apu 𓇋𓊪𓊖, 𓇋𓊪𓅱𓊖 /jp/, /ipw/ (AE) Alt Egyptian
Shmin/ϣⲙⲓⲛ (B,S) , Khmin/ⲭⲙⲓⲛ (S) , Khmim/ⲭⲙⲓⲙ (S) Coptic
Khmim/ⳉⲙⲓⲙ (xmiːm) Akhmimic Coptic
Chemmis /Χέμμις (Panopolis/ Πανὸς πόλις) Ancient Greek
Khemmis , Chemmis Greek
ʾkhmym/أخميم (ʔæxˈmiːm) Arabic
Khufu (He protects me)
ḫw.f-wj Egyptian
xw(i).f w(i) MDC
Khéōps/ Χέωψ; Soûphis/ Σοῦφις , Sophē/Σοφη ( Alt names) Greek
Chéops Latin
Khoufou French
kʰé.ops (5th BCE Attic), ˈkʰɛ.ops (1st CE Egyptian),ˈxe.ops (4th CE Koine), ˈçe.ops (10th CE Byzantine),
ˈçe.ops (15th CE Constantinopolitan), xuːʔɛf wi , xuːfuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
Maatkare ('Ma'at is the Ka of Re')
mAat-kA-ra MDC
Maakah/ מַעֲכָה Hebrew Biblical
M(o)ōkha/Μ(ο)ωχα, Ma(a)kha/Μα(α)χα Greek
Menkheperre (Thutmose III)
m(i)n-xpr-ra 'Lasting is the Manifestation of Re' MDC
Manya> Manaḫpirya Egyptian hypocoristicon
Menes (he who endures)
mni MDC
mnj Alt Egyptian
menis(e)/ሜኒስ Ge'ez
ma-né-e Akkadian
Mênês Africanus
Menes/Μήνης Greek
mina /مينا Arabic
ma'neʔ New Kingdom
ma'nij > ma'neʔ (Loprieno) Alt pronunciation
Mernaptah ("Beloved of Ptah")
maɾ.nip.'tʰaħ (JPA); Marniptáh (JPA, Romanized) IPA
Meritaten ('beloved of Aten')
mrt-itn MDC
May-ati Akkadian
maya-amana (possibly) Pronounced
Meryamun ("Whom Amun loves", "beloved of Amun")
mry-imn MDC
maʔ.'ja a.'ma.na (JPA), MaꜤya Amána (JPA, Romanized) IPA
Moses (Moshe)
msa/ mosa: (hand birth 'pulled or birth')
mw-sA/ mu-sa: (Son of the nile)
ms-SAi/ mos-shai : born of the bundle of flax
ms-is(w)/ mos-is(u) (Born of reeds) *
ms-H/ mos-eḥ , ms-mHy/ mos-meḥy (Born from flax)
ms-mw/ mos-mu (Born of water)
ms/ mos, msw/ mosu (child) ?
msy/ mosy (child of)
msi (produce, bring forth)
msyt/ mosyt (those who are born)
Ptah-mose (Possibly Moses was a nick name for) Egyptian possibilities
Mosheh /מֹשֶׁה , משֶׁ֑ה "I drew him out of the water"> (masha or mashah 'draw out of water', 'draw out'),
Moüses 'saved from the water' claimed mo 'water' and Uses 'save out of it by'
(Josephus Jewish historian); Moshe (modern); mō/mou "water" + esēs "saved"(Velde,
Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible) Hebrew
meshitihu Biblical?
Moishe Yiddish
Mōšéh Tiberian
Mousha, Moushe /ܡܘܫܐ Syriac
Mōwses/ ⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ, mwses "The one who is rescued from the water" Copitc
Mōÿsēs /Mωϋσῆς , Mousēs /Μουσῆς , Mōēsēs Μωησής Greek
Mōysās/ⲙⲱⲩ̇ⲥⲏⲥ Coptic/Egyptian Arabic
Mūsā /موسى Arabic
Necho (for the bulls)
n.kAw MDC
Neku, Nechoh, Nikuu Alt
Nəkhós/Νεχώς Α', Nəkhó/Νεχώ Α' Greek
Nikuu , Nikû Akkadian
Nəkō (Modern), Nekō (Tiberian) , Ne̞ko̞ / נְכוֹ Hebrew
Nefer-Hotep
'Beauitful peace'
Nephōtes/Νεφώτης, Nephōt/Νεφωτ Greek
Nefer-Kheperu-Ra
Na-ap-khu-ru-ri-a, Na-ap-khar-ri-ya, Ni-ip-khu-ur-ri-ri-ya, Na-ap-khu-ra-ri-ya Babylonian
Nefertari
nfrt.iri MDC
Naptera Akkadian
Nefertiti ('Beautiful lady has come') 𓏏𓈖𓇳𓇋𓄤𓄤𓄤𓇍𓏏𓏭𓁐
nfr.t ii.ti MDC
nfrt-jj.tj Alt Egyptian
Naftita Akkadian
nofrə-ït/ ⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ ⲉⲓⲧ (ref. Osarnachthis), nafrət ït/ⲛⲁϥⲣⲉⲧ ⲉⲓⲧ Coptic
Nfr tyty/نفر تيتي Arabic (Egyptian)
nāfɪrat̚ iti (ref. Osarnachthis) IPA
Nerva
𓈖𓂋𓂋𓏲𓆇
Neroua/Νερουα Greek
Nerva Latin
(~ref Ishak)
Nitocris ("Neith is excellent")
nt-iqr.ty MDC
Nítokris / Νίτωκρις Greek
Pepi , Pepy
ppy , pjpj MDC
Phios, Phius/φιός Greek
'pʰiapʰ.ia (JPA), Piápia (Romanized, JPA); pɛpiː IPA
Philipos
𓊪𓉔𓇋𓇋𓅱𓃭𓇋𓇋𓅱𓊪𓍯𓋴
Pḥïlïpos/Ⲡϩⲉⲓⲗⲉⲓⲡⲟⲥ Coptic
Philipe
𓊪𓃭𓇋𓇋𓊪𓏲
Pḥltēms/Ⲡϩⲗⲧⲏⲙⲥ , Pḥbs/Ⲡϩⲃⲥ Coptic
Philótimos/Φιλότιμος , Philódemos/Φιλόδημος , Phïbis/Φϊϐις Greek
Philotera
pyrwtrA > pilwtra (Demotic) MDC
Pilutera Budge
Philotéra /Φιλωτέρα Greek
Potipherah, Potiphera ("he whom Ra has given/ gift of the sun")
p-ti-p-rꜥ Demotic
pA-di-pA-ra MDC
po-tee feh'-rah/ פּוֹטִיפֶ֫רַע Hebrew
Petephres/Πετεφρης, Petrephes/Πετρεφης Greek
~ Potiphar (shortened version)
Pewtypr/ פוטיפר
Ptahmose
ptH-ms.i MDC
Táhmašši Akkadian
Ptolemy I (Soter/ The Savior)
ptrmys> ptlmis MDC
𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-m-y-s/, 𓊪𓏏𓂋𓏲𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-r-w-m-y-s/
Ptolemaios/Πτολεμαίος Greek
Ptolemy II (Philadelphus)
ptrwmys > ptlwmis (Demotic) MDC
𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓏲𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-w-m-y-s/ , 𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-m-y-s/
Ptlumis Budge
Ptolemaîos /Πτολεμαῖος Greek
Ptolemy III (Euergetes)
ptwArwys> ptwlmys > ptolmis (Demotic) MDC
Ptulmis Budge
𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-m-y-s/
Ptolemaĩos /Πτολεμαῖος Greek
Ptŏlĕmaeus Latin
Ptolemaios ALT
Ptolemy IV (Philopator)
(Demotic) MDC
𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-m-y-s/
Ptolemys ankhdjet meryaset/ Ptolemaios, living forever, beloved of Isis Full Egyptian
Πτολεμαῖος Φιλοπάτωρ/Ptolemaĩos Philopátōr "Ptolemy, lover of his Father" Greek
Ptolemy V (Epiphanes)
(Demotic) MDC
𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-m-y-s/
Ptolemys Ankhdjetmeryptah/ Ptolemaios, living forever, beloved of Ptah Full Egyptian
Πτολεμαῖος Ἐπιφανής Εὐχάριστος/ Ptolemaĩos Epiphanḗs Eucharistos "Ptolemy the Manifest, the Beneficent" Greek
Py (Piye)
py/𓊪𓋹𓇋𓇋 Egyptian
pi/𐦧𐦢 “to live” (Beckerath) Meroitic
phei/ⲫⲉⲓ(B), pēi/ⲡⲏⲓ (S) Coptic
Ramesses, Ramses, Rameses , Ramesse ("Ra the one who gave birth to him/ Ra is the one who bore him")
ra-ms(i)-ss 𓇳𓏺𓄟𓋴𓋴, ra-ms(i)-sw 𓇳𓏺𓄟𓋴𓇓 MDC
ria-maš-šeša Babylonian
ri-a-ma-še-ša Akkadian
Rhaméssēs/ Ῥαμέσσης (Hellenistic), Rhaméstēs/Ῥαμέστης Greek
Ramesses Latin
Ra`məse/ רמסס , Raamses (Biblical), Ra'mses/ רַעְמְסֵס Hebrew
rɑː mɛs suː ; 'ɾi.ʕa.'ma.si.sa (JPA) ; RíꜤamásisa (JPA, Romanized) IPA
Rameses, Ramessu Traditional Pronunciation
Ra'mses, Ra'məse, ˈræməsɛs, ˈræmsɛs, ˈræmsiːz Alt Pronunciation
ref. linkst
~ stp-n-ra : (chosen of Rê, Prenomen)
sā:tapna'ri:ˤa Suggested Pronunciation
šá-te-ep-na-ri-a (El Amarna letters) Akkadian
Remesisumeriamun , Ramesisumeriamun, Ramesses meryamun 'Ra is the one how brings to him beloved one of Amun' ,
'Rê has fashioned him, beloved of Amun 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓇳𓏺𓄟𓏥𓋴𓇓
RꜤ msỉ sw mrỉ Ỉmn , Rˁ sj sw mrj Jmn Alt Egyptian
riːʕ məsiːsə maːj ʔamaːnə/Ri-a-ma-še-ša ma-ai A-man-na Akkadian
(~ ref youtu.be/1dFSTe...)
Ṣāpənat pa'nēaḥ (My provision is god, the living one)
צְפְוַַת פּעְוֵח (nTr the r is dropped וַַת) Hebrew
Sesostris
𓄊𓋴𓂋𓏏𓊃𓈖
s-n(y)-wsr.t MDC
Sésōstris/Σέσωστρις Greek
Sesōstris Latin
Setepenre (chosen of Ra)
stp-n-ra MDC
šá-te-ep-na-ri/e-a Akkadian cuneiform
satepna'riːʕa (Dr. Loprieno); 'sa.tʰipʰ.ni.'ɾi.ʔa (JPA), SátipniríꜤa (JPA, Romanized) IPA
Severus
𓊃𓎺𓏲𓂋𓇋𓇋𓈖𓏏𓏭𓇑, 𓊃𓎺𓅱𓃭𓇋𓇋𓃝𓈖𓏏𓏭𓐍𓂞
Serverus Latin
Seounros/ Σεοὐηροϛ Greek
(~ref Ishak)
Shishak (?) (Meshwesh decent)
𓆷𓆷𓈖𓏘
SSnq MDC
šu-ta , štḫ Alt Egyptian
Shoshenq I, Sheshonk or Sheshonq I ALT Name
su-si-in-qu Cuneiform
šusanqu Akkadian
susinqu Neo-Assyrian
Shīshaq/ שישק [ʃiːʃaq]] Hebrew
Cicunq / ⵛⵉⵛⵓⵏⵇ Tamazight
ʃiʃaq Tiberian
Sousakím /Σουσακίμ < ʃuːʃaq/ שושק, Sesōnkhis/Σεσωγχις (Africanus), Sesonkhōsis /Σεσογχωσις (Eusebius ) Greek
su-si-in-qu (en.wikiversity.org), Shishak, Shishaq, Susac, Shushaq < שושק
(Hebrew, Alexandrian Greek 2nd BC) Alt Pronunciation
Sheshenq Traditional Pronunciation
Shoshenq Fixed Pronunciation
Thermutis (mother of Moses, one who fished him out of the Nile)
Renenutet (some connection between the name Thermuthis and the Egyptian goddess of names
and nursing) Egyptian connection
Bithiah from Biṯyāh, Bityá /בִּתְיָה 'daughter of Yah' 'daughter of god', Bat-Yah 'daughter of YAh'
(wife of Pharaoh) Hebrew
Thermuthis, Tharmuth, Thermutis, Thermouthis (priestess, daughter of Pharaoh)
(Josephus Jewish historian 'Antiquities of the Jew' ) Gnostic
Merris or Merrhoe (Artapanus) Christianity
Asiya/ آسية (Hadith) Arabic
Thutmose : (Born of Thoth)
DHwty-ms MDC
ḏḥwty.ms (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Tahutmes ? Akkadian
Thomas Possibly where the name came from
Tutankhamun 'Living Image of Amun' (Son of Re) 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓏏𓅱𓏏𓋹
*ref Osarnachthis
twt-anx-imn MDC
twt-ꜥnḫ-ı͗mn (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Tōout-onḥ-amoun or tōʷt ɔnh amūn / ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲟⲛϩ ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ , Touōt-ōnᵉḥ-amoun/ⲧⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲱⲛϩ︦ ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ Coptic
taˈwaːt ˈʕaːnxu ʔaˈmaːn ; tāwɪt anxā amāna (also sugected orginally) Alt Pronunciation
~ Nebkheperure : 'Lord of the forms of Re' Prenomen
nb-xprw-ra MDC
Nibhururia Akkadian
Nibhurrereya Amarna letters
Titus
tyts /𓍘𓇋𓇋𓍘𓋴 Egyptian
Titus Roman
Vespasien : (Roman Emperor, Who took control of Egypt 69AD)
𓏲𓊃𓊪𓏭𓊃𓇋𓇋𓈖𓊃, 𓏲𓇼𓊪𓊃𓇋𓇋𓈖𓄿𓊃
wspsyn(A)s, wspjsyns MDC
Ouespasianos/ Οὐεσπασιανὀϛ Greek
Vespasianus Latin
wsr-mAat-ra 'he justice of Ra is powerful' (Usermaatre )
𒉿𒀸𒈬𒀀𒊑𒀀/Wa-aš-mu-a-re-a/ Uašmuaria Akkadian
Ὀσυμανδύας /Osumandúas Koine Greek
wəsmuʕəˈɾeːʕə (Late Kingdom); ʔusmaʕˈɾeːʕ (Early Demotic); ʔəsmaɾˈɾeː~ʔəsmanˈɾeː (Middle Demotic) IPA
Usir-ma'āt-rā (traditionally) Pronounced
wsr-mAat-ra stp-n-ra ra-ms.sw mry-imn
'he justice of Ra is powerful, chosen of Ra, Ra has fassioned him, beloved of Amun, ' (Usermaatre Setepenre )
Wa-aš-mu-a-re-a/ Uašmuaria šatepnaria Riamašeša maia-amana Akkadian
Usir-ma'āt-rā, Satep.en-rā, Rā-mes-su, Mery-Amun (traditionally) Pronounced
wnis : (Wenis) 'The one who truly exists'
Oenas, Unis, or Ounas Alt name
Iōannēs / ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ Coptic
Anis / أنيس , Anas/ أنس (name "genial" , "close friend"); Wanas/ ونس Arabic
Unis Pronounced
wsr-nxt (Wesir is strong)
𓊨𓁹𓀭𓈖𓆱𓐍𓏏𓏭𓀭
wsjr-nḫty , wsỉr-nḫt (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Osarnakhtʰis/ Ὀσαρναχθις Greek
Ousirā-nashtā/ⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲉ-ⲛⲁϣⲧⲉ (ref. Osarnachthis) Coptic
xa.f-ra , Kha.ef-ra (Khafra)
ḫꜥ.f-rꜥ
Χεφρήν /Khephrḗn, Κεφρήν /Kephrḗn, Κερφέρης/Kerphérēs, Χαβρύης/Khabrúēs Ancient Greek
Xerxes :
xASAyArwSA 𓆼𓆷𓇌𓄿𓃭𓆷𓄿, 𓐍𓆷𓇌𓃭𓆷, 𓐍𓆷𓄿𓇌𓃭𓆷 MDC
x-š-yar-š-a/𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠(ruling over heroes) Old Persian
aḫ-ši-ia-ar-šu / 𒄴𒅆𒐊𒅈𒋗 > Akšiwaršu /𒀝𒅆𒄿𒈠𒅈𒍪 >Aramaic Babylonian
Axšoreš/ اخشورش Persian
shrayshhē, Xšaya-ṛšā/ חשיארש Aramaic
Achasharash / אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ (Megillah), Achashorosh/ אחשרש (Megillah traditionally read) ,
Ahasuerus / אחשוורוש (Book of Esther) Hebrew
Ksérksns/Ξέρξης, ksérksɛːs 518–465 BC Greek
Khshayarsha Pronounced
yhwAw (Yahweh) 𓇌𓉔𓍯𓅱 , 𓇋𓇋𓉔𓌗𓄿
tA SAsw yhwAw 𓇾𓆷𓇓𓅱𓇌𓉔𓍯𓅱 , 𓇾𓆷𓇓𓅱𓇋𓇋𓉔𓌗𓄿 From
yhwꜣw Alt Egyptian
YHVH/yhwh/ j-h-w-h/𐤄𐤅𐤄𐤉 (Paleo-Hebrew) Phoenician
yah/ ܝܰܗ/ܝܲܗ Classical Syriac
Yōha /ⲒⲰϨⲀ ? Yaō/ⲒⲀⲰ ?, noutə/ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ "god" Coptic
Iaō /ΙΑΩ , YAHŌ Greek
Iaoh , Iaho, Jaho Latin Vulgate
y-h-wa-h/ 𐡀𐡄𐡅𐡄 ,YHW/יהו Aramaic
yhwah/yəhōwā/יְהֹוָה ; Ya'ōh (older?) Hebrew
YHVH/יהוה Modern Hebrew
Iehouah (1530, Tyndale's Bible) Early English
/ˈyäˌwā/Yahweh, Yahuwah, Jehovah English
yhua, iːhuːɑ Possibly Pronounced
ytwaw-bar 𓇋𓇋𓏏𓅱𓂝𓏲𓃀𓂝𓂋𓃫𓀃
ʾEṯbaʿal/ אֶתְבַּעַל Biblical Hebrew
tubaʾlu/ 𒌅𒁀𒀪𒇻 Akkadian
Zaphnath-paap-neah (name the Pharaoh gave him 'Savior')
Yôsep יוֹסֵף/Joseph's (birth name) (possible 21st Dynasty) Bible
Dd-pA-nTr-f-anx (god speaks and he lives in (MK) Ṣt-pa-ntr-if-ānāḥ (LK), Zaphenath-pa'aneah /zt-p-nTr-f-anx
(Saith the god 'he liveth') MDC possibilities
צִפְנַת פַּעְנֵחַ /Ṣāfnaṯ Paʿnēaḫ, ṣāpěnat pa'nēaḥ,ṣe(d)-p-nute(r)-ef-onḫ = 'the god speaks, [and] he lives' Hebrew
Psionthomphanékh/Ψονθομφανήχ , Psiomthomphanékh/Ψομθομφανήχ Greek
Psot mpʰānāḥ/ ⲡⲥⲟⲧ ⲙⲫⲉⲛⲉϩ > ⲱⲧⲉ sōte 'to save' > /sA/ 'protection' (possible) Coptic
ref. E.A. Wallis Budge
Other gods Names
(For Egyptian gods names look under netjeru/gods tab and then the gods' given name)
aApp(y): (snake demon) 𓉻𓊪𓊪𓆚
aApf , ˁɜpp, ˁpp, Ꜥꜣpp(j), ipip, jpjp (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ˁpˁp Demotic
Ãapep , Ãpep Budge
abab/ አባብ Amharic
Ápöphis / Ἄποφις, Apopis/Ἄποπις Greek
Apopis Latin
אפפ /App Hebrew
Apʰopʰi /Ⲁⲫⲟⲫⲓ, Apʰōpʰ/Ⲁⲫⲱⲫ (B), apʰōp/Ⲁⲫⲱⲡ (B), Apʰōpʰ /Ⲁⲫⲱⲫ, epēp/ⲉⲡⲏⲡ (B), epēpʰ/ⲉⲡⲏⲫ (S),
epeipʰ/ ⲉⲡⲉⲓⲫ (S), apʰŏpi/ⲁⲫⲟⲡⲓ , apʰipi/ⲁⲫⲓⲡⲓ (ref Martyrdom of Saint George Budge) Coptic
'Abîb Arabic
Apep English
ʕaʀpʰaːpʰ (Early Egyptian), ʕapʰoːpʰ (Late Egyptian) IPA
Apāpy Transliteration
Ꜥaꜣpâpi(j) Alt Pronunciation
Apep Traditional Pronunciation
Apedemak, Apademak : (Meroitic lion god)
Pa-ir-meki, 'the one who protects' Alt Egyptian
iprmk 𓇋𓊪𓂋𓐙𓎡𓊹𓀭 , 𓊪𓁹𓐝𓎡𓇋𓇋𓀮
Astarte
astrt/ 𓂝𓊃𓍘𓇋𓏭𓂋𓍘𓇋𓏏𓆇 Āstiyrtit Egyptian
'(ɜ)ztrt, 'ztjjjrt, 'ztjrt, 'srt, 'zt, 'st, 'ztt >Astat, Asa, Ata
Astártē/Ἀστάρτη Greek
A-sa-sa-ra Minoan
As-dar-tu Akkadian
ʿAṯtar /Athtar Ancient Semitic
ʻṯtr , Ištar Akkadian-Babylonian
Attar, ˁštrh , ˁštrt ? Aramaic
ʻṯtr Old South Arabian
‘Astar , Astr'eyo/ አሰተርእዮ Ethiopic
Athtar South Arabic
Astar Abyssinia
Ashtar Moab
Aṯtar Ugarit
𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚/Athtart or ʻAṭtart, ʻṯtrt ' Ugaritic
𐤕𐤓𐤕𐤔𐤀/ Ashtart , 'štrt, Aštart Phoenician
Ishtar/Ištar Mesopotamia
Ištar/ 𒀭𒈹 Sumerian
Ashtar(t) or Astarte Canaan
עַשְׁתָּרוֹת Ashtarot עַשְׁתָּר֑וֹ
עַשְׁתֹּ֣רֶתAshtoreth עַשְׁתָּר֑וֹת āshtārõwth ????
עשתרת Ashtoret, Ashtarot or "Astartes" Hebrew
ant : (Anat goddess)
𓂝𓈖𓏌𓅱𓍘𓇋𓏏𓆇𓆗, 𓂝𓈖𓍘𓇋𓏏𓆗, 𓂝𓈖𓍿𓏏𓆇𓁐
ʔnt Phoenician
ʔnt ענת Hebrew
‘Anōt, ‘nt Ugaritic
Anath Αναθ Greek
bAk-n-rn.f : (Servant of his name)
wAH-kA-ra ( The enduring one belonging to the ka of Ra) Alt name
/cab'naːcar/ >/cəb'nuːtə/ > Sebennytos /Σεβεννυτος > Bocchoris/ Βόκχορις Greek
Βογ𝜒ορις, Βόκχορις, Βο𝜒ορινις (B) Coptic
baːʀak-vn-'riːnvf Alt pronunciation
bayr: (god Ba'al) meaning 'lord'
𓃀𓂝𓏭𓂋𓁐𓀃, 𓃀𓂝𓏭𓂋𓏺
Baal/ בעל Hebrew
Báal/ Βάαλ Greek
Bēlu/ 𒂗 Akkadian
Bal/ ባል Amharic
Baʿl/ بعل Arabic
astiyrti(t): (goddess Astarte)
𓂝𓊃𓍘𓏭𓂋𓍘𓏏𓆇𓆗
As-dar-tu/ 𒀭𒊍𒁯𒌓 Akkadian
ʻAthtart or ʻAṭtart/ 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚 Ugaritic
Astártē/ Ἀστάρτη Greek
Ashtart or Aštart/ 𐤕𐤓𐤕𐤔𐤀 Phoenician
ʻAštōreṯ/ עשתרת, Ashtarot Hebrew
Uni-Astre/ 𐌖𐌍𐌉 𐌀𐌔𐌕𐌛𐌄 Etruscan Pyrgi Tablets
ꜥ-s-ta-ar-ta(t) Erik Iversen
knm.t : (lion headed serpent god)
khnoume/ Χνουμη Greek
mHyt (Meḥit goddess)
Ma'ḥūʲVt > Mɘ'ḥu:ʔ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Ma-ḫu-ú Akkadian
mkhns/Mχης Greek
mrwrw/ mrwl (Mandulis, God of Nubia) 𓌸𓂋𓅱𓃭𓏥𓀭
Merul or Melul Greek
mānrou/ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲟⲩ Coptic
nw (Nu) 𓏌𓏌𓏌𓇯𓈗𓀭
Nenu, Nunu, Nun Alt
nauni/ⲛⲁⲩⲛⲓ ; noun/ⲛⲟⲩⲛ (abyss; deep)
wnn-nfr(w) : (The Perfect One , Permanent well-being , Title/Epithet of Wesir/Osiris)
(ref JPA ME)
ouənofre /ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ (S), ouānnavrā or ouānnabrā /ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲛⲁⲃⲣⲉ , onnōphris/ⲟⲛⲛⲱⲫⲣⲓⲥ,
ouenabre/ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲁⲃⲣⲉ (O); Ouənaf/ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲁϥ Coptic
Onoúphrios/ Ὀνούφριος Ancient Greek
Onnōfris, Onnofri , Onnôphris/Οννωϕρις , Onoúfrios/Ονούφριος Greek
ʾabū nufir / ابو نفر , ʾabū nūfir / ابو نوفر , nūfir / نوفير Arabic
Onuphrius Latin
Onofrio Italian
Onufrij/Онуфрий Russian
Onofre Spanish
Onofre Portuguese
Onuphrius > Humphrey English
wɛnɛn nɛfɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
Wenennefer, Wenen-nefer Traditional Pronunciation
Oun-noufr Fixed
Places/Locations
AbDw (Abdju) : (Abydos) 𓍋𓃀𓈋𓊖
Ꜣbḏw Alt Egyptian
ỉbt Demotic
əbōt/ⲉⲃⲱⲧ (S), aboit/(ⲁⲃ)ⲟⲓ(ⲧ), avōt/ⲁⲃⲱⲧ Coptic
Aboudos/ Ἄβυδος Greek
Al-Arabah, Al-Birba, el-Madfuna, Abydos /أبيدوس Arabic
Abedju > Abēdō (MK-LK) > Abudōs (Greek) > Abōt (Coptic d>t) (possible evolution) Pronunciation
AwSAmm : (Jerusalem) 𓄫𓅱𓆷𓄿𓅓𓅓𓈉
Urušalimmi (Jerusalem uru house, salam peace) West Semitic
úrušalim /𒌑𒊒𒊓𒅆 , uršalimu /𒌨𒊓𒇷𒅎𒈬 Akkadian
ʾūrusālim/ أُورُسَالِم Arabic
ʾūrišlem אוּרִשְׁלֶם/ , Jerusalemite ˀwršlmy Aramaic
yərūšəlēm/ יִרוּשְׁלֵם Hebrew
ʾūrišlem /ܐܘܪܫܠܡ Syriac
ʾūrašlamࡏࡅࡓࡀࡔࡋࡀࡌ/ Mandaic
yərūšāláyim /יְרוּשָׁלַיִם , yərūšāláyim𐤉𐤓𐤅𐤔𐤋𐤉𐤌/ Hebrew
yəršəlem 𐤉𐤓𐤔𐤋𐤌/ירשלם/ Proto-Hebrew
yršlm𐤉𐤓𐤔𐤋𐤌/ Phoenician
k-A-n-a-n-a (Canaan) 𓎡𓄿𓈖𓂝𓈖𓂝𓌙𓈉
Knan [Knꜥn] / 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 Phoenician
Kinâḫna [ki-na-aḫ-na]/ 𒆳𒆠𒈾𒄴𒈾 Akkadian
Kənáʿan [Cænä`an]/כְּנַעַן Hebrew
Khanaan/Χανααν Biblical Greek
Khna/Χνᾶ Hecataeus Greek
Kan‘ān / كَنْعَانُ Arabic
Khanaan, Chanaan (B) / Ⲭⲁⲛⲁⲁⲛ Coptic
Canaan Latin
bbr (Babylon, Babylonia) 𓅡𓅡𓃭𓈉 , 𓃀𓃀𓂋𓏤𓈉
bAbArw > bbr
b-a-b-i-ru /Bābiru/ 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽 Old Persian
Bābilim/ 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠"Gate of God” Akkadian
Babulṓn/Βαβυλών (Babulṓn) Ancient Greek
Pabilōn/ⲡⲁⲃⲓⲗⲱⲛ , Babulōn /Ⲃⲁⲃⲩⲗⲱⲛ Coptic
Bablywn/ بابليون Arabic
bɛbɛr IPA
bHdt : (Behdet, Edfu) 𓄑𓂧𓏏𓊖
Tbō/Ⲧⲃⲱ (S), Atbō/Ⲁⲧⲃⲱ (S), Tbo/Ⲧⲃⲟ (S), Tʰbo/Ⲑⲃⲱ (B), ətbō/ⲉⲧⲃⲟ Coptic
Apollinòpolis/ Απολλινόπολις Ancient Greek
ˈʔedfu/ إدفو Egyptian Arabic
Idfu, Edfou Alt
dmy-n-Hr , Dmỉ-n-Ḥr.w (Damanhur) 'Town of Horu/Horus)
Țemāi en Ḥeru Alt Egyptian
Damanhūr /دمنهور Arabic
(Pi)Timieḥōr/(Ⲡⲓ)ϯⲙⲓⲛ̀ϩⲱⲣ , (P)timənḥōr/(Ⲡ)ⲧⲓⲙⲉⲛϩⲱⲣ Coptic
Hermopolis Mikra/Ἑρμοῦ πόλις μικρά Greek
dbH : (ask for, beg, requisition (from)
(S, A, sA, B, F) tōbḥ/ⲧⲱⲃϩ , (S, F) tōbaḥ/ⲧⲱⲃⲁϩ , (S, A, sA) tbḥ/ⲧⲃϩ , (S) təbḥ/ⲧⲉⲃϩ , (Sa, A) tōbḥ/ⲧⲱⲃϩ, (S, B) tobḥ/ⲧⲟⲃϩ ,
(Sf) taḥb/ⲧⲁϩⲃ , (F) tabaḥ/ⲧⲁⲃⲁϩ (pray, entreat , console) Coptic
Dhshur , Dashur : (royal necropolis located in the desert on the west bank of the Nile )
Dahchur, Tahkⁱour/ⲧⲁϩϭⲟⲩⲣ Coptic
Dahšūr/دهشور Arabic
dɑhˈʃuːɾ Pronunciation
Djeba : (Edfu)
ḎbꜢ Demotic
tbō/Ⲧⲃⲱ (B), atbō/Ⲁⲧⲃⲱ, tbo/Ⲧⲃⲟ (S), tʰbō/Ⲑⲃⲱ (B) Coptic
ˈʔedfu/إدفو Arabic
Djerty : (El-Tod) 𓇥𓂋𓏏𓏭𓊖
Ḏrty Alt Egyptian
aṭ-Ṭūd/ طود Egyptian Arabic
Touphion Ancient Greek
Tuphium Latin
Thouôt, Tuot Coptic
Ddw : (Busiris)
Abu Sir us/ أبو صير بنا Arabic
Boúsiris/Βούσιρις Greek
Bousiri/ⲃⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲓ Coptic
Dnt, Dant : (Tanis)
Djanet (ḏꜤnt) Suggested pronunciation
Sanu Assyrian
Zoan Biblical
ṣōʿan/צֹעַן Hebrew
Ṣāni (Allen), čani (Loprieno), djani/ϫⲁⲛⲓ (B), Ṣāni (Allen),djanē /ϫⲁⲛⲏ (B), Ṣāni (Allen), čaane (Loprieno),
djaanā/ϫⲁⲁⲛⲉ (S) Coptic
Ṣāni /ϫⲁⲛⲓ (B), Ṣāni/ϫⲁⲛⲏ (B), Ṣāni/ϫⲁⲁⲛⲉ (S) < ḏꜤnt (Allen) Evolution
Tánis/ Τάνις Ancient Greek
Tanis Latin
ṣān/ صَان Arabic
(OE, 2500 BCE) ˈcʼuʕnat , (ME,1700 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼuʕnaʔ, (LE, 800 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼøʕnə ,
d͡ʒɑːnɛt (modern Egyptological) (Loprieno) IPA
Edom 𓇋𓀀𓂧𓏲𓅓𓂝𓌙𓈉 jdwmj
jdwmꜥ Demotic
’eḏōm/ אֱדוֹם (red all over) Hebrew
Udumi/𒌑𒁺𒈪, Udumu 𒌑𒁺𒈬 Akkadian
ʾdm/𐤀𐤃𐤌 Edomite Phoenician
Adwm/ܐܕܘܡ Classical Syriac
dāʾim/ادوم Arabic
iduːmɑː (modern Egyptological) IPA
ref. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jdwm%EA%9C%A5
fnxw : (people in Canaan or Syria) or (Phoenician)
po-ni-ki-jo/𐀡𐀛𐀑𐀍 Ancient Mycenaean
Phoiníkē/Φοινίκη Ancient Greek
phoînix/φοῖνιξ Greek
pʰy.niks (1st CE Egyptian) IPA
gbtw, gbt, gbtyw, gbtjw, qbt, qbty, kbt , kbty (Coptos, Modern Qift) 𓎤𓃀𓏏𓏭𓅃𓊖 , 𓎤𓃀𓅂𓊖
gibt , hipt (Coptic) (UE) Alt Egyptian
Kuptios < Aigúptios/Αἰγύπτιος (Ancient Greek), qibṭ connected to the Greek name of the town
Coptos (Κόπτος)
(modern-day Qifṭ; Coptic Kebt and Keft) (possible Connection) Evolution
Coptos , Koptos/Κόπτος Ancient Greek
Coptos Greco-Roman
Kuptios Greek
qubṭ / qibṭ/ قبط (the Copts); Qift, Quft (Modern) Arabic
kubti (B) kuptaion (S) Arabisation of the Coptic
Keft/Ⲕⲉϥⲧ , Kəbtō/ⲕⲉⲃⲧⲱ, kbt/ⲕⲃⲧ ; kubti/ⲕⲩⲃϯ (B) (need ref only found modern) & Kuptaion/ⲔⲨⲠⲦⲀⲒⲞⲚ (S) (modern)
(ref https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wp/cop/ⲁⲥⲡⲓ_%60ⲛⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ#ⲕⲩⲃϯ) Coptic
Coptus, Coptos , Copto , Copton, (Justinianopolis/ Ἰουστινιανούπολις) Latin
Coptus, Cophtus New Latin
Coptic , Copt (17th centry) English
Gebtiu , Gebtu Traditional pronouciation
gADAtw , gDt : Gaza in Palestine 𓎼𓄿𓍑𓏏𓅱𓈉
Ġazzah [Ghazzah]/ غَزَّة Arabic
Azza/עזה Hebrew
Gesa/gsA/ (Qus) 𓎼𓋴𓐟𓄿𓊖
Qus Arabic
kōs/ⲕⲱⲥ , kos/ⲕⲟⲥ Coptic
Hwt-Hry-ib , ḥwt-ḥrj-jb,(Athribis,Tell Atrib) 𓉗𓏏𓉐𓁷𓄣𓊖
Hwt-tA-Hry-ib 𓉗𓏏𓉐𓇾𓁷𓄣𓊖 Earlier Egyptian
Áthribis/Ἄθριβις Greek
Athribis Latin
(1st CE Egyptian) ˈa.tʰri.bis, (4th CE Koine) ˈa.θri.βis, (10th CE Byzantine) ˈa.θri.vis,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan)ˈa.θri.vis IPA
Hwt-nbw 𓉗𓋞𓃉𓏥 'house of gold'
Hatnoub Modern
Hwt-wArt 𓉗𓏏𓉐𓂾𓏏𓊖 'Great House' (Avaris)
ḥw.t wꜥr.t , Hut-waret Alt Egyptian
Auaris/Αὔαρις , Athyria Greek
Athyria Clement of Alexandria
Ḥaʔat-Wūrat , Ḥaʔət-Waʕrəʔ (2nd millennium BC), Hawara (Modern) IPA
idqArwA (place name)
𓇋𓋴𓏘𓄿𓃭𓏺𓄿𓊖
ꜥ-s -ka-lu-na Erik Iversen
Askalon Asiatic
Ipsambul (Abu Simbel)
Abū Sinbal/أبو سنبل , Abū Simbal/ أبو سمبل Arabic
(ref IDHP: ME A von Sharon La Boda)
ipt 𓇋𓅮𓏏𓉐, 𓇋𓊪𓏏𓊒𓇔𓏏𓈅𓏤 (Luxor)
papə/ⲡⲁⲡⲉ Sahidic Coptic
ta tria kastra/τὰ Τρία Κάστρα, pshomt enkastron/ⲡϣⲟⲙⲧ ⲛ̀ⲕⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟⲛ "three castles"
(Luxor came from) Coptic and Greek
Aphis/Ἀπις , Ophieîon/Ὠφιεῖον Greek
al-ʾuqṣur/الأقصر "the palaces", "the castles" Arabic
irnwtw (place name)
𓇋𓂋𓈖𓏥𓏏𓅱
ꜥ-r-an?-tu Erik Iversen
Orontes Asiatic
iwni , iwni Smi : (Southern Heliopolis)
iwni-mntw (Heliopolis of the Nomad), jwnj Alt Egyptian
ərməntʰ / ⲉⲣⲙⲉⲛⲧ Coptic
Hermonthis/῾Ερμ῀ονθις Koine Greek
Armant / ارمنت Arabic
iwnw : (Heliopolis 'House of Ra', Cairo) 𓉺𓏌𓊖 'The pillars'
Ȧunu Budge
Khere-Ohe (place of combat) (needs ref), Iunu-Shemau 'Souther Iunu'
(merging of Amun, Ra and Waset), ʲwn ALT Egyptian
Niut, No (The city) Other names
njw.t Demotic
Kahire/ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲏ, Kashrōmi/ⲕⲁϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ (place of the sun), ōn/ⲰⲚ (Heliopolis) Coptic
On , Onu, No-Ammon 'City of Amun' Bible
Beth-shemesh from Per-Rā (House of sun), ʔÔn /אֹ֖ן , Ōwn /אֽוֹן, ʔĀwen /אָ֛וֶן Hebrew
Heliopolis /Ἡλίου πόλις or Ἡλιούπολι (City of the Sun renamed) Greeks
Ayn Shams, Ein Shams عين شمس (eye of the sun, sun eye), Kye-roh القاهرة,
al-Qāhirah (Vanquisher or Conqueror) (official name) Arabic
Maṣr /mɑsˤɾ/ مَصر Egyptian Arabic
Kayro/ كايرو Modern Egyptian Arabic
Āwanu , j(w)n.w Alt Pronunciation
ʔa:wnu (OE) < ja:wunaw (OE) Reconstruction
Iunu Traditional Pronunciation
iwrHy (Possibly Jericho)
yərīḥō/יְרִיחוֹ Hebrew
iuːrɑħiː Traditional Pronunciation
kAS : 𓎡𓄿𓈙𓈉 (Nubia 'Kush')
kꜢš (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ỉkš , jkš (Nubian) Demotic
ku-u-š-a-y /Kušāya/𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎠𐎹 Old Persian
kūsi/ 𒆳𒆪𒌑𒋢 Akkadian
(S) əkʲōsh/ⲉϭⲱϣ, (A) əkōsh/ⲉϭⲱϣ , (A) əkoosh/ⲉⲕⲟⲟϣ , (S) əkʲoosh/ⲉϭⲟⲟϣ , (B) ətʰōsh/ⲉⲑⲱϣ (Ethiopian) Coptic
/kuɫuʃ/ or /kuʔuʃ/ (ME) Pronounced
mdnj.t : (Medenit 22nd Nome of UE)
MDnj.t (MK) Alt Egyptian
mdy : (Persia)
mty Demotic
māday/ מָדַי < Paras u Mada/ פרס ומדי Aramaic
(S, B) matoi/ ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ, (S, sA) matoï/ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲉⲓ, (sA) mataï/ⲙⲁⲧⲁⲉⲓ, (F) matai/ⲙⲁⲧⲁⲓ (soldier) Coptic
Māda/𐎶𐎠𐎭 Old Persian
Memphis, mn-nfr 𓏠𓈖𓄤𓆑𓂋𓉴𓊖 ('endurance is beautiful')
mem.fi Demotic
mn-nfr MDC
Me-im-pi (Mempi) Cuneiform
Mempi , Mimpi (Černy) Assyrian
Mempi, Me-im-pi /𒈨 𒉿 , Me-im-bi 𒈨 Akkadian
môph , mofe/ מֹף, nôph, nofe / נֹף (Memphis) Hebrew
Ménphis/ Μέμφις , Menphis /Μενφι(ς); Μεμφι̱ς Greek
Mənfi (Amentet Neferet)/ⲙⲉⲛϥⲓ, məfi/ⲙⲉϥⲓ (B), mɛm.fi/ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ (B), Mənf/ⲙⲉⲛϥ (B), Mānfə/Ⲙⲉⲛϥⲉ (S),
menfə/ⲙⲛ̄ϥⲉ, menbe/ⲙⲉⲛⲃⲉ Coptic
Mamfis /ممفيس Egyptian Arabic
mænf, Manf /مَنْف , Mumphas /ممفس Arabic
min.'na.fi (ME&LE); (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ˈmønfə ; Mun-nafir (Lambdin); ˈmem.pʰis (1st centry) IPA
minnafir (Loprieno) , Mennefe Alt Pronunciation
Men-nefer Traditional Pronunciation
Mən-naf(i), Min-nəf(i) Fixed
mrw.t : (Meroë) bArwt 𓅡𓏤𓃭𓏤𓍯𓏏𓊖 , 𓏇𓃭𓇋𓍯𓏏𓊖𓈉 mjrwjwꜣt
mrw.t, mrw Demotic
ˈmɛroʊeɪ/Meroë < bedewi /bəɾəwi/𐦦𐦡𐦷𐦡𐦥𐦢 < medewi /məɾəwi/ 𐦨𐦡𐦷𐦡𐦥𐦢 Meroitic
Meruwi/ مروى, Meruwah/ مرواه Arabic
Meróē/Μερόη Ancient Greek
peroue/ⲡⲉⲣⲟⲩⲉ Coptic
mTn : (Mitanni) 𓅓𓂠𓍿𓈖𓈉
Maryannu, Naharin(a) /Nahrin/ nhrn, Me-ta-ni (Amenemhet) Alt Egyptian
Mi-ta-an-ni, Mi-it-ta-ni Hittite
nbwt : (the isles (of the Aegean)
nāābā/ⲛⲉⲉⲃⲉ (S) Coptic
nii , nyy : (Land of Niya)
Niye, Niy (Thutmose) , Nii (Amarna letters), Nihe (kingdom in Syria) Alt Egyptian
nwbyt : (Kom Ombo)
Onom, nb(y)t (Gardiner) Alt Egyptian
ỈmbꜢ Demotic
embō /ⲉⲙⲃⲱ (B), nbō/ⲛⲃⲱ (S), nbou/ⲛⲃⲟⲩ Coptic
Omboi /Ὄμβοι Ancient Greek
Ambo, Ombi Latin
Kôm Ombô/ كوم أمبو Arabic
pA-yma : (Faiyum) ('Land of the Lake 'Moeris')
Shedet, Shedyt, Shedyt/ Sdyt Alt Egyptian
Pꜣym Demotic
Merwer, She-resy, Sheresi, Medinet Madi (city of the past) Other names
Shedet Pharaonic
ePʰiom/ ̀Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ, Peiom /Ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ ,Piam / ⲡⲓⲁⲙ , Piom / ⲡⲓⲟⲙ Coptic
Payom/ Ⲡⲁⲓⲟⲙ (Sea or lake) [Coptic Proper name, Arsinoë, Arsinoe (Renamed after his sister wife) Ptolemaic
Crocodilopolis, Euergetis Akanthon (Crocodile City) Greek
Arsinóe/Ἀρσινόη Byzantine Greek
Arsinoë in Arcadia Romen
Narmouthis (city of Renenutet) Graeco-Romen Period
al-Fayyūm or El Faiyūm/ الفيوم Arabic
Medinet el- Fayum, Madinat al-Fayyum (City of Faiyum) Previously official Arabic
Fayum, Fayoum English
Faiyum Oasis, Al-Fayoum Oasis, Al Fayyum Oasis Modern
pr-bAst(t) : (House of Bast) 𓉐𓏺𓎯𓏏𓊖
𓎯𓏏𓏏 BꜢs.t(y).t (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Pi-Beseth/ פִּי-בֶסֶת (mouth of loathing), מִּיבֶֿ֫סֶת Hebrew
Boubastis /Βούβαστις; Boubastos /Βούβαστος, Boubastis/ Βούβαστις (Herodotus) Greek
Bobastō /ⲃⲟⲃⲁⲥⲧⲱ Old Coptic
Poubasti/ Ⲡⲟⲩⲃⲁⲥϯ (B), pouasti/Ⲡⲟⲩⲁⲥϯ (B), bouasti/Ⲃⲟⲩⲁⲥϯ (B) Coptic
Tell Basta/ تل بسطة Arabic
pwnt : (Land of Punt) 𓊪𓃹𓈖𓏏𓈉
tA nTr "Land of the God" Alt Egyptian
Artspwnt /ארץ פונט Hebrew
Bunt/بونت Arabic
Pʰouōni/ⲫⲟⲩⲱⲛⲓ ? (B), Pouōnā/ⲡⲟⲩⲱⲛⲉ ? (S) Coptic
pwrsAti , p-l-s-t , p-r-s-t : (Palestine) 𓊪𓏲𓏮𓂋𓏤𓐠𓏤𓍘𓇋𓌙𓈉 , 𓊪𓏲𓂋𓏮𓐠𓍘𓇋𓍑
Palaashud?/𒉺𒆷𒀸𒌓 Akkadian
Palaistínē/ Παλαιστίνη Ancient Greek
Pʰulistieím/Φυλιστιείμ Koine Greek
p'léshet/ פְּלֶשֶׁת , Pəlištīm/פְּלִשְׁתִּים/ Hebrew
Filasṭīn/فلسطين Arabic
Palaestīna Latin
raqdy(t), radyt (That which is built up)𓂋𓏺𓂝𓀨𓏏𓊖 , 𓂋𓂝𓐪𓂧𓇋𓇋𓏏𓊖 : (Alexandria) 𓇋𓃭𓎡𓋴𓂧𓂋𓊃
Raˁ-Ḳāṭit/ rˁ-ḳṭy.t (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Re-kt Demotic
Rakotā/ⲣⲁⲕⲟⲧⲉ (S), Raḳōdah/ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ (B), Alāksandria/ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ Coptic
Rhacotis, Rhakotis/ Ῥακῶτις Ancient Greek
Iskindirya / እስክንድርያ Ethiopic
Alexandria/ Ἀλεξάνδρεια Greek
Eskendereyyah/ اسكندرية, el-Alksinder , Rqwdh/رقوه Egyptian Arabic
Iskandarīyah/ الإسكندرية Arabic
Saïs, ZAy : (capital of the Nome Sȧpi Meḥ) 𓊃𓅭𓇋𓇋𓊖
zAw, sAi, sAwt MDC
Sau, Sau(t) Alt Egyptian
zꜣy Late Egyptian
sai/ ⲤⲀⲒ (S), sa/ ⲤⲀ (B) Coptic
Sáis /Σάϊς Ancient Greek
Sa al-Hagar, San el-Hagar/ صا الحجر Arabic
Saïs Latin
(5th BCE Attic) sá.is, (1st CE Egyptian) ˈsa.is, (4th CE Koine) ˈsa.is, (10th CE Byzantine) ˈsa.is,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan) sa.is IPA
sAwty , sAwt, zAwt, zAwty, zAwi-ti : (Asyut) 'Guardian'𓊃𓅭𓄿𓅱𓏏𓏭𓊖
zꜢwty Alt Egyptian
zAwty , zꜢjw.tj Early Egyptian
Sywṱ , sywt Demotic
Səyáwt, Saut Late Egyptian
Siautu Assyrian
Siowt, Syoout /ⲥⲓⲟⲟⲩⲧ, Siōout/ⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩⲧ Coptic
Asyūṭ/أسيوط Egyptian Arabic
Lykopolis/Λυκόπολις Greek
Sawty, Sauty Transliteration
Syūṭ , Siyūṭ Alt Pronunciation
Shasu/ SAsw (travel, to wander, walk, desert North East of Egypt) 𓆷𓄿𓇓𓅱𓌙𓀀𓏥
*Note Shasu (Semitic-speaking cattle nomads in the Levant from the late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age
"those who move on foot")
šꜣs (to travel, to wander) Root
shas/ ϣⲁⲥ (herd, shepherd) (A); shōs/ϣⲱⲥ (herd, shepherd) (S) Coptic
šāsā/שָׁסָה , šāsas/ שָׁסַס "to plunder" Hebrew
~ tA SAsw yhwA (Yahweh land of the Shasu (tribe of Semitic nomads), near Edom, sugested it's the Israelites.)
𓇾𓆷𓇓𓅱𓇋𓇋𓉔𓍯𓅱 , 𓇾𓆷𓇓𓅱𓇋𓇋𓉔𓌗𓄿 Glyphs
tꜣ šꜣsw yhwꜣ Demotic
sntynHr (Sandanhur) 𓊃𓈖𓏏𓏭𓈋𓈖𓅃𓊖
Sāntienḥōr/ ⲥⲉⲛϯⲛ⳰ϩⲱⲣ Coptic
Sandanhūr/سندنهور Egyptian Arabic
swnw , swnt (Aswan 'the Opener') 𓋴𓃹𓈖𓏏𓊖 , 𓋴𓃹𓈖𓏌𓏲𓌕𓊖
Swenett, Syene (LK?) Alt Egyptian
Sūnnāh/ סונה ; Asvan/: אַסְוָאן Hebrew
Suēnē, Syne/ Συήνη (Assuan formally) Ancient Greek
Assouán/Ασσουάν Greek
Souan/ ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ, Souaan/ ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲁⲛ, Souēn/ⲥⲟⲩⲎⲛ Coptic
ʾAswān/ أسوان , Assuan or Assouan (older names) Egyptian Arabic
Syēnē Latin
(5th BCE Attic) sy.ɛ̌ː.nɛː , (1st CE Egyptian) syˈe̝.ne̝ , (4th CE Koine) syˈi.ni , (10th CE Byzantine) syˈi.ni ,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan) siˈi.ni IPA
tA-n-tS-rrt : (Dendera , Denderah) 𓇾𓈖𓇾𓂋𓂋𓏏𓊖
Tantere , Nikentori or Nitentori 'willow wood' ? (6th nome UE) Alt Egyptian
Tentyra,Téntura/Τέντῠρᾰ Greek
Ta-ynt-netert "She of the devine pillar", Dandarah/ دندرة Modern Arabic
Ⲧtᵉtōrə / Ⲛ︦ⲦⲰⲢⲈ , nitəntōri/ⲛⲓⲧⲉⲛⲧⲱⲣⲓ Coptic
(1st CE Egyptian) ˈten.ty.ra IPA
tA-ra : (Cairo 'land of the sun')
Khere-Ohe/ tA-aHA Old Egyptian
Kahirē/ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲎ (S, B) , Kahi-ra/ ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲁ (land of the sun); Kashrōmi/ⲕⲁϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ (man breaker) Coptic
Kayro/ كايرو (Alexandria) Egyptian Arabic
al-Qāhirah/ القاهرة (the Vanquisher) Arabic
tA-wHt
𓏏𓄿𓌙𓏏𓊖
touḥō /ⲧⲟⲩϩⲱ , ṭaḥa (Ishak) /ⲧⲟⲩϩⲱ (B) Coptic
Tb-nTr : Sebennytos or Sebennytus (capital of Low » er Egypt's twelfth nome)
Tjebnutjer 𓊹𓎀𓃀𓃘𓊖
cab'naːcar, cəb'nuːtə Antonio Loprieno
𒌷𒂟𒉡𒋾 /URUṣab-nu-ti /ṣabnūti/, 𒍝𒉼𒉡𒌋𒋾/ṣa-ban-nu-u-ti /ṣabannūti/ Akkadian
Sebénnytos /Σεβέννυτος Greek
ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲩϯ/čemnouti Coptic
samannūd/سَمَنُّود Arabic
Sebennytus Latin
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˌcabˈnaːcaɾ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˌtʃabˈnaːtaʔ ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˌtʃəβˈnoːtə (Loprieno) IPA
timsqw : Damascus 𓍘𓄟𓈎𓅱𓈉, 𓍘𓄟𓊃𓈎𓅱
T-m-ś-q in Alt Egyptian
Di-maš-qa, 𒁲𒈦𒋡 Dimasqa, 𒁲𒈦𒀸𒄀 Dimàsqì, and 𒁲𒈦𒀸𒋡 Dimàsqa. Amatna Letters
T-m-ś-qin (15th century BC) geographical list of Thutmose III
Imerišú/𒀲𒋙 in Akkadian
Dammaśq/ דמשק Old Aramaic
Dammeśeq/ דַּמֶּשֶׂק Biblical Hebrew
dɪˈmaʃʔ Syrian Arabic
Damascus/دمشق /dəˈmæskəs/ Arabic
Darmsûq/ܕܪܡܣܘܩ Syriac
Damaskós/Δαμασκός Greek
temsqu Common pronunciation
Tni : (you two)
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈcaːnaj , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈtaːnaj , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈtoːn (Loprieno)
Tni , tni : Thinis 𓍿𓈖𓇋𓊖 , 𓏏𓈖𓏭𓌙𓊖
Tin/Ⲧⲓⲛ Coptic
Thinis/ثينيس Arabic
Thinis / Θίνις, This/ Θίς Greek
Tjenu Common pronunciation
tp-iHw : the first of the cows 𓁶𓏤𓃒𓏏𓏥𓊖
pātpēḥ/ⲡⲉⲧⲡⲏϩ , pātpāḥ/ⲡⲉⲧⲡⲉϩ, Tpēh/ⲧⲡⲏϩ
Aṭfīḥ/أطفيح Arabic
tybArys (Tiberius) 𓍘𓇋𓇋𓊸𓃝𓂋𓇋𓇋𓍯
Tiberius Latin
nbyt, Nubet /nwbt (golden) 𓋞𓃀𓇋𓇋𓏏𓊖 (Kom Ombo)
Nubyt, Nubyt Alt Egyptian
Omboi / Ὄμβοι Ancient Greek
kwm 'amubu/ كوم أمبو Arabic
Ambo, Ombi Latin
ǝmbō / Ⲉⲙⲃⲱ Coptic
Ombos Alt
nt : (Thebes 𓊖𓏏𓏺)
n(j)wtkꜣrṯ 𓊖𓂓𓂋𓍿𓊖 < Naúkratis/ Ναύκρατις Alt Egyptian
né-eʾ, ni-iʾAkkadian
Niut-Amun/ niwt-imn (City of Amun) New Kingdom
nō/ נֹא < Nō Āmôn/ נא אמון Hebrew Bible
nā/ⲛⲉ Coptic
pA-iw-rq , p(ꜣ)-jw-rq (Philae) 𓅮𓈏𓂋𓎡𓏏𓊖 , 𓊪𓏭𓈏𓂋𓈎𓊖
p-ꜣlq Demotic
pileqe /piləq/ 𐦧𐦢𐦬𐦡𐦳𐦡 Meroitic
Phílai/Φῐ́λαι , Fíles/ Φίλες Greek
Philae Latin
pilak/ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕ, pilakḥ/ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕϩ Coptic
(5th BCE Attic) pʰí.lai̯ , (1st CE Egyptian) ˈpʰi.lɛ , (4th CE Koine)ˈɸi.lɛ , (10th CE Byzantine)ˈfi.le ,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan) ˈfi.le IPA
wAst : (Waset , Thebes) (city of the Scepter) 𓋆𓏏𓊖
Thēbai /Θῆβαι Ancient Greek
Thēbai Hekatómpyloi /Θῆβαι ἑκατόμπυλοι (Thebes of the Hundred Gates) Greek
xArw (Hurrian) name of a mountain 𓆼𓄿𓃭𓏤𓌙𓀃
ẖl Demotic
ḫur-ru /ḫurw/ 𒄯𒊒 , ḫur-ru-um /ḫurrum/ 𒄯𒊒𒌝 Akkadian
Ḫu-ur-ri/𒄷𒌨𒊑 Hurrian
khel/ⳉⲉⲗ (A), hel/ϩⲉⲗ (F), hal/ϩⲁⲗ (L) Coptic
(Middle Egyptian,1700 BC) ˈχuɾɾaw, (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ˈχøɾɾ (Loprieno) IPA
xnt-min : (Akhmim)
ipw, Apw Alt Egyptian
Shmin/ ϣⲙⲓⲛ Coptic
ʔæxˈmiːm / أخميم Egyptian Arabic
Khemmis, Chemmis, Panopolis Ancient Greek
wAwAT : (Northern Nubia)
wAwAi Alt Egyptian
ōōē Possibly pronouced
ypu : (Jaffa, A port in western Israel)
yāfā/ يَافَا Arabic
Yapu/ 𒅀𒁍Akkadian
Yāfō/ יָפוֹ Hebrew
iːpuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
yrdn : (river Jordan) 𓇌𓏭𓂋𓏺𓂧𓏲𓈖𓄿𓌙𓈉
warādum/𒉿𒊏𒁺𒌝 (to go down to lower ground, to come ashore, to go downhill or downstream) Akkadian
nhra, dywrdnn / ܢܗܪܐ ܕܝܘܪܕܢܢ Classical Syriac
wärädä/ወረደ (fall down, go down, drain off, pour down) Ge'ez
ירד /yreḏ “stream” Aramaic
Nahar ha-Yarden /נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן , Yardēn/ˈjaʁdən/ יַרְדֵּן , < yarad/ יָרַד (descend , flow down, to go down) Hebrew
Iordànes /Ιορδάνης Ancient Greek
Nahr al-Urdunn/ نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ , warada/وَرَدَ (to go down or come upon water) Arabic
y-rʾ-dw-nꜢ Possible Pronunciation
ysriAr(A), ysrir : (Israel) 𓇌𓊃𓏮𓂋𓇋𓄿𓂋𓏺𓌙𓀀𓁐𓏥
SAsw, šꜢsw (those who move on foot, to wonder) from tA SAsw yhwAw 𓇾𓆷𓇓𓅱𓇌𓉔𓍯𓅱 Alt Egyptian
Sir-'-lai Assyrian
Yiś-rā-’êl/ יִשְׂרָאֵל (he that prevails with God) Hebrew
Israḗl/ Ἰσραήλ Ancient Greek
Israel Latin
'iisrayiyl/ إسرائيل Arabic
Words
This
pAy (he of, she of, they of, the, This?), pwy (this, that, these), pA (this, that, the), pw (this these, that, those)
pai/ⲡⲁⲓ (S), pāi/ⲡⲉⲓ (A, F), phai/ⲫⲁⲓ (B) (this) Coptic
tAy (he of, she of, they of, the), twy, tw (this, that, these) tA (this, that, the), tw (this, these, that, those)
tai/ⲧⲁⲓ (S), tāi/ⲧⲉⲓ (A, F), tʰai/ⲑⲁⲓ (B) (this) Coptic
nA (this, that, the), nAy (he of, she of, they of the)
nai/ⲛⲁⲓ (S,B), nāi/ⲛⲉⲓ (A, F), nāāi/ⲛⲉⲉⲓ (A, sA) (this) Coptic
These
nA (these, this, that, the), nAy (he of, she of, they of the), nw (this, these)
nai/ⲛⲁⲓ (S,B)
a
a : (item, piece, arm, hand, forearm)
yadu Proto-Sinaitic
yad Proto-Canaanite
ale/𐦠𐦨𐦡 (the palm off the hand) Meroitic
(S, B) ḥi/ⲏⲓ (pair, couple) Coptic
ʕuːj , duːj (according to the neuere Komparatistik school) (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.),
ʕuːj (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C.), ʕeːj (Late Egyptian 800 B.C.) IPA
ˤj Possible Pronunciation
ā Traditional Pronunciation
aA : (great)
ˤɜ, ꜥꜢ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
riyVʕ (to grow) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
a/ⲁ Archaic Coptic
o /ⲟ, ō /ⲱ , a /ⲁ (great, big) ; oē /ⲟⲓ, aï /ⲁⲉⲓ , e/ⲉ (increase in size, advance in age, great) Old Coptic
(S, B) ayay /ⲁⲓⲁⲓ, (S, B) aai /ⲁⲁⲓ, (F) ayāy /ⲁⲓⲉⲓ , (S, B) oē /ⲟⲓ, (A) aāy /ⲁⲉⲓ, ai/ⲁⲓ
(increase in size, advance in age, great, goodly, honored), (aeō, aw /ⲁⲱ⳰ (great) >from pʰareō //Ⲫⲁⲣⲁⲱ⳰
(S, B) o /ⲟ, (S, B) ō /ⲱ , (S, Sa), ou /ⲟⲩ, (Sa) ow/ⲁⲩ, (F) a /ⲁ (great, archaic) Coptic
ʕaʀ (Old 2500 BCE -Middle Egyptian 1700 BCE), ʕaʔ (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) > ʕoʔ (Late Egyptian),
ɑːʔɑ (modern Egyptological), ʕʔ ; aāy /ⲁⲉⲓ (LK-AC) IPA
aa Traditional Pronunciation
ˤaR (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ā'ah (more accurate)> ah (possible LK more accurate to Coptic) Fixed Pronunciation
~ aAt : great things
* the addition of ⲥ
(S) aāiēs/ⲁⲉⲓⲏⲥ, (S) aēs/ⲁⲏⲥ, (S) aāēs/ⲁⲉⲏⲥ, (A) aāiāis/ⲁⲉⲓⲉⲓⲥ, (A) aāis/ⲁⲉⲓⲥ,
(A) aiāi/ⲁⲓⲉⲓ (greatness, size, quality) Coptic
~ aAw : great (plur)
ōou/Ⲱⲟⲩ, ai/ⲀⲒ , oi/ OⲒ (great, big) (plur) Coptic
~ nA aA : to be great, to be large (LK)
naa/ⲚⲀⲀ (SB), naā/ⲚⲀⲈ (S, F) , nāā/ⲚⲈⲈ Coptic
(ref. https://en.wikiversity.org)
~ aAi : (to be big; to be important; to be great)
aiai/ⲀⲒⲀⲒ, aiāwā/ⲀⲒⲈⲨⲈ, aïāwiā/ⲀⲈⲒⲈⲨⲒⲈ, oi/OⲒ,
aāi/ⲀⲈⲒ (to increase in size; to advance in age; (as masc noun) increase; growth) Coptic
(*ref~ https://en.wikiversity.org)
aA : (donkey, ass)
iaA Alt Egyptian
ꜥꜣ Demotic
âne French
ïō/ⲉⲓⲱ (S, sA), āāïō/ⲉⲉⲓⲱ (S), ïou/ⲉⲓⲟⲩ (S), āou/ⲉⲟⲩ (S), iou/ⲓⲟⲩ (A), iō/ⲓⲱ (S, B, F), iaō/ⲓⲁⲱ (S, B), āō/ⲉⲱ (S, B),
āia/ⲉⲓⲁ (S, A, F), ia/ⲓⲁ (S, B) (Donkey) Coptic
iʕaʀ (reconstructed Old Egyptian), ɑːʔɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ȧ, ā'ah (more accure) Traditional Pronunciation
eȃ possible Pronunciation
~ aAt : (donkey, ass) (female)
ïōouā/ⲉⲓⲱⲟⲩⲉ (S), āoouā/ⲉⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S), āowā/ⲉⲁⲩⲉ (A), āāv/ⲉⲉⲩ (B), āḥāv/ⲉϩⲉⲩ (B) (female) Coptic
~ aAw : (donkeys, asses) (plr)
āoou/ⲉⲟⲟⲩ (S), āōou/ⲉⲱⲟⲩ (S) (plur) Coptic
~ aA n Dww : (ass of the desert)
āia ntoou/ⲉⲓⲁ ⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ Coptic
aA : (door)
* some Egyptologists have claimed the ꜥ is pronounced like a French r like
ꜥꜣ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
daltā , daltu (door)Akkadian
dal Semitic
daltáyim (Satzinger) (both door-wings) Hebrew
(S, A, sA, B) ro/ⲣⲟ , (Sf) ra/ⲣⲁ , (F) la/ⲗⲁ , (S) ra/ⲣⲁ , (S, B) rā/ⲣⲉ , (F) lā/ⲗⲉ , (S, A, sA, B, O) rō/ⲣⲱ ,
(F) lō/ⲗⲱ (mouth, door, gate) ;(B) ara/ⲁⲣⲁ (door-ring) Coptic
āa (Budge) ALT Pronunciation
aa Traditional Pronunciation
ā'a Fixed Pronunciation
~ aAw: (doors)
(S, A, sA, B) rōou/ⲣⲱⲟⲩ, (A) roou/ⲣⲟⲟⲩ, (F) lōou/ⲗⲱⲟⲩ (mouths, doors, gates) (plur) Coptic
aA : (elder son)
~ Xr-aA (elder son relitive) Egyptian
ẖl-ꜥꜣ (old man, literally “great Syrian”) Demotic
(S, sA) ḥllo/ϩⲗⲗⲟ, (A) khllo/ⳉⲗⲗⲟ , (sA) ḥāllo/ϩⲉⲗⲗⲟ , (B) chello/ϧⲉⲗⲗⲟ , (F) ḥāl(l)a/ϩⲉⲗ(ⲗ)ⲁ,
(F) ḥl(l)a/ϩⲗ(ⲗ)ⲁ (old person) Coptic
~ ẖr-ꜥy (old men, elders) (plr) Demotic
(S) ḥlloi/ϩⲗⲗⲟⲓ , (A) khlla(ā)i/ⳉⲗⲗⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓ , (sA) ḥllai/ϩⲗⲗⲁⲓ , (B) khālloi/ϧⲉⲗⲗⲟⲓ , (F) ḥālloui/ϩⲉⲗⲗⲟⲩⲓ
(old person) (plur) Coptic
aA, aAy : (here, there, younger)
ɑʔɑ, ʕaʀ (Reconstructed Old Egyptian), ʕoʔ (Reconstructed Late Egyptian) IPA
aa, aay Traditional Pronunciation
ā'a, ā'ay Fixed Pronunciation
aAm : (herdsman)
ꜥꜢm Demotic
amā/ⲁⲙⲉ (S), amē/ⲁⲙⲏ (F) Coptic
ꜥaꜢum Alt Pronunciation
aam Traditional Pronunciation
ā'am Fixed Pronunciation
~ aAmw : (herdsmen)
amēv/ⲁⲙⲏⲩ (S), amēwā/ⲁⲙⲏⲩⲉ (S), amēou/ⲁⲙⲏⲟⲩ (Sf), amowï/ⲁⲙⲁⲩⲉⲓ (F) (plr) Coptic
ꜥamꜢu > ꜥamꜢē(w) Alt Pronunciation
aamu Traditional Pronunciation
ā'amu Fixed Pronunciation
aApp : (Apep)
Apʰōpʰ/Ⲁⲫⲱⲫ (B) (giant, < from Apep) Coptic
apep Traditional Pronunciation
ā'apep Fixed Pronunciation
aAt : (linen cloth)
aAyw (linen) Demotic
(S) ïaau/ⲉⲓⲁⲁⲩ, (S) ïō/ⲉⲓⲱ, (S) iō/ⲓⲱ , (B) iav/ⲓⲁⲩ (linen) Coptic
aaf : (squeeze out, to wring out, to press out oil, to strain)
ōfā /ⲱϥⲉ Coptic
ab : (horn) OK)
db (MK)
(B) ḥōp/ϩⲱⲡ, (B) ḥōb/ϩⲱⲃ (horn); təp/ⲧⲉⲡ tap/ⲧⲁⲡ Coptic
abA : (light, glistening)
abera /እበራ, abrehe /ኣብረሀ (light, illuminate) Ethiopic
abwt: (Staff of office)
arvōt /ⲁⲣⲃⲱⲧ (scepter, cane, staff) Coptic
aD : (fat, grease)
ōt/ⲱⲧ (S, B, F), ouōt/ⲟⲩⲱⲧ (S, A) (fat) Coptic
aD : (land farthest from the river edge of the desert)
Ꜥt (side, region, dry land, shore) < Ꜥd (land farthest from the river edge of the desert) Demotic
āat/ⲉⲁⲧ Coptic
aDA, aDAw : guilty
odj/OϪ Coptic
ˤaḏɜV (Peust) Alt Pronunciation
afi : ( fly )
aff (fly, insect) Earlier Egyptian
ꜥf Demotic
ipi ; ꜥffj, ꜥpi (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ḏbb Proto-Semitic
ḏub(V)b (Satzinger) Semitic
ðuṗṗ (fly) (Loprieno AE) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
dubbum/ ḏbb/, zubbu (Loprieno) Akkadian
af/ⲁϥ (S, B), aaf /ⲁⲁϥ (S, B), ab/ⲁⲃ (S, B), āf/ⲉϥ (Sa, A) Coptic
i-zebb Berber
ḏubāb/ ذُباب Arabic
zəbûb/ זְבוּב Hebrew
zvuv/ זְבוּב Modern Israeli Hebrew
ꜥ = ð (O. Rössler) Possible Etymology
'ʕuffvj (Reconstructed Old Egyptian) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
aHa : (stand, stand by, stand erect, raise oneself , stand up, rise up, arise, attend, wait, lifetime)
(S, A, sA) ōḥā/ⲱϩⲉ, (S) oḥā/ⲟϩⲉ, (B) oḥi/ⲟϩⲓ, (Sf, F) ōḥi/ⲱϩⲓ, (F) aḥi/ⲁϩⲓ, (S, A, sA) aḥā/ⲁϩⲉ, (B, F)
oḥi/ⲟϩⲓ (stand, stay, wait) Coptic
aHaw : (lifetime, period, space of time)
ꜥḥꜥ Demotic
aḥā/ⲁϩⲉ (S, A), aḥi/ⲁϩⲓ (B), āḥi/ⲉϩⲓ (F) (length, limit of life); aḥā/ⲁϩⲉ (S, A), aḥi/ⲁϩⲓ (B) (age) Coptic
ɑhɑ IPA
~ aHaw.f : (period of his life)
aḥēf/ⲁϩⲏϥ, ahāf/ⲁⳋⲉϥ (period of his life) Coptic
aHAwty : (warrior)
ꜥḥꜣwtj (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
aHAwty (fighter, warrior, soldier) Middle-Late Egyptian
ḥwt(j) (man, male) Demotic
ḥoount/ϩⲟⲟⲩⲛⲧ Old Coptic
(S) ḥoout/ϩⲟⲟⲩⲧ, (S) āḥoout/ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩⲧ, (S) (ā)iḥoout/(ⲉ)ⲓϩⲟⲟⲩⲧ, (S) ḥāout/ϩⲉⲟⲩⲧ , (S, A) ḥāvt/ϩⲉⲩⲧ , (A, sA) ḥavt/ ϩⲁⲩⲧ ,
(sA) ḥēut/ϩⲏⲩⲧ , (S, B) ḥōout/ϩⲱⲟⲩⲧ , (F) ḥa(o)ut/ϩⲁ(ⲟ)ⲩⲧ, (F) āḥa(o)ut/ⲉϩⲁ(ⲟ)ⲩⲧ ,
(S) ḥout/ϩⲟⲩⲧ (male of men, gods, husband) Coptic
ɑːħɑuːti (modern Egyptological) IPA
ahauti Traditional Pronunciation
ain : (eye)
an Alt Egyptian
ʿaynu Proto-Sinaitic
ʿayn Proto-Canaanite
a'yn/ ዐያነ Ethiopic
ʕayn, ʔil Proto-Afroasiatic Form
ʿayVn Proto-Afro-Asiatic
īnu/ 𒅆 , īn Akkadian
ʿayn/ ዓይን Amharic
ʼāyn Mehri
ʿayn/ عَيْن Arabic
ʿēn/ عين (ʿēn) Egyptian Arabic
għajn Maltes
ʿaynā/ ܥܝܢܐ Classical Syriac
‘ayna Swadaya (Eastern)
‘ayno Turoyo (Western)
ʿaynāעינא/ Judaic
anya (eye) Igbo
a-na-na /ʕaynaya//𒀀𒈾𒈾 Eblaite
ʿyn/ 𐩲𐩺𐩬 Minaean, Qatabanian, Sabaean
ʿäyn/ዐይን, 'äyni /ዓይኒ Ge'ez
ꜥai̯n Semitic
ʿáyin/ עַיִן Hebrew
ʻeyn ,ʻen, ʿn/𐤏𐤍 , ʿyn𐤏𐤉𐤍/ Phoenician
ʿayni/ ዓይኒ Tigriny
ʿyn/ 𐎓𐎊𐎐 Ugaritic
ān (Budges) Pronunciation
akkt : (bread cake backed in ashes)
ākk-t (Budge); Ꜥkkt, Ꜥkk (loaves) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
(S) kⁱaakⁱā/ϭⲁⲁϭⲉ , (S) kⁱakⁱā/ϭⲁϭⲉ, (S) kakā/ ⲕⲁⲕⲉ, (S) kⁱākⁱā/ϭⲉϭⲉ, (S) kⁱookⁱā/ϭⲟⲟϭⲉ , (S) kak/ⲕⲁⲕ (baked loaf, cake) Coptic
kakeis/κακεις , kákais/κάκεις, kakeîs/κακει̂ς (Budge) (Strabo, Jablonski) (A loaf of bread unique to Egypt) Greek
kak/כעכא , kʁk / 𐡊𐡏𐡊𐡀 (cake, loaf) Aramaic
käʔe̞käʔ/כַּעְכָא (Chald), kaʿkā /כַּעְכָּא (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic); káʿaḵ/ כַּעַךְ (ring-shaped cake) Hebrew
ka'ak, kahqa, kʕlk/ كعك ('cake' bread),
kâk/کاک ( a kind of layered pastry, a kind of bread, dry bread, pupil, full moon), kayk / کیک (cake) Persian
kahk/ كحك (small circular biscuit eaten by Egyptians and Sudanese Easter, weddings, holiday feasts) < from Coptic kak/ⲕⲁⲕ ;
kaʿk/ كَعْكٌ (cake, pastry) Arabic
kaʕkɑ(ʔ) /ܟܥܟܐ , kuḵ, kukkā (cake, loaf), kwky, kwkytˀ (small loaf) Akkadian kukku < Sumerian Syriac
* ref Budge, en.wiktionary.org, cal.huc.edu
alw : (child) (Demotic)
ꜥlw (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ʿôlāl/ עוֹלָל Hebrew
alwe/ܥܘܠܐ [ʕullɑ(ʔ)] ] Syriac
alō/ⲁⲗⲱ (S), alou/ⲁⲗⲟⲩ (S), arou/ⲁⲣⲟⲩ (S), ālou/ⲉⲗⲟⲩ (A), alou/ⲁⲗⲟⲩ (A),
allou/ⲁⲗⲗⲟⲩ (B) (pupil (? daughter, maiden) of eye); allou/ⲁⲗⲗⲟⲩ (B) (boy) Coptic
~ alwt : (child) (female) (Demotic)
alou/ⲁⲗⲟⲩ (S) (Female) Coptic
~ alww : (child) (plur) (Demotic)
alooouā/ⲁⲗⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S), alaiā/ⲁⲗⲁⲓⲉ (S), aroouā/ⲁⲣⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S) (plur) Coptic
am : (swallow, breathe in, absorb, know)
āmi/ⲉⲙⲓ, mmi/ⲙⲙⲓ Old Coptic
(Sf) ouōng/ⲟⲩⲱⲛⲅ (swallow, devour, chew); (S, A, sA, B) ōmk/ⲱⲙⲕ, (S, B) āml/ⲉⲙⲕ, (S, B) omk/ⲟⲙⲕ , (S) omāk/ⲟⲙⲉⲕ ,
(A) ⲁⲙⲕ (swallow); (F) āimā, ïmā/ⲉⲓⲙⲉ, (S) āimmā, ïmmā/ⲉⲓⲙⲙⲉ , (A, sA) mmā/ⲙⲙⲉ , (B) āmi/ⲉⲙⲓ ,
(F) imi/ⲓⲙⲓ (know, understand) Coptic
ɑːm (modern Egyptological) IPA
am : (know, experienced)
Ꜥm (know) Demotic
(F) āimā, ïmā/ⲉⲓⲙⲉ, (S) āimmā, ïmmā/ⲉⲓⲙⲙⲉ , (A, sA) mmā/ⲙⲙⲉ , (B) āmi/ⲉⲙⲓ , (F) imi/ⲓⲙⲓ (know, understand) Coptic
ɑːm (modern Egyptological) IPA
amat : (mud, muddy, ground, mud-flat)
ꜥm (clay) Demotic
(S) omā/ⲟⲙⲉ, (S) oomā/ⲟⲟⲙⲉ, (S, Sa, A, sA) amā/ⲁⲙⲉ, (A) aamā/ⲁⲁⲙⲉ, (B) omi/ⲟⲙⲓ, (S) am/ⲁⲙ (clay, mud) Coptic
amam(w) : (mouse, shrew)
umāmu, auch emammu, emāmu Akkadian
āum-āam Afrasian
āmim /ⲉⲙⲓⲙ Coptic
amAw : (kind of medical plant)
ámi/ἄμι , ámmi/ἄμμῐ Greek
ami Latin
amm : (brain)
miya Uzbek
mouḥ/מוֹחַ (brain) Hebrew
myaló/μυαλό (mind) Greek
animo (mind) Latin
(S, A, sA) māāwā / ⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉ, (S, A, sA) māwā/ⲙⲉⲩⲉ , (S) māāv/ⲙⲉⲉⲩ , (A) māouē/ⲙⲉⲟⲩⲉ, (B, O) māwi/ⲙⲉⲩⲓ,
(F) mēoui/ⲙⲏⲟⲩⲓ, (F) mēēoui/ⲙⲏⲏⲟⲩⲓ, (F) māāwï/ⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉⲓ (thought, mind, think) Coptic
amr : (baker)
ꜥmr Demotic
amrē/ ⲁⲙⲣⲏ, ēmrē/ⲏⲙⲣⲏ (S), amrā/ⲁⲙⲣⲉ (S, B), amlē/ⲁⲙⲗⲏ (F) (baker) Coptic
amre (Greco-Bohairic), amra (Reconstructed traditional Bohairic) (IPA? needs ref) Alt Pronunciation
an : (beautiful of face, pleasant man, pleasing, be kind, beautiful)
ahnahē- ahnē Coptic
ånåy /ⲁ⳰ⲛⲁⲓ (goodness, kindness, pleasant, kind); an/ⲁⲛ (beauty) Coptic
an nfr : (to be goood)
nanou/ⲚⲀⲚOⲨ (to be good) Coptic
ant : (nail (of finger or toe)
(S) āinā/ⲉⲓⲛⲉ, (S) inā/ⲓⲛⲉ, (B) ini/ⲓⲛⲓ (thumb, great toe) Coptic
ant : (pick, ax)
(S) āinā/ⲉⲓⲛⲉ, (B) ini/ⲓⲛⲓ (carpenter's axe, adze) Coptic
anx : (life) 𓂝𓈖𓐍
ꜥnḫ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
anx 𓂝𓈖𓐍𓏜 (Late Kingdom), aAnx, anxy (Ptolemaic) Demotic
ꜥnḫy 𓂝𓈖𓐍𓏭𓋹 , ꜥnš 𓂝𓈖𓈙𓋹 (Late Period) Greco-Roman Period
Σα Roman period
anaqhe/ ኣናቅሐ (give life) Ethiopic
ǎnósh, enósh,enós /אנוש (human, man, person, mortal), ansh (anshá) (man, mankind) (Lesley) Hebrew
anäqaqa/ አነቃቃ (give life, motivate) Amharic
ōnkh, awnkh /ⲱⲛϧ Old Coptic
ōnᵉḥ /ⲱⲛϩ︦, ōnᵉḥ /ⲱⲛϩ︦ (S, sA, F), ōnaḥ /ⲱⲛⲁϩ (Sf, F), ōnkh /ⲱⲛⳉ (A), ōōnḥ /ⲱⲱⲛϩ (sA), ōnkh, awnkh /ⲱⲛϧ (B),
ōnkh /ⲟⲛϧ (B), on(a)ḥ /ⲟⲛ(ⲁ)ϩ (S, Sf), ankh /ⲁⲛⳉ (A), anḥ /ⲁⲛϩ (Sa, sA), aanḥ /ⲁⲁⲛϩ (sA), onkh/ ⲟⲛϧ (B), anaḥ /ⲁⲛⲁϩ,
an(ā)ḥ /ⲁⲛ(ⲉ)ϩ (F) (live), ōnkhōn/ⲱⲛϧⲱⲛ ; ōʾkh/ⲱⲳϧ (P) ;
ansh/ⲁⲛϣ - spʰransh/ⲥⲫⲣⲁⲛϣ (soothsayer) - [sS pr anx 'scribe of the house of life'] (Černý) Coptic
ˈʕaːnaχ (OE 2500 BC- ME 1700 BC) , ˈʕoːnəχ (LE 800 BC), ɑːnx (modern Egyptological), Ꜥā́nVḫ IPA
ꜥonch, ˤaná:ḫ , ꜥanaḫ , ‘ônkh Alt Pronunciation
ankh (English), ānkh (more accurate) Traditional Pronunciation
ānkh , ānakh Fix
~ anx wDA snb : (Life, prosperity and health)
ꜥnḫ wḏꜢ snb / Be alive, strong, and healthy Gardiner
dedōkasin autōi oi tʰeoi ugieian nikēn kratos kai ta all agatʰ[a...]
ΔΕΔΩΚΑΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΟΙ ΘΕΟΙ ΥΓΙΕΙΑΝ ΝΙΚΗΝ ΚΡΑΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΑΛΛ ΑΓΑΘ[Α…] Greek >
...The gods and goddesses have given him victory, and power, and life, and strength,
and health [A.U.S.], and every beautiful thing of every kind
whatsoever... /nTrw qnw xt anx wDA snb biA r xt nbw nfr Aw snw Egyptian
ref. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankh_wedja_seneb
~ sanx : (make live)
saansh/ⲥⲁⲁⲛϣ (S), sansh/ⲥⲁⲛϣ (S), sankh/ⲥⲁⲛⲭ (S), sankhē/ⲥⲁⲛⳉ (A), saankhē/ⲥⲁⲁⲛⳉ (A), khē/ⲥⲁⲛⲟⲩⳉ (A),
sanasht/ⲥⲁⲛⲁϣⲧ (A), sanakhēt/ⲥⲁⲛⲁⳉⲧ (A), sanāsh/ⲥⲁⲛⲉϣ (sA), shansh/ϣⲁⲛϣ (B),
shanāvsh/ϣⲁⲛⲉⲩϣ (B), shanāvsht/ϣⲁⲛⲉⲩϣⲧ (B), shanāsh/ϣⲁⲛⲉϣ (B), shēnsh/ϣⲏⲛϣ (F),
shānsh/ϣⲉⲛϣ (F), saansh/ⲥⲁⲁⲛϣ (S),shansh/ⲥⲁⲛϣ (S), shanoush/ϣⲁⲛⲟⲩϣ (B),
shanāsh/ϣⲁⲛⲉϣ (B), shānāsh/ϣⲉⲛⲉϣ (B), sanoush/ⲥⲁⲛⲟⲩϣ (F), sanoush/ⲥⲁⲛⲟⲩϣ (S, sA),
sanosh/ⲥⲁⲛⲟϣ (S), shanoush/ϣⲁⲛⲟⲩϣ (B, F) (make live, be alive, nourished,
well fed , nourish, rear, tend), (S, A, sA, B, F) cōnt/ⲥⲱⲛⲧ , (S, sA) sōōnt/ⲥⲱⲱⲛⲧ , (S) snt/ⲥᵉⲛ︦ⲧ ,
(S, B) sānt/ⲥⲉⲛⲧ , (S, B) sont/ⲥⲟⲛⲧ , (S) soont/ⲥⲟⲟⲛⲧ , (A) sant/ⲥⲁⲛⲧ ,
(S) sont/ⲥⲟⲛⲧ (be created , found, create) Coptic
sáꜥnaḫ , sáʾªnš IPA
~ am n anx : (tree of life)
Etz Ḥayyim /ﬠץ החיים (tree of life) Hebrew
pieshshēn entā epōnkh /ⲡⲓϣ⳰ϣⲏⲛ ⲛ⳰ⲧⲉ ⲡ⳰ⲱⲛϧ (tree of life) (B),
shshēn entā pōnḥ/ϣϣⲏⲛ ⲛ⳰ⲧⲉ ⲡⲱⲛϩ (tree of life) (S) Coptic
Shajarat al-Kholoud/ شجرة الخلود (Tree of Immortality) Arabic
anx : (oath, swear)
anash/ ⲁⲛⲁϣ (S,B), anakh /ⲁⲛⲁⳉ (A), anāsh /ⲁⲛⲉϣ (F), anēsh/ ⲁⲛⲏϣ (F) (oath) ;
ōrk/ⲱⲣⲕ (S, B), ōrkā/ⲱⲣⲕⲉ (S, sA), ōl(ā)k/ⲱⲗ(ⲉ)ⲕ (F) , ōrk/ⲱⲣⲕ (S, sA),
ark/ⲁⲣⲕ (Sa) (swear, oath, invoke person) < orkos/ορκος (oath), orkismos/ορκισμος (oath swearing) Coptic
orkos/ορκος (oath), orkismos/ορκισμος (oath swearing) Greek
'anaḫ-u > 'nḫ /ʕa'na𝛘/ > ⲀⲚⲀϢ /ʔa'naš/ (Loprieno) IPA
ˤa'ná:ḫ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ anxw : (oaths)
anowsh, ꜥiněwḫ/ⲁⲛⲁⲩϣ (S, B, F), anēush, ꜥinēwḫ/ⲁⲛⲏⲩϣ (F), er-ānash /ⲉⲣⲁⲛⲁϣ (B),
ep-anash/ⲣ︦ⲁⲛⲁϣ (S) (to swear), ti-anash /ϯⲁⲛⲁϣ (B) (to give an oath) Coptic
'anaḫu-u > 'nḫ.w /ʕa'na𝛘w/ > /ʕa'naw𝛘/ >ⲀⲚⲀⲨϢ /ʔa'nawš/ (Loprieno) IPA
ˤa'ná:ḫw (Loprieno), ꜥiněwḫ/ꜥinēwḫ Alt Pronunciation
apSAy(t) , apSwt : (Beetle, Grasshopper)
ꜤpšꜢy (beetle) Demotic
āpshā/ ⲉⲡϣⲉ Old Coptic
hipeushih ִ/חִפּוּשׁיח Hebrew
aq : (intimate friend)
ahāēk ? (needs ref) Coptic
aq , aqw : enter (into)
Ꜥqw (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
aq Late Egyptian
ɑːk (modern Egyptological) IPA
aqw : (loaves, provisions, food, income, revenue)
aq (bread, income) Demotic
(S) oāik/ⲟⲉⲓⲕ, (A, sA, F) aāik/ⲁⲉⲓⲕ, (Sf, F) aik/ⲁⲓⲕ, (B) ōik/ⲱⲓⲕ, (bread, loaf) Coptic
oɪ̯k, ɑːkuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
ˤaqwuw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
aqu Traditional Pronunciation
ar : (lion)
ảrw/ 𐎀𐎗𐎆 Ugaritic
ari/ אֲרִי , ʾaryē/אַרְיֵה Hebrew
arq : (corner, bend, angle)
ꜥrq (leg joint?) Late Egyptian
ꜣlg , ꜥlq Demotic
alodj/ⲁⲗⲟϫ (B), aloq/ⲁⲗⲟϭ (S) (thigh); alok /ⲁⲗⲟⲕ (B) (corner, angle);
ōlk /ⲱⲗⲕ (S, A, sA, B), (ā)lk/(ⲉ)ⲗⲕ (S, B), olk/ⲟⲗⲕ (S, B) (become or be bent) ;
õlk/ⲱⲗⲕ (become, be bent, be distorted) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈʕaːlaqʼ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈʕaːlaqʼ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈʕoːləqʼ IPA
~ arqw : (corner, bend, angle) (plr)
alōdj/ⲁⲗⲱϫ (knees, arms, shoulders) Coptic
~ arqw : (leg joint)
aloč/ⲁⲗⲟϫ (B), alok/ⲁⲗⲟⲕ (B), aloc/ⲁⲗⲟϭ (S), alok/ⲁⲗⲟⲕ (S) Coptic
arq : (swear)
ōrk /ⲱⲣⲕ (S, B), ōrkā/ ⲱⲣⲕⲉ (S, sA), ōl(ā)k/ ⲱⲗ(ⲉ)ⲕ (F), ark/ ⲁⲣⲕ (Sa) (to swear, to give and oath) Coptic
arqy : (last day of the month)
(S, B) alkā/ⲁⲗⲕⲉ, (S, B) alkē/ⲁⲗⲕⲏ (last day of the month) Coptic
arSn : (lentils)
adshm/ עדש׳ם Hebrew
arshin/ⲁⲣϣⲓⲛ (S, B, Sa, F, M, S), ārshin/ⲉⲣϣⲓⲛ (Sa), ārshan/ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ (Sa, S) (lentils) Coptic
fakós /φακός (lentil bean) Greek
art : (hinder part, hindquarter)
(ār-t) goat, gazelle, ibex, ram 'horned animal' (suggests alt def) Budge
ïoul/ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲗ (S, A, B, F), āāioul/ⲉⲉⲓⲟⲩⲗ (S, A), ïāoul/ⲉⲓⲉⲟⲩⲗ (S), ioul/ⲓⲟⲩⲗ (S), āoul/ⲉⲟⲩⲗ (B) (hart, hind) Coptic
ail/ אַיָל (ram) Hebrew
'arl/ أﻳٴڷ ? Arabic
hāyeli /ሀየል Ge'ez
arw : (perhaps)
arāou/ⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩ Old Coptic
arēw/ⲁⲣⲏⲩ (S), ḥarēw/ϩⲁⲣⲏⲩ (S), ārēw/ⲉⲣⲏⲩ (Sa), arēou/ⲁⲣⲏⲟⲩ (B), alēou/ⲁⲗⲏⲟⲩ (F) (if, perhaps) Coptic
aS : (summon, call, call for)
ꜥš (to call) Demotic
(S, A, sA, B, F) ōsh/ⲱϣ, (S, B) āsh/ⲉϣ, (B) sh/ϣ , (S, B) osh/ⲟϣ,
(B, Sa, sA, S, A, F) ash/ⲁϣ (cry, announce, sound); oāish/oⲉⲓϣ (S), ōish/ⲱⲓϣ (B) (cry, call) Coptic
aS-wby : (On who recites on behalf of)
ashāben /ⲁϣⲉⲃⲉⲛ Coptic
aSA : (lizard)
(B) ashira/ⲁϣⲓⲣⲁ (chameleon, lizard (Černý) Coptic
aSA : (many, numerous, much, plentiful)
ꜥšr (to be rich) Hebrew
ashēï/ⲁϣⲏⲉⲓ Old Coptic
ashai /ⲁϣⲁⲓ (S, B), ashï/ⲁϣⲉⲓ (A), ashāï/ⲁϣⲉⲉⲓ (sA, F), ashəïtə/ⲁϣⲉⲉⲓⲧⲉ (A), ashaï/ⲁϣⲁⲉⲓ (NH),
osh/ⲟϣ (S, B), ash/ⲁϣ (A, F) (become many, multiply, multitude); ashai /ⲁϣⲁⲓ (amount, multitude);
ashē/ⲁϣⲏ (number, multitude) Coptic
ašai > ʕiˈʃiʀ, ˤi'šiR (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ aSAt : (many, numerous)
(S, sA) ashē/ⲁϣⲏ, (B) ashā/ⲁϣⲉ , (F) ashēi/ⲁϣⲏⲓ, ashïtā/ⲁϣⲉⲓⲧⲉ (Multitude) Coptic
at : (limb, member, (of body)
* awt (limbs, members) Evolution
ēou/ⲏⲟⲩ (limbs, members) Old Egyptian
at : (room, chamber, house)
ꜥwy, ꜥt (room) Coptic
aḥo/ⲁϩⲟ (S, B), aḥou/ⲁϩⲟⲩ (S), āḥo/ⲉϩⲟ (A), aḥa/ⲁϩⲁ (F) aḥor/ⲁϩⲟⲣ (B) (treasury, store house, treasure);
ḥu /ϩⲱ, ḥaour /ϩⲁⲟⲱⲣ, ēi /ⲏⲓ (B), ēei/ⲏⲉⲓ (S, A, sA) (house, home) Coptic
at sbA : (School)
at nt sbAw (Loprieno) Alt Egyptian
ꜥt sbꜣ Demotic
anzēb /ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃ (B), ansēbā/ⲁⲛⲥⲏⲃⲉ (S), anzēbā/ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃⲉ (S), ansēb/ⲁⲛⲥⲏⲃ (S), anzēb/ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃ (S),
ansēbn/ⲁⲛⲥⲏⲃⲛ (S), ansēbān/ⲁⲛⲥⲏⲃⲉⲛ (S), ansibā/ⲁⲛⲥⲩⲃⲉ (F), anzābā/ⲁⲛⲍⲉⲃⲉ (F) (school) Coptic
awAi : (harvest)
ꜥwꜢy (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
wyꜥ (farmer) Demotic
(ꜥa)wǎꜢ(jaw) Alt Pronunciation
awy : (arms, pair)
ēy /ⲏⲓ (pair, couple) Coptic
ax : (brazier)
(S, B) as/ⲁϣ , (A) ākh/ⲉⳉ, (sA, F) āsh/ⲉϣ (who, what?) Coptic
axi : (raise up, hang (men), suspend, shift away)
ꜥḫj (to hang up) Demotic
ïshā/ⲉⲓϣⲉ (S, sA), ïkhe /ⲉⲓⳉⲉ (A), ishi/ⲓϣⲓ (B, F), asht/ⲁϣⲧ (S), āsht/ⲉϣⲧ (S, sA, F), ākhet/ⲉⳉⲧ (A), āsh/ⲉϣ (B),
asht/ⲁϣⲧ (S), ash/ⲁϣ (B, F), ashā/ⲁϣⲉ (S), akhe/ⲁⳉⲉ (A), ashi/ⲁϣⲓ (B), āshi/ⲉϣⲓ (F),
oshā/ⲟϣⲉ (NH) (hang, suspend, be hung, depend) Coptic
A
Ab : (fingernail)
ib (finger-nail, claw) (Crum) Alt Egyptian
Abd : (month)
Ꜣbṭ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
jbt, ibt Demotic
yarḥā (month) Syriac
əbot /ⲉⲃⲟⲧ (S), əbat /ⲉⲃⲁⲧ (A, sA), abot /ⲁⲃⲟⲧ (B), əbat /ⲉⲃⲁⲧ (F), abat /ⲁⲃⲁⲧ (F) Coptic
(ʔa.ba.da) abt/أَبَدَ (eternity, eternal duration no end to its existence), lasting, permanent, to stay, to linger);
abad/ابد (eternity, perpetuity) Arabic
(OE 2500 B.C) /ʀaˈbatʼ/ ; (ME 1700 B.C) /ʀaˈbatʼ/ ; (LE 800 B.E.) /ʔəˈβatʼ/ , /ʔəˈβøtʼʔ/ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ Abdw : (months)
əbatə/ⲉⲃⲁⲧⲉ (S), əbətə/ⲉⲃⲉⲧⲉ (S), əbēt/ⲉⲃⲏⲧ (B), abēt/ⲁⲃⲏⲧ (B), ⲁⲃⲁⲧⲓ/abati (F) Coptic
(Old Egyptian 2500 B.C) /ʀaˈbuːtʼaw/ , /ʀaˈbutʼw; (ME 1700 B.C) /ʀaˈbutʼw/, /ʀaˈbuːtʼaw/;
(LE 800 B.E.) /ʔəˈβøtʼʔ/ , /ʔəˈβeːtʼ/ (Loprieno), e'bote Alt Pronunciation
~ ibd n hrw : (full month 'month of days')
əbot nḥoou /ⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲛϩⲟⲟⲩ Coptic
Abt : (family)
the /t/ was not pronounced later on Note
ʾab/ أَب > ʾabū (ancestor, forefather, father) Arabic
ebi (family) Yoruba
Abw : (elephant 𓍋𓃀𓅱𓃰 , Elephantine 𓍋𓃀𓃰𓅱𓎶𓈉 , ivory 𓍋𓃀𓅱𓌟 )
Ab (fingernail), Ꜣbw Alt Egyptian
yb (ivory, Elephantine) Demotic
pꜢ-Ꜣb(w) (The elephant) Late Egyptian
eḷu Proto-Berber
pirl (elephant) Proto-Semitic
leb (elephant) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
ʾelbi (needs ref) Tangale, Mukulu
laḫpaš/ 𒆷𒄴𒉺𒀸 “ivory” Hittite
pīru/𒁉𒊒𒌝 , pīlu/ 𒉿𒄿𒇻 (elephant) Akkadian
e-re-pa/𐀁𐀩𐀞 (elephant), e-re-pa-to/𐀁𐀩𐀞𐀵 (elephant, Ivory) Mycenaean Greek
pīlā/ ܦܝܠܐ (elephant) Aramaic
pʿił/փիղ (elephant) Old Armenian
pīl/پیل (elephant) Persian
pīlu/ पीलु (elephant) Sanskrit
íbha/ इभ (Elephant, Elephantine, ivory) Hindi
ʔabot (ivory) Tigre
shenháv/ שֶׁנהָב (Ivory) < shén/שֵׁן (tooth) Hebrew
(ə)iēb/(Ⲉ)ⲓⲏⲃ (Elephantine) Coptic
eléphas /ἐλέφας (elephant, ivory), elephantos/ἐλέφαντος (elephant, ivory) Ancient Greek
ebur (ivory, figuratively an elephant) , elephans (elephant) Latin
ebor Medieval
ivorie, ivoire (Old) French
ivorie (ivory) Middle English
/ʀuːbaw/ (OE 2500BC) > /ʀuːbaw/ (ME 1700BC) > /juːbəʔ/ (MLE 1350BC) > /ˈjeːβ/ (LE 800BC) ,
/ɑbuː/ (modern Egyptological) (Elephant, ivory) (Loprieno) IPA
abu Common Pronunciation
Abyn : (poor, wretched (person)
(S, A, B, F) ābiēn/ⲉⲃⲓⲏⲛ , (A) ḥbbiēn/ϩⲃⲃⲓⲏⲛ (poor, wretched person, miserble) Coptic
eb-yone'/אֶבְיוֹן (in want, needy, poor, poor man) Coptic
Ad : (be savage, be aggressive, be angry, attack, anger, rage)
Ꜣty Late Kingdom
ɑd (modern Egyptological) IPA
Afa : (glutton, gluttony, greedily)
(B) af-djir/ⲁϥ-ϫⲓⲣ (greedy of shameful gain) Coptic
AHt : (field)
(S, A) yōḥā /ⲉⲓⲱϩⲉ, (S, A) iōḥā/ⲓⲱϩⲉ, (B, F) ioḥi/ ⲓⲟϩⲓ, ioḥā/ ⲓⲟϩⲉ (M) , (F) iōḥi/ⲓⲱϩⲓ, (S) yāḥ/ⲉⲓⲉϩ , (S) yōḥ/ⲉⲓⲱϩ,
(B) iaḥ/ⲓⲁϩ , yaḥi/ ⲓⲁϩⲓ (field) Coptic
AnDyw : (cakes of soup)
ouhosm mn owwandjir /ⲟⲩϩⲟⲥⲙ︦ ⲙⲛ︦ ⲟⲩⲁⲛϫⲓⲣ (soda and soup) Coptic
Apd : (duck, bird)
jpd Alt Egyptian
waw/uph (fowl) Proto-Canaanite
bata [equivalent consonants p for b and d for t] (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
ɑpɛd (modern Egyptological) IPA
Arf : (rest, repose)
aräfä /አረፈ (rest, sleep, die) Amharic
ōrf /ⲱⲣϥ Coptic
As : (hurry, flow fast, hasten, overtake, quickly)
ỉꜢs (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ys (hasten) Demotic
Asr, wsir : (god Osiris)
Ast : (goddess Isis)
At : (moment, instant in the twinkling of an eye)
(O) oti/ⲟⲧⲓ, (O) atā/ⲁⲧⲉ (moment) Old Coptic
(S) ḥotā/ϩⲟⲧⲉ, (A, sA) ḥatā/ϩⲁⲧⲉ, (B) ḥoti/ϩⲟϯ (moment) Coptic
Atp : (load (a ship), overburden
(S, sA) ōtp/ⲱⲧⲡ , (B) ōbt/ⲱⲃⲧ , (Sa) atp/ⲁⲧⲡ , (B) opt/ⲟⲡⲧ , (S) otp/ⲟⲧⲡ , (Sa) atp/ⲁⲧⲡ , (S, B) otp/ⲟⲧⲡ , (sA) atp/ⲁⲧⲡ ,
(B) opt/ⲟⲡⲧ , (F) apt/ⲁⲡⲧ (be laden, load) Coptic
ATt : (bed)
Aty.t Alt Egyptian
'athath/أثاث (ʔa.θaːθ) (furniture) Arabic
Aw , Awi : (length, space, long (of time)
ɜwj (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ꜥw (to be wide, to be long) Demotic
aro/𐦠𐦫𐦣 (long (time), olden times, perpetuate) Meroitic
B) ōou/ⲱⲟⲩ (be long); (S, A, B, F) ah /ⲁ , (B) owi, av/ⲁⲩ (of distance, of height, depth, of weight, of number, of time) Coptic
ɑuːi (modern Egyptological) IPA
* (ref. https://en.wikiversity.org)
~ iAw :
av/ⲀⲨ ; avis/ⲀⲨⲒⲤ , avāis/ⲀⲨⲈⲒⲤ (+ sw) (imperative) Coptic
Ax(w) : (spirit, to become a spirit, dead, glorious dead, splendid, transfiguration)
ȧakhu Budge
apaḥtə /ⲁⲡⲁⳍⲧⲉ (? needs ref ) Old Coptic
~ (i)Ax : (demon, lower god, spirit, ghost)
ỉḫy (spirit, demon) Demotic
ikh, ich /ⲓϧ (B), pikh, pich/ⲡⲓϧ (B), iḥ/ⲓϩ (demon) Coptic
bikh/ بخ , pikh (word used to frighten each other 'demon') Egyptian Arabic
Axt : (horizon)
ash/ⲁϣ (horizon) , (S, sA) āishə/ⲉⲓϣⲉ , (A) āikhə ⲉⲓⳉⲉ , (B) ishi/ⲓϣⲓ , (S) asht/ⲁϣⲧ , (S, sA, F) əsht/ⲉϣⲧ , (A) əkht/ⲉⳉⲧ, (B) əsh/ⲉϣ,
(S) asht/ⲁϣⲧ , (B, F) ash/ⲁϣ , (S) ashə/ⲁϣⲉ , (A) akhə/ⲁⳉⲉ , (B) ashi/ⲁϣⲓ (hung, suspend) Coptic
Axt : (flame)
ash/ⲁϣ (furnace, oven) Coptic
Axt : (Inundation-season, flood season)
ꜣḫ.t Demotic
jꜣḫ (to be inundated) (Diacritic) ALT Egyptian
(S) koiaḥk/ⲕⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ, (S) kiaḥk/ⲕⲓⲁϩⲕ, (S) khoiaḥk/ⲭⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ, (S) khiaḥk/ⲭⲓⲁϩⲕ, (S) khoiak/ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ, (S) khoiakh/ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲭ,
(S) khaiak/ⲭⲁⲓⲁⲕ, (S) khoiakf/ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕϥ , (A) kaiak/ⲕⲁⲓⲁⲕ , (B) khoiak/ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ, (F) kiakh/ⲕⲓⲁⲭ, (F) khiak/ⲭⲓⲁⲕ (F) Coptic
khoiak/Χοιακ Greek
~ 1st Axt
DHwty "Thoth" 𓏏𓅝𓏭𓅆𓎱𓇳 (11 September and 10 October) (NK)
Tekh/ tx Edfu
Tekhi/ txi Ramesseum
Tekhy/txi 𓏏𓐍𓏊 "To be drunk" Old Kingdom
txi 𓏏𓐍𓏭𓎱 "He of the plumb-bob" epithet of Thoth shemu , Tekh Middle Kingdom
Tout Latin
thoth/ΘΟΘ, thóth/Θώθ Greek
(B, S) Tʰōout/Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ , (S) Tʰoout/Ⲑⲟⲟⲩⲧ, (S) TʰōTʰ/ⲑⲱⲑ, (S) Tʰoot/ⲑⲟⲟⲧ, (S) TʰoTʰ/ⲑⲟⲑ,
TʰaouTʰ/ⲑⲁⲟⲩⲑ (F), Tʰavth/ⲑⲁⲩⲇ (F) (DHwty Thoth God of wisdom and Science) Coptic
Tout/ⲑⲟⲑ Modern Coptic
Tūt / توت Arabic
~ 2nd Axt
pA-n-inp, pA-n-ip.t, pA-n-ipAt "The one of Karnak" 𓇋𓊪𓏏𓊒𓉐 (October 11 and November 9) (NK)
𓊪𓈖𓇋𓊪𓏏𓉐 p(Ꜣ)-n-jpt Allen
ptH, Ptah 𓊪𓏏𓎛 Budge
Ptah Menx Edfu
Ptah (ptH-rs-anb.f) Ramesseum
Menkhet/ mnxt "clothing" 𓏠𓈖𓐍𓏏𓋲 Old Kingdom
Menkhet/ mnxt "clothing" 𓏠𓈖𓐍𓏏𓋲 , Menhet/ mnht ? Middle Kingdom
pA-n-inp, Pa-n-ip.t, pA-n-ipAt New Kingdom
pꜢ-n-Ỉp.t (Paophi) Demotic
Baba Latin
Phaophi/ Φαωφί/Φαῶφι Greek
(B) Paopi/Ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲓ , (B) Paōpi/ⲡⲁⲱⲡⲓ, (B) Paop/ⲡⲁⲟⲡ, (B) Paopēi/ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲏⲓ (S) Paōpə/Ⲡⲁⲱⲡⲉ , (S) Paopə/Ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲉ ,
(S) Poopə/ⲡⲟⲟⲡⲉ, (S) Paapə/ⲡⲁⲁⲡⲉ, (S, F) Paapi/ⲡⲁⲁⲡⲓ Coptic
Baba/ Ⲡⲁⲡⲉ? Modern Coptic
Bābah /بابه Arabic
~ 3rd Axt
Hwt-Hr(w) "Hathor" 𓉡 (November 10 and December 9 ) (NK)
𓉗𓏏𓉐𓁷𓂋𓆗 ḥwt-ḥr(w) Allen
Hut-Horu Ramesseum
Xnt Hwt-Hrw "Voyage of Hathor" Old Kingdom
Xnt Hwt-Hr(w) "Voyage of Hathor" Middle Kingdom
Ḥ.t-Ḥr Demotic
Hatour Latin
Atʰyr /Ἀθύρ, ΑΟΤΡ/ Aotr Greek
Atʰōr /Ⲁⲑⲱⲣ (B, S), Athōr/ⲁⲑⲱⲣ (S, B) , Ḥatʰor/Ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ (B, S), Ḥatʰōl/ϩⲁⲑⲱⲗ (F), Ḥətʰōl/ϩⲉⲑⲱⲗ (F),
Ḥatʰol/ϩⲁⲑⲟⲗ (F), Ḥatol/ϩⲁⲧⲟⲗ (F) (Hathor goddess of Love) Coptic
Hator/Ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ Modern Coptic
Hātūr/ هاتور Arabic
~ 4th Axt
kA-Hr-kA "Ka Upon Ka" 𓂓𓁷𓂓𓎱 (December 10 and January 8) (NK)
Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓏏 (Budge) Alt Egyptian
𓂓𓁷𓏺𓂓 kꜢ-ḥr-kꜢ Allen
Kehek Edfu
Pakhet/ Paxt Ramesseum
ku-’-iḫ-ku Cuneiform
kA-Hr-kA (soul upon soul) Old Kingdom
nHb-kAw (Apportioner of kas), kA-Hr-kA Middle Kingdom
KꜢ-ḥr-kꜢ Demotic
Choiak Latin
Khoiak /Χοιάκ, Khoiak/Χοίακ Greek
(B) Kʰoiak/Ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ (S) Koiak/Ⲕⲟⲓⲁⲕ, (S) Kiaḥk/Ⲕⲓⲁϩⲕ, (S) koiaḥk/Ⲕⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ, (S) Khiaḥk/ⲭⲓⲁϩⲕ, (S) khoikh/ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲭ,
(S) Khaiak/ⲭⲁⲓⲁⲕ, (A) kaiak/ⲕⲁⲓⲁⲕ, (B) Kʰoiak /ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ , (F) Kiakh/ⲕⲓⲁⲭ,
(F) Khiak/ⲭⲓⲁⲕ < Ka Ha Ka < kA-Hr-kA (Apis Bull) Coptic
Kiyahk / كيهك Arabic
ku-’-iḫ-ku (en.wikiversity.org) Alt Pronunciation
ka-her-ka Traditional Pronunciation
ka-ḥōrᵘ-ka Fixed Pronunciation
Axy : (be honoured)
ahkhē ? Coptic
Axw : (to be effective, to be bright, effective things, Spirit)
ỉy<h̯>.w (The Book of Two Ways) (akh spirit) Demotic
ekh /ⲏⳉ (spells : Ptolemaic texts) Coptic
Axw : (worthy of, faithful, devoted to, of benefit)
axyōs /ⲁⲝⲓⲟⲥ Coptic
Ayr : (antelope, deer)
iyr , iAywyr ALT Egyptian
Ail ? Demotic
h₁el Proto-Indo-European
ailu Assyrian
ʾayl/ 𐤀𐤉𐤋 ( ram) Phoenician
ʾayl/𐎀𐎊𐎍 Ugaritic
ayyalu/𒁰𒈦 Akkadian
ʾayyal (stag, hart) Proto-Semitic
ʾaylā/ איל Aramaic
ʾaylā/ܐܰܝܠܳܐ (stag, hart (male deer) Classical Syriac
ʾayyál,/אַיָּל (stag), ʾáyyil/אַיִל (ram) Hebrew
hayyal/ሀየል (ibex) Ge'ez
ʾyl/ 𐩱𐩺𐩡 Old South Arabian
ïəoul/ⲈⲒⲈⲞⲨⲖ (S), ïoul/ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲗ (S, B, A, F), əïoul/ⲉⲉⲓⲟⲩⲗ (S, A) , ioul/ⲓⲟⲩⲗ(S), əoul/ⲉⲟⲩⲗ (B) (stag, hart, hind) Coptic
ʾayyal/ أَيَّل ,ʾuyyal أُيَّل ,ʾayyil/أَيِّل , ʾiyyal/إِيَّل (hart stag deer)Arabic
b
bA : (soul)
bꜣ Alt Egyptian
b(y) Demotic
b/ 𐦦 , ba (aspect of man) Meroitic
bai /ⲃⲁⲓ (spirits); bai /ⲃⲁⲓ (S, B), fai /ϥⲁⲓ (S, B), bow /ⲃⲁⲩ (B) (bird); baïēth (soul-heart); ōbahē ? Coptic
(Old Egyptian 2500 BE) biʀ , (Middle Egyptian 1700 BE) biʀ , (Late Egyptian 800 BE) βej IPA
ba Traditional Pronunciation
biA , bawk (Gardiner) Alt Pronunciation
bA : (servant)
bꜣ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
abdu (servant , slave) Akkadian
ˁăḇeḏ / ˁbd, ˁaḇdā/ ˁbdˀ Aramaic
ebed/עָ֫בֶד (servant, slave) Hebrew
bōk/ⲃⲱⲕ (B, F) (servant, slave) Coptic
bara Hausa
barda , bardadārī (slave), bandaka (henchman, (loyal) servant, vassal) Old Persian
bandak/bandag Middle Persian
banda New Persian
'abd,ʕabd/ عَبْد (slave, serf, servant) Arabic
bɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ba Traditional Pronunciation
~ bAt : (female servant)
ⲃⲱⲕⲓ (B) (female servant) Coptic
~ bAw : (servants)
ⲉⲃⲓⲁⲓⲕ (B) (servants) Coptic
bA : (ram)
Banebdjedet/ bA-nb-Ddt /Ba of the lord of djed 'The Ram of Mendes'
𓃝𓎟𓊽𓊽𓏏𓊖, b(Ꜣ)-nb-Dt(.t) (Demotic) Egyptian
b-ꜤꜢ-(n)-p.t (ram, 'great ram of heaven'), by-Ꜥ-(n)-p.t , b-(n)-p.t (epithet of Amun) Demotic
bĩ (goat) Baŋgi
baphe metous/βαφη μητȢς, βαφὴ μήτεος> Taufe der Weisheit, "Baptism of Wisdom"
(Templars were Gnostics) Greek
baampā/ⲃⲁⲁⲙⲡⲉ (S, A), bampā /ⲃⲁⲙⲡⲉ (S, A), baāmpi/ⲃⲁⲉⲙⲡⲓ (B), bampi/ⲃⲁⲙⲡⲓ (F), bapi/ⲃⲁⲡⲓ (F),
baamp/ⲃⲁⲁⲙⲡ (S) bap/ⲃⲁⲡ (F) (goat) ; (B) barēit /ⲃⲁⲣⲏⲓⲧ, (F) barit/ⲃⲁⲣⲓⲧ, baampe/ⲃⲁⲁⲙⲡⲉ (he goat) Coptic
Baphomet, Baphometh, Baffometi, Bafometz (Occitan) Medieval Latin
bAA : (puplil) (of eye)
vål/bal/ⲃⲁⲗ (eye) (S); epʰōmi emvål/epʰōmi embal/ⲫ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲙ̀ⲃⲁⲗ (puiple of the eye) Coptic
~ bAbA : hole, orbit (eye)
bal/ⲃⲁⲗ (eye) (S); epʰōmi embal/ⲫ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲙ̀ⲃⲁⲗ (puiple of the eye) Coptic
~ bAbAw : hole, socket of eye, hiding place
bal/ⲃⲁⲗ (eye) (S); epʰōmi embal/ⲫ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲙ̀ⲃⲁⲗ (puiple of the eye) Coptic
bAbA : (hole)
(S, A, B, F) bēb/ⲃⲏⲃ (cave, hole, den, nest) Coptic
bib/בִּיב (gutter, drain, duct, channle, sewer) Hebrew
bābu (Vergote) (Gate entry) Akkadian
bib/ بيــب (canal, water pipe or stream through which water comes out of a tank) Arabic
bib-ā/ ܒܝܒܐ (canal), buby-ā/ ܒܘܒܝܐ (canal) Syriac
bāb /باب (door, dig a hole in the ground) Arabic
bAdt : (Ladle, dipper)
buAdu, būdu Akkadian Old
buAd (spoon dipper) Afrasian
bAH : ( phallus, penis)
bꜣḥ (Diacritic) ALT Egyptian
b(Vʔ)uḥ (? needs ref) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
būḥ ( phallus; genitalia) (? needs ref) Semitic
baHu (in) front, ahead) (? needs ref) Central Chadic
baḥ/ⲃⲁϩ (S), faḥ/ϥⲁϩ (S) (penis) Coptic
bɑħ (modern Egyptological) IPA
bah Traditional Pronunciation
~ m bAH , m-bAH : (before, in front of, in the presence of (a king or god)
m.bꜣḥ Demotic
em-maḥ /ⲙ̀ⲙⲁϩ (before) (b>m) Coptic
ɛm bɑħ (modern Egyptological) IPA
em bah Traditional Pronunciation
~ imy bAH (who is in the presence, who existed aforetime, ancestor)
imi bɑħ (modern Egyptological) IPA
bai : (rib of a palm leaf) (Late Egyptian)
ba/ⲃⲁ (S), baā/ⲃⲁⲉ (S, A, sA), baï/ⲃⲁⲉⲓ (S, F), boi/ⲃⲟⲓ (S), bai/ⲃⲁⲓ (B), bāi/ⲃⲉⲓ (F), bāāi/ⲃⲉⲉⲓ (F)
(date palm branch) Coptic
bAk : (to bless)
baw-rak' (barak) / בָּרַך (blessed) Hebrew
bra/በረአ Ethiopic
barak / بارك Arabic
be̞rekh, brikh/ ܒܪܟ (בְּרֵךְ) Aramaic
bAk : (servant (M)
bk (servant) Demotic
bōk /ⲃⲱⲕ (B, F), bok/Βοκ (servant, slave) Coptic
bu-(uk) (servant) Cuneiform
baːʀak , baꜢik (Older Egyptian 2500 BC), ˈbaːʀak (ME 1700 BC), ˈbaːʔək (Medio-Late Egyptian 1350 B.C),
ˈβoːʔək (LE 800 BC) (Hoch, Černý, βoːʔək (Early Demotic), βoːk (Late Demotic) IPA
bak, bu-(uk) (en.wikiversity.org) Traditional Pronunciation
~ bAkt : (servant (F)
bōki(t) /ⲃⲱⲕⲓ(ⲧ) (B) (female servant, slave) Coptic
baꜢāka (Older Egyptian) IPA
~ bAkw : (servants (plr)
ābiaik/ⲉⲃⲓⲁⲓⲕ (B), baiaik/ⲃⲁⲓⲁⲓⲕ (servants, slaves) Coptic
baꜢỉk-ū, bayỉ-ū IPA
~ iri bAk : (serve)
ārbōk/ⲉⲣⲃⲱⲕ , ār/ⲉⲣ (serve, labor) Coptic
bAk : (work, work (for someone), pay taxes, carry out (task), enslave, cultivate (land), interest)
bikā /ⲃⲓⲕⲉ (wage, salary) Old Coptic
bākhā/ⲃⲉⲭⲉ (B), bākā/ⲃⲉⲕⲉ (S, A, sA), bākē/ⲃⲉⲕⲏ (F) Coptic
baːʀak , baꜢik (Older Egyptian 2500 BC), ˈbaːʀak (ME 1700 BC), ˈbaːʔək (Medio-Late Egyptian 1350 B.C),
ˈβoːʔək (LE 800 BC) (Hoch, Černý, βoːʔək (Early Demotic), βoːk (Late Demotic) IPA
bak Traditional Pronunciation
~ bAkt (female form)
bāākā/ⲃⲉⲉⲕⲉ (S), ⲃⲏⲕⲉ (S) (wage, salary) Coptic
bỉꜢk-ỉ.t, bỉyk-ỉ.t, bỉk-ỉ.t Alt Pronunciation
~ bAk (receive a salary)
dji bākhē/ϫⲓ ⲃⲉⲭⲏ (B) (receive a salary) Coptic
~ bAkw (works, taxes, tribute, interests)
bꜢk-y.t (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
(S) bākēvā/ⲃⲉⲕⲏⲩⲉ, (S) bākāāvā/ⲃⲉⲕⲉⲉⲩⲉ, (S) bākāvā/ⲃⲉⲕⲉⲩⲉ, (A) bākēouā/ⲃⲉⲕⲏⲟⲩⲉ,
(B) bākhēoui/ⲃⲉⲭⲏⲟⲩⲓ ,
(F) bākavā/ⲃⲉⲕⲁⲩⲉ, (F) bākavi/ⲃⲉⲕⲁⲩⲓ (wages, salaries) Coptic
bAk : (be pregnant)
bAkt Alt Egyptian
boki/ⲃⲟⲕⲓ (B) (conceive a child), emboki(t)/ⲙ ⳰ⲃⲟⲕⲓ(ⲧ) (B) (pregnant) Coptic
bakꜢa.t, bākỉꜢa.t Alt Pronunciation
bak Traditional Pronunciation
bAkA, bAkAyt : (settlement, district, place, region)
bkt (city) Demotic
waki, wāki (Ishak)/ⲃⲁⲕⲓ (B) (city, town), waki(t)/ⲃⲁⲕⲓ(ⲧ) (B) (city, town, homeland) Coptic
bAkt (old, flask)
bîkos/βῖκος (second declension vase with handles, amphora) Greek
(5th BCE Attic) bîː.kos , (1st CE Egyptian) bi.kos , (4th CE Koine) ˈβi.kos , (10th CE Byzantine),
ˈvi.kos/ , (15th CE Constantinopolitan)ˈvi.kos IPA
bAr : (blind)
bl (blind) Demotic
bllā/ⲃⲗⲗⲉ (S, A, sA), bāllā/ⲃⲉⲗⲗⲉ (B), bāllē/ⲃⲉⲗⲗⲏ (F) (blind person, blind) Coptic
bely-iꜣ (Vycichl) Alt Pronunciation
bAry : (boat, barge) 𓃀𓅮𓄿𓏭𓂋𓏺𓇌𓊛
br (A kind of Ship) Demotic
baarā/ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (S) "small boat" Coptic
βᾶρις Greek
bAs : (jar, vase)
bs (object of metal, probably vase) Demotic
bas/ⲃⲁⲥ (ustensile de bronze) Coptic
bAst(t) : (Bastet goddess)
bat (henna)
kwpr Alt Egyptian
kpr Ugaritic
ḥinnā حِنَّاء Arabic
qwpr Demotic
kopher כֹּ֫פֶר, kuphr כּוֺפֶר Hebrew
kuphra כּוּפְרָא Aramaic
kinna κίννα Greek
khōpr/Ϧⲱⲡⲣ , kōpr/ⲕⲱⲡⲣ , khōpr/ⲭⲱⲡⲣ Coptic
ref. http://www.hennabysienna.com/henna-in-the-ancient-world.html
bAt : (bush, wisp (of corn), Cyperus papyrus)
b (bush) Demotic
bu-u Cuneiform
bō/ⲃⲱ (S, sA, B, F), bou/ⲃⲟⲩ (A) (tree where its fruit specified) Coptic
bu-u (en.wikiversity.org) Alt Pronunciation
bAyr , [bꜣjr ] (barque, type of fish)
byr, bAjr Alt Egyptian
br Demotic
bâris/βᾶρις (flat-bottomed boat) Ancient Greek
baarā/ ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ Coptic
bāris Latin
barca Late Latin
barque Middle French
bāris Latin
embarquer (go into barquer)
(5th BCE Attic) bâː.ris , (1st CE Egyptian)ˈba.ris , (4th CE Koine) ˈβa.ris , (10th CE Byzantine)ˈva.ris ,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan)ˈva.ris IPA
bAyt, bAyt(i), bt, bT : (house, clan family)
bayt Proto-Semitic
bītu, bētu [É]/ 𒂍 Akkadian
bt/ 𐎁𐎚 Ugaritic
bet Ge'ez
bet, bit Phoenician
bet/ ቤት Amharic
beyt, bêt Mehri
bayt-āʼ/ bytˀ ܒܝܬܐ (house, structure, place), byt/ܒܝܬ (a structure ,place, area) ,
bytˀ/ܒܝܬ (ˀnšy bytˀ, ˀnš bytˀ ) (members of a household, wife), byt , byntˀ (dwelling, house) Aramaic
bayt/ بَيْتبَيْت Arabic
bēt / بيت Egyptian Arabic
bejt Maltese
bēṯa /ביתא Lishana Deni
bēṯā, bayṯā/ בֵּיתָא, בַּיְתָא , báyiṯ/ בַּיִת , báyiṯ, bêṯ Hebrew
bīt /ࡁࡉࡕ Mandaic
byt 𐩨𐩺𐩩/ Epigraphic South Arabian
bēṯā, bayt-ā / ܒܝܬܐ Syriac
byt /𐤁𐤉𐤕 , bt /𐤁𐤕 Phoenician
bDA : (jar)
blD (sherd) Demotic
(S, A) bldjā/ⲃⲗϫⲉ, (S) blldjā/ⲃⲗⲗϫⲉ, (B) bāldj/ⲃⲉⲗϫ, (F) bēldjā/ⲃⲏⲗϫⲉ, (F) bēldji/ⲃⲏⲗϫⲓ
(earthenware, pottery) Coptic
bddw-kA : (watermellon)
abtuhym / אבטּחים, tbtyh/ תבטיח Hebrew
battieh Egyptian Arabic
batikh/ بطيخ Arabic
bdt : (emmer)
𓇣𓏏𓏭𓌽 bty, bt (possibly Demotic) Alt Egyptian
bt Demotic
bōtā/ⲃⲱⲧⲉ (S), bōti/ⲃⲱϯ (B), boti/ⲃⲟϯ (B) Coptic
bH : (forced labour)
b(ar)H (pack animal) Alt Egyptian
(S) barōḥ/ⲃⲁⲣⲱϩ, farōḥ/ϥⲁⲣⲱϩ (transport animal) Coptic
bHst : (female calf)
(S, A) baḥsā/ⲃⲁϩⲥⲉ , (B) baḥsi/ⲃⲁϩⲥⲓ , (F) bāḥsi/ⲃⲉϩⲥⲓ (heifer) Coptic
biA : (metal, iron, bronze)
vå-rōt/barōt/ⲃⲁⲣⲱⲧ (S, A, B, F), vå-rot/barot/ⲃⲁⲣⲟⲧ (S, A, B, F) (bronze,brass) Coptic
~ biA n pt : ( iron , metal of heaven)
bnpy Demotic
bānipi/ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ, pānipā/ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ Old Coptic
bānipā /ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ (S), binibā/ⲃⲓⲛⲓⲃⲉ (S), pinipā/ⲡⲓⲛⲓⲡⲉ (S), banipā/ⲃⲁⲛⲓⲡⲉ (S), panip/ⲡⲁⲛⲓⲡ (S),
banipā/ⲃⲁⲛⲓⲡⲉ (A), bānipi/ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ (B, F), pānipā/ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ (F),
binipi/ⲃⲓⲛⲓⲡⲓ (F) (iron, metal, chains, fetters, sword) Coptic
βenipə IPA
b(i)k : (falcon)
bjk Alt Egyptian
bk (falcon) Demotic
bēkʲ/ⲃⲏϭ (S), bākʲ/ⲃⲉϭ (S), bkʲ/ⲃϭ (S), bēdj/ⲃⲏϫ (B), bādji/ⲃⲉϫⲓ (B), bēkʲ/ⲃⲏϭ (F), bikʲ/ⲃⲓϭ (F), bidj/ⲃⲓϫ Coptic
bin : (evil, bad)
bjn Demotic
bayan (to be bad; to be angry; to lie) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
bōn/ⲃⲱⲛ, bōnā /ⲃⲱⲛⲉ Old Coptic
bōn /ⲃⲱⲛ (evil eye)(B), balbōn/ⲃⲁⲗⲃⲱⲛ (evil eye)(A,B); bōōnā /ⲃⲱⲱⲛⲉ (S) (evil-hearted),
bōōnā/ⲃⲱⲱⲛⲉ (S), bouounā/ⲃⲟⲩⲟⲩⲛⲉ (A), bōōn /ⲃⲱⲱⲛ (S, F) (bad), boonā /ⲃⲟⲟⲛⲉ (S, A), boni /ⲃⲟⲛⲓ
(B), baanā /ⲃⲁⲁⲛⲉ (Sf), bani /ⲃⲁⲛⲓ (F) (evil, misfortune); (S, A, B, F) ābiēn/ⲉⲃⲓⲏⲛ ,
(A) ḥbbiēn/ϩⲃⲃⲓⲏⲛ (poor, wretched person, miserable); əbiēn/ⲈⲂⲒⲎⲚ - (ebyon/ אֶבְיוֹן) Coptic
by/ בי (need, empty, sorrow), aby/ אֶבְי (need), abywn/אֶבְיוֹן (poor, needy, poor, beggar) Ancient Hebrew
᾽ebyôn/אֶבְיוֹן (in want, needy, chiefly poor, needy person, subject to oppression and abuse)
(Bible) < ᾽ebyūn Hebrew
Zebulûn /Σαβουλων Greek
ˈbaːjin (Old Egyptian), ˈbaːjin (Middle Egyptian), ˈbaːʔən (Medio-Late Egyptian),
ˈβoːʔən (Late Egyptian) (Loprieno); ban , baʔn (more accurate) (Pre-Coptic) (J.P.A.) IPA
bin Traditional Pronunciation
bāʲin (Loprieno), ban (Allen), (ě)b'ū́ně > ěbyū́nū́ > ᾽ebyôn/אֶבְיוֹן (Albright) Alt Pronunciation
~ bint: (badness, evil)
᾽abynt/ 𐎀𐎁𐎊𐎐𐎉? (wretchedness, misery) (fem) Ugaritic
báʔnat > boonā/ⲃⲟⲟⲛⲉ (S) (Allen), boni/ⲃⲟⲛⲓ (B), bani/ⲃⲁⲛⲓ (evil, misfortune) Coptic
binet Traditional Pronunciation
báɜnat (Loprieno), (ě)b Alt Pronunciation
~ irt bin , (or possibly even) bin irt: (evil eyes)
ban-iərə/ⲃⲁⲛ-ⲓⲉⲓⲣⲉ (malicious 'evil of eye') (S?), ïərboonə/ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲃⲟⲟⲛⲉ (evil eye) Coptic
~ nDm bin : (bad smell)
stibōōn/ⲥϯⲃⲱⲱⲛ (S), stʰobōōn/ⲥⲑⲟⲓⲃⲱⲱⲛ (B) (bad smell , stench) Coptic
bit : (honey)
brt Early Egyptian
póruat “bee” El Molo
ỉby, jbj Demotic
ābïō/ⲉⲃïⲱ (S, B, F), ābiou/ⲉⲃⲓⲟⲩ (A), ābiā/ⲉⲃⲓⲉ (S), ābioouā/ⲉⲃⲓⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S) Coptic
biːt IPA
bity : (bee)
afy (bee) Alt Egyptian
by, ỉby , jby Demotic
bʰey “bee” Proto-Indo-European
ንብ/nibi Amharic
ንህቢ/nəhbi Tigrinya
apis Latin
ape Italian
bite Latvian
bitė Lithuanian
biatā/ ⲃⲓⲁⲧⲉ (S) (bee) < ⲉⲃⲓⲁⲧⲉ (S) (beekeeper) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, c. 2500 B.C.E.) biˈjat , (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 B.C.E.) biˈjaʔ, (Late Egyptian, c. 800 B.C.E.) βəˈjaʔ IPA
~ afy-n-bit : honey bee
ꜥf (n) ỉby Demotic
nābiō/ ⲛⲉⲃⲓⲱ (S, A, B) (honey fly, bee) Coptic
bity : (King of Lower Egypt = 'bee'; "wealth, affluence" (Kahl)
bjtj , bit Alt Egyptian
bi-ia Cuneiform
nābiō/ ⲛⲉⲃⲓⲱ (S, A, B) (honey fly, bee) Coptic
biti (modern Egyptological) IPA
bkA : (lock of hair)
(S) fō/ϥⲱ, (S) bō/ⲃⲱ, (S) ouō/ⲟⲩⲱ , (S, Sa, sA, B) fōā/ϥⲱⲉ , (A) fouā/ϥⲟⲩⲉ , (sA) bōā/ⲃⲱⲉ ,
(B, F) fōi/ϥⲱⲓ , (F) bōōi/ⲃⲱⲱⲓ (hair) Coptic
bkA : (morning, tomorrow)
bōqer/בוקר (tomorrow) Hebrew
bɛkɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
bndw : (sash, wrap)
ʔa-bə-ne-te Late Kingdom
bni : (swallow)
bēni /ⲃⲏⲛⲓ, bēnā ⲃ/ⲏⲛⲉ Coptic
bn : (bird)
bng Alt Egyptian
bank /ⲃⲁⲛⲕ (a bird (named in magical text with hawk and pelican) Coptic
bnr , bni : (date palm, sweet, pleasant)
bn (date); bny, bnry, bnrt (dates); bny.t (date plam) Alt Egyptian
bnjt, bn, bne, bny; bint (date plam-tree) Demotic
baanir/baaner (pleasant) Proto-Nubian
pənti/ⲠⲈⲚⲦⲒ (date fruit) Old Nubian
benti (Dongolawi), betti (Kenouzi), fetti (Fadičča) (date) Nubian
apənti/ⲁⲡⲉⲛⲧⲓ < binə/ⲃⲩⲛⲉ , bēni/ⲃⲏⲛⲓ (Coptic) Nubian-Coptic
fénti (date fruit) Mahas
aḇēna (date), ḇēnāwen (dates); taḇēnawt (date plam), tḇȩnawēn (date plams) Berber
téheni (date) Tuareg
bᵉnnə/ⲃⲛ︦ⲛⲉ (S, A, sA) (date palm tree, date fruit); bəni/ⲃⲉⲛⲓ (B), bēni/ⲃⲏⲛⲓ (F), bēn(n)i/ⲃⲏⲛ(ⲛ)ⲓ (F),
bn/ⲃⲛ (S), bən/ⲃⲉⲛ (NH), bənnə /ⲃⲉⲛⲛⲉ , (F) b(ə)nnə/Ⲃ(Ⲉ)ⲚⲚⲈ (date palm tree) Coptic
(Old Egyptian 2500 B.C) biˈniɾ, (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C.) biˈnij , (Late Egyptian 800 B.C.) βəˈneʔ IPA
~ bnr Sw : (dried dates)
bnshoouā/ⲃⲛϣⲟⲟⲩⲉ (dreied dates) Coptic
bnt , bint : (harp)
bynt, bʲn.t Demotic
boinā/ⲃⲟⲓⲛⲉ (S), ouōini/ⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ (B) Coptic
ˈbaʲnVt (Loprieno) (Old Egyptian), ˈbajnVʔ (Middle Egyptian), ˈβajnə (Late Egyptian),
binɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
binet Traditional Pronunciation
bnw : (phoenix, heron)
bwnA, bnn ? Alt Egyptian
bānana ? Alt Pronunciation
banē /ⲃⲁⲛⲏ (S) Coptic
bangau (heron) Indonesian
vano (heron) Malagasy
balshūm Egyptian Arabic
bɛnuː (modern Egyptological), bānana IPA
benu Traditional Pronunciation
bnwt : (grindstone, millstone)
bnyt Alt Egyptian
ebnīyet > ewnīyet > ewnī Evolution
br : (two eyes, eyes, see ) bnr : (eyeballs)
brr Alt Egyptian
bl (eye) Demotic
wal, wāl (Ishak)/ⲃⲁⲗ (B), bal/ⲃⲁⲗ (S), bāl/ⲃⲉⲗ (A, sA, F) (eye) Coptic
br : (outside)
bnr Alt Egyptian
bl Late Egyptian
r-bnr > ābol/ⲉⲃⲟⲗ (outside), n-bnr > nbol/ⲛⲃⲟⲗ, m-bnr > mbol/ⲙⲃⲟⲗ (outer, on outside, outwards,
outside, without),
Hr-bnr > ḥibol/ϩⲓⲃⲟⲗ, ḥibal/ϩⲓⲃⲁⲗ Evolution
(S, B) ābol/ⲉⲃⲟⲗ, (S, B) bol/ⲃⲟⲗ , (A, F) bal/ⲃⲁⲗ (outisde) Coptic
br : (seagoing vessel, cargo boat)
bār Alt Pronunciation
baris/βαρις (heavy, waterlogged, saturnine, hefty, stodgy, labored) Greek
brbr : (to cast out, to wreck, to overturn)
bārbōr /ⲃⲉⲣⲃⲱⲣ Coptic
brbr : (to dig)
bolbl /ⲃⲟⲗⲃⲗ (to dig up) Coptic
bra: (basket)
bir /ⲃⲓⲣ, bairi /ⲃⲁⲓⲣⲓ Coptic
brg: (to force open a door)
fōrg /ⲫⲱⲣϫ Coptic
brt: (ask for peace)
b(A)r(A)ti Alt Egyptian
bs, bsA : (God Bes)
BAstt , bAst : (Goddess Bastet)
bs : (introduce (someone into), install, initiate (into), enter, bring in (a state of affairs), reveal (a secret)
~ bs.t : you have been introdued (F)
buztVʲ > best (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
bsn : (gypsum)
sang/ سنگ (stone) Persian
(S) basnkⁱ/ⲃⲁⲥⲛϭ, (S) basānkⁱ/ⲃⲁⲥⲉⲛϭ, (S) basnēkⁱ/ⲃⲁⲥⲛⲏϭ, (S) basēkⁱ/ⲃⲁⲥⲏϭ, (S) basin, basig/ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲅ,
(A) basinkⁱ/ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲛϭ (tin) Coptic
bsnt : (smith, etching needle)
* from the title Hry bsnt (temple of Ptah)
bsnṱ (smith) Demotic
TAi bsnt (metal worker) Alt Egyptian
bt : (grave) (Demotic)
bē/ⲃⲏ (S, B) (grave) Coptic
βe IPA
btA : (wrong, crime)
btw (crime), bty (abomination, crime) Alt Egyptian
(S) botā/ⲃⲟⲧⲉ, (A, sA) batā/ⲃⲁⲧⲉ, (B) boti/ⲃⲟϯ, (F) bati/ⲃⲁϯ (hateful thing, abomination) Coptic
bw : (place)
ab /እብ (place) Ethiopic
kou/ⲕⲟⲩ (A), khō/ⲭⲱ (B), kō/ⲕⲱ (kw) (place) (ref J.P.A.) Coptic
bwir : (do not)
* NOTE b>min Coptic
bu ȧr (negative) Budge
bn-pw (Černy) (negative) Demotic
emparə/ⲙ⳰ⲡⲁⲣⲉ (B), mnarə/ⲙⲛⲁⲣⲉ (B) , mərə/ⲙⲉⲣⲉ (S, M ,F), empa/ⲙ⳰ⲡⲁ (B), ma/ⲙⲁ (S, A),
marə/ⲙⲁⲣⲉ (S, A, sA), mələ/ⲙⲉⲗⲉ (F), mə/ⲙⲉ (S, F), mna/ⲙⲛⲁ (B) (prefix negative aorist) Coptic
~ bwirt : (has not yet happened)
bw ỉr.tw (Černy) Demotic
empatə/ⲙ⳰ⲡⲁⲧⲉ (S, A, sA, B, F), mpaptə/ⲙⲡⲁⲡⲧⲉ (B) Coptic
bw nb : (everyone, everything)
ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ / rō-mi ni-vān (B?) Coptic
bwpw , b(w)p(w): (negative)
bupu (negative) Budge
bn-pw (Černy) (negative) Demotic
empə/ⲙ⳰ⲡⲉ (b>m) (S, A, sA, B, F), mp/ⲙⲡ (S, A, sA, B, F) (negative) Coptic
bxn (a hard stone)
básanos/βάσᾰνος (gold touchstone, stone which is rubbed on gold to ascertain its authenticity by leaving
a yellow streak) Greek
(5th BCE Attic) bá.sa.nos , (1st CE Egyptian) ˈba.sa.nos , (4th CE Koine)ˈβa.sa.nos,
(10th CE Byzantine)ˈva.sa.nos , (15th CE Constantinopolitan)ˈva.sa.nos IPA(S, A, B, F) ⲃⲁⲣⲱⲧ, ⲃⲁⲣⲟⲧ
d , id , dt : (hand)
yad Proto-Semitic
idu (arm) Akkadian
ʾəǧ/ እጅ Amharic
yad/ يَد Arabic
ʾīd/ ايد Egyptian Arabic
id Maltese
ʾīḏā/ ܐܝܕܐ Aramaic Syriac
yəḏā/ יְדָא , yaḏ יַד/ Aramaic Hebrew
ʾəd/ እድ (ʿid) Ge'ez
yāḏ/ יָד Hebrew
yd/ 𐩺𐩵 Old South Arabian
yd / 𐩺𐩵 Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabanian
yd /𐤉𐤃 Phoenician
ʾəde/ እዴ Tigre
ʾid/ ኢድ Tigrinya
yd/𐎊𐎄 Ugaritic
kʲidj/ϭⲓϫ (S, A, sA, F), djidj/ϫⲓϫ (B), djidjḥ/ϫⲓϫϩ (F), toot/ⲧⲟⲟⲧ (L, S, A), tot/ⲧⲟⲧ (B), taat/ⲧⲁⲁⲧ (F, L, M; S?);
tōrā/ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (hand) Coptic
dỉ Possible Pronunciation
~ d.f (his hand)
totf/ⲧⲟⲧϥ (B), taatf/ⲧⲁⲁⲧϥ (F), tootf/ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ (S, L,A) (Satzinger) Coptic
č̣ártəf > ṭáˀtəf IPA
~ d.w (hands)
djāvdj/ϫⲉⲩϫ (F), djāoudj/ϫⲉⲟⲩϫ (F), djāoudjḥ/ϫⲉⲟⲩϫϩ (F), djāouḥdj/ϫⲉⲟⲩϩϫ (F) Coptic
db : (horn, big animal, horned animal )
* d became t and b became p in Coptic but sometimes retained the sound
dab (big animal) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
dabû / 𒁕𒁍𒌑 (bear) Akkadianⲱⲣⲉ
dubb/ دُبّ (bear) Arabic
debbie (bear) Maltese
debbāʾ/ ܕܒܐ (bear) Aramaic Syriac
debā/ דבא (bear) Aramaic Hebrew
dōḇ/ דוב / דב (bear) Hebrew
db/ 𐎄𐎁 (bear) Ugaritic
tap or tab/ⲧⲁⲡ (S, B), təp/ⲧⲉⲡ (Sf, A, sA, F), tēp/ⲧⲏⲡ (F) (horn) Coptic
ꜥib (South), dib (North) ; dib (horn) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
deb Traditional Pronunciation
dab/dəb/dēb > tab/teb (MK) > tap (LK); dəb (UE)(OK) , dab (LE)(OK-MK+) fixed Pronunciation
dbn : (weight of copper or gold (23.7 grams MK) (91 grams NK), weight (of balance, divided into 10 qdt)
'dbn; dī:ban (Loprieno) Alt pronunciation
ti-ba-an Akkadian
didrakhmon/διδραχμον Greek
deben Transliteration
dbAt : ( sarcophagus, coffin, funerary chest or coffer, tomb)
DbAt (robing - room, sarcophagus), Drwt (sarcophagus), DbAwt (outer coffin) Alt Egyptian
taibā/ⲧⲁⲓⲃⲉ (S, Sa, Sf), tēēbā/ⲧⲏⲏⲃⲉ (S, Sa, Sf), tēbā/ⲧⲏⲃⲉ (S, Sa, Sf), tābi/ⲧⲉⲃⲓ (S), tāābā/ⲧⲉⲉⲃⲉ (A), taibi/ⲧⲁⲓⲃⲓ (B),
tōbi/ⲧⲱⲃⲓ (B), tʰēbi/ⲑⲏⲃⲓ (B), tʰābi/ⲑⲉⲃⲓ (B), tābi/ⲧⲉⲃⲉ (F) (chest, coffin, pouch) Coptic
di : (give)
dyi Demotic?
ti /ϯ (S, A, sA, B, F), ta/ⲦⲀ (S, F, Sf), ti/ⲧⲓ (S, F), tiəi/ϯⲉⲓ (S), təi/ⲧⲉⲓ (S, F), tə/ⲧⲉ (A, F), taa/ⲦⲀⲀ (S) (to give), to/ⲦO (S),
toē /ⲦOⲒ (B), toyā /ⲦOⲒⲈ (L), təiə /ⲦⲈⲒⲈ (A), təiəi/ⲧⲉⲓⲉⲓ (F), tēi/ⲧⲏⲓ (B), tō/ⲧⲱ (S), toəiə/ⲧⲟⲉⲓⲉ (sA) (give, pay) Coptic
de/𐦷𐦡 (give offering) d/𐦷 , da Meroitic
te/τε, tai/ται ( Amortaios/Ἀμορταιος/Ỉmn-ỉ.ỉr-dỉ-s name), τει ( Hasphorteis/Ἁσφορτεις/Ḥr-š=f-ỉ.ỉr-dỉ-s) Greek
di Traditional Pronunciation
di:j > diʔ (1,000 BCE) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ dit : given
d(w)t Alt Egyptian
təət/ⲧⲉⲉⲧ (A, sA), ⲧⲏⲓⲧ (B), ⲧⲉⲓⲧ (F), ⲧⲁⲓⲧ (F) (give) Coptic
~ rdi : (to give, put, place, appoint, send (letter), cause, permit)
rdj > Ꜣgj/ ỉdj > dꜢj , djj (Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow) (give) Evolution
rdj ; rd , rta , rṭ (LK)Alt Egyptian
uruddu (Calice) (add) Akkadian
dj , tj (Černy) (give) Demotic
ti /ϯ (S, A, sA, B, F), ta/ⲦⲀ (S, F, Sf), ti/ⲧⲓ (S, F), tiəi/ϯⲉⲓ (S), təi/ⲧⲉⲓ (S, F), tə/ⲧⲉ (A, F), taa/ⲦⲀⲀ (S) (to give),
to/ⲦO (S), toē /ⲦOⲒ (B), toyā /ⲦOⲒⲈ (L), təiə /ⲦⲈⲒⲈ (A), təiəi/ⲧⲉⲓⲉⲓ (F), tēi/ⲧⲏⲓ (B), tō/ⲧⲱ (S),
toəiə/ⲧⲟⲉⲓⲉ (sA) (give, pay) ; refti /ⲣⲉϥϯ CopticCoptic
ʾaṭa/ عـطـﻰ (to give) Egyptian Arabic
~ dit wn irt : instruct, inform, 'cause (the) eye (of somebody) to open)
tounāiat/ⲧⲟⲩⲛⲉⲓⲁⲧ (make the eyes to open) Coptic
~ rdi.n.f n.k sn : (He has given them to you.) (MK)
rDy.n.f n.k sn (He has given to you) Old Kingdom
di.n.f st n.k (He has given to you) Middle-Late Kingdom
dyw st n.k (Has given them to you) Late Kingdom
* Four Thousand Years of Evolution: On a Law of Historical Change in Ancient Egyptian Leo Depuydt
~ wab rdi : (to give/ to cause + pure/ clean)
dj.t wꜥb Demotic
(sA, B) toubo/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ, (S) tbbo/ⲧⲃⲃⲟ, (A) tbouo/ⲧⲃⲟⲩⲟ, (F) tāb(b)o/ⲧⲉⲃ(ⲃ)ⲟ, (F) tāb(b)a/ⲧⲉⲃ(ⲃ)ⲁ,
(F, sA) touba/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲁ, (S) tbbā/ⲧⲃⲃⲉ, (B) toubā/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲉ, (F) tibba/ⲧⲩⲃⲃⲁ, (A) tboua/ⲧⲃⲟⲩⲁ,
(S) tbbēw/ⲧⲃⲃⲏⲩ, (A) tbbouaeit/ⲧⲃⲃⲟⲩⲁⲉⲓⲧ, (sA) touba(ā)it/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓⲧ,
(sA) toubēw/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲏⲩ , (B) toubēout/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲧ, (F) tābēout/ⲧⲉⲃⲏⲟⲩⲧ,
(F) tibbēout/ⲧⲩⲃⲃⲏⲟⲩⲧ, (F) tābēi/ⲧⲉⲃⲏⲩ (become, be pure, make pure, purify) Coptic
di : (here)
ti, ty Demotic
(S, B) tai/ⲧⲁⲓ (here, hence) Coptic
di(w) : (5 , five) (M)
dij Old Nubian
dimy Malagasy
ˈdiːjaw IPA
dīʲaw, dī́jaw (Callender) , jifdáw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
di(u) Traditional Pronunciation
tou /ϯⲟⲩ (S, A, sA, F) , et-yoo /ⲧ⳰ⲓⲟⲩ (B) , [abv. ⲉ︦] (male) Coptic
~ di(w) : (five)
tiā /ϯⲉ (S, A, sA, F), towwi / ϯⲟⲩⲓ , ti/ϯ (S, A), ti/ϯ (S, A), et-iā/ⲧ⳰ⲓⲉ (female) Coptic
dī́jat (Callender) , jifdáw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
dqr(w) : (fruit, fruit-tree)
tigā/ϯϭⲉ (Peust) (Fruit) Coptic
dmi , dmy : (port, village, town, own, quarter (of town), abode, vicinity, quay) 𓂧𓏇𓇋𓈇𓏤
tmj (town, village) Demotic
(S, A, sA) tmā/ϯⲙⲉ, (S) timā/ⲧⲓⲙⲉ , (B, F) timi /ϯⲙⲓ, (B, F) timi/ⲧⲓⲙⲓ (village) Coptic
Tam Heet < ptimā hēt/ⲡϯⲙⲉ ϧⲏⲧ) (North) Coptic
dɛmi (modern Egyptological) IPA
~ dmytyw (inhabitants of the port) : Damietta
dmyt (port) Alt Egyptian
tamiati/ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ Coptic
tamiáthis/Ταμιάθις (Hellenistic period) Greek
Dumyāṭ/ دمياط Arabic
Damietta Delta
Dimyât Modern
domˈjɑːtˤ IPA
dng : (pygmy)
deng Traditional Pronunciation
denk /ድንክ Amharic
dni(t) : (share, portion, part)
toā /ⲧⲟⲉ (S), toiā/ⲧⲟⲓⲉ (S), ta(ā)/ⲧⲁ(ⲉ) (S), to/ⲧⲟ (S), taiā/ⲧⲁⲓⲉ (Sa, A, sA), taāiā/ⲧⲁⲉⲓⲉ (A), toi/ⲧⲟⲓ (B), tōi/ⲧⲱⲓ (B),
taāi/ⲧⲁⲉⲓ (F), taai/ⲧⲁⲁⲓ (Sf, F) (part, share) Coptic
deni(t) Traditional Pronunciation
danʲut (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
danā(t), donā(t) (UE) (S); doni(t) (LE) (B) Fix
dp , dpt : (taste)
dpyt 𓂧𓊪𓇋𓇋𓏌𓏏 (Budge) Alt Egytpian
tipi/ϯⲡⲓ (B, F), tipə/ϯⲡⲉ (S, A, sA), djitipə/ϫⲓϯⲡⲉ (taste) Coptic
diːpVt (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE), diːpVʔ (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE), diːpə (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) ,
dɛpɛt (modern Egyptological) * V stands for suspected unknown vowel IPA
dep , depet Traditional Pronunciation
dpt : (ship)
dVːput (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE), dVːpuʔ (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE), dVːpə (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) ,
dɛpɛt (modern Egyptological) *V stands for suspected unknown vowel Evolution
dVːput (Loprieno) IPA
depet Traditional Pronunciation
~ dp.wt.f : (his board)
/dVpwVːtif/ (Loprieno) IPA
dqw : (powder, flour)
daqqu Akkadian
däq/דַק (thin, fine, slim, lean, slender, flimsy) Hebrew
dSr : (red, flamingo)
dSrt (crane) ? Alt Egyptian
ṭšr (red w/ yellow) Schenkel
edrēšet < edšēret ; bsharōsh < bashsharōsh , badsharōsh < badrashrōsh < badtrashrōsh (Worrell) Evolution
tōrsh/ⲧⲱⲣϣ (S, A), tʰōrsh/ⲑⲱⲣϣ (B), tosh/ ⲧⲟⲣϣ (be red); trosh/ⲧⲣⲟϣ, (flamingo); ātēshi/ⲉⲧⲏϣⲓ (B),
ātāshi/ⲉⲧⲉϣⲓ (B) (crane); throš/ⲑⲣⲟϣ (B), tōrš/ⲧⲱⲣϣ (A)Coptic
basharōsh/ بَشاروش (flamingo) Egyptian Arabic
ˈtʼaːʃiɾ (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE), ˈtʼaːɾiʃ (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), ˈtʼoːɾəʃ (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) (Adjective);
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈtʼuːʃVɾ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈtʼuːʃVʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈtʼeːʃə (noun)
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) tʼaˈʃaɾ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) tʼaˈɾaʃ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) tʼəˈɾaʃ
(Loprieno) IPA
djeshret Traditional Pronunciation
dSr : (red, reddening, redness, turning red)
edrēšet < edšēret ;
bsharōsh < bashsharōsh , badsharōsh < badrashrōsh < badtrashrōsh < pāt-tʰrāshrōsh / ⲡⲉⲧ-ⲑⲣⲉϣⲣⲱϣ
(Worrell) Evolution
(B) ātēshi/ⲉⲧⲏϣⲓ (rust (blight), mildew); (S, A) tōrsh/ⲧⲱⲣϣ, (B) tʰōrsh/ⲑⲱⲣϣ, trosh/ⲧⲣⲟϣ (be red);
tshrā/ⲧϣⲣⲉ (grow red); troshr(ā)sh/ⲧⲣⲟϣⲣ(ⲉ)ϣ (become red, be red, redness); trosh/ⲧⲣⲟϣ (be red);
tshrā/ⲧϣⲣⲉ (grow red); trāshrōsh/ⲧⲣⲉϣⲣⲱϣ (red) ; pāt-tʰrāshrōsh / ⲡⲉⲧ-ⲑⲣⲉϣⲣⲱϣ (that which is red) Coptic
erusibe, erysivi/ερυσιβη (mildew) Greek
dɛʃɛr (modern Egyptological), ʔtshre (Crum) ? IPA
deshret Traditional Pronunciation
~ dSrt : (red pot, red crown, red lands)
ātēshi/ⲉⲧⲏϣⲓ (B), ātāshi/ⲉⲧⲉϣⲓ (crane, rust, mildew), edrēšet, edšēret Coptic
edrēšet < edšēret IPA
~ dSrw : (blood)
dSr : (desert, red land)
désert French
(S, A, sA) dja(ā)ï/ϫⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓⲉ, (S) djaā/ϫⲁⲉ, (Sf, F) dja(i)ē/ϫⲁ(ⲓ)ⲏ (desert) Coptic
dɛʃrɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
dåshrat , tōrš (Schenkel, Cerny, Westendorf) Other Pronunciations
deshret Traditional Pronunciation
dSr : (grains)
dišarru (wild grown cerals) Akkadian
dmitiw , dmytyw : (inhabitants of a port) 𓂧𓏇𓇋𓈅𓏤 Damietta
dmyt (port) Egyptian
tamiati / ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ (CED, Cerny 354) Coptic
Tamiátʰis/Ταμιάθις Greek
Damietta/
دمياط Arabic
Dimwit Alt Name
Damietta Delta
dwA : (praise, worship)
dwꜣ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
duSa Proto-Austronesian
duha Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
dua Proto-Sunda-Sulawesi
dāti/দাতি Sanskrit
düa/দোৱা (dʊa IPA) (blessings, prayer) Assamese
doğa/ доға (dʊ̞ˈʁɑ IPA) (prayer) Bashkir
doga (prayer) Turkmem
àddu'ā̀ (prayer) < al-duʿā/ اَلْدُعَاء Arabic (the prayer) Hausa
duā/दुआ (prayer, supplication, wish, blessing, salutation, curse) Hindi
doa (a prayer) Indonesian
do'â/ دعا (prayer, blessing, benediction) Persian
duʾo/ дуъо (prayer, blessing, benediction) (Persian) Tajik
do'a / du'a দো'আ (Muslim) Bengali
duğa/ дұға (prayer) Kazakh
duba/дуба (prayer) Kyrgyz
duo (prayer) (Persian) Uzbek
dua (prayer) Turkish
du'ā/ دعا (call, prayer, invocation, supplication, request, plea, good wishes, imprecation, curse) Urdu
du'a, duʿāʾ, duAa' /دُعَاء (duˈʕæːʔ , doowa (archaic) IPA) (call, prayer, invocation, supplication, request, plea, good
wishes, imprecation, curse) ; daAa/ د َعى (pray) Egyptian Arabic
(S, A, sA, F, Sa) tōbḥ/ ⲧⲱⲃϩ, (B) ṭōbḥ/ ⲧⲱⲃϩ, (S, F) tōbaḥ/ⲧⲱⲃⲁϩ, (S, A, sA) tbḥ/ⲧⲃϩ , (S) tābḥ/ⲧⲉⲃϩ ,
(B) ṭobḥ/ⲧⲟⲃϩ, (S) tobḥ/ⲧⲟⲃϩ, (Sf) taḥb/ⲧⲁϩⲃ , (F) tabaḥ/ⲧⲁⲃⲁϩ (prayer, entreat, console) ;
(S, F) tōbaḥ//ⲧⲱⲃⲁϩ (prayer) Coptic
duːɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
dua Traditional Pronunciation
~ dwAw : (praise, worship) (plur)
adʿiyah/ أدْعِيَة (ʔædˈʕijæ IPA) (invocation, is an act of supplication) (plur) Arabic
dwAt : (Underworld)
twꜢ.t Demotic
tē /ⲧⲏ Old Coptic
tēi/ⲧⲏⲓ, tō/ⲧⲱ (Underworld) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE)ˈtʼuwʀat , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈtʼuwʀaʔ , (Medio-Late Egyptian,1350 BCE)ˈtʼuːʔəʔ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) tʼeːʔ (Loprieno) IPA
dwAyt , dwAt , dwA : (Morning)
dwAw Middle Kingdom
(B) to-owwi /ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ, (S) toouā /ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ, (S) toowwi /ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ, (Sa) towā /ⲧⲁⲩⲉ, (Sf, sA) ḥtowā/ϩⲧⲁⲩⲉ, (A, sA) ḥitowā/ϩⲓⲧⲁⲩⲉ,
(S) ḥtoouā /ϩⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ, (S) ḥtoou /ϩⲧⲟⲟⲩ (dawn, morning) Coptic
ṭuwat /ጤት Amharic
~ nfr dwAyt (good of morning ) Egyptian
na-nā a-to-owwi ⲛⲁⲛⲉ 'ⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ (good morning) Coptic
dwn : (stretch out (legs, hands), stretch (bow), straighten (knees)
da:wan (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ṭwl Semitic
tōoun/ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ Coptic
dy : (here, there)
ð (this) Semitic
DA : (to be sound, healthy)
(S, B, F) ougai/ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ, (S) oudjhai/ⲟⲩϫϩⲁⲓ, (Sa) ougēi/ⲟⲩϫⲏⲓ, (Sa) ougiāi/ⲟⲩϫⲓⲉⲓ, (A, F) ougāi/ⲟⲩϫⲉⲓ,
(A, sA, F) ougāāi/ⲟⲩϫⲉⲉⲓ, (A) ougāitā/ⲟⲩϫⲉⲓⲧⲉ, (NH) oudjaāi/ⲟⲩϫⲁⲉⲓ, (S, B, F) ouodj/ⲟⲩⲟϫ,
(A, sA, F) owwadj/ⲟⲩⲁϫ (be whole, safe, sound ) Coptic
DADA , ḏꜣḏꜣ : (head, skull) 𓍑𓄿𓍑𓄿𓁶
ḏꜣḏꜣnwt Middle Egyptian
DADA 𓍑𓄿𓍑𓄿𓁶 (head) Late Egyptian
DD, ḏꜣḏꜣ Demotic
gulgullu skull, head) (AEP J.P.A. p63) Akkadian
gulgaltā/ גּוּלְגַּלְתָּא skull, head) Aramaic
gulgṓleṯ/גולגולת \ גֻּלְגֹּלֶת (skull, head) Biblical Hebrew
jumjuma/ جُمْجُمَة (skull) Arabic
djō/ϫⲱ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA, B, F) čō,djō/ϫⲱ (head); čou,djou/ϫⲟⲩ ; (S, sA, B, F) djōdj/ϫⲱϫ, (S, sA, B, F)
(B) djadj/ϫⲁϫ (head, capital, chief) (Crum, Marcion) Coptic
tête French
(OE, 2500 BCE) ˈcʼaʀcʼaʀ , (ME, 1700 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼaʀt͡ʃʼaʀ , (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼaːt͡ʃʼəʔ,
(LE, 800 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼoːt͡ʃʼ, (modern Egyptological) d͡ʒɑd͡ʒɑ (Vycichl, 334) IPA
djadja Traditional Pronunciation
DADAw : (jar, pot)
shoshou/ϣⲟϣⲟⲩ (S, B), shashou/ϣⲁϣⲟⲩ (S, sA, F), shosho/ϣⲟϣⲟ (S) (pot, Jar) Coptic
DAf : to burn
ḏf Demotic
čōf/ϫⲱϥ (B), čouf/ϫⲟⲩϥ (S) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈcʼaːʀaf , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼaːʀaf , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼoːʔəf IPA
DAi : (to cross over, to ferry (one across), cross the sky
dꜢy (djǎy) Middle Egyptian
dy Demotic
djoi/ϫⲟⲓ (S, B), djoāi/ϫⲟⲉⲓ (S), djāi/ϫⲁⲓ (A, sA, F), djaāi/ϫⲁⲉⲓ (Sa, A, sA) Coptic
djǎy Alternative Pronunciation
djay Traditional Pronunciation
~DAiw : (plur)
eādjēv/ⲉϫⲏⲩ (S, sA, F), ādjēou/ⲉϫⲏⲟⲩ (B) (plur) Coptic
adjēw Alternative Pronunciation
Dab : (coal, black)
djbb(ā)s/ϫⲃⲃ(ⲉ)ⲥ (S), djābbās/ϫⲉⲃⲃⲉⲥ (S), djābbs/ϫⲉⲃⲃⲥ (S), dj(ā)bs/ϫ(ⲉ)ⲃⲥ (S), djnēbs/ϫⲛⲏⲃⲥ (S), djēbs/ϫⲏⲃⲥ (S),
djēibes/ϫⲏⲓⲃⲉⲥ (S), dja(ā)ibes/ϫⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓⲃⲉⲥ (S), djbbās/ϫⲃⲃⲉⲥ (A), djābs/ϫⲉⲃⲥ (B), djēbbās/ϫⲏⲃⲃⲉⲥ (S) Coptic
DAmAa : (papyrus, a roll of papyrus, a sheet of calculations, book, volume, document)
(S, F) djōōmə /ϫⲱⲱⲙⲉ, (S, sA, F) djōmə/ϫⲱⲙⲉ, (A) djououmə/ϫⲟⲩⲟⲩⲙⲉ, (A) djoumə/ϫⲟⲩⲙⲉ, (B) djōm/ϫⲱⲙ ,
(F) djōōmi/ϫⲱⲱⲙⲓ, (F) djōi/ϫⲱⲙⲓ, (F) djoomə/ϫⲟⲟⲙⲉ, (F) djomə/ϫⲟⲙⲉ
(sheet, roll of papyrus, written document, book, (rarely parchment) bundle) Coptic
Dar : (to seek out)
Da Alt Egyptian
čoule, djoulə/ϫⲟⲩⲗⲉ (A) cōl/ϭⲱⲗ (B), čole, djolə/ϫⲟⲗⲉ (F), čōle, djōlə/ϫⲱⲗⲉ (S) (collect, harvest, gather) Coptic
DAwf : (papyrus)
(S) djoouf /ϫⲟⲟⲩϥ, (B) chomf /ϭⲟⲙϥ, (B) chonf /ϭⲟⲛϥ Coptic
DAy : (large river boat)
Dj (boat, ship) Demotic
(S, B) djoi/ϫⲟⲓ , (S) djoāi/ϫⲟⲉⲓ , (A, sA, F) djai/ϫⲁⲓ , (Sa, A, sA) djaāi/ϫⲁⲉⲓ (ship, boat)
Dba : (10,000 , ten thousand)
tba/ⲧⲃⲁ (S, A, sA), etʰba/ⲑ⳰ⲃⲁ (B), tbā/ⲧⲃⲉ (F) Coptic
baʕ IPA
ḏubáꜥ (Callender) , ḏ˘báꜥ (Loprieno) , ḏa'baˤ Alt pronunciation
Dba : (finger, thumb, toe, digit (one twentyeigth cubit), 10,000 (numeral)
(S, F) tēēbā/ⲧⲏⲏⲃⲉ, (S, sA) tēbā/ⲧⲏⲃⲉ, (S) tābā/ⲧⲉⲃⲉ, (S, A) tibā/ϯⲃⲉ, (A) tiïbā/ϯⲉⲓⲃⲉ, (B) tēb/ⲧⲏⲃ,
(F) tāābā/ⲧⲉⲉⲃⲉ (finger, thumb, toe,) Coptic
ṣbʾā/ ܨܒܥܐ Syriac
étsba,etsbá /אֶצבַּע (finger, forefinger, toe, digit) Hebrew
ʾätsəbaʾəə/አጽባዕት Ethiopic
'iṣbaꜥ / إصبع (finger, digit, key) Arabic
Dbawt : (signet, seal)
(S) tōōbe/ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ, (S) toobe/ⲧⲟⲟⲃⲉ, (S) tobe/ⲧⲟⲃⲉ, (S) toob/ⲧⲟⲟⲃ, (B) tōb/ⲧⲱⲃ, (B) tōp/ ⲧⲱⲡ, (B) tob/ⲧⲟⲃ,
(B) top/ⲧⲟⲡ, (B) tēb/ⲧⲏⲃ, (B) teb/ⲧⲉⲃ, (B) tēb/ⲧⲏⲡ, (F) tōbi/ⲧⲱⲃⲓ, (F) taab/ⲧⲁⲁⲃ, (F) taabe/ ⲧⲁⲁⲃⲉ,
(A) toube/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲉ, (Sa, A, sA, F) tab/ⲧⲁⲃ, (Sa, F) tabe/ⲧⲁⲃⲉ Coptic
ḏa:baˤ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Dbt : (brick)
Dbt> dbt Evolution
tb, tby Demotic
tōōbā /ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ (S), tōōbi/ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲓ (Sf), tōbi, ṭūb (Allen)/ⲧⲱⲃⲓ (Sf, B), ṭūb (Allen), tōbā/ⲧⲱⲃⲉ (brick, adobe) (S, A),
tobi/ ⲧⲟⲃⲓ (B) Coptic
tūbe, ṭūbah/ طوبة , at-tub < al-tub (the brick) Arabic
Dd : (to say, recite, speak)
Dt Demotic
djō /ϫⲱ , dji/ϫⲓ , ādji/ⲉϫⲓ Old Coptic
djou /ϫⲟⲩ (to say); gō or djō /ϫⲱ (S, sA, B, F), dje /ϪⲈ (S, A, sA, B, F), gōō /ϪⲞⲞ (S,sA),
(A, sA) gou or djou/ϫⲟⲩ, (S, A, F, A, sA) dji/ϫⲓ , (F) dj/ϫ, (S) djit/ϫⲓⲧ, (A) djāi/ϫⲉⲓ, (sA, B) go/ϫⲟ ,
(B) got/ϫⲟⲧ, (F) ga(a)/ϫⲁ(ⲁ), (S, sA) gat/ϫⲁⲧ; adji/ⲁϫⲓ (imperative) (S, A, sA, F), ādji/ⲉϫⲓ (A, sA),
ādjāi/ⲉϫⲉⲓ (imperative) (A), adjā/ⲁϫⲉ (imperative) (S, B, F), adjo/ⲁϫⲟ (B) , adjot/ⲁϫⲟⲧ (B) (imperative),
(say, speak, tell) Coptic
dit (state, tell, said, utter, speak, say, declare) French
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) cʼaːtʼ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) t͡ʃʼaːʔ ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) t͡ʃʼoːʔ (Loprieno) IPA IPA
ɟaːd , ɟed (Loprieno), ʲa'ḏid (claims to be something like yᵈād Coptic seams to counter this theory) Alt Pronunciation
djed, djōd (more accurate) Traditional Pronunciation
~ Dd.f : (to say it)
Dt.f Late Kingdom
d͡ʒɛdəf (modern Egyptological) IPA
djᵉoᵉtf ,gᵉoᵉtf/ϫⲟ︦ⲧ︦Ϥ Coptic
~ s.Dd : (speak, tell, relate, recount, talk (of), (in) speaking (to)
sḏy (to speak, to tell) Demotic
sadji /ⲥⲁϫⲓ (B) (word, speak); shadjā/ϣⲁϫⲉ (S), shādjā/ϣⲉϫⲉ (Sa, A, sA), sādjā/ⲥⲉϫⲉ (sA),
sādji/ⲥⲉϫⲓ (F) (speak, say); sh(ə)dj/ϣ(ⲉ)ϫ (S) (saying, word, affair) Coptic
sɛd͡ʒɛd (modern Egyptological) IPA
sedjed Traditional Pronunciation
~ sDd.f : (He talked)
af sadji/ⲁϥⲥⲁϫⲓ Coptic
sedj.ef Traditional Pronunciation
~ s.Dd.t : (description, tale (Loprieno)
shadjə/ϣⲁϫⲉ (S), shədji/ϣⲉϫⲓ (Sa, A, sA, AL, F), sadji /ⲥⲁϫⲓ (B), sādjā/ⲥⲉϫⲉ (sA),
sādji/ⲥⲉϫⲓ (F) (speak, say) Coptic
súḏḏit (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ s.Dd.w : (tales)
saḏdiw > sɘḏ'dej (1,000 BCE) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
shdjēi/ϣϫⲏⲓ (common talk, gossip)
~ pA Dd.f : (he says)
pədja.f/ⲠⲈϪⲀ.Ϥ (he says) Coptic
Dd : (stability, enduring , pillar)
𐦷𐦷/ dd, dada (holy pillar) Meroitic
(B) djōt/ϫⲱⲧ (pillar); (S, F) touōt/ⲧⲟⲩⲱⲧ, (B) tʰouōt/ⲑⲟⲩⲱⲧ (pillar, idol, shrine) Coptic
dʒɛd Traditional Pronunciation
Ddft : any crawling legless animal; snake, serpent, worm
četfe/ϫⲉⲧϥⲉ (A) , catfi/ϭⲁⲧϥⲓ (B), četfi/ ϫⲉⲧϥⲓ (F), čatfe/ϫⲁⲧϥⲉ (S) Coptic
Dd-mdw : (Magical words to be said)
ḏd-mdw.w (Takács) Alt Egyptian
nam-du-ú (Amarna Letters), naꜢ-mdŭ́w < m͝dŭ́ww. ͝ w (J.Osing) Cuneiform
djəmtow, djəmtav /ϫⲉ-ⲙⲧⲁⲩ ('to recite magic' wizardry, magic) Coptic
cʼaːtʼ maˈtʼuww (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE)ˌ t͡ʃʼaːʔ maˈtʼuww (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE),
t͡ʃʼəməˈtʼøww (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE), d͡ʒɛd mɛduː (modern Egyptological), (reconstructed) IPA
Ddn : (Angry) (OK)
qdn (MK)
qanaṭa/قنط (angry? ,despair) Arabic
DfDf : (drop, fall drop by drop)
tftf (lets fall 'rain water' possibly spit) Alt Egyptian
TfTf Greco-Rom Egyptian
(B) pʰoftāf /ⲑⲟϥⲧⲉϥ (let drop, let fall, drip ) Coptic
tiftuf/ טפטף (drip, drizzle) Hebrew
DH : (a metal (tin, lead, iron)
Djaḥlə/ϫⲁϩⲗⲉ : a (metal?) object Coptic
DHDH : (destroy)
(S) Djaḥdjḥ/ϫⲁϩϫϩ, (B) Djaḥdjəḥ/ϫⲁϩϫⲉϩ, (S, B) djaḥdj/ϫⲁϩϫ, (S) djaḥkⁱ/ϫⲁϩϭ , (S, B) djadjḥ/ϫⲁϫϩ ,
(B) djaldjəḥ/ϫⲁⲗϫⲉϩ? , (S) kⁱaḥdjḥ/ϭⲁϩϫϩ, (S) kⁱaḥkⁱ(ə)ḥ/ϭⲁϩϭ(ⲉ)ϩ, (S) kⁱoḥkⁱ(ə)ḥ/ϭⲟϩϭ(ⲉ)ϩ,
(S) kⁱaḥkⁱ/ϭⲁϩϭ, (S) kⁱoḥkⁱ/ϭⲟϩϭ, (S) djəḥdjōḥ/ϫⲉϩϫⲱϩ (strike, hammer, beat (metal), gnash (teeth) Coptic
DHwty/ Thoth : (god)
Dma : (book, papyrus leaf, role of papyrus)
ḏmꜥ Demotic
(B) djōme /ϫⲱⲙ, (S, F) djōōmā/ϫⲱⲱⲙⲉ , (S, sA, F) djōmā/ϫⲱⲙⲉ , (A) djououmā/ϫⲟⲩⲟⲩⲙⲉ, (A) djoumā/ϫⲟⲩⲙⲉ ,
(F) djōōmi/ϫⲱⲱⲙⲓ, (F) djōmi/ϫⲱⲙⲓ, (F) djoomā/ϫⲟⲟⲙⲉ, (F) djomā/ϫⲟⲙⲉ (sheet, roll of papyrus, written
document, book) Coptic
DpH : (apple)
tppwḥ (possibly Late Kingdom) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
tap'pu:ḥ (Loprieno), tchepeḥ (Budge) Alt Pronunciation
ta-pu'-akh/ תַּפּ֫וּחַ, tappuaḦ Hebrew
tuffaḦ /تفاحة Arabic
dj(ā)mpāḥ /ϫ(ⲉ)ⲙⲡⲉϩ (S), dj(ā)mpēḥ /ϫ(ⲉ)ⲙⲡⲏϩ (S), djḥpēḥ/ϫⲉⲡⲏϩ (S), djēpāḥ/ϫⲏⲡⲉϩ (S), djipāḥ/ϫⲓⲡⲉϩ (S),
djōpāḥ/ϫⲱⲡⲉϩ (S), djmpēḥ/ϫⲙⲡⲏϩ (A), djpēḥ/ϫⲡⲏϩ (A), djāmpʰāḥ/ϫⲉⲙⲫⲉϩ (B), djimpāḥ/ϫⲓⲙⲡⲉϩ (F),
djāpāḥ/ϫⲉⲡⲉϩ (F) Coptic
Dr : (in, since, before, untill, at an end, as; break through (with spear)
(n-)ḏr.(ṱ) (with, from, through) Demotic
(S, A) arēdj/ⲁⲣⲏϫ, (S, A) arēēdj/ⲁⲣⲏⲏϫ, (B) avrēdj, avrētj/ⲁⲩⲣⲏϫ, (S) alog/ⲁⲗⲟϫ, (limit, end ) Coptic
DrDry (strange) , DrDri (stranger) , DrDr (strange)
tchertcher (foreign) (Budge), ḏ(Ꜣ)ḏ(Ꜣ) (Gardiner) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ḏḏy Demotic
djadjā/ϫⲁϫⲉ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA) djadjā/ϫⲁϫⲉ , (B) djadji/ϫⲁϫⲓ , (F) djādji/ϫⲉϫⲓ (enemy) Coptic
DD, D(A)D(A) (hostile, enemy) Greco-Romen
Dri : strong (of staff), strongly , courageous, champion
gwri , garhyt Alt Egyptian
(S, A) djōōrə/ϫⲱⲱⲣⲉ , (A, sA) djōrə/ϫⲱⲣⲉ , (B, F) djōri/ϫⲱⲣⲓ , (S) djər/ϫⲉⲣ , (S) djoor/ϫⲟⲟⲣ , (A) djoorə/ϫⲟⲟⲣⲉ,
(A) djō(ō)rə/ϫⲱ(ⲱ)ⲣⲉ , (B) djor/ϫⲟⲣ, (B) djori/ϫⲟⲣⲓ , (F) dja(a)r/ϫⲁ(ⲁ)ⲣ ,
(S, B, F) djar/ϫⲁⲣ , djarḥēt/ϫⲁⲣϩⲏⲧ (be strong, hard, bold) Coptic
Dt : (forever)
ťetta Budge
/d͡ʒɛt/ (modern Egyptological) IPA
djet Traditional Pronunciation
Dt : (oil tree, olive)
ḏjṱ (olive tree) Demotic
ztm/ 𐎇𐎚 Ugaritic
zt/ 𐤆𐤕 Phoenician
zētā /זֵיתָא Galilean Aramaic
zaytā/ ܙܝܬܐSyriac Aramaic
zay'-yith /זַ֫יִת (olive) Hebrew
zäyt/ዘይት (olive oil) Amharic
zaytūn/زَيْتُون (olive), , زَيْت (zayt, “oil, olive oil”) , zayt/ زَيْت (oil, olive oil) Arabic
(S) djoāit /ϫⲟⲉⲓⲧ, (S, Sa, A) djaāit/ϫⲁⲉⲓⲧ, (sA, F) djait/ϫⲁⲓⲧ , (B) djōit/ϫⲱⲓⲧ , (S, A, F) djit/ϫⲓⲧ (olive tree, it's fruit) Coptic
Dt, DAt : (hand)
Drt Alt Egyptian
𓂧𓏏𓏺 Hieroglyphics
trt Demotic
tōrā/ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (S, A), tōri/ⲧⲱⲣⲓ (Sf, B, F), tōrāi/ⲧⲱⲣⲉⲓ (Sf, F), torā/ⲧⲟⲣⲉ (S), tolā/ⲧⲟⲗⲉ (Sf), tōli/ⲧⲱⲗⲓ (F), toli/ⲧⲟⲗⲓ
(F), tori/ⲧⲟⲣⲓ (F), tdjig, djidj/ϫⲓϫ (hand) Coptic
ˈcʼaːɾat (P-OK), ˈtʼaːɾat (EMK), ˈtʼaːɾa (NK), ˈtʼoːɾa (LNK 1200-1000 BCE), ˈtʼoːɾə (LNK 1200 BCE),
ˈdoːɾə (1300-1400 CE),ˈtori (1858-1940 CE), tōri/ⲧⲱⲣⲓ (Coptic) (ref Loprieno) Evolution
ḏārat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
tōre (Late Kingdom), tōret or djōret (possibly Middle Kingdom) Fix Pronunciation
~ Drt : (hand)
ˈtoːɾǝ/ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (S); tōre/ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (B) (t became silent) (hand) Coptic
~ Drt.k (your hand) Egyptian
toʔtk/ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲕ (r reduced to mute glottal) Coptic
~ Drwt (hands) Egyptian
ḏꜢwt (Handful) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ḏárw-t (possible) Pronunciation
~ Drt.k (your hand) Egyptian
tootᵉk/ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲕ︦ Coptic
ḏártak (possible) Pronunciation
~ Drt tw.f (his hands) Egyptian
tootᵉf/ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ︦ Coptic
~ Drt.f (his hand) Egyptian
ˈcʼaːɾatVf (P-OK), ˈcʼaɾtVf (prehistoric-OK), ˈtʼaɾtVf (EMK+), ˈtʼaʔtVf (MK) , ˈtʼaʔtəf (NK),
ˈtʼoʔtəf (700-450 BCE), ˈdoʔdəf (1300-1400 CE), ˈtotef (1858-1940 CE),
totf/ⲧⲟⲧϥ (Coptic) (ref Loprieno) Evolution
Dt : (sanke, cobra )
tcht Late Kingdom
cato (python) (Sharman) Proto-Bantu
chatu , jatu (python, large snake) (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
shato (python) (Sharman) KiShona-Bantu
to/ⲧⲟ ? Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈcʼajtuw , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼajtuw , (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼajtəʔ ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) t͡ʃʼajt (Loprieno) IPA
dz(t) /dʒ(t) , ts(t) /tʃ(t) Alt Pronunciation
djet Traditional Pronunciation
Dw : (mountain, hill)
tw (mountain, desert) Demotic
šadū Akkadian
gheb-ool, gvūl /גְּבוּל (border, boundary, territory) Arabic
jabal/ جبل (mountain) Arabic
toou/ⲧⲟⲟⲩ Old Coptic
toou/ⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S) , toouā/ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S), tow/ⲧⲁⲩ (Sf, A, sA, F) , tōou/ⲧⲱⲟⲩ (B) (mountain, desert) Coptic
Dwt , mDwt : (20, twenty)
mḏwtj, ḏwtj, ḏbꜥty (?) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
DAwt 𓍑𓄿𓏲𓏏, Dbati 𓎆𓎆, DAwyti 𓍑𓄿𓊛𓏲𓏭𓍘𓇋, Ddyitwytw 𓆓𓂧𓇍𓇋𓏏𓂻𓏲𓏭𓏏𓏲 , mDwty, ḏwtʲ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
djouōt/ϫⲟⲩⲱⲧ (S, A, F), djōt/ϫⲱⲧ (B), djout/ϫⲟⲩⲧ (S, Sa, A, sA, F), djowōt/ϫⲁⲩⲱⲧ (S), djōt/ϫⲱⲧ (S), djot/ϫⲟⲧ( S, F) Coptic
ḏawātaʲ , ḏubā́ꜥataj (Callender) , (mu)ḏawā́taj (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
djewt Traditional Pronunciation
~ mDwtt : 20 (female) Egyptian
mḏwtj, ḏwtj, ḏbꜥty (?) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
djouōtā/ϫⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉ (female) (S, sA, F), djououōtā/ϫⲟⲩⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉ (female) (S, sA) Coptic
dyw , diiw : (50 , fifty)
taïou/ⲧⲁⲉⲓⲟⲩ (S, sA, B), taiou/ ⲧⲁïⲟⲩ, tāvi/ⲧⲉⲃⲓ (B), tāiouā/ⲧⲉⲓⲟⲩⲉ (A); tabi/TⲀⲂⲒ Coptic
diːuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
diʲaw , díjwu (Callender), díjjaw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
dyu Traditional Pronunciation
.f : (he, him, his, it, its) 3rd sg. m 𓆑
p /ⲡ, pē/ ⲡⲓ Old Coptic
f /ϥ, ef /ϥ⳰ , fā /ϥⲉ, af /ⲁϥ (B, L, F, S), pā /ⲡⲉ (S, sA, F), of/ⲟϥ (B, F) , pē/ ⲡⲓ (S, A, B, F),
p /ⲡ (S, A, sA, B, F) pʰ /ⲫ (B) (he) Coptic
ʔɛf (modern Egyptological) IPA
af , ef (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
.ef Traditional Pronunciation
~ di.f/ di.ef (He gave) Egyptian
ⲁϥϯ/ aaf-ti Coptic
~ .fi , fy (he, him, his, it, its) (dual ending)
.fj Alt Egyptian
ʔɛfi (modern Egyptological) IPA
.efi Traditional Pronunciation
fAi : (raise, lift up, carry, support, weigh, present, deliver (taxes, tribute)
bai/ⲃⲁ , bi/ⲃⲓ Old Coptic
fi/ϥⲓ (S, A, sA, B, F), fəi/ϥⲉⲓ (S), bi/ⲃⲓ (sA, F), fi/ϥⲓ (S, A, sA, B, F), fit/ϥⲓⲧ (S, A, sA, B, F),
bit/ⲃⲓⲧ (sA), fēi/ϥⲏⲩ (S), fai/ϥⲁⲓ (S, A, B), bai/ⲃⲁⲓ (S, sA, F), faāi/ϥⲁⲉⲓ (A, F),
baāi/ⲃⲁⲉⲓ (F) (bear, carry, take), fai/ϥⲁⲓ (carry, raise, raising, take) Coptic
fAk : (be bald)
fkṱ (priestly title 'the bald one') Demotic
fdw : (4 , four (M)
ifdw, jfdw , ʲfdw ALT Egyptian
ifdǎw Middle Egyptian
rbaʕ Prot-Semitic
erba /𒐉 Akkadian
fadik, fadíg Beja
eftōou ϥ⳰ⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S, B), ftow/ϥⲧⲁⲩ (A, sA), btoou/ⲃⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S), ftoou /ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S,B), ef-to-oo /ϥ⳰ⲧⲟⲟⲩ,
btoou/ⲃⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S), ftow/ϥⲧⲁⲩ (A, sA) [abv.ⲇ︦ ] (male) Coptic
petwor (p shifted from f) Proto High Germanic
fiwar Old Saxon
fiuwer Old Frisian
jaf'daw IPA
ʲifdaw, j˘fdáw (Callender) , jaf'daw (from ifdw 'four corners or sides') jifdáw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ fdt : (four (F)
ifdt , jfdt ALT Egyptian
ftoā /ϥⲧⲟⲉ (S, A, sA), eftō /ϥ⳰ⲧⲟ (S, sA, B), bto/ⲃⲧⲟ (S), bta/ⲃⲧⲁ (F), eftou /ϥ⳰ⲧⲟⲩ (S, A, sA, B),
ftoou/ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S), ftāv/ϥⲧⲉⲩ (S), ftā/ϥⲧⲉ (B), ftow/ϥⲧⲁⲩ (F) bta/ⲃⲧⲁ (F), bto/ⲃⲧⲟ (S) (female) Coptic
j˘fdát (Callender) , jifdáw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
fi : (hair)
(S) fō/ϥⲱ, (S) bō/ⲃⲱ, (S) ouō /ⲟⲩⲱ, (S, Sa, sA, B) fōā/ϥⲱⲉ, (A) fouā/ϥⲟⲩⲉ, (sA) bōā/ⲃⲱⲉ, (B, F) fōi/ϥⲱⲓ, (F) bōï/ⲃⲱⲉⲓ(?),
(F) bōōi/ⲃⲱⲱⲓ, (F) fōou/ϥⲱⲟⲩ, (F) fouō/ϥⲟⲩⲱ , (NH) fouḥā/ϥⲟⲩϩⲉ (hair) Coptic
fnT : (worm)
(S, A) fnt/ϥⲛⲧ, (S) bnt/ⲃⲛⲧ, (S, B) fānt/ϥⲉⲛⲧ, (S) ouānt/ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲧ, (Sf, F) bānt/ⲃⲉⲛⲧ, (F) bnt/ⲃⲛⲧ (worm) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 B.C.E.) ˈfincuw, (Middle Egyptian, 1700 B.C.E.) ˈfintuw , (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 B.C.E.) ˈfintaʔ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 B.C.E.) fent IPA
gAb : (arm, part of body)
(S) kʲboi/ϭⲃⲟⲓ, (S) kʲboā/ϭⲃⲟⲉ, (Sa) kʲfoï/ϭϥⲟⲉⲓ, (A, sA) kʲba(ā)i/ϭⲃⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓ, (B) gpʰoi/ϫⲫⲟⲓ,
(F) kʲbai/ϭⲃⲁⲓ (arm of man, leg of beast ) Coptic
gAHs (Gazelle, Antelope)
gaḥes (Gazelle, Antelope) Budge
gadu Akkadian
(S) kⁱḥos/ϭϩⲟⲥ, (S) kⁱoḥs/ϭⲟϩⲥ, (S) gḥos/ϫϩⲟⲥ, (S) shqos/ϣϭⲟⲥ, (S) shgḥos/ϣϫϩⲟⲥ, (S) shos/ϣϫⲟⲥ, (A) khas/ⲭⲁⲥ ,
(F) kⁱḥas/ϭϩⲁⲥ , (S) kⁱoḥsā/ϭⲟϩⲥⲉ, (S) kⁱaḥsā/ϭⲁϩⲥⲉ , (B) kⁱaḥsi/ϭⲁϩⲥⲓ (Gazelle) Coptic
gAmyt : (hen)
kⁱaimā/ ϭⲁⲓⲙⲉ (hen, domestic fowl) Coptic
gAS : (reed, rush)
gS Demotic
(S, B) kash/ⲕⲁϣ, (A, F, B) kāsh/ⲕⲉϣ (reed, stalk, pen) Coptic
gAw: (be narrow, constricted, languish, lack, be lacking)
gāꜢaw Demotic
djou/ϫⲟⲩ Old Coptic
kⁱōou/ϭⲱⲟⲩ (S), kⁱōu/ϭⲱⲩ (sA), kⁱoou/ϭⲟⲟⲩ (S), kⁱēv/ϭⲏⲩ (S, A, sA), kⁱēou/ϭⲏⲟⲩ (S, A, sA), djēou/ϫⲏⲟⲩ (B) (be narrow);
kⁱō/ϭⲱ (S, sA, F), kō/ⲕⲱ (S), kⁱou/ϭⲟⲩ (A, sA), kⁱōōt/ϭⲱⲱⲧ (F), kⁱāāt/ϭⲉⲉⲧ (S, A, sA),
kⁱēēt/ϭⲏⲏⲧ (S, F) (continue, persist, desist, stop) Coptic
ga:Riw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
gbgb, gbgA, gAbgw : (crow)
qbq Alt Egyptian
ꜣbq , ꜥbq Demotic
kʷakʷa/ኳኳ (raven) Ge'ez
kʷakʷ/ኳኵ (kwakwǝ) ("crow, raven") Tigrinya
ghurab/غراب Arabic
arb/ערב Aramaic
aurb/עורב Hebrew
avok/ⲁⲃⲟⲕ (S), awok/ⲁⲃⲟⲕ (B), ˀawōk/ⲁⲃⲱⲕ, abōk /Ⲁ⳰ⲃⲱⲕ (S, F), awōk /Ⲁ⳰ⲃⲱⲕ (B), eavoki /Ⲁ⳰ⲃⲟⲕⲓ,
bai(p) /ⲃⲁⲓ(ⲡ) (raven, crow); aboki(n)/ⲁⲃⲟⲕⲓ(ⲛ) (crow) Coptic
~ gbgbw, gbgAw, gAbgw : (crows)
abokā/ⲁⲃⲟⲕⲉ (S), aboki/ⲁⲃⲟⲕⲓ (B), abookā/ⲁⲃⲟⲟⲕⲉ (S), abakā/ⲁⲃⲁⲕⲉ (A), abaaki/ⲁⲃⲁⲁⲕⲓ (F),
abook/ⲁⲃⲟⲟⲕ (raven, crow) Coptic
gbtu : (Koptos city)
Kāft /Ⲕⲉϥⲧ Coptic
Κόπτος /Coptos or Koptos Greek
Qift /قفط Arabic
gbyr : (left) (Demotic)
(S, F) ḥbour/ϩⲃⲟⲩⲣ, (sA) kⁱbour/ϭⲃⲟⲩⲣ, (A) kⁱbir/ϭⲃⲓⲣ (left hand), kbir/ⲕⲃⲓⲣ (P) (left hand, the left) Coptic
gf, gAf : (small monkey)
gȧf Budge
gjf ALT Egyptian
g'f , g'f.t (F) Old Egyptian
gwf Middle Egyptian
gꜢf 19th Dynasty
lukólgkhsi/λυκόλυγξ < wns-kwf (name) Greek
kof/קוֹף (monkey), kuf/קו״ף (Semitic) (monkey, ape); ko̞p/ ףק (ref. needed); qpym/קפים, qwpym/קופים Hebrew
qardan/قرد (monkey) Arabic
gmgm : (smash (boxes), tear up (books), break (of trees)
(S) kⁱomkⁱ(ə)m/ϭⲟⲙϭ(ⲉ)ⲙ, (A) kⁱamkⁱmə/ϭⲁⲙϭⲙⲉ, (sA, F) kⁱamkⁱm/ϭⲁⲙϭⲙ, (B) khomkhəm/ϫⲟⲙϫⲉⲙ,
(F) kⁱamkⁱē,/ϭⲁⲙϭⲏⲙ, (sA) kⁱamkⁱm/ϭⲁⲙϭⲙ , (S, A, sA) kⁱmkⁱōm/ϭⲙϭⲱⲙ , (B) khəmkhōm/ϫⲉⲙϫⲱⲙ (touch, grope) Coptic
gmi : (find, look for, use (one's hand), be able to (do something), control (land)
gm (find) Demotic
kʲinə/ϭⲓⲛⲉ (S, A, sA, F), djimi/ϫⲓⲙⲓ (B), kʲimi/ϭⲓⲙⲓ (F), kʲini/ϭⲓⲛⲓ (F) , djini/ϫⲓⲛⲓ (F), kʲn/ϭⲛ (S, A, sA, F, Sf), kⁱān/ϭⲉⲛ (S, F),
kn/ⲕⲛ (S), kⁱin/ϭⲓⲛ(S), djəm/ϫⲉⲙ (B), djin/ϫⲓⲛ (F), kʲnt/ϭⲛⲧ (S, A, sA), kʲənt/ϭⲉⲛⲧ (S, F), knt/ⲕⲛⲧ (S),
kʲēnt/ϭⲏⲛⲧ (S), gn/ⲅⲛ (S), djəm/ϫⲉⲙ (B), kʲēt/ϭⲏⲧ (F), djint/ϫⲓⲛⲧ (F), kʲn/ϭⲛ (F), kʲēn/ϭⲏⲛ (F) (find);
kʲomkⁱəm/ϭⲟⲙϭⲉⲙ , djomdjəm/ϫⲟⲙϫⲉⲙ (to find, to use one's hand) Coptic
kʰom/ϰομ- (Meeks) Greek
gī:mi ('to find') (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ɡɛmi (modern Egyptological); kʲinə (UE, S) IPA
gemi Traditional Pronunciation
~ gmi.i, gmi.n.i (I found)
A-i-kʲinə/ Ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉ (from A-i-kʲinə əm-p-a-eioːt/Ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉ ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲉⲓⲱⲧ 'I found my father.') Coptic
~ gmt , gmj.t (find)
ˈkʼiːmit (P-OK), ˈkʼiːmiʔ (LMK) , ˈkʼiːma (NK), ˈkʼiːmə (LK 1200 BCE), ˈkʲʼiːmə (LP after 400 BCE),
ˈt͡ʃʼiːmə (RP-E Coptic), ˈd͡ʒiːmə (1300-1400 CE), ˈɟiːmə (1400 CE),ˈd͡ʒimi (1858-1940 CE),
jimi/ϫⲓⲙⲓ (Coptic) (ref Loprieno) Evolution
gī:mi(t) ('to find') (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
djimi/ϫⲓⲙⲓ Coptic
gnn : (become soft or weak)
kⁱnon/ϭⲛⲟⲛ (S, B), kⁱnan/ϭⲛⲁⲛ (Sf, F), kⁱēn/ϭⲏⲛ (S, A, F), kⁱhon/ϭⲟⲛ (S), kⁱan/ϭⲁⲛ (sA), djēn/ϫⲏⲛ (B),
kⁱnēout/ϭⲛⲏⲟⲩⲧ (B) (be soft, smooth, weak ) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 B.C.E.) kʼaˈnan, (Middle Egyptian, 1700 B.C.E.) kʼaˈnan, (Late Egyptian, 800 B.C.E.) kʼəˈnan,
(modern Egyptological) ɡɛnɛn IPA
gns : (act of violence)
kⁱons, chons/ϭⲟⲛⲥ (S, A), kⁱans/ϭⲁⲛⲥ (A, sA, F), kⁱaans/ϭⲁⲁⲛⲥ (sA), djons/ϫⲟⲛⲥ (B),
dja(n)s/ϫⲁ(ⲛ)ⲥ (F) (might, violence) Coptic
gr : (to be silent, be mute, quiet, still, cease, desist)
kⁱō/ϭⲱ (stop, be silent) Coptic
grg : (found (a land), establish (a house), people (a place), furnish (waste lands with veg), settle (crown on king),
provide (for), set in order, be ready, put one's trust (in), make preparation, hunter)
(S, sA) kⁱōrkⁱ/ϭⲱⲣϭ, (B) gōrg/ϫⲱⲣϫ, (F) garg/ϫⲁⲣϫ , (S) kⁱorkⁱ/ϭⲟⲣϭ , (sA) kⁱarkⁱ/ϭⲁⲣϭ , (B, f) gorg/ϫⲟⲣϫ,
(S) kⁱolkⁱ/ϭⲟⲗϭ ; (S, A, sA) kⁱōrkⁱ/ϭⲱⲣϭ (hunt, waylay, snare, provide, prepare, preparation,
equipment, inhabit, settle, live, foundation, habitation) Coptic
grg : (lie, falsehood)
glk (lie) Demotic
(S) kⁱol/ϭⲟⲗ , (Sf, A, sA, F) kⁱal/ϭⲁⲗ (lie, liar) Coptic
ɡɛrɛɡ (modern Egyptological) IPA
gereg Traditional Pronunciation
grgt : (dowry)
qrēqā, chrēchā/ϭⲣⲏϭⲉ (S), qrēdji, chrēdji/ϭⲣⲏϫⲓ (B), qrēqi, chrēchi/ϭⲣⲏϭⲓ (F) (dowry) Coptic
ga'rū:gat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
(Old Egyptian, 2500 B.C.E.) kʼaˈɾuːkʼ(V)t, (Middle Egyptian,1700 B.C.E.) kʼaˈɾuːkʼ(V)ʔ,
(Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 B.C.E.) kʼəˈɾuːkʼaʔ, (Late Egyptian, 800 B.C.E.) kʼəˈɾeːkʼə (Loprieno) IPA
grH: (night)
gwrH? Demotic
grḥ; garḥ, gerḥ (Budge); qrH, knH, knHw 𓎡𓈖𓎛𓅱𓇰 Alt Egyptian
gōrḥ/ϫⲱⲣϩ, gōrᵉḥ/ϫⲱⲣϩ︦ ? Old Coptic
kⁱōrḥ/ϭⲱⲣϩ (S, sA, F), kōrḥ/ⲕⲱⲣϩ (S), kⁱōraḥ/ϭⲱⲣⲁϩ (S), gōrḥ/ϫⲱⲣϩ (B), èdjōrḥ/ⲉ̀ϫⲱⲣϩ (B) (night);
e'gōrh /'ⲉϫⲱⲣϩ, (S) kōrḥ /ⲕⲱⲣϩ, kⁱōrᵉḥ /ϭⲱⲣϩ︦, (B) gōrḥ /ϫⲱⲣϩ, (B) egōrḥ /ⲉϫⲱⲣϩ,
gōrḥ /ϫⲱⲣϩ (good night); kⁱōrḥ(p)/ϭⲱⲣϩ(ⲡ) (night, dark, darkness) Coptic
ɡɛrɛħ (modern Egyptological) IPA
gereh, ḳereḥ (more accurate) Traditional Pronunciation
ḳōraḥ Fix
~ ref (DOTEL KA)
~ nofri e-gōrḥ /nfr grH
nofri e-gōrḥ/ⲛⲟϥⲣⲓ 'ⲉϫⲱⲣϩ (S) Coptic
gr-ni-pt : (pigeon)
gr (bird) + nj (of) + pt (sky) Evolution
garp-t (dove, pigeon) Budge
grmp (pigeon) Demotic
(S) kⁱroompā/ϭⲣⲟⲟⲙⲡⲉ, (S) kⁱārompā/ϭⲉⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ , (A, sA, F) kⁱrampā/ϭⲣⲁⲙⲡⲉ , (A) kⁱraampā/ϭⲣⲁⲁⲙⲡⲉ ,
(F) kⁱārampā/ϭⲉⲣⲁⲙⲡⲉ, (F) djrampi/ϫⲣⲁⲙⲡⲓ , (NH) kⁱrompā/ϭⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ (Dove), (B) kⁱrompi/ϭⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ (dove, pigeon) Coptic
gs : (side, border (of land), half )
gisā/ גִיסָא Hebrew
(S) kⁱos/ϭⲟⲥ , (Sa, F) kⁱas/ϭⲁⲥ , (S) kas/ⲕⲁⲥ , (B) gos/ϫⲟⲥ, (S, F) kⁱis/ϭⲓⲥ , (S) kⁱās/ϭⲉⲥ , (sA) ks/ⲕⲥ ,
(B) djās/ϫⲉⲥ (half) Coptic
(OE 2500 BC) kʼas ; (ME 1700 BC) kʼas ; (Amarna-period LE 1350 BC) kʼas ; (LE 800 BC) kʼas IPA
gs : (Embalmed)
kās /ⲕⲉⲥ Coptic
gsty : (scribe's palette, scribe's vessel, ink vessel)
gstj Alt Egyptian
ke-set Late Kingdom
gst Demotic
kst/𐤊𐤎𐤕 (כסת ) Old Hebrew
késet, keh'-seth /קֶסֶת (qeceth) (scribe's palette, inkstand, inkwell ) Hebrew
qasute/ቀሱት (a waterpot, water vesse) Ethiopic
kⁱast/ϭⲁⲥⲧ, khost/ϭⲟⲥⲧ (mesure) Coptic
ˈkʼastVj (Old Egyptian, 2500-Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), kʼast (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE),
ɡɛsti (modern Egyptological) IPA
taʔ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
gesti Traditional Pronunciation
gwA: (pull tight, be choked)
gāwaꜢ Demotic
kⁱōou /ϬⲰOⲨ (S), djuoun /ϪⲰOⲨⲚ (B) (to push off) Coptic
hAb : (send (someone, something), send for)
hꜢb (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
hb Demotic
(S) ḥōb/ϩⲱⲃ , (B) ḥōv/ϩⲱⲃ , (S) ḥab/ϩⲁⲃ (send) Coptic
hɑb (modern Egyptological) IPA
hAi : (descend (intransitive) to fall, to drop (intransitive) to come, to walk, to charge upon, to fall upon (an enemy)
həi/ϩⲉⲓ (B), hə/ϩⲉ (S) (husband) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈhiʀjit , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈhiʀjiʔ , (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BCE) ˈheʔjaʔ ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈheʔjə
hAy, HA, HAi, hi : (Husband)
hi Alt Egyptian
hy Demotic
(S, B) hai /ϩⲁⲓ , (A, F) hāi/ϩⲉⲓ , (sA) hāāi/ϩⲉⲉⲓ (husband); hoout/ϩⲟⲟⲩⲧ , havt/ϩⲁⲩⲧ ,
hout /ϩⲟⲩⲧ (male, husband, wild man or plant); haāi /ϩⲁⲉⲓ (husband) Coptic
~ redi em hy/ rdi m hy (take a husband for a women) Egyptian
tshi hai /ϭⲓϩⲁⲓ (B) , dji hai /ϫⲓϩⲁⲓ (S) (take a husband (for women) Coptic
hAb : (sending, errand)
hb (matter) Demotic
hōb/ϩⲱⲃ Old Copitc
(S, A, sA, B, F) hōb/ϩⲱⲃ, (S, sA, F) hōf/ϩⲱϥ, (S) ōf/ⲱϥ, (S, F) hof/ϩⲟϥ, (F) ob/ⲟⲃ, (F) hōbi/ϩⲱⲃⲓ, (F) obi/ⲟⲃⲓ,
(F) obbi/ⲟⲃⲃⲓ, (B) həb/ϩⲉⲃ (thing, work, matter, event) Coptic
~ hAbw : (plural)
hbny , hbnj : (ebony)
hbyny Demotic
ʾaḇnūsāʾ/ ܐܒܢܘܣܐ Classical Syriac
hovnéh/ הָבְנֶה Hebrew
ebenos/ ἔβενος, ebénē/ἐβένη Greek
ⲉⲃⲉⲛⲟⲥ/ebenos (S,B) Coptic
hebenus, ebenus Latin
abnūs/𐭠𐭡𐭭𐭥𐭮 , ʾpnws Middle Persian
ébèbe French
(5th BCE Attic) é.be.nos , (1st CE Egyptian) ˈe.be.nos , (4th CE Koine)ˈe.βe.nos ,
(10th CE Byzantine) ˈe.ve.nos , (15th CE Constantinopolitan) ˈe.ve.nos IPA
hby : (ibis) 𓉔𓃀𓏭𓅞
hb Demotic
hbw 𓉔𓃀𓏲𓆃 Alt Egyptian
hibōē /ϩⲓⲃⲱⲓ (S, F), həbōē /ϩⲉⲃⲱⲓ (S), hibowwi /ϩⲓⲃⲟⲩⲓ (S), hbowwi /ϩⲃⲟⲩⲓ (S), habiowwi/ϩⲁⲃⲓⲟⲩⲓ (S),
hifouē /ϩⲓϥⲟⲩⲓ (B), hbowwi /ϩⲃⲟⲩⲓ (B), hipowwi /ϩⲓⲡⲟⲩⲓ (B), hip/ϩⲓⲡ (B), he/ϩⲉ (S), hb/ϩⲃ (S) (Ibis) Coptic
ībis Latin
îbis/ἶβῐς (Ibis) Greek
(5th BCE Attic) îː.bis , (1st CE Egyptian)ˈi.bis , (4th CE Koine) ˈi.βis m ,
(10th CE Byzantine) ˈi.vis , (15th CE Constantinopolitan) i.vis Greek IPA
/ˈhibjaw/ → /ˈhijbaw/ → /ˈhiːbəʔ/ → /ˈhiːp/ Alt pronunciation
hibuy or hebuy (S) Possible correction
hmhm : (roar (bull, roar)
(S, Sf, sA) hmhm/ϩⲙϩⲙ, (A) hmhā/ϩⲙϩⲙⲉ, (Sf, F) hēmhām/ϩⲏⲙϩⲉⲙ,
(B) hāmhām/ ϩⲉⲙϩⲉⲙ (roar, neigh, of lion, of horse, of demon, of man) Coptic
hmw : (jar, pot, hin measure 1/2 liter)
hnw Alt Egyptian
ḫi-na (jar) Akkadian Cuneiform
(S, B) hin/ϩⲓⲛ , (S) āin/ⲉⲓⲛ (vessel, cup, so liquid measure) Coptic
הׅין Hebrew
'hiːnaw Alt Pronunciation
hinew (possible) Pronunciation
hnw : (praise (of god or king)
haw/hallu Proto-Sinaitic
haw/hillul Proto-Canaanite
hp : (law)
hp (aw, justice, right) Demotic
hap/ϩⲁⲡ Old Coptic
(S, B) hap/ϩⲁⲡ , (S) hop/ϩⲟⲡ , (A, sA, F) hāp/ϩⲉⲡ , (sA) āp/ⲉⲡ (judgement, inquest) Coptic
hrp : (sink under, drown, be immersed, suppress (one's desires), downhearted)
hurᵉp /ϩⲱⲣⲛ︦ Coptic
hrp : (peace, pleasantness)
hirē/ϩⲓⲣⲏ (peace) Coptic
~ hrw : (be pleased, satisfied, content, be quiet, at peace)
hirē/ϩⲓⲣⲏ (peace) Coptic
hrw : (day, day time)
hrw (day) Demotic
hrw(w) 𓉔𓂋𓏲𓇳𓏺 (alt Egyptian) > (hAwt?) 𓉔𓄿𓏲𓏏𓇳𓏺, 𓉔𓏯𓏏𓇳
(hắr\ w ͝ w > hắꜢ\ w ͝ w > hắw> oou /ϩⲟⲟⲩ (S, sA, F) (Ref. Junge);
hrww/harwuw/>/ϩⲟⲟⲩ/hoʔw (ref Loprieno) Evolution
hroou /ϩⲣⲟⲟⲩ, ə-hroou /'ⲉϩⲣⲟⲟⲩ (S), hoou /ϩⲟⲟⲩ (S, sA, F), əhoou /ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ (B), hōouə /ϩⲱⲟⲩⲉ (A),
ḥoouə/ϩⲟⲟⲩⲉ (Sa, A, sA), ḥa(o)u / ϩⲁ(ⲟ)ⲩ (F), ḥaa(o)u /ϩⲁⲁ(ⲟ)ⲩ (Sf, F), ḥou /ϩⲟⲩ (S, A, F) Coptic
jour French
haru-u > hrww /harwuw/ ϩⲟⲟⲩ /hoʔw/ (Loprieno) Evolution
'harwuw (Loprieno) IPA
hǎws Alt Pronunciation
~ wa hrw : a day (one day)
w'-hɜw Late Kingdom
ou-ho-ou /ⲞⲨ-ϩⲟⲟⲩ (a day) Coptic
~ hrw nfr : good day
nofri ə-ho-ou /ⲛⲟϥⲣⲓ 'ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ, āhooün (good day) Coptic
~ hrw(w) , hrw.w : days (plur)
𓉔𓄿𓂋𓏲𓇳𓏺𓏪 hā\ r ͝ w > aḥrəw /ⲀϨⲢⲈⲨ (Ref. Junge) Demotic
ḥrəw /ϨⲢⲈⲨ (A, sA) Coptic
haruu-u > hrw.w /ha'ruww/ ϩⲢⲈⲨ /hrew/ (Loprieno) Evolution
harǔwaw to harěw ha'ruww (Loprieno) Alternative Pronunciation
~ pA hrw : today
n pꜢ hrw Demotic
ⲡⲟⲟⲩ (ⲡϩⲟⲟⲩ) (today) Coptic
H
HA : (would that!)
Hwy (would that!), ḥa (Budge) HA, HA A, Hwi A Alt Egyptian
ḥꜢ (Satzinger) Old-Middle Egyptian
ḥl (Satzinger) Late Egyptian
ħɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ha, ḥah (more accurate) Traditional Pronunciation
HAg : (be glad)
ḥꜢg (Satzinger) (to be glad) Old- Middle Egyptian
ḥlg (Satzinger) (to be glad) Late Egyptian
ḥlk (sweet) Demotic
(S) ḥloq/ϩⲗⲟϭ , (A, sA, F) ḥlaq/ϩⲗⲁϭ, (Sa) ḥlak/ϩⲗⲁⲕ , (B) ḥlog/ϩⲗⲟϫ , (Sf) ḥallādj/ϩⲁⲗⲗⲉϫ , (A, sA, F) ḥalq/ϩⲁⲗϭ ,
(sA, F) ḥalāq/ϩⲁⲗⲉϭ , (B) ḥolg/ϩⲟⲗϫ , (F) ḥalg/ϩⲁⲗϫ , (S, sA) ḥalq/ϩⲁⲗϭ , (sA) ḥlq/ϩⲗϭ (be sweet, take delight) Coptic
ḥalu/حلو (sweet) Arabic
HA-ib : (want, grief, sorrow)
(S, Sf, A, sA) ḥēbā/ϩⲏⲃⲉ , (S, Sf) ḥēēbā/ϩⲏⲏⲃⲉ , (S) ḥēibā/ϩⲏⲓⲃⲉ , (A) ēbā/ⲏⲃⲉ , (B, F) ḥēbi/ϩⲏⲃⲓ, (B, F) ḥēibi/ϩⲏⲓⲃⲓ ,
(B) chēbi/ϧⲏⲃⲓ, (B) chēibi/ϧⲏⲓⲃⲓ (grief, mourning) Coptic
HAp : ( to conceal, to hide)
ḥp Demotic
ḥōp/ϩⲱⲡ Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈħaːʀap , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈħaːʀap , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈħoːʔəp IPA
Hapi : (God Hapy)
Hapy (name of the Nile , inundation) 𓎛𓂝𓊪𓈘, 𓎛𓂝𓊪𓏭𓈘𓈗
ḥꜥpj Alt Egyptian
ḥōpi/ϩⲱⲡⲓ Coptic
ħɑːpi IPA
HAt : (front, beginning (of region), foremost, front part, forehead, forepart, prow (of ship), vanguard (of army)
ḥɜ.t ALT Egyptian
ḥ(.t), ḥꜢ.t Demotic
ḫu-ú > ḫe-e Akkadian
eḥēt/ⲉϩⲏⲧ Old Coptic
ḥēt/ ϩⲏⲧ (S, A, sA, B), ḥē, ha /ϩⲏ (S, B, F), ḥiē/ϩⲓⲏ (S), eḥē/ⲉϩⲏ (S, sA), ḥi/ϩⲓ (A), eḥi/ⲉϩⲓ (A), eḥiei/ⲉϩⲓⲉⲓ (A),
ḥi/ϩⲓ (A, sA), eḥēt/ⲉϩⲏⲧ (S) (fore part, beginning) ; ḥouït/ϩⲟⲩⲉⲓⲧ (S, F), ḥouit/ϩⲟⲩⲓⲧ (sA, B, F, O) (first, beginning) Coptic
ˈħuːʀit (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE), ˈħuːʀiʔ (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE), ˈħeːʔə (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE),
ħɑt (modern Egyptological) IPA
ḥuRi:t > ḥe (Loprieno); ḫi-e (en.wikiversity.org) Alt Pronunciation
hat Traditional Pronunciation
~ HAt a : (beginning, the first part)
ḥouïtā /ϩⲟⲩⲉⲓⲧⲉ (S), ḥouitā/ ϩⲟⲩⲓⲧⲉ (S, A, sA), ḥouiti/ϩⲟⲩⲓϯ (B, F) (Female) (first, beginning) ? Coptic
ḥu'Ri:tij (Loprieno), ḥɜ.tʲ Alt Pronunciation
hat a, ḥat ā (more accurate) Traditional Pronunciation
~ HAwt : (front, beginning (of region), foremost, front part, forehead, forepart, prow (of ship), vanguard (of army) (plural)
ḥouatā /ϩⲟⲩⲁⲧⲉ (S), ḥouati /ϩⲟⲩⲁϯ (B), ḥouāti /ϩⲟⲩⲉϯ (F) (first, beginning) Coptic
HAty : (Heart)
ḥꜢṱ (heart) Demotic
ḥtē /ϩⲧⲏ , ḥēt /ϩⲏⲧ, ḥtā /ϩⲧⲉ Old Coptic
ḥēt /ϩⲏⲧ (S, A, sA, B, F), ḥtē /ϩⲧⲏ (S, A, sA, F), ḥtᵉʰē /ϩⲑⲏ (B),
eḥtē /ⲉϩⲧⲏ (B), ēt/ ⲏⲧ (A), ḥtēi /ϨⲦⲎⲒ (heart, mind) Coptic
hati Malay
~ iay-HAty : to cool, to gratify the mind, to be appeased
iat ib Alt Egyptian
āiō ḥēt/ⲉⲓⲱ ϩⲏⲧ (S,B) Coptic
HAw : (to be naked, take off clothes, to strip naked, undress)
(S) ḥēu /ϩⲏⲩ, kaḥēu /ⲕⲁϩⲏⲩ Coptic
HAy(t) : (rain, flood water, storm)
HAiw (Budge) Alt Egyptian
hou /ϩⲟⲩ, hoou /ϩⲟⲟⲩ, hou /ϩⲱⲟⲩ Coptic
HAy(t) : (flooded land, field canal) ME
ḥaꜢǎyat or ḥǎꜢyat Alternative Pronunciation
ḥoi /ϩⲟⲓ (S) Coptic
~ HAywt : (plur)
ḥaꜢyǐwat Alternative Pronunciation
ḥieewā /ϩⲓⲉⲉⲩ(ⲉ) (S) (plur) Coptic
Hb : (festival, celebrate)
ḥb (feast) Demotic
HAb (festival) Alt Egyptian
(S, B) ḥop/ϩⲟⲡ , (S) ḥoop/ϩⲟⲟⲡ , (sA, S) ḥap/ϩⲁⲡ, (F) ḥaap/ϩⲁⲁⲡ (feast, marriage feast, bride-chamber);
ḥōb/ϨⲰⲂ? (S, A, sA, B, F) (event) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ħaˈʀab , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ħaˈʀab , (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BCE) ˈħiːbaʔ ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ħap IPA
~ HAbi : to celebrate a festival
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈħiʀbit , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈħiʀbiʔ ,
(Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BCE) ˈħiːbaʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈħiːβə IPA
Hb : (mourn)
ḥēbe/ϩⲏⲃⲉ (S, Sf, A, sA), ḥēēbe/ϩⲏⲏⲃⲉ (S, Sf), ḥēibe/ϩⲏⲓⲃⲉ (S), ēbe/ⲏⲃⲉ (A), ḥēbi/ϩⲏⲃⲓ (B, F), ḥēibi/ϩⲏⲓⲃⲓ (B, F),
khēbi/ϧⲏⲃⲓ (B), khēibi /ϧⲏⲓⲃⲓ (B) Coptic
Hbs : (clothe, be clothed, don (garment), furnish (house), hide, cover up, garment, clothes, clothing, cloth, covering)
Hbswt (cloth) Alt Egyptian
ḥbs (garment) Demotic
(S, A, sA) ḥboos/ϩⲃⲟⲟⲥ , (S, B) ḥbos/ϩⲃⲟⲥ, (S, B) ḥbōs/ϩⲃⲱⲥ , (Sa, sA, F) ḥbas/ϩⲃⲁⲥ (covering, garment, linen) Coptic
ħɛbɛs (modern Egyptological) IPA
hebes Traditional Pronunciation
~ Hbsw (clothing plural)
Hbswt (clothing?) Alt Egyptian
(S, A, F) ϩⲃⲱⲱⲥ , (B, F) ϩⲃⲱⲥ , (B) ⲉϩⲃⲱⲥ (Plur : covering, garment, linen) Coptic
HD : (white, bright)
hedj Budge
ḥč̣ Schenkel
'ḥwa:ra:/ܚܘܵܪܵܐ ,'ḥwo:ro: /ܚܘܳܪܳܐ < 'ḥwr/ ܚܘܪ Syriac
häch'a /ሀጫ (white) Ethiopic
hvid Danish
'abyd /أبيض Arabic
ḥat /ϩⲁⲧ (S) (B), ḥatā /ϩⲁⲧⲉ (S), ḥaatā /ϩⲁⲁⲧⲉ (S), ḥaat /ϩⲁⲁⲧ (S), ḥēt /ϩⲏⲧ, ḥāt /ϩⲉⲧ (white); wauopsh /ⳣⲟⲡϣ (white) Coptic
Verb (infinitive): (OE, 2500 B.C.E.) /ħaːcʼ/ , (ME, 1700 B.C.E.) /ħaːtʼ/, (LE, 800 B.C.E.) /ħoːtʼ/;
Verb (stative, state or condition): (OE 2500 B.C.E.) /ˈħuːcʼaw/, (ME 1700 B.C.E.) /ˈħuːtʼaw/,
(LE 800 B.C.E.) /ħeːtʼ/, IPA
hebes ; HuDD-[i] (verbal *HiDaDD- or *HaaDeD) (Sami Paldanius) Alt Pronunciation
hedj Traditional Pronunciation
ḥadj Fix
~ sHD : (to illuminate, to lighten up, to throw light on, to clear up, to explain)
caḥte /ⲥⲁϩⲧⲉ Coptic
HD : (silver)
ḥt (silver, money) Demotic
hõbe Estonian
hõpõ Võro
(S) ḥatā/ϩⲁⲧⲉ, (S) ḥaatā/ϩⲁⲁⲧⲉ, (S) ḥaat/ϩⲁⲁⲧ , (silver) ; (Sa, F) ḥēt/ϩⲏⲧ , (S, B) ḥat/ϩⲁⲧ ,
(Sa, A, sA, F) ḥāt/ϩⲉⲧ (silver, coin, money) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ħicʼ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ħitʼ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ħetʼ IPA
hedj Traditional Pronunciation
HD-dHty : ( tin 'White lead')
khas-it , 𓂓𓊃𓏭?; khasi-ta 𓂓𓊃𓏭𓇾? (tin) Alt Egyptian
kastIra / कस्तीर (tin) Sanskrit
kassíteron/ κασσίτερον (tin, 'literally the metal or earth from the land of the Kassi') (tin) Ancient Greek
kassiteros /κασσίτερος , khattíteros/ϰαττίτερος ; kassiteroV (Homer Iliad) (tin) Greek
qəsdīrā/ קְסֵטִירָא (tin) Aramaic
kas’dim , K-S-D (needs source?) (tin) Hebrew
qasdayr, kas-deer /قصدير (tin) Arabic
kasitērə/ⲕⲁⲥⲓⲧⲏⲣⲉ, kasitērən/ⲕⲁⲥⲓⲧⲏⲣⲉⲛ, kasitērn/ⲕⲁⲥⲓⲧⲏⲣⲛ (S) (tin) Coptic
HDw : (Onion)
mḏl (onion) Demotic
ēdji /ⲏϫⲓ (B), ētshe /ⲏϭⲉ (S) (leek, onion?); mˈdjōl/ⲙϫⲱⲗ (S, B), mdjōr/ⲙϫⲱⲣ (S), āmdjōl/ⲉⲙϫⲱⲗ (S, B),
mdjoul/ⲙϫⲟⲩⲗ (B) (onion); ḥtit/ϩϯⲧ (S, B), ḥtit/ϩⲧⲓⲧ (S, B), djol/ϫⲟⲗ (onion), āmdjōl ḥāut/ⲉⲙϫⲱⲗ ϩⲉⲩⲧ (wild onion) Coptic
būṣlā/ בּוּצְלָא ; bwsˤla/ בוצלא (onion) Aramaic
baṣal (onion) Proto-West Semitic
bāṣāl/ בָּצָל (onion) Hebrew
baṣal/ بصل (onion) Arabic
HfA(w) : (snake)
Hf Demotic
ḥfꜢw Middle Kingdom
(S, B) ḥof /ϩⲟϥ , (S) ḥob /ϩⲟⲃ, (S) ḥop /ϩⲟⲡ, (S) ḥōb /ϩⲱⲃ , (A, sA, F) ḥaf /ϩⲁϥ Coptic
ħɛfɑuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
/ḥafʀaw/> ϩⲟϥ /hof/ (Loprieno) Evolution
ḥafɜaw (Loprieno), hǎf(Ꜣaw) Alt Pronunciation
hefau Traditional Pronunciation
~ HfAwt : (snakes) (female)
ḥfō /ϩϥⲱ (S, B), ḥbō /ϩⲃⲱ (S, sA, F), ḥbou /ϩⲃⲟⲩ (A) Coptic
ḥafꜢāw(at) Alt Pronunciation
~ HfAyw : (snakes) (plur)
ḥboui /ϨⲂOⲨⲒ (S , B) Coptic
hafꜢǎwaw Alt Pronunciation
Hfn : (100,000 , hundred thousand)
shā ensho /ϣⲉ ⲛ⳰ϣⲟ Coptic
HH : (forever, eternity, million ,cyclical eternity
ḥḥ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ḥaḥ/ϩⲁϩ (many, much) Coptic
ħɛħ (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.) IPA
ḥāḥ , ḥaḥ (Callender, Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ nHH : belonging to a million (years)
~ nde (million) Igbo
~ nêtsaḥ/ נֵצַח (eternity) Hebrew
~ ˈnijħaħ (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.), ˈnijħaħ (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C.), ˈneʔħəħ (Late Egyptian 800 B.C.) IPA
~ ənəḥ/ⲉⲛⲉϩ (S, B, F), ənəḥə/ⲉⲛⲉϩⲉ (S), ənēḥə/ⲉⲛⲏϩⲉ (S, F), anēḥə/ⲁⲛⲏϩⲉ (A, sA, L)
(Eternity); ənəḥ/ⲉⲛⲉϩ (eternal, forever, eternally) Coptic
HkA : (Magic, spells, sorcery)
hik /ϩⲓⲕ (S, A, sA, B, F) (magic) Coptic
kišpū/𒆠𒅖𒁍 (sorcery) Akkadian
~ HkA(w): (Magic, spells)
ḥik /ϩⲓⲕ (S, A, sA, B, F) , ḥako /ϩⲁⲕⲟ (S), akō /ⲁⲕⲱ (B) (magic, spells) Coptic
HkAw, HkAy : (magician)
ḥqꜢw Middle Egyptian
ḥako /ϩⲁⲕⲟ (S, sA), ḥaka /ϩⲁⲕⲁ (Sf), ḥago /ϩⲁⲅⲟ (S), akhō /ⲁⲭⲱ (B), akō/ⲀⲔⲰ (B), eakhō /ⲁ́ⲭⲱ (magician, wizard) Coptic
ḥakꜢǎ(w) Alt Pronunciation
~ HkAyw : (magicians)
akhōowwi /ⲁⲭⲱⲟⲩⲓ (B) (Magicians, wizards) Coptic
ḥakꜢǎwaw Alt Pronunciation
Hqr : (be hungry, hunger)
HqA ? Alt Egyptian
(S, A, sA, B) ḥko/ϩⲕⲟ , (S, B) āḥko/ⲉϩⲕⲟ, (F) ḥka/ϩⲕⲁ, (F) ḥika/ϩⲓⲕⲁ , (S) ḥkaït/ϩⲕⲁⲉⲓⲧ, (S) ḥkoït/ϩⲕⲟⲉⲓⲧ , (S) ḥokr/ϩⲟⲕⲣ ,
(A, sA) ḥkāāt/ϩⲕⲉⲉⲧ , (sA) ḥït/ϩⲕⲉⲓⲧ , (B) ḥokār/ϩⲟⲕⲉⲣ , (F) ḥakāl/ϩⲁⲕⲉⲗ (to hunger) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ħaˈqʼaɾ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ħaˈqʼaʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ħəˈqʼaʔ IPA
ḥaḳár (possible) Pronunciation
ḥqor Fix
HmAt : (salt)
ḥmou/ϩⲙⲟⲩ (S, A, B), ḥemou/ϩⲉⲙⲟⲩ (F) Coptic
намак Tajik
hal'-as/ ἅλας Greek
mlḥā/ܡܠܚܐ Syriac
milh /ملح Arabic
meh'-lakh /מֶלַח, מֶ֫לַח Hebrew
HmD : (vinegar)
ḥmsch/ḥmṣ/𐎈𐎎𐎕(vinegar) Ugaritic
ḫal/𒂁𒄬 (pot, earthen container for storing liquids) Sumerian
ḫabāṣu, ḫamāṣu/𒄩𒁀𒍮 (to be cheerful, to be elated from alcohol); ḫallu/𒂁𒄬 (vinegar) Akkadian
ḥāmiḍ/ حامض (sour), ḥamuḍa/ حَمُضَ (to ferment, go sour) Arabic
ḥmˁ /ܚܡܥ (to ferment , to leaven , to mix) Classical Syriac
ḥamútza/ חמוצא (sour (having an acid, sharp or tangy taste); ḥallā/ חָלָא (vinegar) Aramaic
ḥṓmets, ħaːˈmeːsˤ (biblical)/ חֹמֶץ (vinegar), ḥamūts/ חומץ (sour) Hebrew
ḥᵉmdj /ϩⲙ︦ϫ , (S, A, sA, F) ḥmdj/ϩⲙϫ , (S, B, F) ḥəmdj/ϩⲉⲙϫ , (S, F) ḥēmdj/ϩⲏⲙϫ (vinegar); (S) ḥmodj/ϩⲙⲟϫ ,
(S, B) ḥomdj/ϩⲟⲙϫ , (S) ḥomēdj/ϩⲟⲙⲏϫ, (Sa) ḥamdj/ϩⲁⲙϫ , (Sf) ḥamēdj/ϩⲁⲙⲏϫ (become, be sour) Coptic
Hms(i): (dell in, sit, sit down, seat (someone)
ḥms Demotic
ḥmoos /ϩⲙⲟⲟⲥ (F), ḥemsi /ϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ (B), ḥmest/ ϩⲙⲉⲥⲧ (A), ḥmes/ϩⲙⲉⲥ (A), ḥmast/ϩⲙⲁⲥⲧ (A), ḥmost/ϩⲙⲟⲥⲧ (A),
ḥmas/ϩⲙⲁⲥ (F), ḥmaas/ϩⲙⲁⲁⲥ (F), ḥemas/ϩⲉⲙⲁⲥ (F). hmest/ϩⲙⲉⲥⲧ (L), hmes/ϩⲙⲉⲥ (L), hmast/ϩⲙⲁⲥⲧ (L),
hmas/ϩⲙⲁⲥ (L), hmaas/ϩⲙⲁⲁⲥ (L), ḥmoos/ ϩⲙⲟⲟⲥ (S) (to sit, dwell) Coptic
(OE 2500 BCE) ˈħimsit , (ME 1700 BCE) ˈħimsiʔ , (Amarna-period LE 1350 BCE) ˈħemsa ,
(LE 800 BCE)ˈħemsə IPA
ḥemōs(i) Fix
Hm : (servant , 'priest')
ḫl Demotic
khn / 𐤊𐤄𐤍 (priest) Phoenician
khnt/ 𐎋𐎅𐎐𐎚 (priest) Ugaritic
ḫu-ru , ḫr (slave) Syrian
kāhדnā/ כָּהֲנָא Aramaic
kōhēn/ כֹּהֵן Hebrew
ḥᵉm /ϩⲙ︦; (S, A, sA, B, F) ḥam/ϩⲁⲙ , (S) ḥm/ϩⲙ , (B) am/ⲁⲙ (craftsman); (S, sA) ḥal/ϩⲁⲗ, (A) khāl/ⳉⲉⲗ ,
(F) ḥāl/ϩⲉⲗ (servant, slave) Coptic
kāhin/كَاهِن Arabic
ħɛm (Modern Egyptological) IPA
hem, ḥem Traditional Pronunciation
~ Hm nTr : (priest , prophet 'servant of god')
annata/ant/𐦠𐦩𐦴 (priest) Meroitic
ḥam'naṯar (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ḥont/ϩⲟⲛⲧ (priest) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) ˈħamˌnacaɾ, (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) ˈħamˌnataʔ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BC)ˈħannətə IPA
~ Hmw : (servants)
ḥmēv/ϩⲙⲏⲩ, ḥmāv/ϩⲙⲉⲩ (craftsman) (plur) Coptic
~~ Hmt : (wife, woman, servant)nfr
ḥijam ḥjmt /ḥijmat/ > ḥiːmə/ϩⲓⲙⲉ Evolution
Hmt (wife) Demotic
khnt/𐎋𐎅𐎐𐎚 Ugaritic
khnt / 𐤊𐤄𐤍𐤕 (priestess) Phoenician
kohénet/ כוהנת , כֹּהֶנֶת (wife or duaghter of cohen/ priest) Hebrew
ḥimā /ϩⲓⲙⲉ (wife/women) Old Coptic
ḥimi /ϩⲓⲙⲓ (B), ḥim / ϩⲓⲙ (S), ḥēm /ϩⲏⲙ (F), himə/ⳋⲓⲙⲉ, ḥimə , himè(Amentet Neferet)/ϩⲓⲙⲉ (S, A, sA) (wife/women)
; ḥiomi/ϨⲒⲞⲘⲒ (women) Coptic
haenim/ ها َنـِم (lady) Egyptian Arabic
ħijmat, 'ħi.matʰ (JPA) (OE); ħi.ma(tʰ) (JPA) (ME); 'ħi.ma (JPA) (LE); ħɛmɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
ḥiʲmat (Loprieno), ḥym.t (Vycichl) Alt Pronunciation
hemet, ḥemet Traditional Pronunciation
ḥimāt Fix
~ rdi m Hmt : marry (for women) Egyptian
tshi es ḥimi /ϭⲓⲥ⳰ϩⲓⲙⲓ (B), dji ᵉs ḥimi /ϫⲓⲥ︦ϩⲓⲙⲉ (S) (to take a wife, to marry) Coptic
redi em hemet Traditional Pronunciation
~ Hmwt : (wives, women) Egyptian
ḥiʲamwat (Loprieno), ħiˈjamwat Alt Pronunciation
**woman (ⲥⲁ + ϩⲓⲙⲉ)
ḥyome / ϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ (S), ḥyame/ ϩⲓⲁⲙⲉ (A, sA), ḥyaame /ϩⲓⲁⲁⲙⲉ, (A), ḥyomi/ϩⲓⲟⲙⲓ (B), ḥyami/ϩⲓⲁⲙⲓ (F),
sḥyame /ⲥϩⲓⲁⲙⲉ (women) (A), sḥyome / ⲥϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ (women, wife) (NH) Coptic
~ st-Hmt : (women , wife)
st-Hmt (pronounced zɛt ħɛmɛt IPA) (women) (ME) > s-ḥmt (woman) (Demotic) >
sḥimi/ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ (Coptic) **woman (ⲥⲁ + ϩⲓⲙⲉ) Evolution
Hmt (wife), s-Hm.t (women, female) Demotic
(S, A, sA), seimā/ⲥⲉⲓⲙⲉ (S), sḥe/ⲥϩⲉ (S), sḥimi/ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ (B, F) sḥimā /ⲥϩⲓⲙⲉ (woman, wife,
female (animal) Coptic
~ tA st-Hmt : (the women , the wife)
ⲧⲥϩⲓⲙⲉ : (the women) Coptic
Hmsi , Hmsy : (sit, sit down, dwell (in), seat (someone)
ḥms Demotic
(S, F) ḥmoos /ϩⲙⲟⲟⲥ , (A, sA) ḥmest /ϩⲙⲉⲥⲧ, (A, sA) ḥmast /ϩⲙⲁⲥⲧ, (A, sA) ḥmes /ϩⲙⲉⲥ , (A) ḥmost /ϩⲙⲟⲥⲧ,
(sA, F) ḥma(a)s /ϩⲙⲁ(ⲁ)ⲥ, (F) ḥemas /ϩⲉⲙⲁⲥ , (B) ḥemsi /ϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ (sit, remain, dwell) Coptic
Hmt : (copper)
halcumã (possibly connection) Aromanian
ḥomt/ϩⲟⲙⲧ Old Coptic
(S) ḥomᵉnt/ϩⲟⲙⲛ︦ⲧ, (Sa, Sf, sA, F) ḥamnt/ϩⲁⲙⲛⲧ, (S) ḥom(ā)t/ϩⲟⲙ(ⲉ)ⲧ, (Sa, A, F) ḥamt/ϩⲁⲙⲧ, (B) ḥomt/ϩⲟⲙⲧ,
(F) ḥamāt/ϩⲁⲙⲉⲧ (copper, bronze) Coptic
ħɛmɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
hemet Traditional Pronunciation
ḥomāt Fix
Hmt : (cow)
* possibly etymogly cream and butter from cow
ḫimˀat (cream, curd, butter) (ref. Bloch) Proto-word
karʾa (butter) Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Challa
ḥemˀâ / khem-AH/ חֶמְאָה (cream, curd, butter) (ref. Bloch) Hebrew
ḥmˀh (curd), ḥeˀwtāˀ (butter) (Syr Akkadian) (ref. Bloch) Aramaic
ḫmat (curd, butter) (ref. Bloch) Ugaritic
ḥámi (butter) (ref. Bloch) Modern Soth Arabian
ḫimētu, ḫimātu (ghee, butter) (ref. Bloch) Akkadian
Hmww : (craftsman)
ḥam/ϩⲁⲙ (S, A, sA, B, F), ḥm/ϩⲙ (S), am/ⲁⲙ (B), hom/ϩⲟⲙ (B) (shoemaker) Coptic
~ Hmwt (craftsmen) Egyptian
~ ḥmēv/ϩⲙⲏⲩ (S), ḥmev/ϩⲙⲉⲩ (S) Coptic
Hmt : (copper)
homᵉnt/ ϩⲟⲙⲛ︦ⲧ, homt /ϩⲟⲙⲧ Coptic
Hmt-ra : (spell)
ḥmār /ϩⲙⲏⲣ Coptic
Hmw : (40 , forty)
ḥme/ ϩⲙⲉ (S, A, sA, B), ehmā /ϩ⳰ⲙⲉ, ḥmē/ϩⲙⲏ (Sf), ḥm/ϩⲙ (B) Coptic
hamaw , ḥ˘mí (?) (Callender) , ḥ˘méw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Hmw : (craft, build, produce, make (as a craft),
(S, A, sA, B, F) ḥam ϩⲁⲙ, (S) ḥm ϩⲙ, (B) am ⲁⲙ Coptic
~ Hmww: (craft, form, fashion, craftsman, expert, carpenter)
ḥmēu ϩⲙⲏⲩ, ḥmeu/ḥmev ϩⲙⲉⲩ Coptic
~ Hmwt : (female, craftsmen, art, craft)
~ Hmt : (skill, craft (of sculptor)
Hn, sHn : (command, govern, provide)
hōn /ϩⲱⲛ (S, sA, F), ḥnan/ϩⲛⲁⲛ (Sa), khēnan/ⳉⲛⲁⲛ (A), ḥōne/ϩⲱⲛⲉ (sA) , ḥn/ϩⲛ (S), ḥon/ϩⲟⲛ (S), ḥēn/ϩⲏⲛ (S, sA, F),
khēn/ ⳉⲏⲛ (A) (bid, command), saḥne/ⲥⲁϩⲛⲉ (S, A, sA), seḥni/ⲥⲉϩⲛⲓ (B) (provide, supply, mostly) Coptic
siḥVntV (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Hna : (and, with)
Hna, possible Ha? Demotic
ỉrm (together, with) Early Egyptian
jrm Late Egyptian
gara /ጋራ (together), ena /እና (and) Ethiopic
ḥn/ϩⲛ (in, at, with, within) (S) , khn/ϧⲛ , ḥen/ϩⲉⲛ , ḥl[ħəl]/ⳍⲗ (and, with, or) Old Coptic
eḥoun/ ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ (S, A,F) (inside, inward); ḥn/ϩⲛ (S, sA, F), khēn/ⳉⲛ (A), khen/ϧⲉⲛ (B), ḥin/ϩⲓⲛ (F), ḥe/ϩⲉ (F),
ḥē/ϩⲏ (F), ḥen/ϩⲉⲛ (F) (in, at, on, of time, by, with); avō/ⲁⲩⲱ (S) (and) ;
ḥi/ϩⲓ (on, at, in , concerning, with, from, out of, under, in time of, at time of, and, or); aḥan/ⲁϩⲁⲛ ,
aḥān/ⲁϩⲉⲛ(together with, and) Coptic
ħɛnɑː (modern Egyptological) IPA
ḥāna , 'ḥena (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Hnk : (offering, present something with something, offer, make an offering, to be burdened with, present)
hōnk/ ϩⲱⲛⲕ (S) "consecrate, appoint" Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈħaːnak , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈħaːnak , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE)ˈħoːnək IPA
henek Traditional Pronunciation
~ Hnkw : (diplomatic gifts)
Hnkt , Hnqt : (Beer)
ḥḳt (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
nHH NK
ḥnq, ḥnqe, ḥnqy, ḥq Demotic
nāḫu (lard?) Akkadian
ḥnkā /ϨⲚⲔⲈ (S), ḥāmki/ ϩⲉⲙⲕⲓ (B) Coptic
ħɛnkɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
henqet Traditional Pronunciation
Hnkw : (armed retainers)
ḫa-na-ku-u-ka Cuneiform
hanikim or hanika(y)w Alt Pronunciation
heneku Traditional Pronunciation
Hnw : (canal)
ḥoi /ϩⲟⲓ (S) (canal, ditch), ḥone /ϩⲱⲛⲉ (S) , ḥoni /ϩⲱⲛⲓ (canal) Coptic
Hnw : (jar)
ḥi:naw>ḥV'new (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ḫi-na Akkadian
ḥna(a)v/ ϩⲛⲁ(ⲁ)ⲩ (S), ḥnaou/ ϩⲛⲁⲟⲩ (S), ḥno(o)u/ϩⲛⲟ(ⲟ)ⲩ (S), ḥna(o)we/ ϩⲛⲁ(ⲟ)ⲩⲉ (A), ḥno/ϩⲛⲟ (S, A), ḥnō/ϩⲛⲱ (S, A),
ḥne/ϩⲛⲉ (A), ḥne(e)v/ ϩⲛⲉ(ⲉ)ⲩ (F), ḥeneou/ϩⲉⲛⲉⲟⲩ (F), ḥnēou/ϩⲛⲏⲟⲩ (F), ḥee(o)u/ϩⲉⲉ(ⲟ)ⲩ (F) (jar, pot, vessale) Coptic
Hpt : (embrace, armful, cover)
HAp (to cover over, to hidem to conceal, to envelop, to shroud) Root word
ḥōp ϩⲱⲡ Root word in Coptic
ḥotp/ Ϩⲟⲧⲡ (S) (B) (joined, enclose), ḥopt/Ϩⲟⲡⲧ (S) (b) (joined, enclosed),
ḥutn /Ϩⲱⲧⲡ (S) (B) , ḥetn /Ϩⲉⲧⲡ (join, attune, be reconciled, sink) Coptic
HApt 𓇉𓄿𓊪𓏏𓂘 Budge
ḥapit Fix
HqA : (ruler)
ḥḳꜢ, ḥqꜢ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ḥik/ϩⲓⲕ [GE by Champollion] Coptic
hersker (ruler) Norwegian
hökmdar Azerbaijani
ħɛkɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
~ HqAt : (Ruler) (female)
pr-āa(t) Demotic
ħɛkɑt (modern Egyptological) IPA
heqat Traditional Pronunciation
~HqA HAst (‘ruler of a foreign land’, a foreign ruler generally, one of the Hyksos)
ḥqꜣ ḫꜣst (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Huksṓs/ Ὑκσώς , Huxṓs/Ὑξώς Ancient Greek
ħɛkɑ xɑsɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
heqa-khaset
Hqr : (be hungry, hungry man, hungry)
ḥa'qar (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ḥko/ϩⲕⲟ (S, A, sA, B), eko/ⲉϩⲕⲟ (S, B), ḥka/ϩⲕⲁ (F), ḥika/ϩⲓⲕⲁ (F), ḥkaeit/ϩⲕⲁⲉⲓⲧ (S), ḥkoeit/ϩⲕⲟⲉⲓⲧ (S),
ḥokr/ϩⲟⲕⲣ (S), ḥkeet/ϩⲕⲉⲉⲧ (A, sA), ḥkeit/ϩⲕⲉⲓⲧ (sA), ḥoker/ϩⲟⲕⲉⲣ (B), ḥakel/ϩⲁⲕⲉⲗ (F) Coptic
ħɛkɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
heker, heqer Traditional Pronunciation
Hr(w) : (falcon)
Ḫa-a-ra (Eagle), Ḫu-u-ru/Ḫūru (H.D. Baker) Assyrian
h₃érō (Eagle) Proto-Indo-European
ḫa-a-ra-aš, /hāras/ 𒄩𒀀𒊏𒀸 (Eagle) Hittite
órnīs /ὄρνῑς, órnīx/ ὄρνῑξ (Eagle) Ancient Greek
ōros/Ὡρος Greek
ḥor/ϩⲟⲣ Coptic
orao (Eagle) Croatian
Örn (Eagle) Icelandic
eriros (Eagle) Celtic
erer (Eagle) Breton
er (Eagle) Cornish
irar Old Irish > ilar (Eagle) Middle Irish
arô (Eagle) Germanic
ḥāru (possible needs ref) IPA
her(u) Traditional Pronunciation
Hr : (distant one)
(S, Sf, F) əḥrai/ⲉϩⲣⲁⲓ , (Sa) aḥrai/ⲁϩⲣⲁⲓ , (Sa, A, sA, O) aḥrē(ə)i/ⲁϩⲣⲏ(ⲉ)ⲓ , (Sa, sA) aḥrē/ⲁϩⲣⲏ , (Sa) aḥrə/ⲁϩⲣⲉ ,
(B, F) əḥrēi/ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ, (F) əḥlēi/ⲉϩⲗⲏⲓ, (F) ḥlēi/ϩⲗⲏⲓ, (S, NH) əḥraï/ⲉϩⲣⲁⲉⲓ (to above, upward) ; (S) ouə/ⲟⲩⲉ ,
(Sf) ouē/ⲟⲩⲏ , (A, sA) ouïə/ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲉ , (sA) ouiə/ⲟⲩⲓⲉ , (B) ouï/ⲟⲩⲉⲓ , (F) ouē(ē)i/ⲟⲩⲏ(ⲏ)ⲓ , (S, sA) ouē(ē)u/ⲟⲩⲏ(ⲏ)ⲩ ,
(A, B, F) ouēou/ⲟⲩⲏⲟⲩ (be distant, far-reaching) Coptic
ḥōr , ḥār (Paul D. LeBlanc) Alt Pronunciation
Hr : (upon, in, at, from, on account of, concerning, through, and, having on it, because, on, up, face, sight)
ḥr (ḥ͝ ˀ > ϩⲓ) Evolution
ḥắr (face), ḥer (upon) Old Kingdom
x̣al Afroas
hor (beginning, before, first, opposite, in front of, ), hore, ee hore (front), hore (first, before), hórai (first) Somali
hoore nden (head) (http://www.ibamba.net/pular/manual.pdf) Pulaar
'al Semitic
ḫara Babalonian
ꜥala/على (sometimes ḥ becomes ꜥ) Arabic
ḥo/ϩⲟ (S), ḥa/ϩⲁ , ḥra/ϩⲣⲁ , khra/ϧⲣⲁ (face, side, edge) ḥra /ϩⲣⲁ (face), ḥi /ϩⲓ (on, at, in, with, under, out of) Old Coptic
ḥra /ϩⲣⲁ (S, B), eḥra /ϩ⳰ⲣⲁ (S), ḥō /Ϩⲟ (S,A, B) (face); ḥi /Ϩⲓ (B) (upon);
ḥrai /ϩⲣⲁⲓ (in, at upon, from) ; ḥrēi , ɛh-rāj (ref?) /ϩⲣⲏⲓ, eəḥrēi /ⲉ⳰ϩⲣⲏⲓ (on), ḥi /ϩⲓ (S, A, sA, B, F),
əḥi/ ⲉϩⲓ (Sf, B, F), ēḥi/ⲏϩⲓ (A, B), ḥə/ϩⲉ (S), ḥiōō/ϩⲓⲱⲱ (S, A, sA, F) ḥiō/ϩⲓⲱ (S), ḥiōt/ϩⲓⲱⲧ (S),
əḥiōō/ⲉϩⲓⲱⲱ (Sf), ḥioo/ϩⲓⲟⲟ (A), ḥiōt/ϩⲓⲱⲧ (B), ḥiōōt/ϩⲓⲱⲱⲧ (F) (on, at, in, with, under, out of, and, at time of, presence of);
ḥo/ϩⲟ (S, A, sA, B), ḥa/ϩⲁ (S, Sf, A, sA, F), ḥō/ϩⲱ (S, A), ḥra/ϩⲣⲁ (S, B), ḥre/ϩⲣⲉ (A, sA, B, F),
ḥle/ϩⲗⲉ (F) (face, side, edge) Coptic
ḥar-u (Proto-Egyptian) > /ḥar/ > ϨⲞ /hoʔ/ Evolution
ħɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
ḥar (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ Hr n : (face of)
āḥra/ⲉϩⲣⲁ Old Coptic
(S) eḥrn/ⲉϩⲣⲛ, (A, sA) aḥrn/ⲁϩⲣⲛ, (B) āḥrān/ⲉϩⲣⲉⲛ, (S, B) āḥra/ⲉϩⲣⲁ , (A) aḥrā/ⲁϩⲣⲉ, (F) āḥlā/ⲉϩⲗⲉ ,
(F) āḥrā/ⲉϩⲣⲉ (toward face of, to, among) Coptic
~ Hr.nw > Hr inn : (our face)
ḥran/ϩⲣⲁⲛ, ḥrəï/ϨⲢⲈⲈⲒ (our face) Coptic
~ Hr.f : (his face)
ḥraf/ϨⲢⲀϤ , ḥrai/ϩⲣⲁⲓ Coptic
ḥar-i.f (Proto-Egyptian)> /ḥa'rif/ > ϨⲢⲀϤ /hraf/ (Loprieno) Evolution
ḥaríʲ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ḥ ︦ \ rắf Possible Pronunciation
~ Hr.i : (my face)
ḥrai/ ϨⲢⲀⲒ (my face) Coptic
~ Hr.k : (yourself, your attention)
ḥōōk/ ϩⲱⲱⲕ (yourself) Coptic
~ Hr.k : (your face) (M)
ḥrak/ ϩⲢⲀⲕ , ḥrək/ ϩⲢⲈⲕ (your face) Coptic
~ Hr.t : (your face) (F)
ḥrə/ ϨⲢⲈ (your face) Coptic
~ Hr-mrw : (on shore/riverbank)
(B) ḥimēr/ ϩⲓⲙⲏⲣ (Beyond, other side) Coptic
~ r Hry : (master, chief)
ōēri/ⲱⲏⲣⲓ , bēri/ⲃⲏⲣⲓ (chief) Coptic
er ḥery Traditional Pronunciation
~ wn-Hr : ('opening of the face' , to see, to reveal)
(S, A, sA, B, F) ouōnḥ/ⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ, (sA) ouōnəḥ/ⲟⲩⲱⲛⲉϩ , (S, F) ouōnaḥ/ⲟⲩⲱⲛⲁϩ , (S) ouənḥ/ⲟⲩⲉⲛϩ ,
(Sa) ouanəḥ/ⲟⲩⲁⲛⲉϩ , (S, B) ouonḥ/ⲟⲩⲟⲛϩ , (A, sA, F, Sa) ouanḥ/ⲟⲩⲁⲛϩ , (F) ouan(a)ḥ/ⲟⲩⲁⲛ(ⲁ)ϩ ,
(sA) ounēḥ/ⲟⲩⲛⲏϩ (reveal, be revealed, appear, show, make clear) Coptic
ouó̱nh (Amentet Neferet) Alt Pronunciation
HrH : (to guard, to watch over)
ḥrḥ Gardiner
ḥereḥ Budge
(S) ḥarāḥ/ ϩⲁⲣⲉϩ , (S, B) arāḥ/ⲁⲣⲉϩ , (S, A) ḥarēḥā/ϩⲁⲣⲏϩⲉ, (S, A) ārāḥ/ⲉⲣⲉϩ, (S, A) ārēḥ/ⲉⲣⲏϩ , (A, sA) arēḥ/ⲁⲣⲏϩ ,
(A) ārēḥā/ⲉⲣⲏϩⲧⲉ, (A) arēḥtā/ⲁⲣⲏϩⲧⲉ , (F) alāḥ/ⲁⲗⲉϩ (keep guard) Coptic
ḥarriḥaw, ḥarriḥa.t (Vycichl) (possible Old Egyptian) Alt Pronunciation
Hri : (fly into the sky)
ḥl (to fly) Demotic
(S, A, sA, B, F) ḥōl/ϩⲱⲗ , (S, A, B, F) ḥēl/ϩⲏⲗ (fly, go) Coptic
ħɛri (modern Egyptological) IPA
heri Traditional Pronunciation
~ hꜥleṱ (bird) < ḥl (to fly) Demotic
(S, A, sA, B, F) ḥalēt/ϩⲁⲗⲏⲧ , (A) alēt/ⲁⲗⲏⲧ (flying creature, bird) Coptic
~ hꜥleṱ (bird) < ḥl (to fly) Demotic
Hr-ib : (in the middle, midst of)
ḥrēbi/ϩⲣⲏⲃⲓ (B); ḥrābi/ϩⲣⲉⲃⲓ (B) (Hwt-Hr-ib); ḥraiḥēt/ϩⲣⲁⲓϩⲏⲧ (resides in, in the midst of) Coptic
ḫiribi (Hwt-Hr-ib) Assyrian
(Ά)θρῖβις/Hwt-Hr-ib) Greek
Hr(y) : (above , who, which is over, upon, upper, which is upon)
ḥry Demotic
ḥrēy /ϩⲣⲏⲉⲓ , ḥrēy /ϩⲣⲏⲓ , ḥi /ϩⲓ Old Coptic
(S) ḥray/ ϩⲣⲁⲓ , (A, sA) ḥrēy /ϩⲣⲏⲉⲓ , (sA, B) ḥrēy /ϩⲣⲏⲓ , (F) ḥlēï/ ḥlē(e)y ϩⲗⲏ(ⲉ)ⲓ , (S, A, B) ḥre /ϩⲣⲉ ,
(Sa) ḥrē /ϩⲣⲏ, (upper part, above), ḥi /ϩⲓ (S, A, sA, B, F), eḥi/ ⲉϩⲓ (Sf, B, F), ēḥi/ⲏϩⲓ (A, B), ḥe/ϩⲉ (S),
ḥiōō/ϩⲓⲱⲱ (S, A, sA, F) ḥiō/ϩⲓⲱ (S), ḥiōt/ϩⲓⲱⲧ (S), eḥiōō/ⲉϩⲓⲱⲱ (Sf), ḥioo/ϩⲓⲟⲟ (A), ḥiōt/ϩⲓⲱⲧ (B),
ḥiōōt/ϩⲓⲱⲱⲧ (F) (on, at, in, with, under, out of, and, at time of, presence of); āḥraï/ⲉϩⲣⲁï (Upwards) Coptic
ri/ρι, phri/φρι- Ancient Greek
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ħaˈɾij , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ħaˈɾij , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ħəˈɾej (Loprieno) IPA
Hr(y) : (to inspire dread or terror; to be(come) awesome or terrible, to dread, to anticipate)
ḥl Demotic
ḥōl/ϩⲱⲗ Coptic
Hr, Hrw: (Horus god)
HrHr : (guard)
ḥrḥ (to protect) Demotic
ḥarāḥ /ϩⲁⲣⲉϩ (S), harēhā/ϩⲁⲣⲏϩⲉ (S), ārāḥ/ⲉⲣⲉϩ (S, A), ārēḥ/ⲉⲣⲏϩ (S, A), arēḥ/ⲁⲣⲏϩ (A, L), aleh/ⲁⲗⲉϩ (F) (gaurd);
areḥ/ⲁⲣⲉϩ (S, B) (keep, guard, watch), areḥ/ⲁⲣⲉϩ (B) (study, learn) Coptic
Hrrt : (flower, blossom)
* since the 18th Dynasty
ḥrrj , ḥrry (flower) Demotic
lulā Proto-Albanian
lule Albanian
(S, A, sA) ḥrārā/ϩⲣⲏⲣⲉ , (B) ḥrēri/ϩⲣⲏⲣⲓ, (B) āḥrēri/ⲉϩⲣⲏⲣⲓ , (F) ḥlēli/ϩⲗⲏⲗⲓ, (F) ḥrēli/ϩⲣⲏⲗⲓ, (F) ḥlēri/ϩⲗⲏⲣⲓ ? (flower) Coptic
leírion/ λείριον Ancient Greek
leiríon/λειρίον Koine-Greek
louloúdi/λουλούδι Greek
līlium Latin
lily English
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ħaˈɾuːɾat , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ħaˈɾuːɾaʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ħəˈɾeːɾə IPA
Hrt : (Heaven)
ḥrou/ϩⲣⲟⲩ, ḥōou/ϩⲱⲟⲩ, ḥou/ϩⲟⲩ (sky heaven) Coptic
Hrw, Hrt : (upward); Xrw (downward)
ḥrēāi/ϩⲣⲏⲉⲓ, ḥrēi/ϩⲣⲏⲓ Old Coptic
(S) ḥrai/ϩⲣⲁⲓ, (S) āḥrai/ⲉϩⲣⲁⲓ (upward, downward); (A, sA) ḥrēāi/ϩⲣⲏⲉⲓ, (sA, B) ḥrēi/ϩⲣⲏⲓ, (F) ḥlē(ā)i/ϩⲗⲏ(ⲉ)ⲓ,
(S, A, B) ḥrā/ϩⲣⲉ, (Sa) ḥrē/ϩⲣⲏ (upper part); (S) ḥrai/ϩⲣⲁⲓ , (A) khrēi/ⳉⲣⲏⲓ , (sA) ḥrēi/ϩⲣⲏⲓ, (sA) ḥrēāi/ϩⲣⲏⲉⲓ, (B) khrēi/ϧⲣⲏⲓ,
(F) ḥlēi/ϩⲗⲏⲓ (lower part) Coptic
Hs : (break, smash)
Hāšaḇ Hebrew
Hasaba Arabic
ḥeseb Transliteration
ḥasab Fix
Hsb : (count, calculat)
ḥ-š-b/ܚܫܒ (to think, to count, to calculate) Classical Syriac
ḥasaba /حَسَبَ (calculated, comput, count), ḥasb /حسب (calculated, comput, count) (m) Arabic
ḥāšaḇ/ חָשַׁב (to think) Hebrew
Hsbw: (things taxed, assessments, count)
Hesabiwa (be counted, be numbered, assessments) Kiswahili
Hsmn : (natron)
(S) ḥosm/ϩⲟⲥⲙ, (S) ḥosēm/ϩⲟⲥⲏⲙ, (S) ḥosmā/ϩⲟⲥⲙⲉ, (B) ḥosām/ϩⲟⲥⲉⲙ, (S, F) ḥasm/ϩⲁⲥⲙ, (S, Sf) ḥōsām/ϩⲱⲥⲉⲙ Coptic
Hsy, Hsi, Hsw, Hst: (sing, song)
ḥōs /ϩⲱⲥ (S,sA, B) (song, sing, make music, hymn, acclamation); ḥōs e /ϩⲱⲥ ⲉ⳰, Coptic
Hsy , Hsi : (praise)
ḥōs/ϩⲰⲤ (praise); ḥasie/ϩⲁⲥⲓⲉ (S, sA), ḥaseie/ϩⲁⲥⲉⲓⲉ (S), ḥasiē/ϩⲁⲥⲓⲏ (S), esie/ⲉⲥⲓⲉ (B) (praised person) Coptic
ḥasʲiw > ḥɘs'ʲeʔ Alt Pronunciation
Htm : (perish, be destroyed)
ḥōn/ϩⲱⲛ (destory?) Coptic
ḥatama, ḥadm /هدم (demolition, destruction) Arabic
Htp : (peace, be at peace, become calmn, be pleased, contentment, satisfaction, be gracious, pardon, offering, sacrifice, RIP rest in peace, rest in tomb, dwell, satify, make content, pacify, occupy (throne) assume (tutelary)
𓊵𓏏𓊪𓅱𓏜/Htpw , 𓊵𓏏𓊪𓏲𓏜/Htpw - should actually be written as Hwtp [ḥōtp], and Coptic backs this up (Budge) Other Egyptian
hotib / האָטיב (fine) Yiddish
ḥat /ϩⲁⲧ (B, F), ḥotp/ϩⲟⲧⲡ (S), ḥatp/ ϩⲁⲧⲡ (S), ḥot/ϩⲟⲧ (S), ḥat/ϩⲁⲧ (S), ōtʰ/ⲱⲑ
atp/ⲁⲧⲡ (S) (Hotep based off the Coptic month Paremhat/pA-n-imn-Htpw 'the one of Amen-Hotep' );
ḥōtp/ϩⲱⲧⲡ (S, A, sA, B, F), ḥōptᵉ/ϩⲱⲧⲡ︦ , ḥātp/ϩⲉⲧⲡ (S, B), ḥotp/ϩⲟⲧⲡ (S, B), ḥopt/ϩⲟⲡⲧ (S, B), ḥotp/ϩⲟⲧⲡ (S, B),
ḥatp/ϩⲁⲧⲡ (sA) (join, attune, be reconciled, sink (sun, stars); ḥatp/ϩⲁⲧⲡ, ḥotp/ϩⲟⲧⲡ (be content) Coptic
Hutuapo (Always be in a state of peace wherever you are) (ref. http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
ḫatpi Babylonian
hetp / Ἑτπ, ótʰ/ ώθ (based off of Coptic month Paremhat), atop/ατοπ < Εμονατοπ πα Πιριτ,
ōtʰ/ωθ < Αμενωθ πα Φαρατ < imn-ḥtp sA pa-rt Greek
ˈħaːtip (Old Egyptian, 2500-Middle Egyptian,1700 BCE), hátap (New Kingdom),
ˈħoːtəp (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE), ħɛtɛp, ħotɛp (modern Egyptological) (Loprieno) IPA
outhe < Imouthes/ii-m-Htp (Africanus), hatpi < Amanahatpi/imn-Htp (Akkadian), hotp < Parmhotp/ⲡⲁⲣⲙϩⲟⲧⲡ (UE, S),
ôtʰ < Pʰamānôtʰ/ⲫⲁⲙⲉⲛⲱⲑ (LE, B, Greek) Alt Pronunciation
hetep, ḥotep, ḥetep (Budge) Traditional Pronunciation
Hotep (pronounced ḥōtᵉp) fix
~ Htpw : (peace, contentment, satisfaction)
Hutuapo (Always be in a state of peace wherever you are)
(ref. http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
~ Htp.T : (May you be staified (F) Egyptian
ḥVt'piṯ > ḥɘt'peʔ (1,000 BCE) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ sHtp : propitate, please, pacify, satisfy (employees), provide (for temple), make gracious Egyptian
saḩ'tip (pacify) > sḩtep (1,000 BCE) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Htp : altar
* /t/ has said to not been pronouced by somewhere around MK to LK and possibly moslty a silent letter in Egytpian words
/Htp/ would have only had /Hp/ consonants pronounced, then with missing vowls added back in from Coptic you
get ḥəpʰā. Notes
ərpʰā/ⲉⲣⲫⲉⲓ (altar) Coptic
Htp : (set sun)
ḥōtp/ ϩⲱⲧⲡ (S, A, sA, B, F), ḥōpt/ ϩⲱⲡⲧ (S, F), ḥetp/ ϩⲉⲧⲡ (S, B), ḥotp /ϩⲟⲧⲡ (S, B), ḥōpt /ϩⲟⲡⲧ (S, B),
ḥatp/ ϩⲁⲧⲡ (sA) (join, attune, be reconciled, sink (sun, stars), hōᵉP /ϩⲱⲡ̄ (be hidden, hide) Coptic
Htr(i) : (Pare of horses, team, steeds, chariot, span (of horses), horses, chariotry)
Htr (team of horses, horse) Demotic
(S, A) ḥto/ϩⲧⲟ, (S, A) ḥtō/ϩⲧⲱ, (S) āḥto/ⲉϩⲧⲟ, (B) ḥtʰo/ϩⲑⲟ , (F) (ā)ḥta/(ⲉ)ϩⲧⲁ , (A) ḥtā/ϩⲧⲉ (horse) Coptic
ḥanṭūr/ حَنْطُور Arabic
ħɛtri (modern Egyptological) IPA
hetri Traditional Pronunciation
~Htrt ?: (mare)
(S) ḥtōrā/ϩⲧⲱⲣⲉ, (S) ḥtoorā/ϩⲧⲟⲟⲣⲉ , (sA) ḥtōrē/ϩⲧⲱⲣⲏ, (sA) ḥtorē/ϩⲧⲟⲣⲏ , (B) (ā)ḥtʰri/(ⲉ)ϩⲑⲟⲣⲓ ,
(F) (ā)ḥta(a)ri/(ⲉ)ϩⲧⲁ(ⲁ)ⲣⲓ (female horse, mare) Coptic
~ Htrw : (horses, chariot)
(ⲉ) ḥtōr/ϩⲑⲱⲣ (horses) (S, F) (ā)ḥtōōr /(ⲉ)ϩⲧⲱⲱⲣ , (S) ḥtōōrā/(ⲉ)ϩⲧⲱⲱⲣⲉ, (S, A, F) ḥtōr/ϩⲧⲱⲣ ,
(S, A, F) ḥtʰōr/ϩⲑⲱⲣ, (B) ḥtʰor/ϩⲑⲟⲣ , (A) ḥtoirāwā/ϩⲧⲟⲩⲣⲉⲩⲉ, ehtōr /ⲉϩⲑⲱⲣ (horses) Coptic
Htr(y) : bind together, be contracted (medical), to yoke, pair, to join together, to unite, tie together; to be friends or allies,
to be twins, to marry? (Budge)
ḥotpə /ϩⲟⲧⲣⲉ , ḥōtᵉp/ϩⲱⲧⲣ︦ , (S, A, sA, B, F) ḥōtp/ϩⲱⲧⲡ, (S, F) ḥōpt/ϩⲱⲡⲧ, (S, B) ḥətp/ϩⲉⲧⲡ,
(S,B) ḥopt/ϩⲟⲡⲧ, (S, B) ḥotp/ϩⲟⲧⲡ, (sA) ḥatp/ϩⲁⲧⲡ (join, attune, be reconciled, sink);
ḥatpə/ϩⲁⲧⲡⲉ, ḥatpəu/ϩⲁⲧⲣⲉⲩ , atʰpēu/ⲁⲑⲣⲏⲩ (twins) Coptic
HTt : (hyena)
(S) ḥo(ā)itā /ϩⲟ(ⲉ)ⲓⲧⲉ, (Sa) ḥaitā/ϩⲁⲓⲧⲉ, (B) ḥōiti/ϩⲱⲓϯ, (F) ḥāiti/ϩⲉⲓϯ (hyena) Coptic
HTTt, HTT, HtA : (armpit)
go/ϫⲟ (S), acho/ⲁϭⲟ (B) Coptic
ḥaṯ'ṯat , ⲁϭⲟ/ʔa'coʔ/ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ḥetjtjet Traditional Pronunciation
Hty : (fearsome)
ḥotā /ϩⲟⲧⲉ (S), , ϩⲁⲧⲉ (Sf, A, sA), ϩⲁϯⲉ (sA), ϩⲟϯ (B), ϩⲁϯ (F) (fear) Coptic
HwA : (foul, offensive, rot, putrefy, smell offensive, spoil (enjoyment)
ḥw (be putrid, bad) Demotic
ḥaou/ϩⲁⲟⲩ Old Coptic
(S) ḥoou/ϩⲟⲟⲩ , (A, sA, F) ḥav/ϩⲁⲩ , (B) ḥōou/ϩⲱⲟⲩ , (F) ḥaou/ϩⲁⲟⲩ (be putrid, so bad, wicked) Coptic
HwAAt : (putrefaction)
ḥāwaꜢ Demotic
ḥoou/ϨOOⲨ (S) , ḥōou/ϨⲰOⲨ (B) (to be rotten, be putrid, so bad, wicked) Coptic
Hwi : (strike, beat, press (grapes), overflow, rain)
(S, A, sA, B) kōlḥ/ⲕⲱⲗϩ , (S) klḥ/ⲕⲗϩ , (S) kolḥ/ⲕⲟⲗϩ , (A, sA) kalḥ/ⲕⲁⲗϩ (strike, knock) Coptic
Hwr(w)ti : (vision, phantom)
ḥortef /ϩⲟⲣⲧϥ (B) Coptic
Phasma/ φασμα, Phantasma/ φαντασμα Greek
Hwt , Hwti (first, foremost)
ḥouïtā /ϩⲟⲩⲉⲓⲧⲉ (S), ḥouitā/ ϩⲟⲩⲓⲧⲉ (S, A, sA), ḥouiti/ϩⲟⲩⲓϯ (B, F) (Female) (first, beginning) Coptic
Hwt : (temple, chapel, house)
ḥwt Demotic
ḫat Assyrian
koot (house) Kalenjiin
ko Baŋgi
ḥō /ϩⲱ (B), ḥaour /ϩⲁⲟⲱⲣ, ḥou/ϩⲟⲩ (B), ăy, ēi /ⲏⲓ (B), ēï/ⲏⲉⲓ (S, A, sA) (house, home); atʰ/ⲁⲑ , at/ⲁⲧ (from names) Coptic
ath/ἀθ Greek
hytte (cottage, hut) Norwegian
hut (cabin, cottage, hut) Dutch
hutte (hut) Frisian
Hütte (cabin, cottage, hut) German
ˈħaːwit (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE),ˈħaːwiʔ (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), ˈħoː(wə), ħa(wə), ħə(wə)
(Late Egyptian 800 BCE)ħuːt (modern Egyptological) IPA
hut, (more correct) ḥut Traditional Pronunciation
~ Hwt-nTr : (temple 'house of god')
ḥt-ntr Demotic
ḥānūṯā/ חָנוּתָא Aramaic
ḥeneete/ϩⲉⲛⲉⲉⲧⲉ (S); ḥeneetē/ϩⲉⲛⲉⲉⲧⲏ , ḥenete/ϩⲉⲛⲉⲧⲉ, ḥenēte/ϩⲉⲛⲏⲧⲉ, ḥenētē/ϩⲉⲛⲏⲧⲏ,
ḥēnete/ϩⲏⲛⲉⲧⲉ, ḥēnēte/ϩⲏⲛⲏⲧⲉ, ḥēnēēte/ϩⲏⲛⲏⲏⲧⲉ, ḥenetē/ϩⲉⲛⲉⲧⲏ, (monastery) Coptic
heikhál/הֵיכָל (Palace, holy temple) (possibly related 'house of god/El'?) Hebrew
al-hanāda/الْهَنَادَة (Coptic monastery in Egypt) Arabic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) ħawitˈnaːcaɾ ; (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) ħawiʔˈnaːtaʔ ;
(Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ħa(wə)ˈnoːtə , ħə(wə)ˈnoːtə IPA
~ Hwwt : (houses)
ḥou/ ϩⲟⲩ (plr) (A,B,F) (houses, homes); ēou/ⲏⲟⲩ (A,B,F) (huse, household, family) (plr) Coptic
~ nb-Hwt : (lord of the house)
(B) nebēi/ⲛⲉⲃⲏⲓ , (S) nepēi/ⲛⲉⲡⲏⲓ (Lord of the house) Coptic
Hwt-Hr: (Hathor)
Hwt-kA-ptH : (Egypt 'Temple of the soul of Ptah' ) 𓉗𓏏𓉐𓂓𓏤𓊪𓏏𓎛𓀭
*Ptah's Temple Memphis
ḥwt-kȝ-ptḥ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Aiguptiyos/ai-ku-pe-ti-jo/ 𐁁𐀓𐀠𐀴𐀍 Linear B
ḥqkpt/𐎈𐎖𐎋𐎔𐎚 Ugaritic
ḫikuptaḫ/ 𒄭𒆪𒌒𒋫𒀪 , ḫi-ku-up-ta-aḫ 𒄴𒆪𒌒𒋫𒄴?Akkadian
Hut-ka-ptah / חות-קה-פתח Hebrew
gəbṣ́/ ግብፅ , gbTS'/ግብጽ Geʽez Amharic
aiguption/ⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲛ, kuptaion/ⲕⲩⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲛ (Egypt) Coptic
Aigyptos /Αἴγυπτος > Strabo suggested came from Aigaiou huptiōs Aἰγαίου ὑπτίως (below the Aegean) Ancient Greek
a-ku-pi-ti-yoa-ku-pi-ti-yo> Amarna Hikuptah from the name Hwt-kA-ptah (house of the ka of Ptah) Greek form
Aigypton /ΑΙΓΥΠΤΟΝ , Aigyptoi /ΑΙΓΥΠΤΩΙ (Egyptians) Alt Greek
Aigýptios /Αἰγύπτος Greek
a3-ku-pi-ti-jo , ai-ku-pi-ti-jo/ 𐁁𐀓𐀠𐀴𐀍 (Egyptian , from a man's name) Mycenaean Greek
aiguption/ⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲛ , kuptaion/ⲕⲩⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲛ (Egyptian) Greek into Coptic
qubṭ/ قبط >from Arabic qubṭī> Coptic gyptios> Greek aigýpti, aigýptios > Greek Linear B tables a-ku-pi-ti-yo Evolution
Aegyptus Latin
ai-yá-kúp/ ไอยคุปต์ Thai
Ægypt, Ægipt, Aegipt Archaic English
Egypt English
(5th BCE Attic) ǎi̯.ɡyp.tos , (1st CE Egyptian)ˈɛ.ɡyp.tos, (4th CE Koine)ˈɛ.ʝyp.tos ,
(10th CE Byzantine)ˈe.ʝyp.tos, (15th CE Constantinopolitan) ˈe.ʝip.tos IPA
ħəjˌkuʔpəˈtaħ < ħajiʔˌkuʀpiˈtaħ < ħawitˌkuʀpiˈtaħ (reconstructed) Alt Pronunciation
Ḥut-ka-Ptaḥ Traditional Pronunciation
.i : (me, I, my) 1st sg. (Suffixed pronouns)
ỉ Demotic
i (me, my) Proto-Semitic
i , yi (me, my) Proto-Afroasiatic
i, -ya Akkadian
äy /ይ Amharic T
i Beja
i (I, me, my) (Ari) Omitic
i, yi (my) Cushitic
i (me, my) Chadic
i (me, my) Semtic
inu, nnu, iw (my) Berber
iyi Kabyle
o Dahalo-general
-î/ ִ י Hebrew
- ́ya (after vowel), -i (after con) (my nomial) Egyptian Arabic
i/ ⲓ, ēy/ⲏⲓ, ei /ⲓ⳰ (me, I, my), e/ⲉ (me, thee), a/ⲁ Coptic
aʲ , (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) aj, (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) aj, (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE)
(in certain phonetic environments) ʔ ; (usually) silent, but preserves root-final t , ɾ that would otherwise be lost;
ʔi (modern Egyptological) , aʲ (AEVP) IPA
i, ē (more accurate), ȧ (Budge) Traditional Pronunciation
i, iA : (Oh! O!, say, utterance)
ō /ⲱ , ēi/ⲏⲓ (O!) Old Coptic
iAbti, iAbty : (the East)
ỉꜢbṱ (eastern, east) ; p(r) ỉꜢbṱ (the East) > pāiābt/ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ Demotic
(S) yabt, ïəbt/ⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ, (S) əïbt/ⲉⲉⲓⲃⲧ, (S) ïbt/ⲉⲓⲃⲧ, (S) ïēbt/ⲉⲓⲏⲃⲧ, (S) iēft/ⲓⲏϥⲧ, (S) əəbt/ⲉⲉⲃⲧ, (S) əïbtə/ⲉⲉⲓⲃⲧⲉ,
(S) ïəbtə/ⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧⲉ, (S) əəftə/ⲉⲉϥⲧⲉ, (S) ēïēbïtē/ⲏⲉⲓⲏⲃⲉⲓⲧⲏ, (A) ïbt/ⲉⲓⲃⲧ, (sA) ïbtə/ⲉⲓⲃⲧⲉ, (B) əyvt/ⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ,
(B) ˀayabt/ⲓⲉⲃⲧ, (F) iēft/ⲓⲏϥⲧ, (F) aiēbt/ⲁⲓⲏⲃⲧ (the East) Coptic
iAdt : dew, pouring rain
jꜤtꜢ.t, jt.t (Černy) Demotic
(S, A) ïōtə / ⲉⲓⲱⲧⲉ, (B, F) iōti/ⲓⲱϯ (dew, honey as dew, manna as dew) Coptic
iai : (wash)
ỉꜤj (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
(S,A) əiō/ⲉⲓⲱ, (S, sA) əiouə/ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲉ, (B) iōi/ⲓⲱⲓ, (B) iō/ⲓⲱ, (F) iōōi/ⲓⲱⲱⲓ , (NH) əiōə/ⲉⲓⲱⲉ, (S, A, sA) əia/ⲉⲓⲁ ,
(S, B) ia/ⲓⲁ , (S, A) ïaa/ⲉⲓⲁⲁ , (F) ïā/ⲓⲉⲉ , (S) əiē/ⲉⲓⲏ , (B) iōou/ⲓⲱⲟⲩ (wash) Coptic
iaH: (mood god)
iaH: (moon)
ȧāḥ Budge
jꜥḥ Demotic
war(i)ḫ (moon) (Satzinger) Proto Semitic
warḫu/ 𒌗 , ꜥaRH̱u Akkadian
wär/ ወር Amharic
yarħā’ܝܪܚܐ / Aramaic Syriac
yarḥā (month) Syriac
yarħā’ירחא / Aramaic Hebrew
ywε Baŋgi
wärḫ/ወርኅ, werḧi/ ወርሒ Ge'ez
yareaḥ /ירח, yārēaḥ, irk / יָרֵחַ Hebrew
𐤉𐤓 /yrḥ (moon) Phoenician
wärḥi/ ወርሒ Tigrinya
yrḫ/ 𐎊𐎗𐎃 Ugaritic
ōḥ /ⲱϩ Old Coptic
yoḥ, ioḥ /ⲓⲟϩ (B), ooḥ /ⲟⲟϩ (S, A), oḥ /ⲟϩ (S), ōḥ /ⲱϩ (S), aaḥ /ⲁⲁϩ (F), aḥ /ⲁϩ (F) Coptic
iɑːħ (modern Egyptological); (Old Egyptian 2500 BCE) /jaˈʕaħ/, (Middle Egyptian 1700 BCE) /jaˈʕaħ/, (Late Egyptian
800 BCE) /ʔəˈjaħ/ (modern Egyptological) /iɑːħ/ IPA
iah Traditional Pronunciation
jā́ꜤVḥ (Satzinger) Alt Pronunciation
iAqt : (vegetables, leeks)
jɜq Alt Egytian
warq (leaf) Semetic
(S) ēkⁱā/ⲏϭⲉ , (B) ēdji/ⲏϫⲓ , (F) ēli/ⲏⲅⲓ (?) (leek) Coptic
juʀqat Alt Pronunciation
ian : (baboon)
jꜥn (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ꜥnr Earlier Egyptian
ỉꜥny, ꜥꜥn(y) Demotic
ana/ⲁⲛⲁ (baboon) Old Coptic
ēn /ⲏⲛ (S), ān/ⲉⲛ (B) (baboon, ape) Coptic
iany Demotic
~ iant : (baboon, female)
ēnā /ⲏⲛⲉ (S, NH), qapi/ϭⲁⲡⲓ (A) Coptic
iar, ar : (mount up, ascend, extend, penetrate, to rise, climb)
āal ? Late Kingdom
Ꜥrj (to rise up) (Herman); ȧāi (to approach, go upto, to ascend, to rise, to reachup, to exalt), ȧār
(to approach, to ascend (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
āar, āal (to ascend), ār (to come or go up to some one or something, to ascend) (Budge) Alt Egyptian
(S) alā/ⲁⲗⲉ , (B) alēi/ⲁⲗⲏⲓ , (F) alē/ⲁⲗⲏ , (S) alo/ⲁⲗⲟ , (S) alēw/ⲁⲗⲏⲩ (mount, go up, go on, board);
(S, A, sA, F) ōl/ⲱⲗ , (B) ōli/ⲱⲗⲓ , (B) āl/ⲉⲗ , (S, B, sA) ol/ⲟⲗ , (Sf, A, sA, F, S) al/ⲁⲗ (hold, contain, enclose) Coptic
Ꜥli̯ (High) Semitic
alá/עָלָה (ʔ)aˈla) (To ascend, rise, go up; to move from a point to a higher point.) Hebrew
iArrt : (grape, grapes)
irrt, jrrt Alt Egyptian
aloli /ⲁⲗⲟⲗⲓ (B), āloolā /ⲉⲗⲟⲟⲗⲉ (S), ālaalā/ⲉⲗⲁⲁⲗⲉ (A), ālalā/ⲉⲗⲁⲗⲉ (sA), alaali/ⲁⲗⲁⲁⲗⲓ (F),
alali/ⲁⲗⲁⲗⲓ (F), ālaali/ⲉⲗⲁⲁⲗⲓ (F), ilali/ⲓⲗⲁⲗⲓ (F), ālāl/ⲉⲗⲉⲗ (S), lāl/ⲗⲉⲗ (S), lāāl/ⲗⲉⲉⲗ (S), lil /ⲗⲓⲗ (S),
ālal/ⲉⲗⲁⲗ (A), al/ⲁⲗ (B), āl/ⲉⲗ (B), lālā/ⲗⲉⲗⲉ (B) (grapes, grapevine) Coptic
iɑrɛrɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
iareret Traditional Pronunciation
ȧroret Fix
iAt : (mound, ruin)
Ꜣty Late Kingdom
iAt : (back, spine (of man, animal)
ỉꜢt Alt Egyptian
iAt Early- Middle Kingdom
At , Ati New Kingdom
At , Ati, iAt Late Kingdom
Adt , iAdt Greco-Romen
iAw : (adoration)
ōou/ⲱⲟⲩ , āoou /ⲉⲟⲟⲩ Old Coptic
ōou/ⲱⲟⲩ (B), āoou /ⲉⲟⲟⲩ (S), āav/ⲉⲁⲩ (A, sA, F) (Honor, glory) Coptic
iɑuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
iau Traditional Pronunciation
~ iAwt : (hail)
iAw (praised is) Demotic
Awy Alt Egyptian
āouōt/ⲉⲟⲩⲱⲧ, āwōt/ⲉⲩⲱⲧ Old Coptic
~ iAwt.f : (hail to him)
āouōtf/ⲉⲟⲩⲱⲧϥ Coptic
iAwi : (be aged, attain old age)
ay-ay /ⲁⲓⲁⲓ (growth, ageing, maturation) Coptic
iAxt : (water plant)
(S) aḥr/ⲁϩⲣ, (S) aḥrā/ⲁϩⲣⲉ, (B) achi/ⲁϧⲓ, (B) akhi/ⲁⲭⲓ (marsh herbage, sedge) Coptic
aäħe̞wo̞a /אַחְוָא 𐡀𐡇𐡅𐡀 Aramaic
aw'-khoo/אָ֫חוּ (marsh grass , reeds, rushes) Hebrew
akhei/αχει Greek
iAywr : (type of animal for meat, possibly a stag)
ʾayyāla or ʾayyōla Alt Pronunciation
ʾa=yu=--r (Wen) Hoch
ʾa₂=ya=ra¹ (PN) A-ia-lu , ʾAyl Hoch
Ꜣywr Demotic
ayyalu (stag) Akkadian
ailu Assyrian
Ayl/איל (Ram) Phoenician
ʾayyəlā /ܐܝܠܐ Syriac
ảylm Ugaritic
häyälə hayyal / ሀየል ? Ethiopic
ʾayyalum Amorite
ayla /אילא Aramaic
ayyal/אַיָּל 'ah-yawl' (stag), 'ayil/אַיִל 'ah'-yil' (ram) Hebrew
ʾayyil, ʾiyyal, ʾuyyal /أيل (deer) Arabic
ïoul/ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲗ (S, A, B, F) (hart, hind 'quarters') Coptic
ib : (heart, mind, understanding, intelligence, will, desire, mood, wish)
jb Alt Egyptian
ib 𓇋𓃀𓄣 Old Kingdom
iwbw (possible) New Kingdom
(ỉ)b Demotic
libbu 𒊮, libb; libbum (nominal), ibbam (accusative forms), ibbim (genitove); libbi, libb-u (Vycichl) Akkadian
lb/𐎍𐎁 Ugaritic
li-bù /libbu(m)/ 𒇷𒅤 Eblaite
ləb /ልብ, libb (Ge'ez) Amharic
ləbi /ልቢ Tigrinya
ləb/ ልብ Tigre
ibi Assyrian
lib Proto-Afro-Asiatic
lib(a)b, libb Proto-Semitic
libb Semitic
lb/𐤋𐤁 Phoenician
lebb-āʼ Aramaic
libbā/ ܠܒܐ , lëbā (Syriac) Aramaic
libbā/ לִבָּא (Hebrew) Aramaic
obi Igbo
lēḇ לֵב/, lëḇāḇ/ לֵבָב Hebrew
ib/ ῖβ < (Άθρῖβις/Hwt-Hr-ib) Greek
lb/ 𐩡𐩨 , lbb/ 𐩡𐩨𐩨 (palm-heart) (Sabaean) Old South Arabian
lb/ 𐩡𐩨 Minaean Old South Arabian
lubb/ لُبّ , qalb Arabic
(ə)bi/(ⲉ)ⲃⲓ (B); (ē)bi/(ⲏ)ⲃⲓ (B) (from Atʰrēbi/Ⲁⲑⲣⲏⲃⲓ/Hwt-Hr-ib); ᵉb/ⲃ︦ (mind); jib/ ⲉⲡ (LC?) (heart) Coptic
ʲib (Old Egyptian), ʲib(Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), ʔep (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE),
ib (modern Egyptological) (Loprieno) IPA
ỉlb (bassed off of minb (ax) (Vycichl); yibb-u/a, yib [j-b < PAA *libb-, *lubb- (OS)/ *li3b- (Ehret)
(Sami Paldanius) Alt Pronunciation
ib , ȧb (Budge) Traditional Pronunciation
~ iat ib : to cool, to gratify the mind, to be appeased
ȧāi-ȧb Budge
ȧāi-ḥa-t Alt Egyptian
āiō ḥēt/ⲉⲓⲱ ϩⲏⲧ (S,B) Coptic
ibH : (tooth)
(S) obḥə/ⲟⲃϩⲉ, (S) obḥ/ⲟⲃϩ , (A) abḥə/ⲁⲃϩⲉ , (S) abaḥ/ⲁⲃⲁϩ , (S) abḥ/ⲁⲃϩ (tooth) Coptic
ibi : (to thirst )
Abi (to thirst) Alt Egyptian
(S, A, sA) ïbə/ⲉⲓⲃⲉ, (B) ˀiwi/ⲓⲃⲓ , (F) ibi/ⲓⲃⲓ , (S) ōbə/ⲟⲃⲉ , (A, sA) abə/ⲁⲃⲉ , (B) obi/ⲟⲃⲓ , (F) abi/ⲁⲃⲓ (thirst) Coptic
ibpAt(w) : (to parish, destroy, go astray)
abed /אָבַד (to parish) Hebrew
a-ba-da-at Phoenician
abâtu Assyrian
abātu (parish, destroy) Akkadian
ʾaḇaḏ/ ܐܒܕ (parish, destroy) Syriac
ʾabada / أبد (run away, to roam in the wilderness, to run wild, to shy away) Arabic
ảbd Ugaritic
ʾa₂=ba₂=ti₂ ʾabbádtī (An.) (Hoch) Alt pronunciation
ibr : (stallion) 𓇋𓊸𓅡𓂋𓏤𓃗
ʾabira / ʾ=bi=ra, ʾabirāya (stallion, studhorse) Hoch
ʾa₂=bi=--r=ya (An.) Hoch
ʾbry Ḫatti
ỉbr/𐎛𐎁𐎗 (bull) Ugaritic
ʾabbī́r /אַדִיר (Mighty of stallions) Hebrew
ibsA : (mint)
absōn/ⲁⲃⲥⲱⲛ (B), owson/ⲁⲩⲥⲟⲛ (B) (wild mint) Coptic
id : (boy, youth)
ˀād (Demotic?) Alt Egyptian
ỉꜢd Faulkner
ld Late Egypitan
wld Semtic
yād Egyptian Arabic
alou/ⲁⲗⲟⲩ (S,B,F) (youth, maiden, servant) Coptic
idmi : (red linen) 𓇋𓂧𓏇𓅆𓏠
jdmj Alt Egyptian
ʔe-tûn Late Kingdom
(ʔa-)dVm (red, blood) Afroasiatic Form
dVm Proto-Afroasiatic Form
dîm- , dâm- (blood) Proto-Afroasiatic
dam- (blood) (Gonga) Omotic
dîm- , dâm- (red) Cushitic
d-m- (blood) West Chadic
dm , dǝma (blood) Assyrian
idammen (blood) Berber
othónē/ὀθόνη Ancient Greek
othóni/οθόνη Greek
'ēṭûn/ אֵט֥וּן (red linen, fine linen, thread), dom/ דָּם (blood) Hebrew
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) jVˈtʼuːmVj , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) jVˈtʼuːmVj , (Late Egyptian, 800 BC)ʔəˈtʼeːm IPA
'ədūme < 'ədōme < 'ədāme Possible Etymology
ʲV'dU:mV (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
idn , jdn : (ear)
auḏn/ʾuðn, id (ear) Proto-Semitic
uznu Akkadian
ozen/ אֹזֶן Hebrew
ezen/ አዘን Ge'ez
ʾuḏun or uḏn/ أُذُن or أُذْن (ear) Arabic
id.t : (womb, vulva, uterus)
ḥem-t, ȧtȧ (Budge) Alt Egyptian
ootā/ⲟⲟⲧⲉ (S), otā/ⲟⲧⲉ (S), atā/ⲁⲧⲉ (A), oti/ⲟϯ (B), ōti/ⲱⲧⲓ (F), totā/ⲧⲟⲧⲉ (S) (womb) Coptic
iwf , jwf : (meat)
if Old Egyptian
əf/ⲉϥ (A, L) , af/ⲁϥ (S,B) aaf/ⲁⲁϥ (F,S) (meat) Coptic
igr , igrt , gr : (but, also)
ajurn/أجرن (because) Arabic
igS : (Ethiopian)
jgS, Ỉgš, kꜣš 𓎡𓄿𓈙𓈉 (Kush) Alt Egyptian
Ỉkš , jkš Demotic
ku-u-š-a-y /Kušāya/𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎠𐎹 Old Persian
kūsi/ 𒆳𒆪𒌑𒋢 Akkadian
əkʲōsh /ⲉϭⲱϣ (S), əkōsh /ⲉϭⲱϣ (A), ətʰāōsh/ ⲉⲑⲱϣ (B), əōsh /ϭⲱϣ (Ethiopian) Coptic
Aitʰiopʰia/Αἰθιοπία Later Greek
kûš/ כּוּשׁ Biblical Hebrew
habaš/ حبش (Abyssinian) Arabic
Æthiopian Archaic
~ igSw : (Ethiopians)(plur)
ethauš/ⲉⲑⲁⲩϣ (Ethiopians)(plur) Coptic
~ igSt : (Ethiopia)(female)
əkʲosə/ⲉϭⲟϣⲉ (S), əkooshə/ⲉϭⲟⲟϣⲉ (S) ətʰāoshi/ⲉⲑⲟϣⲓ (B) (Ethiopian)(female) Coptic
~ pA-igS : (That Ethiopia)
* the ig is removed
Pecōs/Πέκως: Greek
Pəćōš/Ⲡⲉϭⲱϣ Coptic
~ref https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Aegyptia_Demotica
iH , iHi : (bull, ox, cow) (m)
ʲḥʲ Alt Egyptian
eəḥə /ⲉ⳰ϩⲉ (S, A, B), aḥē/ ⲁϩⲏ (F) (ox, cow); āḥōou/ⲉϩⲱⲟⲩ, āoou/ⲉⲟⲟⲩ, āḥāv/ⲉϩⲉⲩ (cow) Coptic
jaḥi-u > ʲa'ḥiʲ > ⲉϩⲉ /ʔə;heʔ/ (Loprieno) IPA
~ iHt : (cow) (f)
eəḥə /ⲉ⳰ϩⲉ (S, A, B), aḥē/ ⲁϩⲏ (F), əḥə/ⲉϩⲉ (ox, cow) Coptic
~ iHw : (cows) (plr)
əḥoou /ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ (S), əḥēu /ⲉϩⲏⲩ (S), əḥəu /ⲉϩⲉⲩ (S, A, B), əḥow /ⲉϩⲁⲩ (sA),
eəḥōou /ⲉ⳰ϩⲱⲟⲩ (B), əḥəou /ⲉϩⲉⲟⲩ (B), aḥow /ⲁϩⲁⲩ (F), ēḥaou /ⲏϩⲁⲟⲩ (F) (plr) (cow) Coptic
jaḥiu-u > ʲa'ḥiww > ⲉϩⲉⲩ /ʔə'hew/ (Loprieno) IPA
ii : (come)
jy, ỉy (Come) Demotic
āḥoun/ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ Old Coptic
āi /ⲉⲓ (S) (come, coming, go), ow/ⲁⲩ (S), owā/ⲁⲩⲉ (S), owāi/ⲁⲩⲉⲓ (S, sA), owāāi/ⲁⲩⲉⲉⲓ (A), owāis/ⲁⲩⲉⲓⲥ (sA),
aouāi/ⲁⲟⲩⲉⲓ (F) (come!, give, bring hither ); (S, B) ābol/ⲉⲃⲟⲗ, (A, sA) abal/ⲁⲃⲁⲗ,
(F) ābal/ⲉⲃⲁⲗ (out, forth, outward, coming, going, bringing, loosing, throwing, opening, sprouting, pouring, crying);
(S, F) āḥoun/ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ, (A) akhoun/ⲁⳉⲟⲩⲛ, (sA) aḥoun/ⲁϩⲟⲩⲛ, (B) ākhoun/ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ,
(F) āḥon/ⲉϩⲟⲛ (inside, inward, motion ) Coptic
ikn : (Stone vessel)
akunu Babylonian
im : ( in, with, by means of, from, out of, as, namely, when, as, though, together with, within)
irm (with, and ) Demotic
imo (within) (ref. http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
~ im.f (in it)
mmo=f/ⲘⲘⲞϤ (in it) Coptic
im : (therefor, there, therein, therewith, therefrom)
emmow /ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ, emmv Coptic
imA : (to be pleasing, splended, be delighted (with), charmed (with), kind, gentle, well-disposed, be gracious, be delighted, charmed)
jâm (peace, tranquility (in greetings), well being) Bankan Tey Dogon
jaama, jamm (peace) Wolof
jám (peace, tranquility (in greetings), well being) Tommo So Dogon
zâm (peace, tranquility (in greetings), well being) Yanda Dom Dogon
jimijimi (richly, wealthily, gorgeously, splendidly)
(https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfTheYorubaLanguage) Yoruba
amani Swahili
anai/ⲁⲛⲁⲓ (S, B), anei/ⲁⲛⲉⲓ (A) anaei/ⲁⲛⲁⲉⲓ (NH) (be pleasing, pleasant, be willing) ,
djemmo/ϫⲉⲙⲙⲟ (B) (cause, be at ease), djamē/ϫⲁⲙⲏ (S, sA, B) (calm) Coptic
~ imAt : (charm, kindliness, graciousness, favour, favour (toward someone)
hmot/ϩⲙⲟⲧ (S, B), hmat/ϩⲙⲁⲧ (A, sA, F), ehmot/ⲉϩⲙⲟⲧ (B) (grace, gift) Coptic
~ iry imAt : thereof/related to the pleasing (Please do)
ari-ehmot/ⲁⲣⲓϩ⳰ⲙⲟⲧ (B) (please (do) Coptic
imi : (not) 𓇋𓅓𓂜
am 𓄿𓅓 Early Egyptian
-am /-አም (neg suffix) Amharic
(S, B) an/ⲁⲛ, (A, F) ən/ⲉⲛ (enclitic negative particle) Coptic
imiwti, imytw, im(y)t(w), im(y)tw : (between)
outō/ ⲟⲩⲧⲱ, oute/ ⲟⲩⲧⲉ Coptic
imn : (right hand)
ounam/ⲟⲩⲛⲁⲙ (S, F), ou(e)inam/ⲟⲩ(ⲉ)ⲓⲛⲁⲙ (S), iounam/ⲓⲟⲩⲛⲁⲙ (S), ounom/ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲙ (S), iounom/ⲓⲟⲩⲛⲟⲙ (S),
ounem/ⲟⲩⲛⲉⲙ (A, sA), owwinam/ⲟⲩⲓⲛⲁⲙ (B), owwinem/ⲟⲩⲓⲛⲉⲙ (F), owwienēm/ⲟⲩⲓⲉⲛⲏⲙ (F),
iounem/ⲓⲟⲩⲛⲉⲙ (F) , iouenēm/ⲓⲟⲩⲉⲛⲏⲙ (F), iōnam/ⲓⲱⲛⲁⲙ (F), iōnēm/ⲓⲱⲛⲏⲙ (F) (right hand) Coptic
imnu/𒍠 Akkadian
yamīn (right), yamān (right handed) (ref. Haase) Proto-Semitic
yamīn (right), yamān (right handed) (ref. Haase) Semitic
yäman/ የማን Amharic
yamīnيَمِينٌ/ Arabic
yaman (left) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
lemin Maltese
yammīnā יַמִּינָא/ Aramaic Hebrew
yammīnāܝܡܝܢܐ/ Aramaic Syriac
yāmîn/יָמִין Hebrew
ymn𐩺𐩣𐩬/ Old South Arabian
ymn / 𐎊𐎎𐎐 Ugaritic
ymn (right side) Semitic
yäman /የማነ Ethiopic
ʲamnat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
imn : (Amun God)
imnt : (wife to Amun)
imntt : (goddess of the west Amuntet)
imnt(t) (Fem), imnty (Masc) : (The West , Western, the Underworld, (translated into Coptic as Hades or Hell) 𓆄𓏏𓏮𓏏𓏏𓈉
Amentet Budge
jmnṱ, imnṱ Demotic
àmənti/ⲁ̀ⲙⲉⲛϯ (B, F), amntə/ⲁⲙⲛⲧⲉ (S,A) (Hades, Western place); əmnᵉt /ⲉⲙⲛ︦ⲧ (S), ïmnt/ⲉⲓⲙⲛⲧ (A, F),
əmntə/ⲉⲙⲛⲧⲉ (A, F), ïmntə/ⲉⲓⲙⲛⲧⲉ (A, F), èmənt/ⲉ̀ⲙⲉⲛⲧ (B), a-mənti/ⲁ⳰ⲙⲉⲛϯ,
əmnt/ⲉⲙⲛⲧ (the west, land of the dead) Coptic
ʾamandi /أمـــنــدﻯ (May a tragedy take you to hell) (ref. Bishai) Arabic
ho hai̯dēs/ὁ ᾃδηϛ , ο αιδηϚ τοπος (the invisible place, ass. with Hades) Greek
jmn.tt (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ja'mintit , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) jaˈmintiʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE):
ʔaˈmentə > Amnᵉtə/ⲁⲙⲛ︦ⲧⲉ "afterlife", ʲa'mintiʲ (fem) Loprieno); jmn.ti (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE): jaˈmintij,
(Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE): jaˈmintij, (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE): ʔəˈment (masc) (Loprieno) IPA
Ȧmunet, Ȧmunetet Conventunal Pronunciation
Alt Pronunciation
~ imntt: (The Wester land of the dead)
ʲa'mintit (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
amntā/ⲁⲙⲛⲧⲉ (S, A), āmntā/ⲉⲙⲛⲧⲉ (A, sA), amānti/ⲁⲙⲉⲛϯ (B, F) (hades literally western place) Coptic
imnt : the right side
jamin-u > jamin-at > imn.t /jamnat/ > imn.ti /ja'mintij/ > əmnt/ⲉⲙⲛⲧ (Loprieno) IPA
imy : (who, which is in, in which is)
Amw/Ꜣmw Demotic
maou /ⲙⲁⲟⲩ , meou /ⲙⲉⲟⲩ Old Coptic
hām/ϩⲉⲙ, hᵉm/ϩⲙ︦ [GE Champollion]; mow/ ⲙⲁⲩ (S) (B), mō /ⲙⲱ (Sa), mo /ⲙⲟ (A), māv /ⲙⲉⲩ (sA, F),
meou /ⲙⲉⲟⲩ (sA, F) (the place there, in, therein, who, which is there) Coptic
ʲamíʲ IPA
(i)m(y) -r(A)-mSa : (general)
Pelmos (pəlamusa) or (bəlamusa) Meroitic
p-lmš' Late Kingdom
stratego /sστρατηγός Greek
in : (by , so say)
n/ⲛ (with, by) Old Coptic
(S, A, sA, B, F) n/ⲛ (with, by), na/ⲛⲁ, ntʰə/ⲛⲑⲉ (advrb) Coptic
in (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
inH : (eyebrow)
(S, A) ānḥ/ⲉⲛϩ, (S, A) nḥ/ⲛϩ (eyebrow) Coptic
inhmn, nhm, inhrmA : (pomegranate)
iwn-h-A-ny-r-mAA Alt
alhammān Hoch
hrnnt Demotic
h-na-man₂ Hoch
lrmn Ugaritic
armannu, lurmû, lurimtu, lurindu, lurinni, lurimāu Akkadian
rimon /רִמוֹן Hebrew
remon/ רעמאָן Yiddish
ʾanār/انار Persian
ʾnʾlin Pahlavi
raman/ رمان Arabic
h(e)rman/ϩ(ⲉ)ⲣⲙⲁⲛ (S, B), h(e)rmēm/ϩ(ⲉ)ⲣⲙⲏⲛ (Sf), h(e)rmen/ϩ(ⲉ)ⲣⲙⲉⲛ (F),
lehmen/ⲗⲉϩⲙⲉⲛ (A), erman/ⲉⲣⲙⲁⲛ (B) Coptic
ini : (bring, fetch, carry off, remove, overcome, reach, attain, buy, appoint, use)
jn, ỉnỉ (bring) Demotic
ini /ⲓⲛⲓ (brought forth); (S, A) ïnā/ⲉⲓⲛⲉ , (A, sA) inā/ⲓⲛⲉ, (B, F) ini/ⲓⲛⲓ, (F) ni/ⲛⲓ, (S, A, sA) n/ⲛ,
(S, A, sA) m/ⲙ, (S, B, F) ān/ⲉⲛ, (S, A, sA) nt/ⲛⲧ, (B) ānt/ⲉⲛⲧ, (F) int/ⲓⲛⲧ, (F) nit/ⲛⲓⲧ (bring, bear) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) ˈjiːnit , (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) ˈjiːniʔ , (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) ˈʔiːnə ,
(modern Egyptological) ini IPA
ʲa'niʲ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ink : (I, I am) Independent pronoun 𓇋𓈖𓎡𓀀
nwk 𓏌𓎡𓀀 , inwk 𓇋𓏌𓎡𓀀 Alt Egyptian
jnk, ỉnk Demotic
ȧnuk (inwk) Budge
ana/ አነ (I, me) Tigre
ank/𐎀𐎐𐎃, an 𐎀𐎐 (I) Ugaritic
Ɂân, Ɂîn; ân, în (I) Proto-Afroasiatic
in (I) Omotic
ʾnk/ 𐤀𐤍𐤊 (I) ,ʾnky / 𐤀𐤍𐤊𐤉 (I) Phoenician
ʔan-āku, ʔaniya, Ɂan-ā, Ɂan-i Proto-Semitic
'anāku (I am), Ɂn (I) Semitic
Ɂâni (I) Cushitic
anāku/ 𒀀𒈾𒆪 (I) Akkadian
anâku Assyrin
anoky/ אנוכי, anokiy/ אָנׄכִי, anok/אנך (I) Archaic Hebrew
ʔānōḵī ,ʾānōkî /אנכי ; ʔănī , ʔănî /אני , ahyh (I) Hebrew
(ʔ)anoˈχi , anokhí / אָנֹכִי (I) Israel Hebrew
aní/ אֲנִי (I) Modern Hebrew
ʔana/ انا (I) Arabic
nek, nec (I, me), ənakkᵂ (I) Berber
ane, ani (I) (Rn. 1895) (Weninger) Bed.
ʔan-i, ʔan-u (I) (Sasse 1982,26) (Weninger) ECu.
ʔan-i (I) (Ehret 1980. 283) (Weninger) SCu.
inu (I) (Weninger) Maji
anok /ⲁⲛⲟⲕ, ank /ⲁⲛⲕ Old Coptic
anok /ⲁⲛⲟⲕ (stressed) (S, B), eanok /ⲁ⳰ⲛⲟⲕ (B), nok /ⲛⲟⲕ , anak /ⲁⲛⲁⲕ (A, F), ank/ⲁⲛⲕ (K, M),
aenk/ⲁⲛ̀ⲕ (unstressed )Coptic
jaˈnak (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) (Loprieno), jaˈnaːk (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE),
jaˈnaːk , ʔaˈnak (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE), inɛk (Reconstructed Old Egyptian), ʔn(k) , ʲānak, a‘nɔk (S) (Peust) IPA
anuk/anok, ʲnok; janak (OK), janāk/ʔanak (MK), ʔanok (LK), anok, anak, ank (Old Copitc) ; anok (UE), eanok, anok (LE) Fix
inn , (i)nn : (we) 𓇋𓀁𓈖𓈖𓏥
inw 𓇋𓏌𓈖𓏥 Alt Egyptian
enen Budge
Ɂǎnn, Ɂǐnn ; ǎnn, ǐnn Proto-Afroasiatic
ǝñña / እኛ Amharic
nnε Baŋgi
nona, nuna , nina Omotic
Ɂǎnn, Ɂǐnn (we) Cushitic
nīnu Akkadian
Ɂnn (we) Semitic
ʾnḥn/ 𐤀𐤍𐤇𐤍 Phoenician
nekni , necnin , neccin (we) Berber
an /ⲁⲛ (short for) anon /ⲁⲛⲟⲛ (S, B), anan/ⲁⲛⲁⲛ (A, F), anᵉn /ⲁⲛⲛ︦( old) (we) Coptic
naḥnu/ نحن (we) Arabic
íḥna (we/us/our) (? ref needed) Egyptian Arabic
Ɂǎnaḥnû/ אֳַנַחְנוּ , anu/ אֲנוּ Hebrew
ʲānan (AEVP), ja'nan (Loprieno) IPA
* ref https://en.wikiversity.org
inm : (flesh or skin of an animal or man, hue (of the sky)
inwm Alt Egyptian
inama (flesh, skin, meat) Bemba-Bantu
anom/ⲁⲛⲟⲙ (skin) Coptic
inpw : (god Anubis)
inpw : (royal child of a princess)
inpw (inpou) is 'dog' and more especially 'puppy' (Kurt Sethe & Hermann Kees claims) Alt Egyptian
jnp Demotic
inɛpuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
inepu Traditional Pronunciation
inr : (stone, rock, slab, block)
jny Demotic
(S, A, sA, F) ōnā/ⲱⲛⲉ, (B, F) ōni/ⲱⲛⲓ, (S) ānā/ⲉⲛⲉ, (B, F) ana/ⲁⲛⲁ (stone, as measure) Coptic
inɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
inry : (shudder, shake)
enour /ⲛ⳰ϩⲟⲩⲣ Coptic
inst , jnst (medical plant; anise?)
ánnēson/ἄννησον, ánēson/ἄνησον , ánēsson/ἄνησσον, ánīson/ἄνῑσον (anise, Pimpinella anisum) Greek
(1st CE Egyptian)ˈan.ne̝.son, (4th CE Koine)ˈan.ni.son, (10th CE Byzantine) ˈan.ni.son ,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan) ˈa.ni.son IPA
int : (valley)
ỉnyt Demotic
inw : (purple)
ȧnu Alt Egyptian
ʾargmn/𐎀𐎗𐎂𐎎𐎐 (purple) Ugaritic
ar-ga-man-nu/𒅈𒂵𒌋𒌋𒉡Neo-Assyrian
argamannu/𒋠𒍝𒆳𒋛𒀀 (red purple) Akkadian
ʾargəwānā/ܐܪܓܘܢܐ (purple) Syriac
argamana/ אַרְגְּוָונָא (purple), argamana/ אַרְגָּמָן (purple, crimson) Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
argaman/אֵרְגְוָנִי (purple), ʾargāmān/ אַרְגָּמָן (purple, red-purple [of garment]) Hebrew
arğawān/ارغوان (red-purple; a plant) Urdu
ʾarjuwān, ʾurjuwān/ أرجوان (purple) Arabic
ʾrγwʾn /arγawān/ (purple) Sogdian
ian/ⲓⲁⲛ (indigo) Coptic
ipt : (a dry measure of volume equivalent to 4 ḥqꜣwt (about 19.2 litres or 0.54 bushels)
jpyt Demotic
aeypah/ אֵיפָה Hebrew
aeipe/ ⲁⲉⲓⲡⲉ (A) ōipi/ⲱⲓⲡⲓ (B) aipi/ⲁⲓⲡⲓ (F) oeipe/ⲟⲉⲓⲡⲉ (S)
ipd : (cup)
ipt (chalice) Demotic
apot/ⲁⲡⲟⲧ (S) (cup, drinking vessel), apʰot/ⲁⲫⲟⲧ (B), apat/ⲁⲡⲁⲧ (F) (cup) Coptic
ipn : (these)
eipn/ⲉⲓⲡⲛ Old Coptic
ipt : (harem, secret chamber)
apōt ? Coptic
ipt : (a measure of corn or grain)
oipe /ⲟⲓⲡⲉ Coptic
oiphe /οιφε Greek
ephah (ahē-fahe) /ﬡֵיפָה Hebew
ipt : (census)
(S) ēpə/ⲎⲠⲈ, (S, A, sA, B, F) ōp/ⲱⲡ , (S) ōpə/ⲱⲡⲉ , (S, B, F) əp/ⲉⲡ , (A) ḥəp/ϩⲉⲡ , (Sf) ap/ⲁⲡ , (A) ōp/ⲱⲡ , (S, B) op/ⲟⲡ ,
(S, A, F) ap/ⲁⲡ , (S, sA, B, F) ēp/ⲏⲡ (count, esteem) Coptic
iqr , iq : (trust, trustworthy, skilful, excellent, pleasing, well-to-do, superior)
Akr/Ꜣkr Demotic
waqar (to be heavy or weighty; a tree laden with fruits; to be honorable or to hold weight in value) Proto-Semitic
waqar ? Proto-Afroasiatic
yaaqur, yaqri/yaaqer Aramaic
yāqār (highly esteemed) , yāqar, yaw-kawr' / יָקָר (expensive, precious, having a high price, cost); Yqr/יקר "to be heavy,
to honor, to be honored, to be precious); yakár/ יָקָר ((having a high price, cost, Dear, precious) Hebrew
waqār/وَقارْ (dignity, grandeur, majesty, veneration) Arabic
(OE, 2500 BE) ˈjaːqʼaɾ/, (ME 1700 BE) ˈjaːqʼaʔ , (LE 800 BE) ˈjoːqʼə [noun]; (OE, 2500 BE) ˈˈjaːqʼiɾ,
(ME 1700 BE) ˈjaːqʼiʔ , (LE 800 BE) ˈjoːqʼə [Adjective] IPA
iker Traditional Pronunciation
~ iqrw : (plur)
(w)aqāru(m) Akkadian
waqura Arabic
yqr Hebrew
ir, iri : (do, at, to, if, as to, as for, when, as regards, towards )
ir.i : (towards me) Alt Egyptian
ỉr Demotic
ait/ⲁⲓⲧ, āirə, ïrə/ⲉⲓⲣⲉ , ər/ⲉⲣ , r/ⲣ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA) əirə, ïrə/ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (sA) irə/ⲓⲣⲉ , (B) iri/ⲓⲣⲓ , (F) ili/ⲓⲗⲓ , (B, F) ra/ⲣⲁ, (B, F) la/ⲗⲁ , (S, A, sA) r/ⲣ ,
(S, B) ər/ⲉⲣ , (F) əl/ⲉⲗ , (S) āiat, ïat/ⲉⲓⲁⲧ , (S) aa /ⲁⲁ , (A, sA) əət/ⲉⲉⲧ , (sA) əəit/ⲉⲉⲓⲧ , (sA) əə/ⲉⲉ,
(sA) aə/ⲁⲉ , (B) ai/ⲁⲓ , (F) əi/ⲉⲓ, (F) ït/ⲉⲓⲧ , (NH) a/ⲁ , (S, sA, F) o/ⲟ , (A) ə/ⲉ, (A) ïə/ⲉⲓⲉ ,
(sA) oəi/ⲟⲉⲓ , (B, F) oi/ⲟⲓ ,(F) ai/ⲁⲓ, (F) āi , ï/ⲉⲓ, (F) ə/ⲉ (act, become, befall, make, do, pass time, make total,
amount to) ; (S) āirā/ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (doing); (S) arirā/ⲁⲣⲓⲣⲉ (do!) ; (S) arirā/ⲁⲣⲓⲣⲉ, (B) arioui/ⲁⲣⲓⲟⲩⲓ, (S, A, B) ari/ⲁⲣⲓ,
(A, sA) āri/ⲉⲣⲓ, (do! /imperative); araï/ⲁⲣⲁï (A, L), eroï/ⲉⲣⲟï (B, S), elaï/ⲉⲗⲁï (F), eraï /ⲉⲣⲁï (M) Coptic
~ iri ib : (please)
iai (be pleased)
irb(A) : to be shut in, driven
(S) ōr(ā)b/ⲱⲣ(ⲉ)ⲃ, (S, B) ōrf/ⲱⲣϥ , (Sa, A) ōrbā/ⲱⲣⲃⲉ, (S) ārb/ⲉⲣⲃ ,(B) ārf/ⲉⲣϥ, (F) arāf/ⲁⲣⲉϥ, (S) orb/ⲟⲣⲃ, (S, B) orf/ⲟⲣϥ,
(Sf, A) arb/ⲁⲣⲃ, (S) orb/ⲟⲣⲃ, (A, Sf, S, sA) arb/ⲁⲣⲃ, (S, B) orf/ⲟⲣϥ ,(A) arbā/ⲁⲣⲃⲉ (be enclosed, apart, quiet,
restrict, surround) Coptic
iri , ir : (create, beget, make, do, accomplish, act, aqquire, pass time, cultivate (plants)
jrj Alt Egyptian
jr(j), ỉr(ỉ) Demotic
e'rhe /ዕርሐ (make), ʔa'riya /ዓረየ Ethiopic
ïrā /ⲉⲓⲣⲉ , ait/ⲁⲓⲧ , ār /ⲉⲣ, r/ⲣ Old Coptic
ïrā /ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (S, A, sA), irā/ⲓⲣⲉ (sA), iri/ⲓⲣⲓ (B), ili/ⲓⲗⲓ (F), ra/ⲣⲁ (B, F), la/ⲗⲁ (B, F), r/ⲣ (S, A, sA),
ār /ⲉⲣ (S, B), āl/ⲉⲗ (F), aa/ⲁⲁ (S), ïat/ⲉⲓⲁⲧ (S), āāt/ⲉⲉⲧ (A, sA), āāit/ⲉⲉⲓⲧ (sA), āā/ⲉⲉ (sA),
aā/ⲁⲉ (sA), ai/ⲁⲓ (B), āi/ⲉⲓ (F), āit/ⲉⲓⲧ (F), a/ⲁ (NH), o/ⲟ (S, sA, F), ā/ⲉ (A), āiā/ⲉⲓⲉ (A),
oāi/ⲟⲉⲓ (sA), oi/ⲟⲓ (B, F), ai/ⲁⲓ (F), āi/ⲉⲓ (F),
ā/ⲉ (F) (act, become, befall, make, do, bear fruit, pass time, make total, amount to, value at ),
a/ⲁ- , a/ⲁ (verbal prefix derived from ⲉⲓⲣⲉ) (Crum) (S, A, B, F) Coptic
~ iri.w : (create, beget, make, do, accomplish, act) (plr)
ja:rvw Alt Pronunciation
~ iri.f : (he does, he makes)
iry.f , irr.f Late Kingdom
ir.f Demotic
ʲarīʲuf (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
iri : (companion)
iry (fellow, friend) (Crum) Alt Egyptian
ēr /ⲏⲣ (B) (friend, companion), ārēw /ⲉⲣⲏⲩ (S) (fellow, companion, each other, together, mutually) Coptic
~ tAy.i iry n st-Hmt (my female companion)
taréi ānsimā/ⲧⲁⲣⲉ́ⲓ ⲉⲛⲥⲓⲙⲉ< réi ānsimā/ⲣⲉ́ⲓ ⲉⲛⲥⲓⲙⲉ (my female companion) Coptic
irp : (wine) 𓇋𓂋𓊪𓏉
jrp Demotic
orp(a)/ ⲟⲣⲡ(ⲁ) (Peust) Old Nubian
orp Nubian
'jrp Ugaritic
yáyin/ יַיִן (wine) Hebrew
hérpis/ ἕρπις Ancient Greek
ērp /ⲏⲣⲡ (S, A, sA, B, F), ērep/ⲏⲣⲡ̄ (A, B, A, L) , erp /ⲉⲣⲡ (B, S), ērᵉp /ⲏⲣⲡ︦ (S?) , rp/ⲣⲡ (S), ēlp /ⲏⲗⲡ (F) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC)ˈjuːɾap ; (Middle Egyptian,1700 BC) ˈjuːɾap ; (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ˈʔeːɾəp IPA
~ irpw : wine (plur)
ērep /ⲏⲣⲡ̄ Coptic
irr : (radiate, shine)
(S) āiālāl/ⲉⲓⲉⲗⲉⲗ, (S) āiālāiāl/ⲉⲓⲉⲗⲉⲓⲉⲗ , (B) iālāl/ⲓⲉⲗⲉⲗ, (B) ālāl/ⲉⲗⲉⲗ (shine, glitter, brightness) Coptic
haw-lal', halal /הָﬥַל (Shine) Hebrew
êllu Assyrian
irt : (eye)
ʔil Proto-Afroasiatic Form
iāt/ⲓⲉⲧ Old Coptic
yāirā, ïirā /ⲓⲉⲓⲣⲉ (L), yār, ïr /ⲓⲉⲣ (B), āya /ⲉⲓⲁ (S), yat /ⲓⲁⲧ (B), ïat /ⲉⲓⲁⲧ (S), āyār, ïār /ⲉⲓⲉⲣ (S), ïaat/ⲉⲓⲁⲁⲧ ,
(S) ïāt/ⲉⲓⲉⲧ (A), iat/ⲓⲁⲧ (B), iēt/ⲓⲏⲧ (F) (eye and sight) Coptic
ojo (eye) Spanish
irɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
ʲārat Alt Pronunciation
~ bin irt : (evil eye)
ban ïirā /ⲃⲁⲛ ⲓⲉⲓⲣⲉ (malicious 'evil of eye' ) Coptic
~ irt bint : (evil eye)
āiār boonā/ⲉⲓⲉⲣ ⲃⲟⲟⲛⲉ (evil of eye) (Crum) Coptic
~ mH irt m, mHn irt : (fill eye with)
mḥ ỉrt , mḥ n ỉrt Demotic
(S) māḥ-āiat = mmo= /ⲙⲉϩ-ⲉⲓⲁⲧ⳼ ⲙⲙⲟ⳼ (fill eye with, look intently); (S) mouḥ n- /ⲙⲟⲩϩ ⲛ- (fill with) ;
(A) maḥ-ïāt = mma= /ⲙⲁϩ-ïⲉⲧ ⳼ ⲙⲙⲁ⳼ (fill eye with, look intently)
'look intently' ; maḥ-iaït.f/ⲙⲁϩ-ⲓⲁⲓ̈ⲧϥ (onlooker 'one who fills his eye (with something) Coptic
irt : (duty (of someone), use, purpose)
jrt Demotic
ïār/ⲉⲓⲉⲣ (S), ïat/ⲉⲓⲁⲧ (S), iār/ⲓⲉⲣ (B), iat/ⲓⲁⲧ (B) (duty? needs ref.) Coptic
irt : (do, to do, to make)
ʔírat> yire> írir> ire/ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (Allen) (doing) Evolution
eire/ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (S, L) Coptic
ʲīrit < ʔi:rɘ (1,000 BCE) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
irTt, iryt : (milk)
jrt(t) Demotic
yer Meroitic
ārōtā /ⲉⲣⲱⲧⲉ (S, A), ārōti /ⲉⲣⲱϯ (B, F), arōtā/ⲁⲣⲱⲧⲉ (Sf), arōti/ⲁⲣⲱϯ (F) Coptic
iry : (thereof, thereto, relating to, friend?)
ēr /ⲏⲣ (B), ārēu /ⲉⲣⲏⲩ (S) (each other, together, mutually) ; ērā /ⲏⲣⲉ , ēri /ⲏⲣⲓ;
arēu /ⲁⲣⲏⲩ (S), ḥarēw/ϩⲁⲣⲏⲩ (S), arēou/ⲁⲣⲏⲟⲩ (B) (perhaps, if,) Coptic
iryw : (plr)
ērēw/ⲎⲢⲎⲨ (plr) Coptic
iry : (ram)
ʾi₃=ra=ya (ASAE 1954) Hoch
ʾêlya, ʾayla
ālu Akkadian
oāilā/ⲟⲉⲓⲗⲉ (S), olāiā/ⲟⲗⲉⲓⲉ (S), oilāiā/ⲟⲓⲗⲉⲓⲉ (S), oilā/ⲟⲓⲗⲉ (S), ailā/ⲁⲓⲗⲉ (A) ōili/ⲱⲓⲗⲓ (B), oili/ⲟⲓⲗⲓ (B),
aili/ⲁⲓⲗⲓ (F), ail/ⲁⲓⲗ (F) Coptic
iry Hmt : (take a wife, to marry, get married, wed)
er ghamos/ ⲉⲣⲅⲁⲙⲟⲥ (Greek influence) Coptic
iryw : (Crew (on boat)
iry (fellows, companion) Demotic
(A, B) erēou /ⲉⲣⲏⲟⲩ (B) arēou /ⲁⲣⲏⲟⲩ, erēu/ⲉⲣⲏⲩ (fellow, companion together, each other) Coptic
jarjǔw Possible Pronunciation
is : (be light (of weight), lie light)
isi Alt Egyptian
ꜢsꜤ (be light) Demotic
asiōou/ⲁⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩ Old Coptic
(S, F) asai/ⲁⲥⲁⲓ, (A) āsiāāi/ⲉⲥⲓⲉⲉⲓ, (B) asiai/ⲁⲥⲓⲁⲓ, (S, F) asōou/ⲁⲥⲱⲟⲩ, (S) asāiōou/ⲁⲥⲉⲓⲱⲟⲩ, (A) āsiōou/ⲉⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩ,
(B) asiōou/ⲁⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩ (be light, relieved, be swift) Coptic
is : (old)
(S, F) as /ⲁⲥ, (S) aas /ⲁⲁⲥ , (A, F) es/ ⲉⲥ , (S, B) apas /ⲁⲡⲁⲥ , (F) apes /ⲁⲡⲉⲥ Coptic
is : (enclitic particle mark of emphasis, behold, lo)
iws (it is (that) Late Kingdom
is (behold) Demotic
(S, Sa, A, sA) ïs/ⲉⲓⲥ, (S, Sa, A, sA) əs/ⲉⲥ , (B) is/ⲓⲥ (behold, lo, here is) Coptic
~ istw, isT(w) (behold, though)
ïstə/ⲉⲓⲥⲧⲉ (S,A), əstə/ⲉⲥⲧⲉ (A) (behold, lo, here is ) (Rösch) ; >
ïs ḥēētā/ⲉⲓⲥ ϩⲏⲏⲧⲉ (properly before pronouns and verbs) for) Coptic
isft : (falsehood, lie, wrong, sin, wickedness, injustice, doing wrong, disorder, chaos
shoft/ϣⲟϥⲧ (to err, to make a mistake, to stumble, mistake, error, wrong, mistaken (possible connection);
mətshaft/ⲙⲉⲧϣⲁϥⲧ (iniquity, wickedness, evil) Coptic
(OE 2500 BCE) jaˈzaːfat ; (ME, 1700 BCE) jaˈsaːfaʔ ; (Amarna-period LE 1350 BCE) ʔaˈsaːfa ;
(LE, 800 BCE) ʔaˈsoːfə (ME AIitLCoH J.P.A p120; WdA S Hermann) IPA
iSp : (cucumber)
eshoop /ⲉϣⲟⲟⲡ Coptic
ispt (NK), isp (MK) : (quiver (for arrows) (MK-NK)
ashpah/ʾašpâh/אַשְׁפָּה, 'ashshaph (Strong's Exhaustive Concordance) Hebrew
išpatu Assyrian
ủṯpt Ugaritic
ispet Traditional Pronunciation
isw : (lo, behold)
js Demotic
əis/ⲉⲓⲥ (S, Sa, A, sA), əs/ⲉⲥ (S, Sa, A, sA), is/ⲓⲥ (B), (behold, lo, here is) Coptic
ˈjiːsVw (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.), ˈjiːsVw (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C.), ˈʔiːsəʔ (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BC)),
ʔiːs (Late Egyptian 800 B.C.), isuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
iSst : (what?)
(S, B) ásh/ⲁϣ , (A) éḥ, ākh/ⲉⳉ , (sA, F) ésh/ⲉϣ, (L) ésh, (pL) éç (what? who?) Coptic
ȧshes-t (Budge) Alt Pronunciation
it , iti : (father) 𓇋𓏏
ȧtf, tf (based off and Coptic) 𓇋𓏏𓆑𓀀, 𓇋𓆑 Budge
itf Alt Egyptian
yt, ytfṱ (Father) Demotic
ʔab (Father) Proto-Afroasiatic Form
ʾab (Father) Proto-Semitic
ʾab, ʾāb, ʾabu (Father) Semtic
ʔabb (Father) Proto-Berber
uba Hausa
abu 𒌗𒉈 , abu/ 𒀊, ʼab (Father) Akkadian
ʾb /𐤀𐤁 (Father) Ammonite, Edomite and Moabite
ʾabbo/ ኣቦ(Father) Tigrinya
ʾäb /አብ (Father) Tigre
ʾäbat /አባት (abat) (Father) Amharic
ʾb /በእ (Father) Arharic
ʾab/ ኣብ, 'aba/ ኣባ , abo / ኣቦ (Father) Ge'ez Ethiopic
ảb(Father) Ugaritic
abu (Father) Assyrian
ảb /𐎀𐎁 (Father) Ugaritic
𐩱𐩨/ ʾb (Father) Arabian
ʾb 𐤀𐤁/, ʾab, bu Phoenician
אב/ab (Father) Sabean
abba /אבא , ab (awb)/אָב , ʾôb, ʼāḇ (Father) Hebrew
'áv, ʾāḇ /אָב (Father) Biblical Hebrew
’aḇā’/אבא, ʾabbā / אַבָּא (the father, my father) Aramaic
ḥa-yb (Father) Mehri
aabo (Father) Somali
’ab-ā’ /ܐܒܐ , bābā (Father) Syriac
abba (Father) Afar
pitar (Father) Sanskrit
ʔabúu / أـنـبــا (Father) Egyptian Arabic
ʾab/ أَب > ʾabū (Father) Arabic
iout/ⲓⲟⲩⲧ, ïout/ïⲟⲩⲧ (Father) Old Coptic
ïōt, yōt/ ⲉⲓⲱⲧ (S, A, sA), ïot, yot/ ⲉⲓⲟⲧ (M), yoat, yōt /ⲓⲱⲧ (S, B, F), efyōt /ⲫ̀ⲓⲱⲧ, ente /ⲛ⳰ⲧⲉ (B), yoti /ⲓⲟϯ (Father) Coptic
ˈjaːtij (Reconstructed OE); jatǎi or jǎtaf (possible Old Kingdom) (Danielito); i.'a.tʰa (JPA) (OE&ME); 'ja.tʰa (JPA) (LE) IPA
'jaːtvj or ʲātVʲ from ʲt (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
it Traditional Pronunciation
~ itw- (fathers)
ʲtʲ.w (Loprieno) Alt Egyptian
ïotā , yotā/ⲉⲓⲟⲧⲉ (S), ïatā/ⲉⲓⲁⲧⲉ (A, sA), ïati, yati/ ⲉⲓⲁϯ (A, sA, F), ioti/ⲓⲟϯ (B), ïōtā, yōte /ⲉⲓⲱⲧⲉ Coptic
ʲatʲaw (Loprieno), (j)at-i-jūw (Danielito), jǎtjaw Alt Pronunciation
~ it.f : his father
'jatjif or ʲātʲif from 'jaːt(v) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
it-it : (grandfather, grandpa)
tf-tf Budge
mpyōt /ⲙⲡⲉⲓⲱⲧ (S), p(ei)/ⲡ(ⲉⲓ) (S) Coptic
itn : (sun disk, sun)
iōit/ⲓⲱⲓⲧ ? (Sun, god) Coptic
𒅀𒀀𒋾 (ia-a-ti) in 𒈠𒅀𒀀𒋾 (ma-ia-a-ti/Mayati “Meritaten”) Cuneiform
ˈjaːtin (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.), ˈjaːtin (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C.), ˈjaːtəj (Middle-Late Egyptian 1350 B.C.),
ˈjoːtəj (Late Egyptian 800 B.C.), itɛn (modern Egyptological) IPA
aten Traditional Pronunciation
itn: (god Aten, sun)
itrw : (river)
iwr (Brugsch), ỉꜢrw (Junge), jtrw Alt Egyptian
ytr (? needs ref) Old Egyptian
yě'ōr Late Egyptian
ỉắt\r˘w > ỉắꜢ\r˘w> āioorā/ⲉⲓⲟⲟⲣⲉ (S) (ref. Friedrich Junge), itrw> itr> itry Evolution
ïoor/ⲉⲓⲟⲟⲣ (S), ïoore/ⲉⲓⲟⲟⲣⲉ (S), ioorā/ⲓⲟⲟⲣⲉ (A), iōōrā/ⲓⲱⲱⲣⲉ(A), ior/ⲓⲟⲣ (B), iaar/ⲓⲁⲁⲣ (F), iaal/ⲓⲁⲁⲗ(F) (canal);
ïāro/ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ (S), ïro/ⲓⲉⲣⲟ (S, A), ïāra/ⲓⲉⲣⲁ (F), iaro/ⲓⲁⲣⲟ (B) (river) Coptic
ye'ór/ יְאוֹר , יְאֹר (Nile, river) Hebrew
ˈjatraw > jaʔr(ə), ʲatraw (Loprieno) Alt pronunciation
ˈjatɾaw (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE), ˈjaʔɾaw (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), ˈjaʔɾ (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE),
itɛruː (modern Egyptological) IPA
iteru Traditional Pronunciation
~ jtrw ꜥꜣ (great river, Nile)
y(ꜥr) ꜥꜣ (river, Nile) Demotic
ïāro, eiāro/ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ (S) (river, 'great canal) Coptic
~ DAi itrw (cross river)
ṯꜢỉ y(Ꜥ)r (cross the river) Demotic
(S) djioor/ϫⲓⲟⲟⲣ, (S) djiāoor/ϫⲓⲉⲓⲟⲟⲣ , (A) djioorā/ϫⲓⲟⲟⲣⲉ, (A) r djioorā/ⲣ ϫⲓⲟⲟⲣⲉ , (B) ār djinor/ⲉⲣ ϫⲓⲛⲓⲟⲣ,
(B) ārchinor/ⲉⲣϭⲓⲛⲓⲟⲣ , (F) djnaar/ϫⲛⲁⲁⲣ, (F) djniaal/ϫⲛⲓⲁⲁⲗ
(river over, cross river, cross (sea or land) Coptic
iTw : (thief)
chiouᵉi/ϭⲓⲟⲩⲓ⳰ Coptic
iw (Enclitic particle at the head of a sentence)
ˈʔu (Werning) Alt pronunciation
iw : (is, are, are, it is, is, non-enclitic particle)
ou /ⲟⲩ Coptic
iw : (dog)
ʔu Antonio Loprieno
ka-wa Luvale-Bantu
r- iwd : (between)
ỉwṯ (between) Demotic
outō/ⲟⲩⲧⲱ (among, between) Old Coptic
(S, F) outā/ⲟⲩⲧⲉ, (S, F) oudā/ⲟⲩⲇⲉ , (S, A, sA, B, F) outō/ⲟⲩⲧⲱ (among, between);
ouōti/ⲟⲩⲱϯ, outā/ⲟⲩⲧⲉ (separate, between) Coptic
iw, iwi : (come, return)
jy Demotic
āḥoun/ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ Old Coptic
(S, B) ābol/ⲉⲃⲟⲗ, (A, sA) abal/ⲁⲃⲁⲗ, (F) ābal/ⲉⲃⲁⲗ (out, forth, outward, coming, going, bringing,
loosing, throwing, opening, sprouting, pouring, crying); (S, F) āḥoun/ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ, (A) akhoun/ⲁⳉⲟⲩⲛ, (sA)
aḥoun/ⲁϩⲟⲩⲛ, (B) ākhoun/ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ, (F) āḥon/ⲉϩⲟⲛ (inside, inward, motion ) Coptic
if : (flesh (to man)
jwf Demotic
if 𓇋𓆑𓄹 (flesh) (Vycichl) Old Kingdom
if 𓇋𓆑𓄹𓏥 (Vycichl) Middle Egyptian
iwf 𓇋𓅱𓆑𓄹 (flesh) (Vycichl) 17th Dynasty
if 𓇋𓆑𓄺 (flesh) (Vycichl) Late Kingdom
(S, B) af/ⲁϥ, (S, F) aaf/ⲁⲁϥ , (A) ab/ⲁⲃ, (A) āf/ⲉϥ, (S) apʰi/ⲁⲫⲩ , ef/ⲉϥ (A, L) (flesh, human or animal) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) ˈjuwfuw ; (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) ˈjuwfuw; (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BC) ˈʔuʔfəʔ;
(Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ʔøʔf IPA
~ iwfw : (flesh) (plur)
(S, B, F) afowwi/ⲁϥⲟⲩⲓ, (S, B, F) avowwi/ⲁⲃⲟⲩⲓ, (B) apʰowwi/ⲁⲫⲟⲩⲓ
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) jawˈfaːwaw ; (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) jawˈfaːwaw;
(Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BC) ʔaʔˈfaːjəʔ ; (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ʔaˈfoːj IPA
ꜥafǎw/ꜥufǎw Alt Pronunciation
iwtn : (ground, floor, flooring)
iwtn (ground) Demotic
(S) ïyn/ⲉⲓⲧⲛ, (S) itnā/ⲓⲧⲛⲉ , (S) tnē/ⲧⲛⲏ, (S, sA) itn/ⲓⲧⲛ , (S, B, F) itān/ⲓⲧⲉⲛ (ground, earth, dust, rubbis)
~ iwtn n xt : (ashe, dust of the fire, dust of wood)
etnikh /ⲉⲧⲛⲓⳉ Coptic
iwty : (who..not, with...not)
itwy (without) Demotic
at/ⲁⲧ (without); (S, A, sA, B, F) ouōt/ⲟⲩⲱⲧ, (S, sA) ouōtā/ⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉ (f)
(without, single, alone, any, one & same) Coptic
iwy : (which is not)
iwii Alt Egyptian
iwt(y) (without), iwty (which is not) Demotic
at/ⲁⲧ Coptic
iwy : (indeed)
yA, ỉꜢ (interjection) Alt Egyptian
āiā/ⲉⲓⲉ (then (particle) Coptic
iwy-HAt(y) : (be patient, long-suffering)
ōou n ḥēt /ⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ ϩⲏⲧ Coptic
iwn , iwnw [jwn] : (color, colour, complexion, nature, disposition, character)
iwn- (color) (Loprieno) Proto-Afroasiatic
ản/𐎀𐎐 (pigment) Ugaritic
lawn, ʔanāku Proto-Semitic
ʾā́nā/אָנָה Hebrew
iawn/ لَوْن [ʔayna] color, type) Arabic
owan/ⲁⲩⲁⲛ (S, F), owaan/ⲁⲩⲁⲁⲛ (S), owïn/ⲁⲩⲉⲓⲛ (S), owïïn/ⲁⲩⲉⲓⲉⲓⲛ (S), eouen/ⲉⲟⲩⲉⲛ (A), aowwēn/ⲁⲟⲩⲏⲛ (F),
aowwan/ⲁⲟⲩⲁⲛ (B), avan/ⲁⲃⲁⲛ (B) (colour, metaphorically, appearance) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) jaˈwin ; (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) jaˈwin > ʔaˈwin; (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ʔaˈwen;
ɑˈwɑn (Late Coptic) IPA
ʲa'win (Loprieno), jaˈwin > ʔaˈwin Alt Pronunciation
ix : (what ? , then, therefore)
ix < ixt (things, offerings, possessions, property, matter, affair, something, anything) Evolution
jḫ > ash/ⲁϣ (S,B) Demotic
(S, B) ásh/ⲁϣ , (A) éḥ, ākh/ⲉⳉ , (sA, F) ésh/ⲉϣ, (L) ésh, (pL) éç (what? who?) Coptic
jšst (from (what) ix + st (3rd person prnoun) (what?) Derived Terms
~ ix pw pwy : What (it) is this? (possible reconstruction)
ash pe pʰai/ⲁϣ ⲡⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ : What's this?
ixix : (become green)
jꜣq.t , AxAx (become green) Alt Egyptian
wrḳ Afroas
wrq (green) Proto-Semitic
warq Semitic
yéreq/ ירק (vegetables) Hebrew
ēkⁱā/ⲏϭⲉ (S), ēdji/ⲏϫⲓ (B) (leek, leek colored) Coptic
wāRiḏ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
iXm : (divine Image, iamage of god, falcon)
aḥōm/ⲁϩⲱⲙ (S), aḥōmā/ⲁϩⲱⲙⲉ (S), aḥōōmā/ⲁϩⲱⲱⲙⲉ (S), akhōm/ⲁⳉⲱⲙ (A), akhōm/ⲁϧⲱⲙ (B) (eagle)
ⲡⲁϧⲱⲙ/pakhōm from ⲁϧⲱⲙ/akhōm (eagle or falcon) Coptic
Pachómios/ Παχώμιος, Pachúmios/Παχούμιος Greek
.k : (you, your ) (M) (sg) (Suffixed pronouns)
ka/ ኻ Amharic T
ok Beja
ik Kabyle
-ka Akkadian
't/ 𐤀𐤕 Phoenician
ku, ka (you) (M) (sg) Proto-Afroasiatic
ku (your) (M) (sg) Cushitic
ka, ku (M) (sg) Chadic
ka (your) (2s suffix) (M) (sg) (Arabic) Semitic
inek , nnek , -k (your) (M) (sg) Berber
netta (he), keyy, cek (you) (M) (sg) Berber
ak (2nd) (M) (sg) (Weninger) Brb.
ka, ku, ki (your) (m) (sg) (Weninger) ECu.
-kā/ְ ךָ (your), Hebrew
- ́k (after vowel), -ak (after con) Egyptian Arabic
ka Arabic
k/ⲕ, ekh /ⲭ⳰, ak/ⲁⲕ (thou, you) (M), ek/ⲕ︦ Coptic
(Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE-Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) k (modern Egyptological) ʔɛk; kʰ (JPA, Northern) IPA
ku Alt Pronunciation
ek Traditional Pronunciation
~ tw.k (1st person present 2nd person sing (M) (Late Kingdom)
ir.k Demotic
k/ⲕ (M) Coptic
kA : (bull)
kꜢ (bull) Demotic
ko/ⲕⲟ (bull) Old Coptic
ko/κω, Xo/χω Greek
go/ गो "soul", "cow" Sanskrit
(OE 2500 B.C.E.) kuʀ , kʰal (JPA) ; (ME 1700 B.C.E.) kuʀ , kʰal (JPA) ; (ME-LE 1350 B.C.E.) kuʔ, kʰal (JPA);
(LE 800 B.C.E.) køʔ, kʰaʔ(JPA) IPA
~ n-kaw , n-kɜ.w : bulls Pre Late Kingdom
nikū (en.wikiversity.org) Cuneiform
kA : (soul body)
ko/ⲕⲟ (bull) Old Coptic
(S, A, B, F) kōt /ⲕⲱⲧ, (S, B) kāt /ⲕⲉⲧ, (F) kat /ⲕⲁⲧ, (S, B) kot /ⲕⲟⲧ, (A, F) kat /ⲕⲁⲧ,
(S, B) kēt /ⲕⲏⲧ (edify, encourage, spiritually, build, form); kō /ⲕⲱ , kah /ⲕⲁ (older?) ; koi/ⲕⲟⲓ < koiahk/ⲕⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ (Peust) Coptic
kAry : Gardener
Kiri Sumerian
go/ गो "soul", "cow" Sanskrit
kuʀ (reconstructed Old Egyptian), kɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ka Traditional Pronunciation
kA : (so, then, as a result)
(S, A, sA, F) qā/ϭⲉ , (S, B) djā/ϫⲉ , (F) qē/ϭⲏ (then, therefore, but, again, once more, (no) longer) Coptic
ʔkɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ka Traditional Pronunciation
kAb : ( to double)
(S, A, B, F) kōb/ⲕⲱⲃ, (B) kōp/ⲕⲱⲡ (more often for B) , (S) kb/ⲕⲃ, (S) kāb/ⲕⲉⲃ , (S, B) kob/ⲕⲟⲃ , (S, A, B, F) kēb/ⲕⲏⲃ
(be doubled, make double) Coptic
kAbt : (breast)
(B) kifi /ⲕⲓϥⲓ, (S) ekibe /ⲉⲕⲓⲃⲉ, (S) kibe /ⲕⲓⲃⲉ, (S) kiebe /ⲕⲓⲉⲃⲉ, chibe/ϭⲓⲃⲉ ? Coptic
kAm : (wine rod, garden)
kꜣm (garden) Demotic
karm (vineyard) Semetic
kirû, kiriu (garden, orchard, palm grove) Akkadian
kwr, Akr (to caltivate), kiry, kVw/AVr (Garden, cultivate field) Afrasian
Kerem כָּ֫רֶם (vineyard) (the 'A' in medu netjer is used for the 're') Hebrew
kʲme/ϭⲙⲉ (S), chme/ϭⲙⲉ (B), kʲmē/ϭⲙⲏ (S, Sf), chmē/ϭⲙⲏ (B), kʲimē/ϭⲓⲙⲏ (F) (gardener, vinedresser);
(S, A, sA, F) kʲōm/ϭⲱⲙ , (B) chōm/ϭⲱⲙ , (S) kʲom/ϭⲟⲙ , (S) kom/ⲕⲟⲙ, (B) djōm/ϫⲱⲙ ,
(S) khōmā/ϭⲱⲙⲉ (garden, vineyard, property) Coptic
kǎꜢm(u), 'kaʀmvw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ kAmw : (gardener, vinedresser)
kʲmēv/ϭⲙⲏⲩ (S, A, sA), kʲmēou/ϭⲙⲏⲟⲩ (S), kʲməʔv/ϭⲙⲉⲉⲩ (S) kʲmowəï/ϭⲙⲁⲩⲉⲓ (Sf) ,
kʲ(i)nə/Ϭ(Ⲓ)ⲚⲈ (garden, vineyard) Coptic
/kaʀmiw/ > ϭⲙⲉ /kʲmeʔ/ (gardner) Evolution
kaꜢmǔwaw Alt Pronunciation
kAmi(a)r : Camel
gmwl (camel) Demotic
(S, A, B, F) qamoul/ϭⲁⲙⲟⲩⲗ, (S) kamoul/ⲕⲁⲙⲟⲩⲗ , (B) djamoul/ϫⲁⲙⲟⲩⲗ (camel) Coptic
gamal Proto-Semitic
gammal/ 𒃵𒂷 Akkadian
gemale/ መል Ethiopic
gamlā /ܓܡܠܐ Syriac
gamál/ גָמָל Hebrew
kámēlos/κάμηλος Ancient Greek
camēlus Latin
jamal/ جَمَل Arabic
kjaˈmul IPA
kAmw : (vineyard, orchard)
karm Semitic
kaRmVw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
kAp : (cover, roof over, hide oneself, take cover, droop (of eyebrows)
kꜢp, khp Alt Egyptian
ḳp (hide) Demotic
(S) kōp/ⲕⲱⲡ , (B) khōp/ⲭⲱⲡ, (B) khāp/ⲭⲉⲡ, (B) khop/ⲭⲟⲡ , (F) kap/ⲕⲁⲡ , (S) kēp/ⲕⲏⲡ , (B) khēp/ⲭⲏⲡ (hide, be hidden);
(S, A, sA, B, F) ḥōp/ϩⲱⲡ , (NH) kōp/ⲕⲱⲡ , (S, B) ḥāp/ϩⲉⲡ, (S, B) ḥop/ϩⲟⲡ , (A, sA, F) ḥap/ϩⲁⲡ ,
(S, A, sA, B, F) ḥēp/ϩⲏⲡ (be hidden, hide) Coptic
kahf/ كهف Arabic
kAri : (gardener (Middle- Late Egyptian)
kꜢrỉ Alt Egyptian
kwr, ʔa/ikkār (needs ref) (to cultivate , laborer) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
ʔkr (to cultivate) , ʔa/ikkār Semitic
kirû , kiriu (garden, orchard, palm grove) Old Akkadian
kiriu , kirû , kirītu (an orchard , a garden) Akkadian
kwr , krw (to hoe), kawira(-mi)- (hoe) Central Chadic
kur (to cultivate) South Cushitic
* ref oi.uchicago.edu, starling.rinet.ru , assyrianlanguages.org
kATA : (safflower)
(S) kⁱoudj/ϭⲟⲩϫ, (S) koudj/ⲕⲟⲩϫ, (S) kⁱōdj/ϭⲱϫ, (S) kⁱiukⁱ/ϭⲟⲩϭ, (S) kouk/ⲕⲟⲩⲕ, (B) djoudj/ϫⲟⲩϫ,
(B) shoudj/ϣⲟⲩϫ (safflower, cardamum) Coptic
kdf : (pluck)
qa-ta-pu /qatāpu/ 𒋡𒋫𒁍 Akkadian
qaṭap Proto-Semitic
qṭap̄/ ܩܛܲܦ Aramaic
katáf, qāṭáp̄/ קְטַף (to pick; to pluck (flowers, fruit) Hebrew
qaṭafa/ قـطـف (picking, pluck, pick, reap) Arabic
kHn : (dakrness)
kHn : (chapel)
(S) knḥē/ⲕⲛϩⲉ , (B) kāḥni/ⲕⲉϩⲛⲓ (chapelle, wherehouse, shop) Coptic
ki : (stative ending)
ʔki (modern Egyptological) IPA
.ki Traditional Pronunciation
~ ky : (dual ending)
ʔɛki (modern Egyptological) IPA
.kē , .eki Traditional Pronunciation
kk, kkw : (darkness)
kky (darkness) Demotic
ákantha/ἄκανθα , akakíā/ἀκᾰκίᾱ (acacia tree) Greek
akakía/ἀκακία (acacia tree) Byzantine Greek
acacia (acacia tree) Latin
khōōkh /ⲭⲱⲱⲭ (darkness) Old Coptic
kakā /ⲕⲁⲕⲉ (S), kākā /ⲕⲉⲕⲉ (A, sA), kākāi /ⲕⲉⲕⲉⲓ (A), khaki /ⲭⲁⲕⲓ (B) (darkness) Coptic
(5th BCE Attic) a.ka.kí.aː, (1st CE Egyptian) a.kaˈki.a , (4th CE Koine) a.kaˈci.a , (10th CE Byzantine) a.kaˈci.a,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan) a.kaˈci.a IPA
keku Traditional Pronunciation
km : total up, amount to, complete, put an end to, pay (to)
koma (come to an end, finish, cease) (needs ref) Bantu
kēn/ⲕⲏⲛ (B) (finish, cease, fail, suffice, be enough), djin[m] /ϫⲓⲛ[ⲙ] (B) (completion) , kⁱin[m]/ϭⲓⲛ[ⲙ] (S)
(filling, completion) Coptic
~ kmyt : conclusion (book)
Coptic
km : (black color not skin tone)
kmi Alt Egyptian
kam, kami Budge
kmm Schenkel
kmj , kmy Demotic
'ku: ma:/ܟܘܼܡܵܐ (black, the darkest colour, black person), u:'ka:ma:/ ܐܘܼܟܵܡܵܐ (black, sunburn, black person),
'ka ma/ܐܟܵܡܵܐ (to blacken, to turn black, to grow dark or darker) Syriac
akhom/אָכֹם (black) Hebrew
kamə/ⲕⲁⲙⲉ (S, A), kamē/ⲕⲁⲙⲏ (S), kəmə/ⲕⲉⲙⲉ (S) , kmmə/ⲕⲙⲙⲉ (S) , kam/ⲕⲁⲙ (S), khamə/ⲭⲁⲙⲉ (B),
khamē/ⲭⲁⲙⲏ (B), khəmi/ⲭⲉⲙⲓ (B) , kəmi/ⲕⲉⲙⲓ (F), kəm/ⲕⲉⲙ (F) (Black color);
khēm/ⲭⲏⲙ (B), kēm/ⲕⲏⲙ (S, A, F) (to be black, to become black); kmə/ⲕⲙⲉ (darkness), rkamə/ⲣⲕⲁⲙⲉ (S, A),
rkamē/ⲣⲕⲁⲙⲏ (S), rkmmə/ⲣⲕⲙⲙⲉ (S), rkam/ⲣⲕⲁⲙ (S) (be black); kēmə/ⲔⲎⲘⲈ Coptic
ˈkuːmaw (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C), ˈkuːmaw (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C), keːm (Late Egyptian 800 B.C) IPA
kammǐ(j), kǎmə > kām/ ⲔⲎⲘ , kmom (Schenkel, Cerny, Westendorf) Alternative Pronunciation
kemet Traditional Pronunciation
kumat (OK), kēmat (OK-MK), kami (MK-LK); khēmi (B) (LE), kēme (S) (UE) More Accurate Pronunciation
~ kmw : (blackened)
kēm/ⲕⲏⲙ (S, A, F), (be or become black) Coptic
~ kmwt : (blakc color) (plr)
kamavï/ⲕⲁⲙⲁⲩⲉⲓ (S) , khaməv/ⲭⲁⲙⲉⲩ (B) (plur) Coptic
~ skm : (become gray)
skim/ⲥⲕⲓⲙ (S, Sf, A, F), schim/ⲥϭⲓⲙ (S), skhim/ⲥⲭⲓⲙ (B) (discolored, grey hair) Coptic
~ kmm : (to become black)
ka'mam (Loprieno) Alternative Pronunciation
kmom/ⲕⲙⲟⲙ (S), kmam/ⲕⲙⲁⲙ (F), khmom/ⲭⲙⲟⲙ (B), kēm/ⲕⲏⲙ (S, A, F),
khēm/ⲭⲏⲙ (B), kmām/ⲕⲙⲉⲙ (be or become black) Coptic
kmt : Egypt (black lands, Egyptians)
Kmy, Kmj, kmỉ Demotic
Kam-t' Ptolemaic Egyptian
Kamits/ ከሚተ, Kamme /ከም, Kami /ከሚ Ethiopic
kēmə/ⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S, A), khēmi/ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (B) kēmi/ⲕⲏⲙⲓ (F) (the black land, Egypt); rmnkēmə/ⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S,A) ,
Mətrəmenkhēmi/ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ⳰ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (B) Mentrmənkēmə/ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S) (Egyptian language & nationality);
Kami/ⲔⲀⲘⲒ (needs ref) Coptic
Khēmía /Χημία Early Greek
Kimit, Kāmāt/كيميت (black land), Kimi , Kaimai /كيمى (LE) (B), Khaimi/ Khimi / خيمى (UE) (S)
(Fertile lands, black lands) Egyptian Arabic
al-Kīmīā /الكيمياء Arabic
qubṭ /قبط >from Arabic qubṭī> Coptic gyptios> Greek aigýpti, aigýptios > Greek Linear B tables a-ku-pi-ti-yo Arabic
Aegyptus, Egyptus Latin
Aegyptus Mitzráyim /מִצְרַיִם Hebrew
Maṣr /مَصر < Masira/Μαςιρα (Greek) < Masi-Ra (born of Ra the sun) (Coptic) Arabic Modern
ˈkuːmat (Reconstructed Old Egyptian), > ˈkuːmə , ˈkeːmə (Reconstructed Late Egyptian), kɛmɛt (Egyptological)
(Loprieno) Evolution
ˈkuːmat (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C), ˈkuːmaʔ (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C), ˈkeːmə (Late Egyptian 800 B.C),
kɛmɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
kammī(jat), kǎmat (Danielito); Kéme (UE), Chémi (LE) (Amentet Neferet); Kemia Alt Pronunciation
Kēmit, Kamit (Ptolomic), kēmə(t) (UE), khēmi(t) (LE), kēmi (Nile Valley), Kimē (possibly ME-LE), kēmə (Old Coptic),
Kimia (Greek) Fix
~ Roots of the word Alchemy and Chemistry
al-kīmiyaʾ (the Egyptian science) < kēme/ⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S, A), khēmi/ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (B) (Coptic)
< Kmi (Demotic) < kmt (Black lands); (Chemestry) khemein or khēmia, "preparation of black powder" Budge
Chemestry< khēmia (transmutation of earth, is the science of matter at the atomic to molecular
scale) **Needs ref** Theory
al-kīmiyāʾ /الكيمياء < Kimiya/کیمیا (Arabic Alchemy) Egyptian Arabic
alchimia Middle Latin
kemia/χημία < kmt (black lands) or km (black 'black art') (Oxford English Dictionary),
khēmia/χημία, khēmeia /χημεία (melting metals and of producing alloys) Greek Theory
kTn : (charioteer)
kDn Alt Egyptian
kuzi, guzi (stableman) Akkadian
ktt : (small, smaller, smallness)
kowwi /ⲕⲟⲩⲓ Old Coptic
kowwi /ⲕⲟⲩⲓ (S, A, F), kouï /ⲕⲟⲩⲉⲓ (sA), koudju /ⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ (B), kougyi /ⲕⲟⲩϭⲓ (F), kou /ⲕⲟⲩ (S, F)
ka /ⲕⲁ (F), ko /ⲕⲟ (F) (small person or thing, young person) Coptic
kwnt : (holy tree, sacred tree)
qnṱ (fig) Demotic
kntā/ⲕⲛⲧⲉ (S, A), kāntā/ⲕⲉⲛⲧⲉ (B), kāntē/ⲕⲉⲛⲧⲏ (F) (fig) Coptic
ky : (monkey)
kima (ref. http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
m-kia (monkey tail) Kiswahili-Bantu
ky : (other, another)
ki Budge
kii (another) Demotic
kale/ ካልእ (other) Ethiopic
kā /ⲕⲉ Old Coptic
kā /ⲕⲉ (S, A, sA, B, F), chā /ϭⲉ (S), kē /ⲕⲏ (F), chē /ϭⲏ (F), kai /ⲕⲁⲓ (sA),
kou /ⲕⲟⲩ (S) (other, this other, another, also) Coptic
~ k(y)t (other) (Female)
kiti (another) Late Kingdom
ktit Demotic
(S) kāt/ⲕⲉⲧ, (B) khāt/ⲭⲉⲧ, (F) kēt/ⲕⲏⲧ, (S) kātā/ⲕⲉⲧⲉ (Female), (S) kētā /ⲕⲏⲧⲉ (Female),
(B) khāti/ⲭⲉϯ (Female) (another) Coptic
~ pA k(y)t (the other)
pi khāt/ⲡⲓ-ⲭⲉⲧ (this other) Coptic
~ pAy k(y)t (this other)
pai khāt/ⲡⲁⲓ-ⲭⲉⲧ (this other) Coptic
~ k(yw)t : (other, another) (Female)
(S) kāt/ⲕⲉⲧ, (B) khāt/ⲭⲉⲧ, (F) kēt/ⲕⲏⲧ, (S) kātā/ⲕⲉⲧⲉ (Female), (S) kētā /ⲕⲏⲧⲉ (Female),
(B) khāti/ⲭⲉϯ (Female) (another) Coptic
~ k(y)w : (others)
k-w.wy, ky.wy Alt Egyptian
kjwj, kiwi (others) Demotic
kooue/ⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ (another, this other, other, different); kēāouā/ⲕⲏⲉⲩⲉ , kēvā/ⲕⲏⲩⲉ , kavā/ⲕⲁⲩⲉ,
kavï/ⲕⲁⲩⲉⲓ , kāoua/ⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁ, khōouēi/ⲭⲱⲟⲩⲏⲓ, kawēā/ⲕⲁⲩⲏⲉ , kāu/ⲕⲉⲩ
; kekhōouni/ⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ (anothers); kai/ⲕⲁⲓ, (S) kou/ⲕⲟⲩ Coptic
kākoouā/ⲕⲉⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S), kākouā/ⲕⲉⲕⲟⲩⲉ, kākōouā/ⲕⲉⲕⲱⲟⲩⲉ, kākāouā/ⲕⲉⲕⲉⲟⲩⲉ, kākāāvā/ⲕⲉⲕⲉⲉⲩⲉ, kākowiā/ⲕⲉⲕⲁⲩⲉ, kākowiēi/ⲕⲉⲕⲁⲩⲏⲓ, kākowiā/ⲕⲉⲕⲁⲩⲓⲉ,
koudji/ⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ (others)(second plur) Coptic
~ k(y)t-xt : (others)
kekhōouni/ⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ (anothers) Coptic
~ nw k(y)t-xt (the others)
ni kekhōouni//ⲛⲓ-ⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ (this other) Coptic
~ kii sp : (another time)
nkāson/ⲛⲕⲉⲥⲟⲛ (another time) Coptic
kymy : (hen) 𓎡𓇋𓇋𓏲𓅓𓇋𓏲𓅭
kimi Budge
kⁱamə/ϭⲁⲓⲙⲉ (S) Coptic
l
l: (rw, letter l)
l ⲗ Fayyumic or Faiyumic Coptic
r ⲣ Coptic B and S
rw or rn Late Egyptian
M
m : (as)
ana (as) Akkadian
m : (of, in)
em /ⲙ⳰, ami or ama Coptic
mu ciLuba
əm (Werning) Alt Pronunciation
m : (do not, not)
mē, mā /ⲘⲎ (not) Coptic
~ m ir (do not)
empər /Ⲙ⳰ⲠⲈⲢ/Coptic
m(a) : (what ? , who ?)
ma, mi (what?) Proto-Afroasiatic
ma- (what?) Omotic
ma, mi (interr. root) (what?) Cushitic
mi, ma (what?) Chadic
mā (what?) (Arabic, Hebrew) Semitic
mī (wha, who?) (Weninger) Semitic
mu? (what?) Assyrian
ma? , mayen? , min? (what?) Berber
mah/מַה (what) Hebrew
mā/ ما (what) Arabic
ma/ⲙⲁ (S, F), mā/ⲙⲉ (S) (if, when) Coptic
(i)m(w) : (owl)
mwlḏ (owl) Porto-Egyptian
mz (owl), múúǯììyáá (Hausa) (owl), múǯìya (Gwandara )(owl), jmw (the mourner i.e, owl) < jm (lament, mourn),
əmouldj/ⲉⲙⲟⲩⲗϫ, əmouladj/ⲉⲙⲟⲩⲗⲁϫ (Mülle) (Night raven) History
mꜣ ( he seeing one owl) < mꜣꜣ (to see) Old Egyptian
jm (name of a bird) Late Egyptian
ꜣmwlḏ, ꜥmwlḏ (eagle owl), mwlḏ<mwlṯ? (Newberry) (owl) Demotic
būm (owl) Semitic
mouladj/ⲙⲟⲩⲗⲁϫ, mouladjh/ⲙⲟⲩⲗⲁϫϩ (owl) (AVDoAE Vartavan) ; mav, mow/ⲙⲁⲩ > kaka-mav/ⲕⲁⲕⲕⲁⲙⲁⲩ (B) (small
night owl); amav/ⲁⲙⲁⲩ, mouladj/ ⲙⲟⲩⲗϫ ?; (ϩⲁ)ⲙⲟⲩⲗⲁϩϫ (S), moula(ḥ)dj/ⲙⲟⲩⲗⲁ(ϩ)ϫ (B) (Night raven) Coptic
amowladj (AVDoAE Vartavan) Possible pronousication
mAa : (truly, really, rightly)
mnt(m)/ⲙⲛⲧ(ⲙ) (S, B, F), māth(m)/ⲙⲉⲑ(ⲙ) (S, B, F) (truth, righteousness, truly) Coptic
mAat, mAa : (truth, justice, righteousness)
mꜣꜥ(t) Demotic
mrk, mrh (needs source) Alt Egyptian
mǎɜə(ꜥ) Old Egyptian
mǔɜə(ꜥ) Middle Egyptian-Late Egyptian
muAaa, měj Late Kingdom
mua (from the name 𒉿𒀸𒈬𒀀𒊑𒀀 /Uašmuaria/wa-aš-mu-a-re-a/wsr-mAat-ra (Hittite cuneiform );
mu-u (Amarna letter), mu-a Akkadian
Makeda (name , Maatkare (Egyptian) Ethiopic
Miot , Myoot (name from mAat Goddess) Kalenjin
mə/ⲙⲉ , mēt /ⲙⲏⲧ Old Coptic
mə/ⲙⲉ (S), mēi/mēy ⲙⲏⲓ (B, F), mēt /ⲙⲏⲧ (S) (true, real in magic), məə /ⲙⲉⲉ (S) , mēə /ⲙⲏⲉ (S, A),
miā /ⲙⲓⲉ (A), mēy ⲙⲏⲓ (B), mï /ⲙⲉⲓ (B, F), māïⲙⲉⲉⲓ (F), mēi/ ⲙⲏⲓ (B, F) (truth, justice) Coptic
maa - Maakah/מַעֲכָה (name, possibly corrupted of Maatkare (Egyptian) - Μ(ο)ωχα, Μα(α)χα (Greek) Biblical Hebrew
Maakah/maʕäkhah/ מַעֲכָה (from the name mAat-kA-ra ) (NK); e-mu-nah/אֱמוּנָה (firmness, securely fixed in place);
ɛ̆mɛt/אֱמֶת < /ʔamint/ (truth) ; אֱמֶת/e-met , ’ă-mit (truth) (en.wikiversity.org) Hebrew
mu-a, mu-wa/ 𒈬𒀀 (Amarna letters) < Ni-ib-mu-wa-ri-ia (nb-mAat-ra) Akkadian
mua Babylonian
maèliga/ m-l-ng (truth) KiKongo-Bantu
nlungu/ n-l-ng (Justification, just, justice, righteousness) Basaa-Bantu
ma/μα (from : Ούσιμαρής/wsr-mAat-ra), Λαμαρής /nj-mAat-ra);
moō - M(o)ōkha/Μ(ο)ωχα, maa -Ma(a)kha/Μα(α)χα (from the name מַעֲכָה/ mAat-kA-ra ) Greek
ˈmuʀʕat (Old Egyptian 2500 BCE), ˈmuʀʕaʔ (Middle Egyptian 1700 BCE), ˈmuʔʕəʔ (Medio-Late Egyptian 1350 BCE),
ˈmuʔʕə, muʔˤɘ (after 1000 BC) , ˈmeʔʕə (Late Egyptian),ˈmøʔʕə (Late Egyptian 800 BCE) IPA
mǎꜢ-Ꜥat or mǔꜢ-Ꜥat (scholars) ; mrāñt, mlāñt; muRˤat (old Egyptian) > muʔˤɘ (Loprieno);
mu-(w)a (en.wikiversity.org), muRˤat Alt Pronunciation
ma'at (English) Traditional Pronunciation
mah'āt (EK-MK) mah'ā (LK) (more correct) Fixed Pronunciation
~ mAaty : judgement ; righteous, just and truth-speaking man (Budge)
mēt/ⲙⲏⲧ (true, real, in magic), Coptic
mAat- (Goddess Ma'at)
mAat-xrw (justified , victorious , vindication, triumph, 'true of voice')
mAa-xrw Alt Egyptian
(S, A, sA) ᵉgro/ϫ︦ⲣⲟ , (S, A, sA, B) qro, chro/ϭⲣⲟ , (F) gra/ϫⲣⲁ , (S, sA) graāit/ϫⲣⲁⲉⲓⲧ , (S) qraeit/ϭⲣⲁⲉⲓⲧ ,
(S) groeit/ϫⲣⲟⲉⲓⲧ , (S) qroeit/ϭⲣⲟⲉⲓⲧ , (Sa) qrait/ϭⲣⲁⲓⲧ , (S) grēout/ϫⲣⲏⲟⲩⲧ , (B) chrēout/ϭⲣⲏⲟⲩⲧ ,
(F) garēout/ϫⲁⲣⲏⲟⲩⲧ (be, become strong, firm, victorious) Coptic
~ a xrw : be justified, vindicated, deceased, be triumphant, true of voice
āfqrēout/ ⲉϥϭⲣⲏⲟⲩⲧ (triumphant) Coptic
mAA : (look)
mꜣw New Kingdom
amāru (to look at, to see, to learn by experience) Akkadian
wὲέ (see) Dogon
mouāḥ /ⲙⲟⲩϩ (S) , moḥ /ⲙⲟϩ (B), moukh /ⲙⲟⲩⳉ Coptic
ʾamara/أَمَرَ (to instruct, to show how or what to do) Arabic
mɑʔɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
maa or mah'ah Traditional Pronunciation
mabA: ( 30 , thirty)
maab/ⲙⲁⲁⲃ (Crum) (S, sA), map/ ⲙⲁⲡ (B), maabe/ⲙⲁⲁⲃⲉ (A), mabə/ⲙⲁⲃⲉ (A), mēb/ⲙⲏⲃ (F) Coptic
mabu' , máꜥb˘ꜣ (Callender, Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ mabAt : (female)
maabe/ ⲙⲁⲁⲃⲉ (female) Coptic
maHat : (tomb)
mꜤḥꜤt Alt Egyptian
mhw Demotic
mḥaouə/ⲙϩⲁⲟⲩⲉ Old Coptic
ᵉḥaow/ⲙ︦ϩⲁⲁⲩ (S), mḥaou/ⲙϩⲁⲟⲩ (S), mḥowə/ⲙϩⲁⲩⲉ (S), mḥō/ⲙϩⲱ (A), mḥəəv/ⲙϩⲉⲉⲩ (sA),
mḥav/ⲙϩⲁⲩ (B), əmḥav/ⲉⲙϩⲁⲩ (B), əmḥəou/ⲉⲙϩⲉⲟⲩ (F) Coptic
māhāt Traditional Pronunciation
mȧāḥā-t (Budge), maˤḥíˤwat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
m(ȧ)āḥāt fix
mAi : ( lion )
mꜣj Demotic
mowwi, moui /ⲙⲟⲩⲓ Old Coptic
mowwi, moui /ⲙⲟⲩⲓ (S, A, F, B), mouï /ⲙⲟⲩⲉⲓ (S,A), mouə/ⲙⲟⲩⲉ (S) Coptic
(OE 2500 B.C.E.) maːʀij , (ME 1700 B.C.E) maːʀij, (ME-LE 1350 B.C.E.) maːjəʔ , (LE 800 B.C.E.) ˈmoːj ,
(modern Egyptological) mɑi ; muːj, muːʔ IPA
maē Traditional Pronunciation
~ mA(i)w- (lions)
mōowwi /ⲙⲱⲟⲩⲓ (B) Coptic
~ mAit- (lioness)
mowwiē /ⲙⲟⲩⲓⲏ (B), miē , mjā /ⲙⲓⲏ (B), myē /ⲙⲩⲏ (B), mie /ⲙⲓⲉ (B) Coptic
(OE 2500 B.C.E.) ˈmaːʀit , (ME 1700 B.C.E) ˈmaːʀiʔ, (ME-LE 1350 B.C.E.) ˈmaːʔəʔ ,
(LE 800 B.C.E.) ˈmoːʔ (modern Egyptological) mɑt IPA
mAi : (island)
mAwt < iw ni mAwt (island of newness) Alt Egyptian
mꜣy Demotic
mouā/ⲙⲟⲩⲉ (S), mouāi/ⲙⲟⲩⲉⲓ (S), mou/ⲙⲟⲩ (S), mowwi/ⲙⲟⲩⲓ (S, B) (island) Coptic
mAqArA : (istick, staff, rod)
maqqēl/ מַקֵּל Hebrew
mAqt : (ladder)
mouki/ⲙⲟⲩⲕⲓ (B) (ladder) Coptic
maSa : (to marchm to campaign)
(S) mooshā/ⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ, (S) moshā/ⲙⲟϣⲉ, (A, sA) maaḥā/ⲙⲁⲁϩⲉ, (Sa, A) maḥā/ⲙⲁϩⲉ, (Sa) moḥā/ⲙⲟϩⲉ, (B) moshi/ⲙⲟϣⲓ,
(F) maashi/ⲙⲁⲁϣⲓ, (F) mashi/ⲙⲁϣⲓ (walk, go on land or water, be about to, proceed to) Coptic
mAT : (think up, devise, announce, name)
mAw : (to think, to ponder, to bear in mind, to remember, fix attention on, mind, memory (Budge) Alt Egyptian
mAwT James P. Allen
mau Budge
məvi/ⲙⲉⲩⲓ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA) məəvə/ⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉ , (S, A, sA) məvə/ⲙⲉⲩⲉ , (S) məəv/ⲙⲉⲉⲩ , (A) məouə/ⲙⲉⲟⲩⲉ , (B) məvi/ⲙⲉⲩⲓ ,
(F) mēoui/ⲙⲏⲟⲩⲓ, (F) mēēoui/ⲙⲏⲏⲟⲩⲓ, (F) məəvï/ⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉⲓ (think, think that) Coptic
mAtt : (celery)
mit/ⲙⲓⲧ (S, B), əmit/ⲉⲙⲓⲧ (B) Copti
mAtw : (to throw , to cast, poison, to conspire)
(S) matou/ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲩ, (S) matouə/ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲩⲉ, (S) matə/ⲙⲁⲧⲉ , (A) mətou/ⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩ, (B) matʰoui/ⲙⲁⲑⲟⲩⲓ ,
(F) mətbi/ⲙⲉⲧⲃⲓ (poison, especially serpent's) Coptic
mAw Hr , mAw-Hr (mirror)
mꜢw ḥr Alt Egyptian
mušālu (mirror), muššulu (likeness , replica , mirror, resemblance , similitude , replica) Akkadian
muraayad (mirror) Somali
mar’ah/ מַרְאָה (mirror) Hebrew
mïoḥo/ⲙⲉⲓⲟϩⲟ Coptic
mir’aah /مِرْآة (mirror) Arabic
mirare (to look at) Latin
mera (mirror) Maltese
mirall (mirror) Catalan
mireoir (a reflecting glass, looking glass) < miradoir (11c.) < mirer (look at oneself in a mirror) Old French
mirar (to look, look at, behold) Spanish
miroir (mirror) French
mirror (mirror) English
mɑuː-ħɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
maaᵘḥur Alt Pronunciation
maw-her Traditional Pronunciation
mēu-ḥur Fix
mAwt : (rays (of light)
mouā/ⲙⲟⲩⲉ (B), mōowwi/ⲙⲱⲟⲩⲓ (B) (light, brightness) Coptic
mAwy , mAwt : (new)
mAw : (a new situation, a new state (of being) Alt Egyptian
may/ʔ (be new) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
mway (new) Central Chadic
mwaH (new) Western Chadic
máwúya (new) Mofu-Gudur
(F) moui/ⲙⲟⲩⲓ, (F) mououi/ⲙⲟⲩⲟⲩⲓ , mouï/ⲙⲟⲩⲉⲓ (new) Coptic
mAx : (to burn, to smelt)
mouḥ/ⲙⲟⲩϩ (S, A, sA, F), moḥ/ⲙⲟϩ (B)
mAy : (fetus)
mayai (eggs, seeds, testicle (consisting of two eggs), M’yai (egg, embryos) (ref.http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk, Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
m bAH : (before, in the presence of)
em mah /ⲙ̀ⲙⲁϩ Coptic
mDAt : (book, letter, papyrus roll, dispatch)
mets'ihaf /መጽሓፍ Ethiopic
(S) djoouf /ϫⲟⲟⲩϥ, (B) chomf /ϭⲟⲙϥ, (B) chonf /ϭⲟⲛϥ (papyrus)
(S, F) djōōme /ϫⲱⲱⲙⲉ, (S, sA, F) djōme /ϫⲱⲙⲉ , (A) djououme /ϫⲟⲩⲟⲩⲙⲉ , (A) djoume /ϫⲟⲩⲙⲉ, (B) djōm /ϫⲱⲙ,
(F) djōōmi /ϫⲱⲱⲙ ⲓ, (F) djōōmi /ϫⲱⲙⲓ , (F) djoome /ϫⲟⲟⲙⲉ, (F) djome /ϫⲟⲙⲉ
(sheet, roll of papyrus, written document, book), Matoi/ⲘⲀⲦOⲒ from ⲦⲘⲀⲦOⲒ > tɜ-mdɜ(.t) Coptic
mDH : (belt, band)
(S) modjḥ /ⲙⲟϫϩ, (S) madjḥ /ⲙⲁϫϩ, (S) motdjḥ /ⲙⲟⲧϫϩ, (S) modjḥ /ⲙⲟϫⲏϩ, (A) madjkh /ⲙⲁϫⳉ,
(B) modjkh /ⲙⲟϫϧ, (B) moudjkh /ⲙⲟⲩϫϧ, (B) mokhdj /ⲙⲟϧϫ, (F) madjb /ⲙⲁϫⲃ,
(S, F) modj /ⲙⲟϫ , (F) madj /ⲙⲁϫ , (girdle of soldier or monk) Coptic
mḏl : (onion) Demotic
bāṣāl/ בָּצָל (onion) Hebrew
būṣlā/ בּוּצְלָא (onion) Aramaic
baṣal/ بَصَل (onion) Arabic
ᵉmdjōl /ⲙ︦ϫⲱⲗ (S) Coptic
mdt : (speech)
mt Demotic
mnt /ⲙⲛⲧ (S, A, L) (speech), māt/ⲙⲉⲧ (B, F) Coptic
mdw : (word, words, speak, address, speech, plea)
mt < md (speak) (Černy) Demotic
mwdw , mdwj Alt Egyptian
la-mu (words) Akkadian
muṭu , múdu (J.P.M.) Cuneiform
maalu, bwalu, madu, mwanda (ref. needed) ciLuba
mtav /ⲙⲧⲀⲩ (B) (words, magic words), moutə /ⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ (S, A, sA) (to speak, to call, to shout),
moutə /ⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ (S, A, sA) (to speak, enchant), mouti /ⲙⲟⲩϯ (B, F), mountə/ⲙⲟⲩⲛⲧⲉ (A)
(to speak, to call, to shout) Coptic
mot (word) French
ˈmaːtʼaw (Old Egyptian, 2500- Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), ˈmoːtʼ (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE),
mɛduː (modern Egyptological) IPA
ma'duww and me;duu from mdw.w, maduw , madu-u (Loprieno), miṯu (needs ref) Alt Pronunciation
medu Traditional Pronunciation
mout'ew More Accurate Pronunciation
~ mdw: (consult, say)
maadi/ መዐዲ (consult, advisor) Amharic
~ mdw.f : (he speaks)
refmoute /ⲣⲉϥⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ (man who speaks) Coptic
~ mdww : (words)
maduu-u > ma'duww/md.w > mdaw/ⲙⲧⲀⲩ (Loprieno) Evolution
mā'dūw Alt Pronunciation
mtav /ⲙⲧⲀⲩ (B) (words) Coptic
~ mdw nTr : 'words of god' Ancient Egyptian language (Written)
tà hierá /𝛕ᾲ ἱερά 'The sacred letters' Herodotus
hieroglyphikos /ἱερογλυφικός (comes from hierós/ἱερός 'sacred' and glýphō/γλύφω 'Ι carve, engrave');
hieroglyphós/ἱερογλυφός 'a carver of hieroglyphs' Greek
tà hieroglyphikà (grámmata)/τὰ ἱερογλυφικὰ (γράμματα) 'the sacred engraved letters' Ptolemaic Greek
mətrəmenkhēmi/ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ⳰ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (B), mentrmenkēmə/ ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S) (the Egyptian language) ;
mtav /ⲙⲧⲁⲩ (B), nouti /ⲛⲟⲩϯ (B) (Egyptian Language) Coptic
(OE 2500 B.C.) ˌmaːtʼaw ˈnaːcaɾ, (ME 1700 B.C.)ˌmaːtʼaw ˈnaːtaʔ, (Late Egyptian, c. 800 B.C.E.) moːtʼ ˈnoːtə,
mɛduː nɛt͡ʃɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
medu netjer Traditional Pronunciation
~ mdt-kmt : (Egyptian Language)
~ mdw rA n kmt : (Language of Egypt' or 'Words of Mouth of Egypt) (Spoken)
moudi ro en khēmi (Lower Egyptian, B); moudə rah en kēmət (Upper Egyptian, S);
maːtʼaw (raʔ) ni kuːmat (OK); maːtʼaw raʔ n̩(i) ˈku.mat (MK); maːtʼaw raʔ ne kuːmaʔ
(MK-LK); moːtʼ (ra) ne keːmə (LK) (Loprieno) IPA
mət rəme n khēmi/ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ⳰ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (Lower Egypt (B) ;
ment rmə n khēmə/ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ (Upper Egypt (S) Coptic
~ mdw-rmT-kmt : (words of the peopel of Egypt)
mət/ⲙⲉⲧ (B, F), mnt/ⲙⲛⲧ (S, A, sA) < mouti/ⲙⲟⲩϯ (B, F),
moutə/ⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ (S, A, sA) (speak, call, enchant, charm)
< mdw (speak, address, speach, wprds, plea) Evolution of mdw
rm/ⲣⲙ (S, A, sA), rəm/ⲣⲉⲙ (S, B, F), rōmə/ⲣⲱⲙⲉ (S, A, sA, O),
rōmi/ⲣⲱⲙⲓ (B, F) < rmt (Demotic)
< rmT ( man, men, mankind, Egyptians, humans) Evolution of rmT
kēmā, kǎmə/ⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S, A) , khēmi/ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (B)
(the black land, Egypt), kmj, kmy (Demotic)
< kmt (black lands, Egypt) Evolution of kmt
mət/Ⲙⲉⲧ < moutə/ⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ (speak, call, enchant, charm)
< medu/mdw (speak, address, speach, wprds, plea) Evolution
mentrmenkēmə/ ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S), metremenkīmi/ ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (B)
(the Egyptian language), mnt [rmnk]/ⲙⲛⲧ[ⲣⲙⲛⲕ], mnt[rmnkh] /ⲙⲛⲧ[ⲣⲙⲛⲭ]
(nationality, speech) ; ment aiguption/ ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲛ,
ment kuptaion /ⲙⲛⲧⲕⲩⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲛ (Egyptian language) Coptic
~ sS ni mdw nTr (Inscription of the divine words 'writing system') (Written)
mətnouti/ⲙⲉⲧⲛⲟⲩϯ Coptic
mDw , mD : (10 , ten (m)
meraw Proto-Berber
mraw ; mrawt (F) Berber
muțu Cuneiform
mg (need ref?) Afroasiatic
mēt/ ⲙⲏⲧ (S, A, sA), mēti/ⲙⲏϯ (B), met/ⲙⲉⲧ (B), mnt/ⲙⲛⲧ (B) [abv. ⲓ︦ ] (Male); mēt(ā)/ⲘⲎⲦ(Ⲉ) Coptic
ˈmuːɟaw IPA
mūḏaw , mu-țu , mū́ḏaw (Callender , Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
medj(u) Traditional Pronunciation
~ mDt : ten (f)
mētā/ ⲙⲏⲧⲉ (S) (Female) Coptic
mu-țu , mū́ḏat (Callender) , mū́ḏaw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
mDt : (stalled cattle)
mtch-t Late Kingdom
m-chaa (cattle stall) (http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
mfkAt : (turquoise)
mfkꜣt Alt Egyptian
mfkAt Old Kingdom
fAkt Middle Kingdom
fkꜢ.t Pre Late Kingdom ?
no̞-fe̞k/נֹפֶךְ (turquoise) Hebrew
əmfakɜet (Old Egyptian) , əmfaɜket (Middle Egyptian) , əmfāk(ə), əmfak (New Kingdom),
mɛfkɑt (modern Egyptological) IPA
mefukat, me-fak(-a-)ɜat, (ə)m-fik-ɜət Alt Pronunciation
(ref. https://en.wikiversity.org)
mH : (full, fill up, fill)
(S, A, sA, F) mouḥ/ ⲙⲟⲩϩ, (B, S) moḥ/ ⲙⲟϩ , (S, F, B) məḥ/ ⲙⲉϩ , (S, A, sA, B) maḥ/ ⲙⲁϩ, (F) mə(ḥ)/ ⲙⲉ(ϩ),
(S, A, sA) mēḥ/ ⲙⲏϩ Coptic
mHtt : (northern, north)
mḥit/ ⲙϩⲓⲧ Old Coptic
(S, A) mḥit/ⲙϩⲓⲧ , (A) mḥït/ ⲙϩⲉⲓⲧ, (A, sA, F) məḥēt /meḥit ⲙⲉϩⲓⲧ , (S, B, F) emḥit/ ⲉⲙϩⲓⲧ ,
(F) mənḥit /ⲙⲉⲛϩⲓⲧ Coptic
~ nA mHtyw : (the notherners)
nmḥatə /ⲛⲙϩⲁⲧⲉ (S) , nəmḥati/ⲛⲉⲙϩⲁϯ (B) Coptic
~ mHyt , mHti : (north wind)
ma'ḥīʲVT > mɘ'ḥe:ʔ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ma-ḫe-e Akkadian
mHwt : (feather)
maḥi (mAHy MDC) (Budge) Alt Egyptian
mēḥə/ⲙⲏϩⲉ (S), məḥə/ⲙⲉϩⲉ (S), məḥi/ⲙⲉϩⲓ (B) (feather, lancet) Coptic
mHy : (flax)
mHaw Alt Egyptian
maḥə /ⲙⲁϩⲉ (S, A), maḥi /ⲙⲁϩⲓ (B) Coptic
mhyt : (fish)
mHi (fish) Alt Egyptian
amías/ἀμίας , amíā/ἀμῐ́ᾱ Greek
amia Latin
(5th BCE Attic) a.mí.aː , (1st CE Egyptian) aˈmi.a , (4th CE Koine) aˈmi.a , (10th CE Byzantine) aˈmi.a ,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /aˈmi.a/ IPA
mi : (come!)
m(a)i Alt Egyptian
ʲamāʔ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
amou/ⲁⲙⲟⲩ (imperative) Coptic
~ mit : (come!) (F)
amē/ⲁⲙⲏ (imperative) Coptic
miaS(A) : (abundance, many)
mȧāsh (Budge) Alt Egyptian
mēēshə/ⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ (S, sA, F), mēshə/ⲙⲏϣⲉ (sA), miïshə/ⲙⲓⲉⲓϣⲉ (A), mishə/ⲙⲓϣⲉ (A), mēsh/ⲙⲏϣ (B), mēēshi/ⲙⲏⲏϣⲓ (F),
məshi/ⲙⲉϣⲓ (F) (multitude, crowd, troop, (adverb) greatly)
mik : (thou) (Budge)
ᵉmmok/ⲙ︦ⲙⲟⲕ (Budge) Coptic
min : (today; daily (Budge)
mwi Baŋgi
mēnā/ⲙⲏⲛⲉ (S, A), mēēnā/ⲙⲏⲏⲛⲉ (S, A), mēni/ⲙⲏⲛⲓ (B, F), māni/ⲙⲉⲛⲓ (F) (every day, daily) Coptic
minA : (here, hither, like this, accordingly)
r mnꜣy (hither) Demotic
mnai/ⲙⲛⲁⲓ (B) (here, hence, hither ) Coptic
m ir : (do not)
ʔVm'ʔāraw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
mpōr/ⲙⲡⲱⲣ (S, A, sA), mpʰōr/ⲙⲫⲱⲣ (B) (do (it) not!, by no means!, nay); ᵉmpᵉr/ ⲙ︦ⲡⲣ︦ (S, A, sA),
ᵉpər/ⲙ︦ⲡⲉⲣ (B) nnər/ⲛⲛⲉⲣ (S, B, F), nr/ⲛⲣ (S, A, F), nər/ⲛⲉⲣ (S, A, F), mpəl/ⲙⲡⲉⲗ (F), nəl/ⲛⲉⲗ (F),
mbəl/ⲙⲃⲉⲗ (F) (as pref of neg imperat) (Budge) Coptic
~ m iri.w : (do not do, in which)
mnōr/ⲙⲛⲱⲣ Coptic
mir(w) : (abyss) 𓅓𓇋𓏲𓂋𓎺𓀭
mȧra (Budge) Alt Egyptian
mērə/ⲙⲏⲣⲉ? (needs ref) Coptic
mist : (liver)
ⲙⲁⲟⲩⲥⲉ Coptic
mit : (road, way, path)
mat (mAt MDC), mȧt (mit MDC), mȧit (Budge)
moït/ⲙⲟⲉⲓⲧ (S), maït/ⲙⲁⲉⲓⲧ (Sa), mōit/ⲙⲱⲓⲧ (B), mait/ⲙⲁⲓⲧ (F) (road, path) Coptic
mitt : (the middle)
mētə/ ⲙⲏⲧⲉ (middle) Old Coptic
mētə/ ⲙⲏⲧⲉ (S, A) , mēētə/ⲙⲏⲏⲧⲉ (S) , mēti/ⲙⲏϯ (B, F) (middle) Coptic
mitti (center, middle, midst, midpoint, centre) German
mitt : (the like)
my Adverbal
mi (like, according to) Late Egyptian
a/ⲁ , āra/ⲁⲣⲁ Old Coptic
(S, B, F) ə/ⲉ , (A,sA) a/ⲁ , (S, B) əro/ⲉⲣⲟ, (S, B) ərō/ⲉⲣⲱ, (A) āra/ⲁⲣⲁ , (F) əla/ⲉⲗⲁ
(to, for, according to, as regards, in order to , about, because of, from, by means of, direction towards, to) Coptic
mitɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
miw : ( cat )
miy; mAw, mAy, mAiw, imiy , imi : (cat (Budge) ALT Egyptian
jmj, mj Demotic
m-r or m-l (cat) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
niau, miaow (Sharma, http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) (The cat) Bemba-Bantu
niau, miaow (The cat) (http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
nìwⁿá (Toro Tegu) Dogon
mariy-amo (wild cat) Alagwa
mēr (serval), méríán (wild cat) Lamé Ngete
merian (wild cat, serval) Pévé
mīēr (genette) Zime-Dari Pévé
ámíl (African civet) Musgu
melā (cat) Bedanga Sokoro
māo/ 貓 (cat) Chinese
mǣu/ ແມວ (cat) Lao
əmou /ⲉⲙⲟⲩ (S, B, F), amou/ⲁⲙⲟⲩ (S) (cat) Coptic
mi(ʀ)juw (Reconstructed), əˈmuː (reconstructed classical Coptic), aːmou̯,
æːmou̯ (reconstructed post-conquest Bohairic) IPA
aːmou̯, æːmou̯ Alt Pronunciation
~ miwt , myt : (cat) (f)
miaou-ti Kiswahili-Bantu
~ miww , mAww : cats (plr)
əmooyə/ⲉⲙⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S), āmōowwi/ⲉⲙⲱⲟⲩⲓ (B) Coptic
~ mi , my : (cat)
əmou /ⲉⲙⲟⲩ, ⲁⲙⲟⲩ (S) Coptic
~ mit , myt : (female cat)
miaou-ti (http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
əmou /ⲉⲙⲟⲩ (S, B, F) ? Coptic
mkr : (boat)
makurru, makkūru, magurru (going boat) Akkadian Old Babylonian
mágur Sumerian
mktr : (tower)
mkṱr (tower) Demotic
magdal (tower) (tower) Proto-West Semitic
madgaltu/ 𒈠𒀜𒂵𒆷𒌅 (watchtower) Akkadian
mgdl /magdalu/ 𐎎𐎂𐎄𐎍 (tower) Ugaritic
mgdl/ 𐤌𐤂𐤃𐤋 (tower) Moabite
mgdl/ 𐩣𐩴𐩵𐩡 (tower) Minaean
magdəlā/ܡܰܓܕܠܳܐ (tower) Syriac
miḡdāl/ מִגְדָּל (tower) Hebrew
majdal/ مَجْدَل (tower) Arabic
məshtōl/ⲙⲉϭⲧⲱⲗ (tower) Coptic
m mnt : (daily)
ᵉmmēne/ ⲙ︦ⲙⲏⲛⲉ (S) Coptic
mn : (to stay, remains, the remainder is)
mi-in ( from minmuʔˤɘ'riˤɘ is mi-in-mu-a-ri (1,000 BCE) mn-mAat-raw 'Ra is stable of truth') Akkadian
mn/ⲙⲛ (stay with), moun/ⲙⲟⲩⲛ (S, A, sA, B, F), moune/ⲙⲟⲩⲛⲉ (S, O), mouni/ⲙⲟⲩⲛⲓ (B),
mēn/ⲙⲏⲛ (S, A, B, F) mēne/ⲙⲏⲛⲉ (S) (remain, continue) Coptic
maːn, mān (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
mn : (be firm, established, enduring (of king), be fixed, stick fast (in), be attached (to), remain (in), dwell (in), be vested (in),
establish, press (with fingers), remains, the remainder is
(S, A) sminā/ⲥⲙⲓⲛⲉ, (sA) smēnā/ⲥⲙⲏⲛⲉ , (F) smini/ⲥⲙⲓⲛⲓ , (S, A) smn/ⲥⲙⲛ , (S, F) smān/ⲥⲙⲉⲛ , (S) smin/ⲥⲙⲓⲛ,
(sA) smmn/ⲥⲙⲙⲛ , (B) sāmnā/ⲥⲉⲙⲛⲉ, (S, A, F) smnt/ⲥⲙⲛⲧ , (B, F) sāmnēt/ⲥⲉⲙⲛⲏⲧ , (S, B) smont/ⲥⲙⲟⲛⲧ ,
(B) smot/ⲥⲙⲟⲧ , (A, sA, F) smant/ⲥⲙⲁⲛⲧ , (sA) smaant/ⲥⲙⲁⲁⲛⲧ , (B) ssmnēout/ⲥⲥⲙⲛⲏⲟⲩⲧ
(be established, set right, in order, establish, construct, set right , compose, write (book), provide, pay for
(book, mostly in colophons), draw up deed, set up, construct (building etc.); (S, A, sA) minā/ⲙⲓⲛⲉ , (S, A) māinā/ⲙⲉⲓⲛⲉ ,
(B, F) mini/ⲙⲓⲛⲓ (sort, quality, manner) Coptic
men /mεμ (stable) Greek
maːn (infinitive), miːn (reconstructed Old Egyptian), mɛn (modern Egyptological) IPA
min (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
men, or min Traditional Pronunciation
~ mn nfr : 𓏠𓈖
minnafir (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
mamphis/Мεμφις Greek
menɘf/ⲙⲛⲉϥ , mɘmfi/ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ Coptic
manf/مَنف/ manf, مَنْف < ⲙⲛⲉϥ , manfi/مَنفﻲ < ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ (benefit) Arabic (Egyptian)
Moph or Noph Biblical
mn : loss
ment(o)/ⲙⲛⲧ(ⲟ) (S) , mentosɘ/ⲙⲛⲧⲟⲥⲉ (N) (loss) Coptic
mna : (nurse)
(S) moonā/ⲙⲟⲟⲛⲉ, (A) maanā/ⲙⲁⲁⲛⲉ, (B) moni/ⲙⲟⲛⲓ, (F) maani/ⲙⲁⲁⲛⲓ (nurse, foster-mother) Coptic
mnD : (breast)
mnot / ⲙⲛⲟⲧ (B), mnoti/ⲙⲛⲟϯ (breast) Coptic
m-nDr : even when
ⲛ︦ⲧⲉⲣⲉ/ entārā (when, after) Coptic
mnh : (young mn, boy, youth)
mʊ̀ntʊ̀/ munhu (person) (wiktionary.org) Shona-Bantu
muana (child boy or girl) (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
mnht : (girl maiden)
munhu (person) munhu-kadzi (female person) Shona-Bantu
muana (child boy or girl) (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
kati, ati (female ending) (http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Siswati-Bantu
mnHtti : (gift, tribute) (LK)
mnḥt/ 𐤌𐤍𐤇𐤕 Phoenician
thallós/θαλλός (“gift”) Ancient Greek
mäḥäna/ መሐና Ge'ez
minḥā/ מִנְחָה ( gift offering, afternoon prayer) Hebrew
minḥa/ مِنْحَة ( “gift”) Arabic
mnH : (wax)
(S, A, B) moulḥ/ⲙⲟⲩⲗϩ , (S) moulaḥ/ⲙⲟⲩⲗⲁϩ, (S) mourḥ/ⲙⲟⲩⲣϩ Coptic
mni : (moor (ship), marry (to), attach (to), endow (with)
mjn Alt Egyptian
mina'/ ميناء (port, harbor, seaport, harbour) Arabic
miː.naːʔ IPA
~ mnit (mooring post, whipping post)
minwt (harbor) Egyptian
mint (mooring post), mini (to moor) Related to Egyptian
mniw-siwt : (shepherd)
(B) manāsoou/ⲙⲁⲛⲉⲥⲟⲟⲩ, (B) manāsōou/ⲙⲁⲛⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩ (shephard) Coptic
mnkA : (end, finish)
(B) mounk /ⲙⲟⲩⲛⲕ, (S) mouk/ⲙⲟⲩⲕ, (F) moouk/ⲙⲟⲟⲩⲕ (cease, be lacking, perish, cause to cease, destroy) Coptic
mnt : (swallow bird)
bny (swallow) Demotic
(S) bnnā/ⲃⲛⲛⲉ, (S) bēnnā/ⲃⲏⲛⲛⲉ, (B, F) bēni/ⲃⲏⲛⲓ, (B) bāni/ⲃⲉⲛⲓ, bēnā/ⲃⲏⲛⲉ (crum) (swallow) Coptic
mnty : (night watchman, door keeper)
mnṱ (porter) Demotic
mnout/ⲙⲛⲟⲩⲧ (S, sA, B, F), āmnout/ⲉⲙⲛⲟⲩⲧ (B, F) mnot/ⲙⲛⲟⲧ (B), āmnouti/ⲉⲙⲛⲟⲩϯ (B) (doorkeeeper, porter) Coptic
~ mntyt : (night watchwomen, door keeper) (female)
mnotā/ⲙⲛⲟⲧⲉ (S), mnooā/ⲙⲛⲟⲟⲧⲉ (S), mnāoutā/ⲙⲛⲉⲟⲩⲧⲉ (sA), emnotā/ⲉⲙⲛⲟⲧⲉ (B) (female) Coptic
mntf : (He, it)
entof/ ⲛ⳰ⲧⲟϥ Coptic
mnw : (Monument, Statue)
mn (statue of god) Demotic
(S, sA) maāin/ⲙⲁⲉⲓⲛ, (A) māāinā/ⲙⲉⲉⲓⲛⲉ, (A) māinā/ⲙⲉⲓⲛⲉ, (B) mēini/ⲙⲏⲓⲛⲓ, (F) mēāin/ⲙⲏⲉⲓⲛ, (F) mēin/ⲙⲏⲓⲛ,
(NH) main/ⲙⲁⲓⲛ , (NH) mainā/ⲙⲁⲓⲛⲉ, (NH) mēinā/ⲙⲏⲓⲛⲉ (sign, mark) Coptic
mnx : (lavish (of worship), excellent (of occasions) well framed, well established)
manḫǐ(j) Alt Pronunciation
mr : (bind)
(S, A, sA, B, F) mour/ⲙⲟⲩⲣ, (S, A) mr/ⲙⲣ (S, B) mor/ ⲙⲟⲣ, (Sf, A, S, sA, F) mar/ⲙⲁⲣ, (F) mal/ⲙⲁⲗ,
(S, A, sA, B, F) mēr/ⲙⲏⲣ, (F) māl/ⲙⲉⲗ, (S, B) mār/ⲙⲉⲣ (bind, tie, gird) Coptic
mr : (Pyramid)
Pyramid (E) < pȳramidis (L) < puramidos (G) < pȳramis < (L) < pūramís/ πυραμίς (G)
< pr-m-ws (height of a pyramid) (AE) < mr (pyramid) (AE) Evolution
rwm, rym (to be high) Proto-Semitic
māra (to come to a high place or plateau) (Arabic) < mwrtn (tower) < m-w-r Semitic Qatabanian
m-r (heap of stones), ʔamar-at (Arabic) (heap of stones, mound, esp. as a way-marker)
(Metathesized from rm) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
i-miri (heap of stones, wall of dry stone), a-mra (stone buttress of a terraced field) Tashelhit
i-mr-an (large half-buried stones that mark off property boundaries) Central Atlas Tamazight
mémeré (low stone terrace wall) Mofu-Gudur
amartu/ (dividing wall), amaru (pile of bricks), arammu (a siege-ramp / wall, a causeway,
the embankment / bund (of a canal), asītu (tower of a fortification wall , a pyramid of
bodies or heads on the battlefield), isītu (tower, pile, pyramid, castle Akkadian
pūramís/ πυραμίς , puramidos Ancient Greek
pyramída / πυραμίδα Greek
piramida Roman
pȳramis, pȳramidis Latin
khram/ хра̑м , piramida/ пирамида Cyrillic
ħaram/حرم (forbidden, sacred; sanctuary, temple, harem, seraglio?), haram/ ہرم , pirāmiḍ/ پرامڈ , pirmiḍ/ پرمڈ Urdu
haram/ حرم (sanctuary , temple), pirâmid/ پیرامید (Pyramid) Persian
haram /هرم (Pyramid), haram/ هَرَم (Pyramid), raym (abundance, hill, tumulus, step) Arabic
piramid/ פּיראַמיד Yiddish
ʾāmīr/ אָמִיר ,(treetop, mountain summit), piramída/ פִּירָמִידָה Hebrew
piramis (obsolete) English
pyramide < piramide (old French) French
mɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
mer Traditional Pronunciation
* ref https://en.wiktionary.org
mr : (sick man, to become ill, to become sick, to suffer, to come ot pain)
mr Demotic
ta-märr-it (pain, agony) (Berber, Tazerwalt, Tashelhit) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
i-mur-ǝn (labour pains) Tagargrent
u-mr-an (sorrows), a-mur (colic, stomachache), a-mrir (embarrassment, great difficulty) Kabyle
marar (to be sick) Oromo
marni (to be sad) Baiso
marar-s (to be sick) Sidamo
mer-o (illness) Yemsa
mour/ⲙⲟⲩⲣ (ailment, pain) Old Coptic
(ref. en.wiktionary.org)
mr : (fighting Bull)
mir(Vʔ) (bull) Proto-Semitic
mīrtu (young cow), mīru (young bull) Akkadian
mərīʾ/מְרִיא (fatted steer) Hebrew
mōr-â (“bull) (Hadiyya), ki-mole, ki-more (ox, bull) (Mbugu) Cushitic
mārā (young bull) (Wolaytta), omoru (bull) (Yemsa) Omotic
maray (sacrificial bull) (Mafa), maray (fattened bull) (Mofu-Gudur), mari (bull) (Mafa) Chadic
(ref. en.wiktionary.org)
~ mrw , mr : (bulls, fighting bull)
mry Alt Egyptian
bVr Proto-Afroasiatic Form
mori-wao (http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) (bull) Kiswahili-Bantu
mōr-â (bull) (Hadiyya) Cushitic
ki-mole, ki-more (ox, bull) (* kA in (AE) also means bull so it could be possibly nodding at
kA-mr) Mbugu/Ma’a
mārā (young bull) Wolaytta
omoru (bull) Yemsa
mari (bull) Mafa
maray (fattened bull) Mofu-Gudur
mir(Vʔ) (bull) Proto-Semitic
mārā (young bull) (Wolaytta), omoru (bull) (Yemsa) Omotic
maray (sacrificial bull), mari (bull) (Mafa), maray (fattened bull) (Mofu-Gudur), Chadic
mīrtu (young cow) mīru (young bull) Akkadian
mərīʾ/מְרִיא (fatted steer) Hebrew
meru Traditional Pronunciation
(ref. en.wiktionary.org)
~ mr-wr : great black bull 'Mnevis' 𓌻𓂋𓅨𓂋𓃒
mr-wr Demotic
Moîris/Μοῖρις , Meûris/Μεῦρῐς , Mneûis/Μνεῦῐς , Mneuis/Μνηυισ
(Hellenized); mnéuis/Μνέυις Ancient Greek
Moíris/ Μοίρις Greek
əmnəwi/ ⲉⲙⲛⲉⲩⲓ , mnēoui/ⲙⲛⲏⲟⲩⲓ (Mnevis bull) Coptic
Moeris Latin
Moeris English
məˈweɾ (LE), mɛr wɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
mirjij-wurur Alt Pronunciation
mer-wer Traditional Pronunciation
~ mry : (fighting bull)
mori (http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
mri , mry : (love, want, desire, wish, beloved)
mr Demotic
mʾhb (beloved) Proto-Sinaitic
məri/ⲙⲉⲣⲓ (F), mālli/ⲙⲉⲗⲗⲓ (F), mānrā/ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲉ (B), mārā /ⲙⲉⲣⲉ (S), mrrā /ⲙⲣⲣⲉ (A, sA)
mā /ⲙⲉ (S), mēi /ⲙⲏⲓ (B, F), māi /ⲙⲉⲓ (S, B), mərï /ⲙⲉⲣⲉⲓ (?), mïə/ⲙⲉⲓⲉ (A),
maïə/ⲙⲁⲉⲓⲉ (sA), mi/ⲙⲓ (F), mrrə /ⲙⲣⲣⲉ (A, sA), mai /ⲙⲁⲓ (S, B, F), maï/ⲙⲁⲉⲓ (S, A),moses
mənrə/ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲉ (B), mənrit/ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ (B), mərït/ⲙⲉⲣⲉⲓⲧ (NH) (to love); mai /ⲙⲁⲓ (particle) (S, B, F) (loveing)
(S, sA) mərit/ⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ, (A, sA, F) mərrit/ⲙⲉⲣⲣⲓⲧ, (A, sA) mrrït/ⲙⲣⲣⲉⲓⲧ, (B) mənrit /ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ,
(F) məlit/ⲙⲉⲗⲓⲧ, (F) məllit/ⲙⲉⲗⲗⲓⲧ (beloved); məratə/ⲙⲉⲣⲁⲧⲉ (imperative) (to Love) Coptic
mirrīt Arabic
maite Basque
amour, aimer (love) French
/mri/ merʔə ; ⲙⲏⲓ, ⲙⲉ mirʲit > meʔʔ (Loprieno); (OE 2500 BCE) ˈmiɾjit, (ME 1700 BCE) ˈmijjiʔ,
(LE 800 BCE) ˈmejʔə , (modern Egyptological) mɛri IPA
mu(u)r-ii, muriy-, mur-(y)uu Alt Pronunciation
mery Traditional Pronunciation
mary (more accurate) mərē Pronunciation
(ref en.wikipedia.org)
~ mriw : (beloved)
ma-m'ia-ma-a-i (beloved) Akkadian
marjiw IPA
~ pA mry rmT : (the lover of mankind)
pimairōmi/ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ (lover of mankind) Coptic
~ mry nTr , mri nTr : (beloved of god)
māriʲ'naṯar 'who loved god' (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
mainoutā/ⲙⲁⲓⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (pious), mai[n] /ⲙⲁⲓ[ⲛ] (god loving) Coptic
~ mrit : (beloved , to love) (female)
mʾhb (beloved) (M) Proto-Sinaitic
(S, sA) mərit/ⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ, (A, sA) mərrit/ⲙⲉⲣⲣⲓⲧ, (A, sA) mrrït/ⲙⲣⲣⲉⲓⲧ, (B) mənrit /ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ, (F) mərrit/ⲙⲉⲣⲣⲓⲧ,
(F) məlit/ⲙⲉⲗⲓⲧ, (F) məllit/ⲙⲉⲗⲗⲓⲧ (beloved); məratə/ⲙⲉⲣⲁⲧⲉ (imperative) (to Love) Coptic
amour (f) French
mirʲit > meʔʔ (Loprieno) IPA
mirya.t (Vycichl) Alt Pronunciation
~ mrit.f > mri.tw.f (LE) : (to love him)
mir'ʲītVf (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
/mri.tw.f/ > mə'riːtəf/ⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧϥ (ref Loprieno) Coptic
~ mrit nbt (beloved lady)
mʾhbʿl (The beloved of the lady) Proto-Sinaitic
~ mrwt : ( love, will, desire)
mərit /ⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ (S, A, sA) , mrrit/ⲙⲣⲣⲓⲧ (A, sA), mənrit/ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲓⲧ (B), mərït/ⲙⲉⲣⲉⲓⲧ (NH) Coptic
mruwwa(t-) (kindness, fine quality), merwf/معروف (a favour, kindness)
(Sami Paldanius) Iraqi Arabic
marūt (Loprieno) ; mɛruːt (modern Egyptological) IPA
muruuwa.t, mirya.t; mirre, miir (LE) (Sami Paldanius);
marwa.t (Stuart Tyson Smith) (Sami Paldanius); mirya.t (Vycichl) Alt Pronunciation
~ mrwti , mrwty : (well beloved, beloved)
mərit/ⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ (beloved) (Budge) Coptic
~ mritw : (beloved)
marʲiw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ma-a'-ia/ ma-a-i Akkadian
(S) məratə/ⲙⲉⲣⲁⲧⲉ, (A) mrrətə/ⲙⲣⲣⲉⲧⲉ, mərātə/ⲙⲉⲣⲉⲧⲉ (A, F),
(B) mənrati/ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲁϯ, (F) mərrətə/ⲙⲉⲣⲣⲉⲧⲉ, (F) mərəti/ⲙⲉⲣⲉϯ,
(F) mələti/ⲙⲉⲗⲉϯ (beloved) (plural) Coptic
mrkbt , mayr(w)kAbwti(t), mayrkAbwtit 𓅓𓂡𓃭𓏤𓎡𓄿𓃀𓏲𓍘𓇋𓆱 : (war chariot)
mrkbtw, mrkbwti, mrkbti, mrkbwti Alt Egyptian
m'rkabtȧ-t Budge
ma-ir-ka-bw-ti(t) Erik Iversen
markabat(a) Semitic
mrkbt (Richard S. T.)markabtu/ 𐎎𐎗𐎋𐎁𐎚 Ugaritic
mrkbty (Richard S. T.), 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤊𐤋𐤄/ʔrmkle Phoenician
NaRKaBTu (Richard S. T.) Akkadian
merkab/ מֶרְכָּב (m), merkabah/ מֶרְכָּבָה (f), markabat/ וּמַרְכָּב֖וֹת Semitic
mark'bata /ܡܰܪܟ݁ܒ݂ܳܬ݂ܳܐ, mrkbt/ܡܪܟܒܬܐ (chariot) Syriac
mer'kāḇâ /mrkhbh מֶרְכָּבָה (chariot) Hebrew
markaba/ مركبة (vehicle, carriage) Arabic
brcoout/ⲃⲣϭⲟⲟⲩⲧ (S), bārākⁱōout/ⲃⲉⲣⲉϭⲱⲟⲩⲧ (S), bārākⁱōouts/ⲃⲉⲣⲉϭⲱⲟⲩⲧⲥ (B) (chariot, car) Coptic
βərəˈt͡ʃʰoːwts (reconstructed classical Coptic), waraʃou̯ds, βæræʃou̯ds (reconstructed post-conquest Bohairic);
mɛrkɛbɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
mr mSa : (general)
pꜢ-mr-mšꜤ (General) ? Demotic
pelmos (General) Meroitic
mrS : (Red (light red) 𓅖𓂋𓈙𓏪
mrsh/ⲙⲣϣ, mērsh/ ⲙⲏⲣϣ (S,B,F), mersh/ⲙⲉⲣϣ (S,F) (red, ruby)
(S) mrosh/ⲙⲣⲟϣ, (S) mrash/ⲙⲣⲁϣ , (S) morsh/ⲙⲟⲣϣ , (A) marsh/ⲙⲁⲣϣ (red or yellow) Coptic
mrt : (beard, chin)
mort/ⲘOⲢⲦ, mart/ⲘⲀⲢⲦ (beard) Coptic
mrw , mr : (canal, artificial lake)
mryt Alt Egyptian
m-r (river, channel) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
mr (part of an irrigation system) (Sabaean) Semitic
mɨri (river, stream) Aari
mɪ́rɛ (river) Dime
mir (river) South Omotic
mɨri (river, stream) Aari
mɪ́rɛ (river) Dime
mīre (pond) Tsama
mirə̂ (river) Fali
mērī (watering trough) (Oromo) Cushitic
mìrà (oxbow lake, marigot) Muskum
mir (river) , mɨri (river, stream) (Aari ) , mɪ́rɛ (river) (Dime) South Omotic
mēr/ⲙⲏⲣ (S, B) (shore of river, esp opposite shore), mār/ⲘⲈⲢ (to the other side);
āmēr/ⲉⲙⲏⲣ (B) (to the other side (of), over, across, beyond), māre /ⲙⲏⲣⲉ Coptic Coptic
mūraw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
(ref. en.wiktionary.org)
mryt : (bank, shore, quay, riverbank)
mr(t) Demotic
mrw , mry Alt Egyptian
Máreia/Μάρεια , Mareôtis/Μᾰρεῶτῐς Greek
Damrūʔ/ دَمْرُوء Egyptian Arabic
mrō/ⲙⲣⲱ (S), emrō/ⲉⲙⲣⲱ (B) Coptc
(Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) mVˈɾaːjat, (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) mVˈɾaːjaʔ,
(Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) məˈɾoːʔ, (modern Egyptological) mɛriːt IPA
mrxt : (measure the day, measure time, water clock, observation Equipment, vessel? )
rmtōḥā/ⲉⲙⲣⲱϩⲉ (S) (vessel prob of metal) Coptic
ms, msi : (birth, born, give birth)
msi Gardiner
mašši Babylonian
ma-še-ša (from ri-a-ma-še-ša) Akkdian
mēsā /ⲙⲏⲥⲉ (S), mēsi /ⲙⲏⲥⲓ (B) (one with child, child-birth), misā /ⲙⲓⲥⲉ (S, A, sA) , mici /ⲙⲓⲥⲓ (B) (F)
māsiā/ ⲙⲉⲥⲓⲉ (O), mās /ⲙⲉⲥ (S, A, B, F) , mast /ⲙⲁⲥⲧ (S) (A) , māst /ⲙⲉⲥⲧ (S) (A), mas /ⲙⲁⲥ (S) (B),
mosi /ⲙⲟⲥⲓ (B), mosā /ⲙⲟⲥⲉ (S) (bear, bring forth, bear young); māso/ⲙāⲥⲟ (S),
māsō/ⲙāⲥⲱ (B) (from Birth of Ra) Coptic
masi /μασι, mōsios/ μώσιος (from name Ἐσορμώσιος /Wsỉr-ms) Greek
mɛsi (modern Egyptological) IPA
mōsi Alt Pronunciation
mesi Traditional Pronunciation
~ ms : (child)
mte Meroitic
mās /ⲙⲉⲥ (A, F), mēs/ⲙⲏⲥ (F), mas/ⲙⲁⲥ (S, B) (young) Coptic
~ msi ra: (birth of ra)
mesorē /ⲙⲉⲥⲟⲣⲏ Coptic
~ ms.t : to bear
misā /ⲙⲓⲥⲉ Coptic
mis ͝ ʾ IPA
~ ms.t.=i : to bear me
mast /ⲙⲁⲥⲧ Coptic
~ mswt : (children, offspring, young (of animals), birth, born)
māsio/ⲙⲉⲥⲓⲟ (S) (bring to birth); māsiōti/ⲙⲉⲥⲓⲱϯ (B), mēsiōti/ⲙⲏⲥⲓⲱϯ (B) (womb, nursing,
having given birth); mēsā/ⲙⲏⲥⲉ (S), mēsi/ⲙⲏⲥⲓ (B) (one with child, child-birth) Coptic
/maˈsaːwat/ (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) , /maˈsaːwaʔ/ (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ,
/məˈsoːwə/ (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) , /mɛsuːt/ (modern Egyptological) IPA
mas(j)āw(at) Alt Pronunciation
mesut Traditional Pronunciation
ms : (calf)
(S) masā/ⲙⲁⲥⲉ, (Sa, A) māsā/ⲙⲉⲥⲉ, (B, F) māsi/ⲙⲁⲥⲓ, (F) /ⲙⲉⲥⲓ (claf) Coptic
mS , maSa(i) : (to walk, travel, march, journey) 𓅖𓈙𓂝𓂾𓂻
maSa, mšꜥỉ Alt Egyptian
mắšꜥaỉ > mắꜥš ͝ ʾ > mooshā/ⲙⲟⲟϣEvolution
mooshā/ⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ (S), moshā/ⲙⲟϣⲉ (S), maaḥā /ⲙⲁⲁϩⲉ (A, sA), maḥā/ⲙⲁϩⲉ (Sa, A), moḥā/ⲙⲟϩⲉ (Sa), moshi/ⲙⲟϣⲓ
(B), maashi/ⲙⲁⲁϣⲓ (F), mashi/ⲙⲁϣⲓ (F) (walk,walking, go on land or water, be about to, proceed to) Coptic
mash=āy مش=ي < (mSa.i /I walk) Arabic
samba (inverse: mS<>Sm) ciLuba
maʔšə, mašˤVʲ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
moshe, māshe Fix
mSa : (soldiers, army, infantry, gang (of workmen)
mšꜥ (people, multitude, army) Demotic
(S, sA, F) mēēshā/ⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ, (sA) mēshā/ⲙⲏϣⲉ, (A) miāishā/ⲙⲓⲉⲓϣⲉ, (A) mishā/ⲙⲓϣⲉ, (B) mēsh/ⲙⲏϣ, (F) mēēshi/ⲙⲏⲏϣⲓ,
(F) māshi/ⲙⲉϣⲓ (multitude (persons or things), crowd, troop) Coptic
mSai : (march, travel)
mooshə/ ⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ (march, travel) Coptic
msDi : (dislike, hate)
mst Demotic
mosti /ⲙⲟⲥϯ (B), māste /ⲙⲉⲥⲧⲉ (B, S), māstō /ⲙⲉⲥⲧⲱ (B, S, A, F), moste /ⲙⲟⲥⲧⲉ (S), masti/ⲙⲁⲥϯ(F),
mstā/ⲙⲥⲧⲉ (A) (hate) Coptic
mesdji Traditional Pronunciation
mɛsd͡ʒi IPA
~ msD : to hate
mostā /ⲙⲟⲥⲧⲉ (S) (Budge) (hate) Coptic
msd(i) : (hate, detest, flee)
mosti /ⲙⲟⲥϯ (B), māste /ⲙⲉⲥⲧⲉ (B, S), māstō /ⲙⲉⲥⲧⲱ (B, S, A, F), moste /ⲙⲟⲥⲧⲉ (S), masti/ⲙⲁⲥϯ(F),
mstā/ⲙⲥⲧⲉ (A) (hate) Coptic
~ msdd : to hate
mostā /ⲙⲟⲥⲧⲉ (S) (Budge) (hate) Coptic
msDr : ( ear )
msḏꜥ Demotic
(S) maadjā / ⲙⲁⲁϫⲉ, (A, F) māādjā /ⲙⲉⲉϫⲉ, (F) mādjā/ⲙⲉϫⲉ, (F) mēdji/ⲙⲏϫⲓ, (sA) māshtā/ⲙⲉϣⲧⲉ, (Sa) māsht/ⲙⲉϣⲧ,
(B) mashdj/ⲙⲁϣϫ Coptic
msDw.t : (hated)
mas'ḏīwat >mɘs'de"wɘ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
meste/ⲙⲉⲥⲧⲉ (S), mestē/ⲙⲉⲥⲧⲏ (S), mestou/ⲙⲉⲥⲧⲟⲩ (A), mstou/ⲙⲥⲧⲟⲩ (A) (hated person) Coptic
msH : (go)
mōshā/ ⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ (walk) Coptic
ms(w)H : (crocodile)
nɜ-msḥ.w (naRmasḥaw) (Peust) Alt Egyptian
msḥ Demotic
nam-su-ḫa Akkadian
emsaḥ /ⲙ⳰ⲥⲁϩ (B), msaḥ/ⲙⲥⲁϩ (S), əmsaḥ /ⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ (B), ᵉmsaḥ/ⲙ︦ⲥⲁϩ, pi-əmsaḥ or bi-əmsaḥ /ⲡⲓⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ (B),
pəmsaḥ or bəmsaḥ /ⲡⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ (S), təmsaḥ/ⲧⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ (S, B) Coptic
Tmsh /תמסח Hebrew
kʰámpsiai/χάμψαι Greek
temsâh/ تمساح Persian
timsāḥ/ تمساح Arabic
msa/ مسه Pashto
timsah Turkish
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) mVˈzaħ, (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) mVˈsaħ, (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) məˈsaħ IPA
~ msHt : (crocodile) (F)
temsaḥ /ⲧⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ (S), ti-emsaḥ /ϯⲉⲙⲥⲁϩ (female) Coptic
~ msHw : (crocodile) (plr)
msooḥ/ⲙⲥⲟⲟϩ (S) (plr) Coptic
msi: midwife
mesiō /ⲙⲉⲥⲓⲱ Coptic
mskA: (skin, leather)
masak Proto-Afro-Asiatic
mashku/mašku 𒋢 (skin, leather) Assyrian
mask/ مَسْك ( “recently cut hide of a lamb or a kid”) Arabic
ࡌࡉࡔࡊࡀ (miška, “skin”), (sporadically) ࡌࡀࡔࡊࡀ (maška) Classical Mandaic
ܡܫܟܐ (meškā, “skin, hide; leather; peel; tribute”) Classical Syria
מְשַׁךְ (mšaḵ), מַשְׁכָּא (maškā, “skin, leather”) Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
משך (mšk, “hide, skin, leather”) Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
משך (mšk), משכה (mškh, “hide, skin, leather”) Judeo-Aramaic
meškā (skin), [script needed] miška (skin) Modern Aramaic
mšk 𐡌𐡔𐡊/ (skin, hide) Official Aramaic
mšk (skin, hide) Palmyrene
méskos /μέσκος (skin, fleece) Ancient Greek
mašk/ մաշկ (skin, hide) Old Armenian
mašk/ մաշկ Armenian
máski/ μάσκι Cappadocian Greek
mašḳi / მაშკი Old Georgian
maski Romani
maškā/ 𐎶𐏁𐎣𐎠 (inflated) skin) Old Persian
mašk/ mšk' (mussuck, skin bag) Middle Persian
maškمشک/ Persian
mešk, mešik Chagatai
mašk Urdu
mussuck English
meşk (skin bag) Northern Kurdish
meşkمشك/ Ottoman Turkish
משך / mäšäk (leather pouch) Hebrew
msn: (spin)
mōsnā (spin) Coptic
mSrw : (evening)
mūšu/ 𒈪 (night, last night, yesterday, evening) Akkadian
məšt/ ምሽት (night, last night, yesterday, evening) Amharic
masāʾ مَسَاء/ , ʾams / أَمْس (night, last night, yesterday, evening) Arabic
ramšā / ܪܡܫܐ (night, last night, yesterday, evening) Syriac Aramaic
ramšā/ רמשא (night, last night, yesterday, evening) Hebrew Aramaic
məset / ምሴት (night, last night, yesterday, evening) Ge'ez
ʾemešאמש / (night, last night, yesterday, evening) Hebrew
məšät / ምሸት (night, last night, yesterday, evening) Tigrinya
āushē/ⲈⲨϢⲎ Coptic
~ nfr mSrw (good of evening ) Egyptian
na-nā rouhi /ⲛⲁⲛⲉ ⲣⲟⲩϩⲓ (good evening) Coptic
~ m mSrw : in the evening
n rhy Demotic
(S, sA) em rouhā/(ⲙ⳰) ⲣⲟⲩϩⲉ, (B) em rouhi/(ⲙ⳰) ⲣⲟⲩϩⲓ , (F) em louhi/(ⲙ⳰) ⲗⲟⲩϩⲓ (In the evening)
(* (ⲙ⳰) added) Coptic
mst (bear)
mice/ⲙⲓⲥⲉ (bear) Coptic
~ mst.i (to bear me)
mact/ⲙⲁⲥⲧ , məs/ⲙⲉⲥ (to bear me) Coptic
mt : (death, die, dead, parish, dead man)
mwt Demotic
m-w-t (Satzinger) (to die) Semitic
mawut- Proto-Semitic
mawVt, māwVt (Satzinger) (to die, to kill), maaw- (to die) Proto-Afroasiatic
umaaw- , -am-w(t)- (to die) (PSom-II) Cushitic
mutù Hausa language
mmt/ⵎⵎⵜ Central Atlas Tamazight
mǝtǝ (to die) Chadic
mwt , mawta (to die) Assyrian
mt / 𐤌𐤈 (die); mōwet/ 𐤌𐤅𐤕 (Mot Canaanite god of death and the Underworld) Phoenician
mmet (to die) Berber
mt (Mot Canaanite god of death and the Underworld) Ugaritic
mewt (Mot Canaanite god of death and the Underworld) Maltese
mautā (Mot Canaanite god of death and the Underworld) Syriac
motä/ሞተ , mot (Mot Canaanite god of death and the Underworld) Ge'ez
mwt/ מות (Mot Canaanite god of death and the Underworld) Canaanite, Berber, Aramaic, Nabataean, Palmyrene
mwt’/ מותא (Mot Canaanite god of death and the Underworld) Jewish Aramaic, Christian Palestinian,
Aramaic, Samaritan
muta (Mot Canaanite god of death and the Underworld) Mandaean
mūtu (Mot Canaanite god of death and the Underworld); mâtu Akkadian
mutuwa(Mot Canaanite god of death and the Underworld) Hausa
mut (Mot Canaanite god of death and the Underworld) Angas
mūṯ/ מוּת , mīṯ/ מִית (to die) Aramaic
moth, maweth Ancient Hebrew
mot, mawet/ מות, mávet/ מָוֶת ; māweṯ / מות (Mot Canaanite god of death and the Underworld), met/ מֵת (to die) Hebrew
mou/ μου Greek
mou/ⲙⲟⲩ Old Coptic
mou/ⲙⲟⲩ (S, A, sA, B, F) (death, die, dead), moout/ⲙⲟⲟⲩⲧ (S), mavt/ⲙⲁⲩⲧ (Sa, A), maout/ⲙⲁⲟⲩⲧ (Sa, F),
mōout/ⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ (B) (die, dead), mət/ⲙⲉⲧ (B) (deadness) Coptic
موت /mawt (Mot Canaanite god of death and the Underworld), māta/مَاتَ (to die) Arabic
(Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) ˈmaːwat (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) ˈmaːwaʔ , (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) ˈmoːw ,
mɛt (modern Egyptological), muːt IPA
met Traditional Pronunciation
mut Fix
~mw(w)t : (killing)
mōout/ⲙⲱⲟⲩⲧ Coptic
mdn : (to be at rest, at ease, fixed, placed, be quiet (Camino)
mtn (to repose) Demotic
mtn (to be strong, firm> firmly established, immobile) Semetic
(S, B) mton/ⲙⲧⲟⲛ, (S, B) (ə)mton/(ⲉ)ⲙⲧⲟⲛ, (A, sA, F) ᵉmtan/ⲙ︦ⲧⲁⲛ, (F) əmtan/ⲉⲙⲧⲁⲛ, (S) motn/ⲙⲟⲧⲛ, (A) matnə/ⲙⲁⲧⲛⲉ,
(B) motən/ⲙⲟⲧⲉⲛ, (F) matn/ⲙⲁⲧⲛ (be at rest, at ease, be relieved of sickness, go to rest, rest self) Coptic
mad ͝ (w), madin, madān> madán (verbal noun) (Takács) Pronunciation
mtr(t) : (midday)
** the t has been reduced to ꜥ
mārā/ⲙⲉⲣⲉ Old Coptic
māārā /ⲙⲉⲉⲣⲉ (S), māri /ⲙⲉⲣⲓ (B), mēērā/ⲙⲏⲏⲣⲉ (F) (midday, day) Coptic
mtrw : (witness)
(S, A, sA) mntrə/ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲉ , (B) mətʰrə/ⲙⲉⲑⲣⲉ , (S, F) mətrē/ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲏ (witness, testimony); mət/ⲙⲉⲧ (bear witness);
marturin/ⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲓⲛ (to testify, bear witness (general/legal, or specific sense unclear) to bear witness, be
martyred) Coptic
mtwt : (seed, progeny, semen)
mtoto (http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
mTn : (road, path)
mōāet Coptic
mw : ( water )
mw Demotic
mayim Proto-Sinaitic
maym Proto-Canaanite
maʾ, may, māy Proto-Semitic
māˀ (Satzinger) Semitic
maʔ, maʾ Proto-Afro-Asiatic
aman Berber, Chadic
maʾ Proto-Afro-Asiatic
ma'ay Iraqw
mvua (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
mû/ 𒀀 , mw, mê Akkadian
mÿʾ/ ܡܝ̈ܐ Syriac
mai /ማዒ Ethiopic
mm /𐤌𐤌 Phoenician
máyim /מַיִם Hebrew
mayim מים/ Yiddish
mā /ما Algerian
me / مي Bahrani
māy / ماي Gulf
ma / ما Hassaniya
mōya / موية Hijazi
māy /ماي Iraqi
me / مي Libyan
mmayyaمياه/ Libyan
mâ /ما Moroccan
mōya / موية Sudanese
mayy-ā' /מַיָּא Aramaic
mayyā / ܡܝ̈ܐ, mēyā Syriac
ṃāya /מאיא , ṃāye /מאייה Lishana Deni
miya Christian Bishmiyaye
mw /𐩣𐩥 Epigraphic South Arabian
māy/ ማይ Geez
myōh Harsusi
ḥmo Hobyót
moh, ḥə-mō Mehri
míh Shehri
mem, meym, may, mm 𐤌𐤌/ Phoenician
may /ማይ Tigre
may/ማይ Tigrinya
my/𐎎𐎊 Ugaritic
māʾū مَاء / Arabic
aman Berber
máyya / مية Egyptian
mou /ⲙⲟⲩ (b, S, F), mōou /ⲙⲱⲟⲩ (B), moou/ ⲙⲟⲟⲩ (S), mau/ⲙⲁⲩ (A, sA, F), maou/ⲙⲁⲟⲩ (sA), me/ⲙⲉ (Sf) Coptic
maw (Old Egyptian), muː (modern Egyptological) IPA
mu Traditional Pronunciation
maw, māu (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
(*ref en.wiktionary.org)
~ mww : (waters)
moaoo /ⲙⲱⲟⲩ (waters) (B); moueēoue /ⲙⲟⲩⲉⲓⲟⲟⲩⲉ (plr) Coptic
māmē, mê Akkdian
mwt : (mother)
mjwt, miwt (the mortuary temple of Seti I at Abydos) Alt Egyptian
mwt Demotic
mawu (needs ref) ciLuba
ủm / 𐎜𐎎 Ugaritic
matar Sanskrit
ummu , um-mu (mother) 𒌝𒈬 Assyrian
ˀVma , ma(y) Proto-Afroasiatic
ʾimm, ʾumm, ʔimm Proto-Semitic
ʾm (North-)West Semitic
ummu, ama 𒂼Akkadian, Sumerian
ʾm / 𐩱𐩣 Old South Arabian
mmʾ/𐩣𐩣አ𐩱 , ʾmm Sabaean
ʾVm Afro-Asiatic
ʾəmaye / እማዬ , ʾəma/ እማ Amharic
ʾem / እም Ethiopic
ʾēm, ame/אֵם Hebrew
ˈʔe̞m , ʾimmā / אמא Modern Hebrew
amm/׳אאֵם, aēyma /אִימׇּא Aramaic
ʾemmā / ܐܡ , ʾimmā / ܐܡܐ Syriac
mater Old Persian
ʾin/ إِنْ, ʾumm / ام, ʾumm/ أُمّ, ʾmhw Arabic
ma, mau Berber
anna/ ἀμμά Greek
ma'u, ma'v /ⲙⲁⲁⲩ (S), mav /ⲙⲁⲩ (S, B), mo/ⲙⲟ (Sa), mou/ⲙⲟⲩ (Sa), mō/ⲙⲱ (Sa, A), meev/ ⲙⲉⲉⲩ (sA, F),
meou /ⲙⲉⲟⲩ (F, O), mēou /ⲙⲏⲟⲩ (F), mōou/ⲙⲱⲟⲩ (B), moou/ⲙⲟⲟⲩ, maou/ⲙⲁⲟⲩ (A) Coptic
omm Maltese
mutter German
mère French
muːt (modern Egyptological) IPA
maʔwat > maʔw/ⲙⲁⲁⲩ (Loprieno); ʾummi, ʾimma (jm.tj) (Hoch); miwt (J.P.A.) Alt Pronunciation
mut Traditional Pronunciation
mwt : (Goddess Mut)
mwt-mwt: (grandmother, grandma)
maau /ⲙⲁⲁⲩ Coptic
Mother of God : (mwt-nTr)
masnouti/ ⲙⲁⲥⲛⲟⲩϯ
mwyt : (urine, dampness)
mꜢt Demotic
mē/ⲙⲏ (S, B, F), mi/ⲙⲓ (S) (urine); moou/ⲙⲟⲟⲩ (S), av/ⲁⲩ (A, sA, F), maou/ⲙⲁⲟⲩ (sA), mōou/ⲙⲱⲟⲩ (B),
mou/ⲙⲟⲩ (S, B, F), mā/ⲙⲉ (Sf) (water); mouāiē/ⲙⲟⲩⲉⲓⲏ (S), mowwēāiā/ⲙⲟⲩⲏⲉⲓⲉ (S),
mouāioouā/ⲙⲟⲩⲉⲓⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S), mowwiāvā/ⲙⲟⲩⲓⲉⲩⲉ (A), mouāiavāiā/ⲙⲟⲩⲉⲓⲁⲩⲉⲓⲉ (A),
mouāiēāv/ⲙⲟⲩⲉⲓⲏⲉⲩ (NH) (plural) Coptic
my : (cause, give)
mw Alt Egyptian
marəf /ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥ Coptic
~ Ref https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/35124982.pdf
mxAt : (balance)
mjḫꜣt (balance scales) Alt Egyptian
mashi /ⲙⲁϣⲓ (B), meshi/ⲙⲉϣⲓ (F), mashe/ⲙⲁϣⲉ (S) makhe/ⲙⲁⳉⲉ (A) (balance, scale) Coptic
/mɛxɑt/, /mixɑt/ (modern Egyptological) IPA
mekhat traditional
m-Xnw : (within)
mnou/𐋨ⲛⲟⲩ (old Coptic?) Coptic
n
n : (for , to, of)
na (from name stp-n-ra/ ša-ti-ip-na-ri-a) (of) Akkadian
n (of ) Central Atlas Tamazight
n/ ን (to), nay/ ናይ (of) Ethiopic
lə-/ לְ־ (to, for, of) Hebrew
li- / لِـ (to, for, belonging to) Arabic
n/ⲛ (S) (with, by, to for), en/ ⲛ⳰ (of) Coptic
ni (Old Egyptian), ni (Middle Egyptian) , ne (Late Egyptian), ɛn (modern Egyptological) IPA
~ n.f : (for me) Egyptian
naï/ⲛⲁï (B, S), neï/ⲛⲉï (A, L, F, M) (for me) Coptic
~ n.f (to him) Egyptian
náf/ⲛⲁϥ (S, B), néf/ⲛⲉϥ (A, L, M, F) (to him); ārof/ⲉⲣⲟϥ (that he) Coptic
ʲa'raf Alt Pronunciation
.n , .nw : (us, we, our) 1st pl. (Suffixed pronouns)
n /ⲛ Coptic
on, ni Beja
no Dahalo-general
-ni Akkadian
-nû/ ֵ נוּ Hebrew
nā/ـنَا (enclitic form of naḥnu/ نَحْنُ ) (us, our) Arabic
íḥna (subject) ́na (After vowel, 1 cons), -ína (After 2 cons.) Egyptian Arabic
ʔɛn (modern Egyptological), ina , in (AEVP) IPA
.en Traditional Pronunciation
.n. : (Past tense maker)
ne /ⲛⲉ, neei/ⲛⲉⲉⲓ, nai /ⲛⲁï (B, S), neï /ⲛⲉï (A, F, M) (past tense these, those) Coptic
na : (to have mercy)
nꜥ (to be merciful) Demotic
(S) na/ⲛⲁ, (S) naa/ⲛⲁⲁ, (S, A, sA) naā/ⲛⲁⲉ, (S, B) nai/ⲛⲁⲓ, (S) naāiē/ⲛⲁⲉⲓⲏ, (F) nāi/ⲛⲉⲓ, (F) nāāi/ⲛⲉⲉⲓ (Have pity, mercy) Coptic
nA : (this, these, the, here, hither)
*vocative reference (OE), the aforementioned one, the said one, demonstrative modifying
plural nouns preceeds noun genitival adjective n(j) in between (ME), the (LE)
nꜣ Demotic
n/ⲛ (S, F, A, L); nā/ⲛⲉ (S, F, L) ni/ⲛⲓ (B, F) (definite article) Coptic
~ nAi, nAy : (these) plr
nꜣj Demotic
nai /ⲛⲁⲓ (S, B), nei /ⲛⲉⲓ (A, F) nā/ⲛⲉ (they, 3rd person masculine singular) (demonstrative pronoun) Coptic
~nAy.f : (his)
pnāf/ⲛⲉϥ (his plur, plur) Coptic
nAaSA : (be strong, to be great)
nAaSAy Demotic
nashe /ⲛⲁϣⲉ Coptic
nA-ny : (Those, that, these, this)
nai nā/ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ (thease are) (from /nai nā ni-alaw-owi/ⲛⲁⲓ ⲛⲉ ⲛⲓⲁⲗⲱⲟⲩⲓ⳰ 'Thease are the children') Coptic
naw : (mercy, kindness, compassion, pity, leniency)
(S) na /ⲛⲁ (S, A, sA) nae /ⲛⲁⲉ, (S, B) nai /ⲛⲁⲓ, (S) naeiē /ⲛⲁⲉⲓⲏ, (F) nei /ⲛⲉⲓ, (F) neei /ⲛⲉⲉⲓ (have pity, mercy) Coptic
nb : (damage, sin)
nbit, nby (damage, sin); nbe.t Demotic
(S) nobā/ⲛⲟⲃⲉ, (Sf, A, sA) nabā/ⲛⲁⲃⲉ, (B) nobi/ⲛⲟⲃⲓ, (F) nabi/ⲛⲁⲃⲓ, (F) nafi/ⲛⲁϥⲓ (sin transgression) Coptic
nb : (every , all, any)
nīb Alt Pronunciation
nab /ናብ (all) Ethiopic
nibə /ⲛⲓⲃⲉ , nibi /ⲛⲓⲃⲓ Old Coptic
(P) nib /ⲛⲓⲃ, (F) nifən /ⲛⲓϥⲉⲛ (every); (F) nibi /ⲛⲓⲃⲓ, (S, A, sA, B, F) nim/ⲛⲓⲙ
(B) nibən /ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ (everything, every, every time, always) Coptic
/nɛb/ IPA
nb : (lord, owner of, master)
nb Demotic
nib-u (Loprieno) Proto Egytpian
rabb Proto-Semitic
rb / 𐤓𐤁 (head, chief, lord) Phoenician
nebo, nebou (owner of, ruler of) Kalenjiin
nib, ni-ib (Amarna letters), ēnūtu (deity, king , lordship, office of high priestess) Akkadian
nob/ⲛⲟⲃ, nēb /ⲛⲏⲃ Old Coptic
nēb /ⲛⲏⲃ (B), nəb /ⲛⲉⲃ (B), nəp/ⲛⲉⲡ (S, L) (lord, master, owner, mister) Coptic
neefis (Sami Paldanius); nehb/νεβ-, nob/-νοβ, nepʰ/-νηφ- Classical Greek
ˈniːbuw (Old Egyptian, 2500- Middle Egyptian,1700 BCE), nib (in some circumstances reduced early),
niːβ ,neːβ (Lower Egypt) (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE), nep (Upper Egypt), nɛb (modern Egyptological) (Loprieno) IPA
niib-u/a (Sami Paldanius) Alt Pronunciation
neb Traditional Pronunciation
nib/nēb; n Fix
~ nb-Hwt : (lord of the house)
nebēi/ⲛⲉⲃⲏⲓ (B), nepēi/ⲛⲉⲡⲏⲓ (S) Coptic
~ nb.f : (his lord)
nepʰkʰis/νηφχις (his lord) Greek
nībif (Loprieno) Alt Pronounced
~ nbt : (Lady, mistress)
bʿlt Proto-Sinaitic
nēb /ⲛⲏⲃ (B) (mistress, lady) Coptic
(OE 2500 BC) ˈniːbat, (ME 1700 BC) ˈniːbaʔ , (Amarna-period LE 1350 BC) ˈniːba , (LE 800 BC) ˈniːβə IPA
nībat , niiba.t , niibiit , nibayya.t (lord, owner , girl) (Sami Paldanius) Alt Pronunciation
nebet Traditional Pronunciation
~ nbt-Hwt : (lady of the house)
nəbēi/ⲛⲉⲃⲏⲓ (B), nəpēi/ⲛⲉⲡⲏⲓ (S) Coptic
~ mrit nbt (beloved lady)
mʾhbʿl (The beloved of the lady) Proto-Sinaitic
(ref en.wikipedia.org)
nb : (damage, sin)
nby, nbjt Demotic
nobe/ⲛⲟⲃⲉ (S), nobi/ⲛⲟⲃⲓ (B), nabe/ⲛⲁⲃⲉ (A, Sf, sA, L), nabi/ⲛⲁⲃⲓ (F), nafi/ⲛⲁϥⲓ (F) (sin) Coptic
nbs : (Christ’s thorn jujube (Ziziphus spina-christi (tree) 𓈖𓃀𓋴𓆭
noubs/ⲛⲟⲩⲃⲥ Old Coptic
nabiq/نَبِق Arabic
nbt-Hwt : (Goddess)
nbw : (gold)
nb, nbw Demotic
ŋap/ⳟⲁⲡ (Peust) Old Nubian
náb (Peust) Modern Nobiin
nebara/nbr Meroitic
noub/ⲛⲟⲩⲃ (S, A, sA, B, F), nouf/ⲛⲟⲩϥ (S, F) nob/ⲛⲟⲃ (S), nof/ⲛⲟϥ (S), embō /ⲉⲙⲃⲱ (f and b interchangeable) Coptic
omboi /Ὄμβοι Ancient Greek
ambo Latin
ombo / أمبو, dhahab/ ذهب Arabic
nɛbuː (modern Egyptological), nebu (Conventional anglicization) IPA
nābaw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ndk : (them thou)
natka /ናትካ (yours) Amharic
entok /ⲛ⳰ⲧⲟⲕ Coptic
nD : (save, protection)
nudi, nwD Alt Egyptian
(S) nashte /ⲛⲁϣⲧⲉ, nakhte /ⲛⲁⳉⲧⲉ, (B) nashti /ⲛⲁϣϯ, (F) neshti /ⲛⲉϣϯ (strength, protector) Coptic
nD : (grind)
nwD Demotic
(S, A, B, F) nout/ⲛⲟⲩⲧ , (S) nat/ⲛⲁⲧ , (B) not/ⲛⲟⲧ , (F) nət/ⲛⲉⲧ (grind, pound corn, grinding, mill (?), receptacle) Coptic
nD : (flour)
nty Late Kingdom
nty Demotic
noeit/ⲛⲟⲉⲓⲧ (S) Coptic
nudj Pronounced
nD : (ask, question; to take counsel, seek advice, talk matter over (Budge)
gnou/ϫⲛⲟⲩ (S, F, A, sA, O), chnou/ϭⲛⲟⲩ (B), djinou/ϫⲓⲛⲟⲩ (S), gno/ϫⲛⲟ(S), djn/ϫⲛ (S),
gnā/ϫⲛⲉ (S, sA) (ask, question, inquire, tell, say) (*why it's backwards is anyone's guess) Coptic
netch Budge
nedj Traditional Pronunciation
nudj Fix
nDm : (sweet (of flavour, odour), pleasant, pleasing, well, hale, comfortable (of patient)
nx̣m Afroas
nꜥm (to be sweet) , naꜥim (pleasent) Semitic
nam/ נעﬦ , noam/ נועם (>English name Naomi) (pleasantness) Hebrew
ãdhaām/ ـذَـﹺعـﹶم , naaDim (needs ref) (sweet) Arabic
noutᵉm / ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲙ̅, (S, F) noutm /ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲙ , (A) noutme /ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲙⲉ, (B) noutem /ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉⲙ , (S) notm /ⲛⲟⲧⲙ,
(B) notem /ⲛⲟⲧⲉⲙ , (F) natm ⲛⲁⲧⲙ (be sweet) Coptic
ˈnaːcʼim (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE), ˈnaːtʼim (Middle Egyptian,1700 BCE), ˈnoːtʼəm (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE),
nɛd͡ʒɛm (modern Egyptological), nāːɟim (Loprieno) IPA
naaDim? naDmi? /naaDem (Sami Paldanius) Alt Pronunciation
nedjem Traditional Pronunciation
noudjem (MK), noutem (LK), natim (Nile Valley) Fix
nDnD : (confer, take advice, consult, advice, counsel, consult (someone), advice, counsel, ask, for advice ask)
nognedj/ⲛⲟϫⲛⲉϫ (B), nokʲneckʲ/ⲛⲟϭⲛⲉϭ (S), nekʲnekʲ/ⲛⲉϭⲛⲉϭ (S), nekʲnoukʲ/ⲛⲉϭⲛⲟⲩϭ (S, A), nakʲnkʲ/ⲛⲁϭⲛϭ (A, F),
nakʲnekʲ/ⲛⲁϭⲛⲉϭ (A, F) (reproach, mock) (Budge suggestion) Coptic
netchnetch Budge
nedjnedj Traditional Pronunciation
nudjnudj Fix
nDr : (even when)
m-nDr (even when) Alt Egyptian
(S) ᵉntərə/ⲛ︦ⲧⲉⲣⲉ , (A) (n)tarə/(ⲛ)ⲧⲁⲣⲉ (when, after) Coptic
nDty : (protector)
nudjety /nwDty Alt Egyptian
nashte /ⲛⲁϣⲧⲉ (S), nakhte /ⲛⲁⳉⲧⲉ (A), nashti /ⲛⲁϣϯ (B) Coptic
nfr : (beauty, good, perfect, beautiful, kindness, goodness, happiness, good fortune)
nfr Demotic
na-a-pa Akkadian
nəfuaə /ንፉዕ Amharic
nae , ne/ 𐦩𐦡 (good intruth), nǝ ñ/ 𐦪 , ñəə-ne 𐦪𐦡𐦩 (goodness) nei /𐦢𐦩 (goodness, benevolence) Meroitic
nefir (good) Bedja
yafeh/יָפֶה (beautiful) Hebrew
wafaa /وَفَى (to be perfect, complete) Arabic
noufā/ⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ Old Coptic
nāfr /ⲛⲉϥⲣ (S), noufā /ⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ (S), noufi /ⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ (B) , nofār /ⲛⲟϥⲉⲣ (goodness) , nofri /ⲛⲟϥⲣⲓ (hi, good, goodness);
noufr /ⲛⲟⲩϥⲣ (S), nofr /ⲛⲟϥⲣ (S), nofār /ⲛⲟϥⲉⲣ (B) (be good, profitable); nofrā/ⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ (S), nobrā/ⲛⲟⲃⲣⲉ (S),
nofri /ⲛⲟϥⲣⲓ (B), noufi/ⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ (B, F) nabrā/ⲛⲁⲃⲣⲉ (F), nabri/ⲛⲁⲃⲣⲓ (F), nafli/ⲛⲁϥⲗⲓ (F) (good, profit, advantage),
noufā/ⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ (S, A, sA), nafrā/ⲛⲁϥⲣⲉ (A, sA) (good, hi), noufā/ⲛⲟⲩⲫⲉ Coptic
noufis/νοῦφις< Σεχνοῦφις (name), ōphelimos/ωφελιμος (usefll, benificual), (O)noufrios < Ονούφριος (name)
ōpheleia/ωφελεια (help, aid, succour (especially in war) profit, advantage, benefit source of gain or profit, service) Greek
ˈnaːfir (OE) 'na.fi (ME&LE) (JPA); ˈnaːfir > ˈnaːfə (Loprieno) IPA
nefer Traditional pronunciation
ˈnaːfir > ˈnaːfə, nāfir > na:fə (Loprieno), nāfir (Vycichl) Alt pronunciation
nofer, noufer, noferā, noferē fix
~ nfr dwAw/ nofer duau (good morning) Egyptian
na-nā ato-owwi /ⲛⲁⲛⲉ 'ⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ Coptic
~ nfr hrw/ nofr horu (good Day) Egyptian
nofri e-ho-ou /ⲛⲟϥⲣⲓ 'ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ Coptic
~ nfr grH / nofer ḳeruḥ (good night) Egyptian
nofri e-gōrḥ/ ⲛⲟϥⲣⲓ 'ⲉϫⲱⲣϩ (S) Coptic
~ nfrt : perfection, beauty
nofri /ⲛⲟϥⲣⲓ (hi) Coptic
nāfrat Alt Pronunciation
nofret Gardiner
nafr-a.t (Vycichl) Alt pronunciation
nafrat (OK-MK) > nafrə > nofrə/nofri (LK) Evolution
nofrit Fix
~ nfrt (good (thing) (Fem)
nofrā/ⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ , nafrā/ⲛⲁϥⲣⲉ Coptic
~ nfrw (beauty plur)
nåfr-uu; naafaar-uu (needs ref) Coptic
nfr : (happiness)
ounof/ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲫ, piounof/ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲛⲟⲫ (Happiness) Coptic
nfrw : (excellent)
nuhfuʔ'uh /ንፉዕ Ethiopic
nfy, nft : (breath, wind)
nif/ⲛⲓϥ (S,B,F,) (breath), nife/ⲛⲓϥⲉ (S, A, sA) , nive/ⲛⲓⲃⲉ (S), nifi/ⲛⲓϥⲓ (B, F), nivi/ⲛⲓⲃⲓ (F), naft/ⲛⲁϥⲧ (S),
neft/ⲛⲉϥⲧ (S, A), nift/ⲛⲓϥⲧ (S) (blow, breathe of wind, breath) Coptic
nfs /نفس (breath) Arabic
neshymah /נְשִׁימָה, nepesh /נֶפֶשׁ (breath) Hebrew
~ S-n-nifi : breath
shənnifi/ϣⲉⲛⲛⲓϥⲓ
ng : (namely) (Demotic)
m qi (ni) (in the form (of), namely) (from) < m (in)+ qi (form, shape) Middle Egyptian
(S, A, sA, B, F, O) djā/ϫⲉ, (S, A, F) dj(ā)/ϫ(ⲉ), (S, B, F) ndjā/ⲛϫⲉ, (NH) djēā/ϫⲏⲉ (apposition, namely after vbs call, name);
(P) nke/ⲛⳤ (Preposition) Coptic
ngAgA: (To cackle, to quack)
gaga/ ጋጋ (make noise) Amharic
ngmgm : (to conspire aginst, to hatch a plot)
mägämgäm/ መገምገም(to evaluate, to analyzem, assess) Amharic
Coptic
nHA : shake
(S) nouḥə/ⲛⲟⲩϩⲉ, (S) nōḥə/ⲛⲱϩⲉ, (S, A, B, F) nouḥ/ⲛⲟⲩϩ, (A) nououḥ/ⲛⲟⲩⲟⲩϩ, (B) noḥ/ⲛⲟϩ , (S, F) nou/ⲛⲟⲩ ,
(S, B, F) nəḥ/ⲛⲉϩ, (S, B) naḥ/ⲛⲁϩ, (Sa, A) novḥ/ⲛⲁⲩϩ, (B) nəḥ/ⲛⲉϩ, (NH) naḥou/ⲛⲁϩⲟ, (S, B) nēḥ/ⲛⲏϩ,
(S, B) nəḥ/ⲛⲉϩ Coptic
nūḥ (Ishak) (B) pronunciation
nHb : (harness, yoke, appoint, combine (attributes), provide, requisition)
(S, A) nouḥb /ⲛⲟⲩϩⲃ, (B) noḥeb /ⲛⲟϩⲉⲃ, (B) nōḥeb/ ⲛⲱϩⲉⲃ, (S) naḥb /ⲛⲁϩⲃ, (S) naḥeb /ⲛⲁϩⲉⲃ , (B) neḥp /ⲛⲉϩⲡ,
(S) neḥb /ⲛⲟϩⲃ (harness, yoke) Coptic
nHDt : (tooth)
nuḥḏat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
nadjḥe/ⲛⲁϫϩⲉ (S), naadjḥe/ⲛⲁⲁϫϩⲉ (S), nadje/ⲛⲁϫⲉ (S), naadje/ⲛⲁⲁϫⲉ (S), nedje/ⲛⲉϫⲉ (S, A), needje/ⲛⲉⲉϫⲉ (A),
naḥdji/ⲛⲁϩϫⲓ (B) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) ˈnuħcʼat ; (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) ˈnuħtʃʼaʔ, ˈnutʃʼħaʔ ;
(Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ˈnøħtʃʼə, ˈnøtʃʼħə IPA
nHH : (eternity)
nwHH (eternity) Budge
nḥḥ Demotic
eneḥ/ ⲉⲛⲉϩ (B), eneḥe/ⲉⲛⲉϩⲉ (S), enēḥe/ⲉⲛⲏϩⲉ (S), anēḥe/ⲁⲛⲏϩⲉ (A,sA) Coptic
nHH : (oil)
neḥ /ⲛⲉϩ (S, B, F), nēḥ/ⲛⲏϩ (S, A), nḥ/ⲛϩ (S) Coptic
nHH : (pure oil)
neh /ⲛⲉϩ Coptic
nHm : (take away, carry off, assume (an office), save, rescue, withdraw (oneself), snatch away, deliver, preserve )
noḥām /ⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ (B), naḥān /ⲛⲁϩⲉⲙ, (to save, to be saved, salvation, redemption, deliver); nouḥm /ⲛⲟⲩϩⲙ (S) (to save);
naḥm/ⲛⲁϩⲙ (S), noḥem/ⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ (B) (remove, steal); (S, sA) nouḥm/ⲛⲟⲩϩⲙ, (A) nouḥmā/ⲛⲟⲩϩⲙⲉ,
(B) noḥām/ⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ, (F) nouḥām/ⲛⲟⲩϩⲉⲙ, (S) nāḥm/ⲛⲉϩⲙ , (A) naḥmā/ⲛⲁϩⲙⲉ, (S, sA) naḥm/ⲛⲁϩⲙ ,
(B) naḥām/ⲛⲁϩⲉⲙ, (F) nāḥmi/ⲛⲉϩⲙⲓ, (S, A, sA, B) naḥm/ⲛⲁϩⲙ, (F) nāḥm/ⲛⲉϩⲙ, (S, F) naḥm/ⲛⲁϩⲙ,
(F) nāḥām/ⲛⲉϩⲉⲙ (be saved, safe, save, preserve) Coptic
~ ref noḥām /ⲣⲉϥ ⲛⲟϩⲉⲙ (Savior redeemer) Coptic
~ nHm.f : save him
nāḥmf / ⲛⲉϩⲙϥ Coptic
nhnh : (shake, stir, to be stirred)
noḥnḥ/ⲛⲟϩⲛϩ (S), nāḥnouḥ/ⲛⲉϩⲛⲟⲩϩ (S) (shake); nāḥnouḥ/ⲛⲉϩⲛⲟⲩϩ (S), nāḥnōḥ/ⲛⲉϩⲛⲱϩ (B) (shake, stir)
nhmhm : (roar, thunder)
nhnh (lion roar), neḥem (to cry out) (Budge) Alt Egyptian
(S) lḥēm/ⲗϩⲏⲙ, (S) lḥm/ⲗϩⲙ, (S) ālḥēm/ⲉⲗϩⲏⲙ, (S) rḥēm/ⲣϩⲏⲙ , (B) rḥām/ⲣϩⲉⲙ (roar, esp of lions) Coptic
nhp : ( rise early in the morning, early morning)
nōuhb (rise early in the morning) Coptic
nHt : (prayer)
naḥti/ ⲛⲁϩϯ Coptic
nht , nHit : (sycamore tree)
nouhi, nouḥi/ⲛⲟⲩϩⲓ (B, F), nouhā,nouḥā/ⲛⲟⲩϩⲉ (S) Coptic
nHty : (believe in, trust in)
nḥṱ (to believe) Demotic
(S, A, sA) naḥā/ⲛⲁϩⲧⲉ, (B) naḥti/ⲛⲁϩϯ, (F) nāḥti/ⲛⲉϩϯ, (S) nḥāt/ⲛϩⲉⲧ , (AL) nḥout/ⲛϩⲟⲩⲧ , (A) nḥout/ⲛϩⲟⲩⲧ ,
(S) nḥot/ⲛϩⲟⲧ , nḥout/ⲛϩⲟⲩⲧ , (A, sA) nḥat/ⲛϩⲁⲧ , (B) ānḥot/ⲉⲛϩⲟⲧ , (F) ānḥat/ⲉⲛϩⲁⲧ (trust, believe) Coptic
nɛħti (modern Egyptological) IPA
nehti Traditional Pronunciation
naḥty Fix
(s)nhs : (awaken) nhsi : (wake)
(nhzj) Alt Egyptian
neḥse /ⲛⲉϩⲥⲉ (S, A, O), neḥsi/ⲛⲉϩⲥⲓ (Sf, B, F, O) (awake, arise) Coptic
nihVsʲV (Peust) Alt Pronunciation
ni, nn : (not , none, no) (negative maker)
ennā/ⲛ⳰ⲛⲉ (shall not), (S) an/ⲁⲛ (negative particle) Coptic
neno'è /ነኖእ Ge'ez
lā/ לָא (no, not) Aramaic
lō/ לֹא (no, not) Hebrew
lā/ لَا (no, not) Arabic
no/ non, not/ne pas French
nai Alt Pronunciation
nim : (who?)
nim/ⲚⲒⲘ (S, A, sA, B, F) (who?, what? ) Coptic
niwt : (City)
nt Late Kingdom
nt , nwt Wörterbuch
nu-t (village, hamlet, town, ity, community, settlement) Budge
niwt Gardiner, Allen, Fulkner
Ni' Assyrian
né-eʾ (Thebes) Akkadian
ni-u, ni-i Cuneiform
Mnote Meroitic
nōʾ /roʔ/> né-eʾ (Loprieno) no̞ʔ / נֹא Hebrew
Tʰɛbai / Θῆβαι , Greek
Niut, No (The city) Other names
On , Onu, No-Ammon 'City of Amun' Bible
nā/ⲛⲉ Old Coptic
nē/ⲛⲏ (S) Coptic
ˈnuːʔat (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE), ˈnuːʔaʔ (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ,
ˈneːʔ (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE), nuːt (modern Egyptological) IPA
niut Traditional Pronunciation
nʔ.t /nuʔat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
(*ref ~ Černy)
nk : (copulate, debauched) 𓈖𓎡𓂺 , nkw (adulterer, fornicator) 𓈖𓎡𓅱𓈞𓂸
nyk Demotic
nayak- Proto-Semitic
nâku/𒈾𒀀𒆪 (na-a-ku) Akkadian
nakaḥa/نَكَحَ (to have sex with, to penetrate); nāka/نَاكَ (to penetrate) Arabic
nōik/ⲛⲱⲓⲕ (B), noeik/ⲛⲟⲉⲓⲕ (S), naeik/ⲛⲁⲉⲓⲕ (A), naik/ⲛⲁⲓⲕ (F) (adulterer, fornicator) Coptic
niˈaː.kum Old Babylonian IPA
nknyt : (injury, violnce, attack, transgression)
mäqämat /መቀማት(rob, take by force) Amharic
nm : (who) (Demotic)
nm(i) (contraction of ) < in-mi (combanation of ) in (by, so says) (particle) + m(i) (who what) (interrogate) Middle Egyptian
nim/ ⲛⲓⲙ (S, A, sA, B, F) (who?, what?) Coptic
nm : (and, with)
nem /ⲛⲉⲙ (who) Coptic
nmHw : (poor one, small one)
nmH (free (man) Demotic
(S, sA) rmḥā/ⲣⲙϩⲉ, (B) rāmḥā/ⲣⲉⲙϩⲉ, (F) rāmḥē/ⲣⲉⲙϩⲏ, (F) lāmḥē/ⲗⲉⲙϩⲏ, (S) rmnḥā/ⲣⲙⲛϩⲉ (free person) Coptic
~ mnHwt : (poor one, small one) (female)
rmnḥē/ⲣⲙⲛϩⲏ (free person) (F) Coptic
~ mnHw(w) : (poor one, small one) (plr)
(S) rmḥāāvā/ⲣⲙϩⲉⲉⲩⲉ, (B) rmḥāv/ⲣⲙϩⲉⲩ, (B) rmḥēou/ⲣⲙϩⲏⲟⲩ (plr) Coptic
nmst : (type of jar)
nemsētu, namsû (washbowl) Akkadian Old Bablonian
mesû (to wash, to clean) Old Bablonian
namša Babylon
msw (melt, dissolve, flood) Semitic
nmy : (who?)
nim Alt Egyptian
in mi (particle + who, what) > nmy > nm Evolution
nm Demotic
nim/ⲛⲓⲙ (S, A, sA, B, F) (who?, what?) Coptic
nɛmi (modern Egyptological) IPA
nnw : darkness, Primordial watery abyss
noun/ⲛⲟⲩⲛ Old Coptic
noun/ⲛⲟⲩⲛ (S, A, B, F) (abyss (of hell), depth (of earth, sea) Coptic
nqawt : (notched sycamore figs)
(S) ālkō/ⲉⲗⲕⲱ, (S) ālko/ⲉⲗⲕⲟ, (A) lkou/ⲗⲕⲟⲩ, (B) ālko/ⲉⲗⲕⲟ, (B) ālkou/ⲉⲗⲕⲟⲩ, (B) alkou/ⲁⲗⲕⲟⲩ (fruit of sycomore) Coptic
nqdd : (sleep)
(j)nqty Demotic
nkotk/ⲛⲕⲟⲧⲕ (S), enkotk/ⲉⲛⲕⲟⲧⲕ (S), nkotā/ⲛⲕⲟⲧⲉ (S), nkatā/ⲛⲕⲁⲧⲉ (S, Sa, A), (n)katā/(ⲛ)ⲕⲁⲧⲉ (O),
nkatkā/ⲛⲕⲁⲧⲕⲉ (sA, O), ānkot/ⲉⲛⲕⲟⲧ (B), nkot/ⲛⲕⲟⲧ (S, B), ānkat/ⲉⲛⲕⲁⲧ (F), ānkatk/ⲉⲛⲕⲁⲧⲕ (F),
nkat/ⲛⲕⲁⲧ (Sa, F), nkōōt/ⲛⲕⲱⲱⲧ (O), nkotkā/ⲛⲕⲟⲧⲕⲉ (S), nkoktā/ⲛⲕⲟⲕⲧⲉ (S) (sleep, lie down, die) Coptic
nqt : (good things, possessions)
enka/ ⲛ⳰ⲕⲁ Coptic
ngt /ንግድ Amharic
nrt : (vulture)
nerit Budge
našru /𒈾𒀾𒊒 Akkadian
nəsr /ንስር Amharic
nasr/ نَسْر Arabic
nisr/ نسر Egyptian Arabic
nasir/ نَسِر Hijazi Arabic
nišrā/: ܢܫܪܐ Aramaic Syriac
nišrā/ נִשְׁרָא Aramaic Hebrew
nǝsr/ንስረ Ge'ez
néšer/נֶשֶׁר Hebrew
nsr /𐩬𐩪𐩧 Hadramautic
nǝsǝr /ንስረ Tigre
nǝsri/ንስሪ Tigrinya
nšr /𐎐𐎌𐎗 Ugaritic
noure /ⲛⲟⲩⲣⲉ (S), noule/ⲛⲟⲩⲗⲉ (S), nouri/ⲛⲟⲩⲣⲓ (B, F) (Vulture, Griffon);
noshr /ⲛⲟϣⲣ (B), nosher/ⲛⲟϣⲉⲣ (B) (vulture, falcon) Coptic
noure(t) Fix
ns : (tongue)
* l in Afroas corresponds to n Egyptian (Loprieno)
ls Demotic
lišān (Satzinger) Proto-Semitic
lišānu (tongue, language) Akkadian
lisʼ- (to lick, tongue) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
litsʼ- (to lick) (SOm) Omotic
alǝsi (tongue) Chadic
iləs Proto-Berber
iles, ilVs (tongue) Berber
liš-ān, lsn (tongue, language) Semitic
lashon/laˈʃɔn/law-shone/לָשׁוֹן Hebrew
lisān/لسان (tongue) Arabic
lǝs(s)an, nǝssal/ልሳን Tigre
las /ⲗⲁⲥ Old Coptic
las /ⲗⲁⲥ (S, B), lās/ⲗⲉⲥ (A, F, M, L) (tongue) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) lis , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈjiːsVw , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) les IPA
nes , nɛs Traditional Pronunciation
nīs , nis Alt Pronunciation
nS : (to frighten away, dribe away, to rush out upon)
mashäsh /ማሸሸ Amharic
nsr : (flame)
nûru , nu-ur/ 𒉡𒌨, nûru /𒂟 Akkadian
nūr/ نُور , nār/نار Arabic
nar Maltese
nūrā/נורא Aramaic Hebrew
nūrāܢܘܪܐ/ Aramaic Syriac
nūrנוּר/ , ner/נֵר (candle) Hebrew
nwr 𐩬𐩥𐩧/ Old South Arabian
nr/ 𐎐𐎗 Ugaritic
nāmā/ⲛⲉⲙⲉ (flame) Coptic
nSw : (a vessel)
nesh, neshȧ Budge
nǎš(w)aw Alt Pronunciation
nsw(t) 𓇓𓏏𓀰 : (king = ‘(he of the) sedge'); n(j) “of, belonging” + swt “sedge” (Upper Egypt)
njswt or nj-swt, nzw𓈖𓊃𓅱, 𓏏𓈖𓇓 Alt Egyptian
stn, stnj, swtn Outdated Egyptian
sw.t.n ? Old Kingdom
nzw Late Kingdom
Nesu Budge
sw.tj < n-swtj (belonging to the Sut-plant) Kurt Sethe
ni-śwt Gardiner
Pa-Te-Si, ensik,/ 𒉺𒋼𒋛 (Lord, ruler, king, roalty) Sumerian
nəgūś/ ንጉሥ (King) Ge'ez
negus /ነጉስ (Tigrinya) Ge'ez
in-si (King); (from nswt-bjtj) in-si-ib-ia/𒅔𒋛𒅁𒅀 Cuneiform
soutᵉn/ⲥⲟⲩⲧⲛ︦ (King? Roayal)[GE Champollion], sooutn /ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲧⲛ, (be straight, upright, stretch straighten,
stretch, uprightness); ǝḥnēs/Ϩⲛⲏⲥ , ǝḥnes/ϩⲛⲉⲥ (from Hwn-nswt "Child of the King") Coptic
(Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.) nijˈsiːwat ; (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C.) niˈsiːwaʔ; (Medio-Late Egyptian 1350 B.C.) ʔənˈsiːʔəʔ;
(Late Egyptian 800 B.C.) ʔənˈsiːʔ; nɛsuːt (modern Egyptological) IPA
Ahnās/اهناس "Child of the King" Egyptian Arabic
salṭana/ سَلْطَنَ (some claim it's not nswt but swtn and it carried over to Arabic) Arabic
swt Helck, Schenkel
nisut Traditional Pronunciation
~ nswy.t (Queen ‘(she of the) sedge)
Nesuit, nesit Budge
nišw (women) Proto-Semitic
tsoutn/ⲧⲥⲟⲩⲧⲛ (Queen) [GE Champollion] Coptic
nəgəśt (Queen) Ge'ez
niswat, nisa' / نساء (women) Arabic
nisuyt Traditional Pronunciation
~ nsw bity : (King of Upper and Lower Egypt = ‘(he of the) sedge and the bee’ Dual King)
nsw-bjtj, nswt-bjtj , nswt-bjt, njswt-bjtj, nsw-bjt,
njswt-bjt, n(j) + swt + bjt ‘the belonging one of the sedge and of the bee’ Alt Egyptian
Nesu bȧti Budge
nsw.tj-bj.tj Old Kingdom
in-si-ib-ia ni-bi from a Ramesside-era Hittite letter( Akkadian Title of Ramses II ref. Rainey)
in-si-bi-ia/ 𒅔𒋛𒅁𒅀 , in-si-bi-ya < ense-biya (LE) (Amarna Period) Cuniaform
(bity) nābiō/ ⲛⲉⲃⲓⲱ (S, A, B) (honey fly, bee) Coptic
nijˈsiːwat biˈjatV (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.), niˈsiːwaʔ biˈjatVj (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C. ),
ʔənˈsiːʔ βəˈjat(ə) (Late Egyptian 800 B.C.), nɛsuːt biti (modern Egyptological) IPA
ense-biya (LE) Alt Pronunciation
nj-sw.t bj.tj , nisut-bity Traditional Pronunciation
nt : (water)
nto Zulu-Bantu
nt : (thou, thee, of , belongs (f)
nata /ናታ Amharic
nt : (to grind)
nout /ⲛⲟⲩⲧ Coptic
ntf : (he, belongs to him) (m) 𓈖𓏏𓆑 Independent Pronoun
entuf Budge
mntf 𓅓𓈖𓏏𓆑 Late Egyptian
en-tʰōf/ ⲛ⳰ⲑⲟϥ (B), ᵉntof /ⲛ︦ⲧⲟϥ (S), ntaf/ⲛⲧⲁϥ (A, sA, F) Coptic
ntf : (besprinkle, spittle) (MK)
ndf (spit) (Greco-Roman), ndfdf (weep) Evolution
āltof/ⲉⲗⲧⲟϥ (spit on); taf/ⲧⲁϥ (S), tʰaf/ⲑⲁϥ (B) (spittle) Coptic
nataf/ נָטַף (to drip, to leak, drop) Hebrew
ntk : (you) (m) (Independent Pronoun)
mntf Late Kingdom
ntek (you) Budge
ʔanka , ʔanta (you) Proto-Semitic
attā/ אַתָּה (you) Akkadian
ʔattā (you) Hebrew
enta/ እንታ (you) Tigre
netta (he), keyy, cek (you) (M) (sg) Berber
ᵉntof/ⲛ︦ⲧⲟϥ , en-thōk/ ⲛ⳰ⲑⲟⲕ, ᵉntᵉk /ⲛ︦ⲧⲕ︦ (short for) ᵉntok /ⲛ︦ⲧⲟⲕ , ntk /ⲛⲧⲕ, entok/ⲛ⳰ⲧⲟⲕ (you, m) Coptic
inta/ انت (you) Arabic Egyptian
ʔanta/ انتَ (you) Arabic
ʲāntak (AEVP) IPA
ntsn, ntw : (they) Independent Pronoun
ᵉtoou/ⲛ︦ⲧⲟⲟⲩ Coptic
ʲāntasin (AEVP) IPA
ntTn, nttn : (you) (plr) Independent Pronoun
אַתֶּם/attunu Akkadian
ʔattem Hebrew
ᵉntetᵉn /ⲛ︦ⲧⲉⲧⲛ︦ (short for) ᵉntōtᵉn /ⲛ︦ⲧⲱⲧⲛ︦ , teten /ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛ Coptic
ʔantum , antuma/ أنتما Arabic
ʲāntatin /nttn/ (AEVP) IPA
ntT, ntt , Twt (old) : (you) (f sg) Independent Pronoun
Ɂânt, Ɂînt; ân, înt (you) (sg) Proto-Afroasiatic
int (you) (sg) Omotic
Ɂânt (you) (sg) Cushitic
Ɂnt (you) (sg) Semitic
enti/ እንቲ you) Tigre
netta (he), keyy, cek (you) (M) (sg) Berber
attī (you) Akkadian
Ɂat/ אַתְּ (you) Hebrew
nta/ⲛⲧⲁ (F), ᵉnte /ⲛ︦ⲧⲉ, netho/ⲛⲑⲟ (B), ᵉnto /ⲛ︦ⲧⲟ (S,A) (you) (F sg) Coptic
inti/انتى (youArabic Egyptian
anti/انتِ (you) Arabic
ʲāntat (ntt) (AEVP) IPA
ntTn : (you) (plr)
entuten Budge
enthōten /ⲛ⳰ⲑⲱⲧⲉⲛ Coptic
antem אַנְתֶּﬦ Hebrew
antum Aramaic ?
nTr : (God, deity)
nTr > ntr > ntˀ > ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ Evolution
nter, nether (Budge) Alt Egyptian
ntr Demotic
nūti, núti/ nṓti (J.P.A) Neo-Assyrian
nu-tav? Akkadian
ŋara Baŋgi
mk/ 𐦨𐦲 (divinity, lord, god), nk (god) , naeka/ nek/ 𐦩𐦡𐦲 (god) Meroitic
noutā /ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ ( O) Old Coptic
noutā /ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (S, A, sA), nouti/ⲛⲟⲩϯ (B, F), nouti/ⲛⲟⲩϯ (B), nountā/ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲧⲉ (A) (god) Coptic
ˈnaːkaɾ (Pre O) > naːcar (OK) > ˈnaːtaɾ (OK-MK) > ˈnaːtaʔ (MK-NK) > ˈnaːta (NK) >ˈnoːta (LNK)
>ˈnoːtə (LNK)(Coptic) > ˈnuːte (3rd I)(Coptic) > ˈnuːdə (1300ce-1400ce)(Coptic) >
ˈnouti/ⲛⲟⲩϯ , noutə/ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (Coptic) (Loprieno) Evolution of Pronunciation
nakar/ˈnaːcar , 'na.tʰʲiɾ (JPA) (OE, 2500 BCE); ˈnaːtaɾ (LOK); ˈnaːtaʔ, 'na.tʰʲi (JPA) (ME, 1700 BCE);
nutjer, nutyeʳ (possible MK); ˈnoːtə , 'na.tʰə (JPA) (LE, 800 BCE), ˈnuːtə (Possibly LE); nɛt͡ʃɛr (modern Egyptological);
‘nac(ʰ)r (First)> ‘nat(ʰ)r (Later developed) (Peust) ;ˈnaːtaɾ (LK) (Loprieno); (Classical Coptic) ˈnuːtə ,
(Late Coptic) ˈnuːdə (Pronunciation reform) ˈnuti ; 'na.tʰʲiɾ (JPA, Northern) IPA
nāṯar (Loprieno), naṯīr (Vycichl); Noute (UE), Nouti (LE) (Amentet Neferet); noutᵉr/ⲛⲩⲧⲣ︦ [Champollion] Alt Pronunciation
necher, netcher, netjer (MK); neter (LK) Traditional Pronunciation
noutjer, notjer (MK), nouter, noter (LK) Fix
~ pA nTr : (The God)
p-noutə/ Ⲡ-ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (The God) Coptic
pa noutjer Pronunciation
~ sA n nTr : (son of God)
shenoute/ ϣⲉⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ Coptic
sah en noutjer Pronunciation
~ snTr : (perfume, incense, cense, consecrate,)
snṯr (Frankincense, incense), nTryt (natron?) Faulkner
sneter (incense), s-nether (purify with natron, cense), sneṭer 𓊹𓌢𓂧𓊸𓈓 (incense) Budge
säntäw/ ሰንተው Ge'ez
stinoufⲉ /ⲥϯⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ (S, A, F) , stnoubə/ⲥⲧⲛⲟⲩⲃⲉ , (B) stʰoinoufə/ⲥⲑⲟⲓⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ,
(B) stʰunoufə/ⲥⲑⲩⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ (perfume, incense , good smell), sontā/ⲥⲟⲛⲧⲉ (S/ UE),
sonti /ⲥⲟⲛϯ (B/ LE ), sante/ⲥⲁⲛⲧⲉ (resin), Coptic
~ nTr aA : (great God)
nəto/ⲛⲉⲧⲟ, nəta/ⲛⲉⲧⲁ (great god) Coptic
~ pA nTr mAat : (great God)
epʰnouti emmēi/Ⲫ⳰ⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲙ⳰ⲙⲏⲓ (B,F) (true god) Coptic
~ nTrw- (Gods)
neteru (Budge) Alt Egyptian
ntru Demotic
entèr /ⲛ⳰ⲧⲉⲣ (S), ent-hèr /ⲛ⳰ⲧϩⲉⲣ (B), ntōre /ⲛⲧⲱⲣⲉ , enter/ⲉⲛⲧⲉⲣ, entēr/ⲉⲛⲧⲏⲣ (S), ntair/ⲛⲧⲁⲓⲣ (plur) Coptic
naˈcuːraw, naˈcurw (Old Egyptian), nɛt͡ʃɛruː (modern Egyptological) (reconstructed) IPA
naṯūraw (Loprieno), naṯīr-ū , naṯūruw; Noute (UE), Enthèr(LE) (Amentet Neferet) Alt Pronunciation
netcheru, netjeru (MK); netreru (LK) Traditional Pronunciation
~ nTrt- (Goddess)
netrit (Budge) Alt Egyptian
ntrt Demotic
mkdi/ 𐦨𐦲𐦷 (divinity, goddess) Meroitic
ntōrā /ⲛⲧⲱⲣⲉ (S), entórā / ⲛ⳰ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (S), ent-hōri /ⲛ⳰ⲧϩⲱⲣⲓ (B), ᵉntōrā /ⲛ︦ⲧⲱⲣⲉ, nouti /ⲛⲟⲩϯ (B), āntʰōri/ⲉⲛⲑⲱⲣⲓ (B) Coptic
naˈcaːɾat (Old Eyptian), naˈtaːɾaʔ (MK), nəˈtoːɾə (LK) ; nɛt͡ʃɛrɛt (modern Egyptological) (reconstructed) IPA
naṯārat (Loprieno), naṯār-a.t (Vycichl), naṯāra (LK?); Entóre (UE), Enthóri (LE) (Amentet Neferet) Alt Pronunciation
netch(e)ret, netj(e)ret (MK); netre(t) (LK) Traditional Pronunciation
notjrāt (MK), notjrā (LK) Fix
~ nTrwt- (Goddesses)
entēr /ⲉⲛⲧⲏⲣ (plur) Coptic
nTry : (divine one)
anät'ärä /አነጠረ (purify) Amharic
noute/ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (S, A, sA, O), nouti/ⲛⲟⲩϯ (B, F), nounte/ⲛⲟⲩⲛⲧⲉ (A), pʰti/ ⲫϯ ⟨i e pʰnouti/ⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ⟩ (B, F), nti/ⲛϯ (S, NH),
pnti/ⲡⲛϯ (S, NH) (divine, godly) Coptic
nucˈɾij (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE), nutˈɾij (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), nətˈɾeʔ (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE),
nɛt͡ʃri (modern Egyptological) IPA
nuṯriʲ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
netjri Traditional Pronunciation
~nTryt : devine one (F)
nuṯrit (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
nTryt : ( natron )
nTryt Faulkner
s-nether (purify with natron, cense), sneṭer 𓊹𓌢𓂧𓊸𓈓 (incense) Budge
nTrj Alt Egyptian
nether Budge
nit(i)ru Akkadian
nithe̞rä/ נִתְרָא Aramaic
neter (needs ref) Israelites
néter/ נָ֫תֶר (pronouced neh'-ther) (Strong’s dictionary 'Natron') Hebrew
nítron/νίτρον 'nitre' Ancient Greek
natrio/nατριο Greek
khai/ϧⲁⲓ (*doesn't seem to have a conneciton) Coptic
nitrum, natrium Latin
naṭrūn /نطرون , ʾaṭrūn/ أَطْرُون Arabic
natriyûm Kurdish
natri'/Натрий Tajik
natron / ناترون Persian
natrij Croatian, Slovenian
natrijô Kashubian
natrij/Натрий Ossetian, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Komi, Mari, Russian
natryj/Натрый Bulgarian
natrij/Натрій Ukrainian
natrium/Натриум Macedonian
natrijum/Натријум Serbian
natriumu Aromanian
natriu Romanian - Moldovan
natrium Danish, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian German
natur, natrín Icelandic
natriom Breton
natris Lithuanian
nātrijs Latvian
natris Samogitian
natrium/Նատրիում Armenian
natrium(i) Albanian
naatrium Estonian
natrium Finnish
nátrium Hungarian
natri/Натри Moksha
naatrium Võro
natrium Indonesian, Malay, Azerbaijani
natri/ Натри Chuvash
natri/ Натри Mongolian
natriy / ناترىي Uyghur
natriy Uzbek
natriumi/ ნატრიუმი Georgian
natri Vietnamese
natiri Swahili
natriyu Quechua
nucˈɾit (F), nucˈɾij (M) (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE), nutˈɾiʔ (F), nutˈɾij (M) (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE),
nətˈɾeʔ (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE), nɛt͡ʃri (modern Egyptological), ne-ter (en.wikiversity.org) IPA
netjrēt Traditional Pronunciation
* ref http://www.vanderkrogt.net
nts : (she) (f) Independent Pronoun
entus Budge
enthos /ⲛ⳰ⲑⲟⲥ (B), ᵉntos/ⲛ︦ⲧⲟⲥ (S), ntas/ⲛⲧⲁⲥ (A, F) Coptic
nts : (she)
en-thōs /ⲛ⳰ⲑⲟⲥ Coptic
ntT, ntt : ( you ) (f)
entut Budge
ʔanti Proto-Semitic
en-thō ⲛ⳰ⲑⲟ Coptic
ʔanti/ أنت Arabic
ʔanti/ אנת Aramaic
anti /אַנתּי, ʔatt / את Hebrew
ntTn : (you plr)
en-thōōtn /ⲛ⳰ⲑⲱⲧⲛ Coptic
ntw : (they)
en-thōou /ⲛ⳰ⲑⲱⲟⲩ Coptic
ntwk : (you) (m)
enthok /ⲛ⳰ⲑⲟⲕ Coptic
anhtah /אַנְתּה Hebrew
anta Aramaic ?
nty : (who, that, which 'belongs to')
enti Budge
entay /እንታይ (what) Ethiopic
not, nooto, net (it is the one/the very one) Kalenjiin
(S, A, B, F) āt/ⲉⲧ, (B) āth/ⲉⲑ, (B) ātā/ⲉⲧⲉ Coptic
ent Alt pronunciation
.n(w) : ( we, us, our)
.n , =n Late Kingdom
na, niyaħnū, niyaħnā (we) Proto-Semitic
nīnu Akkadian
naħnu /نحن Arabic
nəħnā Ge'ez
náħnā /נחנא Aramaic
אנו, אנחנו ʔānū, ʔănaħnū Hebrew
an/ⲁⲛ, n/ⲛ (we) Coptic
ʔnuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
.nu Traditional pronunciation
~ .ny : (we two, us two, ours) (dual)
.nj Alt Egyptian
iniʲ , ʔɛni (modern Egyptological) IPA
nw(A) : (look see)
nǐwiꜢ Demotic?
naou/ⲛⲁⲟⲩ Old Coptic
nav/ ⲛⲁⲩ (S, B), nev/ⲛⲉⲩ (sA, F), no/ⲛⲟ (A, sA), nō/ⲛⲱ (Sa) (see) Coptic
nw : (of, belonging to)
ʔnuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
nw : (instant, time, for a while)
nō/ⲛⲱ Old Coptic
(S, B) nav, nowi/ⲛⲁⲩ, (S) nou/ⲛⲟⲩ, (Sa, F) nō/ⲛⲱ, (A) no/ⲛⲟ, (sA, F) nəv, nəu/ⲛⲉⲩ (hour, time) Coptic
nw : (look, see)
nwA Early Egyptian
nw (to see) Demotic
naou/ⲛⲁⲟⲩ Old Coptic
(S, B) nav/ⲛⲁⲩ(sA, F) nāv/ⲛⲉⲩ , (A, sA) no/ⲛⲟ, (Sa) nō/ⲛⲱ , (S, B imperative) anau/ⲁⲛⲁⲩ, (sA, F imperative)
anāu/ⲁⲛⲉⲩ , (A imperative) /ⲉⲛⲟ (look, behold) Coptic
nuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
nwDw : (Antelope (Screwhorn), Addax)
maḥetch (White gazelle, Antelope) maȧu-ḥetch (Antelope, Oryx, Gazelle) , gaḥes (Gazelle, Antelope) Budge
gadu Akkadian
(S) kʲḥos/ϭϩⲟⲥ, (S) kʲoḥs/ϭⲟϩⲥ, (S) gḥos/ϫϩⲟⲥ, (S) shkʲos/ϣϭⲟⲥ, (S) shgḥos/ϣϫϩⲟⲥ, (S) shos/ϣϫⲟⲥ, (A) khas/ⲭⲁⲥ ,
(F) kʲḥas/ϭϩⲁⲥ , (S) kʲoḥsā/ϭⲟϩⲥⲉ, (S) kʲaḥsā/ϭⲁϩⲥⲉ , (B) chaḥsi/ϭⲁϩⲥⲓ (Gazelle) Coptic
mu'da, muda (Possible) Alt Pronunciation
nwH : (rope, band, cord)
(S, A, sA, F) nouḥ/ⲛⲟⲩϩ, (Sa) navḥ/ⲛⲁⲩϩ, (S) nōḥ/ⲛⲱϩ, (B) noḥ/ⲛⲟϩ, (F) anouḥ/ⲁⲛⲟⲩϩ,
(F) annouḥ/ⲁⲛⲛⲟⲩϩ (rope, cord, ship's cables, tight rope) Coptic
ny : ( of, belonging to)
na/ⲛⲁ Coptic
ni (modern Egyptological) IPA
nxn : (Enemy)
mäkhan /መኻን(powerless) Amharic
nxt : (strong, victorious, stiff, hard)
nḫty Alt Egyptian
(S, B) nshot/ⲛϣⲟⲧ, (S, B) enshot/ⲉⲛϣⲟⲧ, (A) nkhēat/ⲛⳉⲁⲧ , (S, A, B, F) nasht/ⲛⲁϣⲧ, (A) nakhēt/ⲛⲁⳉⲧ, (F) nesht/ⲛⲉϣⲧ,
(S, B, F) nasht/ⲛⲁϣⲧ, (A) nakht/ⲛⲁⳉⲧ (be hard, strong, difficult); (S) nashte /ⲛⲁϣⲧⲉ, nakhte /ⲛⲁⳉⲧⲉ, (B) nashti /ⲛⲁϣϯ,
(F) neshti /ⲛⲉϣϯ (strength, protector) Coptic
nakhtʰis/ ναχθις Greek
nǎḫti(j) Alt Pronunciation
p
pA : (this, the) (M)
pAy, pAi Demotic
pái/ⲡⲁⲓ Old Coptic
pə/ⲡⲉ (S) ; p/ⲡ (S, F, A, L), pái/ⲡⲁⲓ (S, A, B, F) (definite article) , pʰ/ⲫ (B) , pi/ⲡⲓ (B?), peʔ/ⲡⲉ (Loprieno) Coptic
pa ciLuba
(OE 2500 BC) piʀ , (ME 1700 BC) piʀ , (LE 800 BC) pəʔ (Loprieno) IPA
pəˈ(Werning); parr (Hoor-paar-kraat from /Heru-pa-khered/Harpocrates 'Horus the child'
(Crowley BoL) Alt Pronunciation
~ pAy : (these) plr
pāi/ⲡⲉⲓ (A, F), pʰái/ⲫⲁⲓ (B) , pái/ⲡⲁⲓ (S), paï/ⲡⲁï (Junge) (this) (demonstrative pronoun) Coptic
~ pAy.f : (his)
pāf/ⲡⲉϥ (his, one who , a thing which, whith his?) Coptic
pA imi-r Sn, pꜣ jmj-r šn (overseer of the temple)
lašane/ⲗⲁϣⲁⲛⲉ Coptic
lesōnis/λεσωνις Ancient Greek
plsn /palasana/ (a title) Meroitic
pA m-r mSa (the general)
pelmos /pəlamusa/𐦧𐦡𐦬𐦨𐦣𐦯 (general) Meroitic
lemeisa/λεμεισα Ancient Greek
lemēēše/ ⲗⲉⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ (warrior) Coptic
pA-n-inp , Pa-n-ip.t , pA-n-ipAt 𓇋𓊪𓏏𓊒𓉐 "The one of Karnak" : (2nd month of Akhet, October 11 and November 9) (NK)
p(ꜣ)-n-jpt 𓊪𓈖𓇋𓊪𓏏𓉐 (J.P. Allen) Alt Egyptian
Ptah Menx Edfu
Ptah (Ptah-res-aneb.f) Ramesseum
ptH, Ptah 𓊪𓏏𓎛 Budge
mnxt, Menkhet 𓏠𓈖𓐍𓏏𓋲 "Clothing" Old kingdom
Menhet Middle Kingdom
(B) Paonpi/Ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲓ , (S) Paōpə/Ⲡⲁⲱⲡⲉ, (S) Paopə/Ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲉ, (S) Poopə/ⲡⲟⲟⲡⲉ, (S) paapə/ⲡⲁⲁⲡⲉ, (S, F) paapi/ⲡⲁⲁⲡⲓ,
(B) paōpi/ⲡⲁⲱⲡⲓ, (B) paop/ⲡⲁⲟⲡ, (B) paopēi/ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲏⲓ , Baba (Modern) (2nd month) Coptic
Phaophi/ΦΑΩΦΙ, Φαωφί/Φαῶφι Greek
Babah, Baba/ بابه Arabic
pA rwDw : (the agent)
prēt/ⲡⲣⲏⲧ (S) Coptic
pAyt : ( lock (?) (on door)
(S) āpō/ⲉⲡⲱ (part of the fastening of the door) Coptic perite /pərit/ 𐦧𐦡𐦫𐦢𐦵 (a title) Meroitic
pDt : (bow, foreigners)
ptyt Demotic
pi-ta/ 𒉿𒋫 (bow) Akkadian
(S, A) pitā/ⲡⲓⲧⲉ, (B) pʰiti/ⲫⲓϯ , pəttə/ⲡⲉⲧⲧⲉ (bow) Coptic
ˈpʰiːcʼat (P-OK), ˈpʰiːtʼaʔ (LMK) , ˈpʰiːtʼa (NK), ˈpʰiːtʼə (LK 1200 BCE), ˈpʰiːdə (1300-14000 CE),ˈpiːdə (1300-1400 CE),
ˈbiːdə (1400 CE),ˈfiti (1858-1940 CE), pʰiti/ⲫⲓϯ (Coptic) Evolution
ˈpiːɟat (Old Egyptian) > pi-ta, pɛd͡ʒɛt (modern Egyptological) ˈpiːtə/ⲡⲓⲧⲉ (AC) IPA
pīḏat (Loprieno), pi'siːɟaw Alt Pronunciation
pedjet Traditional Pronunciation
~ Hri-pDt : (a high military rank; overseer of the troop)
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ħaɾijˈpiːcʼat , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ħaɾijˈpiːtʼaʔ ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ħəɾiˈpiːtʼə IPA
pgA : (bowl)
pagalu (libation vessel) Akkadian Neo-Assyrian
pagal (vessel) Afrasian
pHty : (physical) strength, power (of god, king)
pḥṱ (power) Demotic
pāḥ Alt Pronunciation
paḥte/ⲡⲁϩⲧⲉ (strength, valiance) Old Coptic
pH, pHwy : (reach a person or place, the end, attain)
pōōh /ⲡⲱϩ, (S) paḥou /ⲡⲁϩⲟⲩ (buttox), (B) pʰaḥou /ⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ (buttox); (last thing, end, last) Coptic
pa/ ፐ Ethiopic
~ di pHwy : (to decay, to die off (Budge) 'to give an end')
ti epʰaḥoo / ϯ ⲉⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ Coptic
pHwy : (hinder parts, hind quarters, rear, reargaurd (of army), stern (of ship), end)
paḥou/ⲡⲁϩⲟⲩ Old Coptic
paḥou/ⲡⲁϩⲟⲩ (S, A, sA) , pʰaḥou/ⲫⲁϩⲟⲩ (B), peḥou/ⲡⲉϩⲟⲩ (F) , paḥau/ⲡⲁϩⲁⲩ (F) (buttocks, so hinder part, back) Coptic
pḥwj/ paḥwvʲ > paḥw/ⲡⲁϩⲟⲩ (Loprieno) IPA
paḥwVʲ (Loprieno) IPA
pH.w : (Opening)
paHwv, paḥou/ПAϨOY Coptic
pn : (this, these, that one)
pōn/ⲡⲱⲛ Coptic
pna : (turn, turn upside down)
(S, sA) pōōnā/ⲡⲱⲱⲛⲉ, (S, sA) pōmā/ⲡⲱⲛⲉ, (A) pounā/ⲡⲟⲩⲛⲉ, (Sf) pōni/ⲡⲱⲛⲓ, (F) pōōni/ⲡⲱⲱⲛⲓ, (F) paanā/ⲡⲁⲁⲛⲉ,
(S) pāānā/ⲡⲉⲉⲛⲉ, (S) pānā/ⲡⲉⲛⲉ, (S) pnnā/ⲡⲛⲛⲉ, (A) pounā/ⲡⲟⲩⲛⲉ, (F) panā/ⲡⲁⲛⲉ, (S) poonā/ⲡⲟⲟⲛⲉ , (S) pān/ⲡⲉⲛ,
(S, A, F) paanā/ⲡⲁⲁⲛⲉ, (A, sA) panā/ⲡⲁⲛⲉ, (S) poonā/ⲡⲟⲟⲛⲉ, (S) panā/ⲡⲁⲛⲉ (change, turn) Coptic
pnw : (mouse)
pn Demotic
(S, A) pin/ⲡⲓⲛ, (B) pʰin/ⲫⲓⲛ (mouse) Coptic
Panya, pania Kiswahil-Bantu
ˈpin, pɛnuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
pinu Alt Pronunciation
penu Traditional Pronunciation
pr : (broadbean)
bəl/ⲫⲉⲗ (B) (Bean) Coptic
pr : (house, home)
pār from pāru (isolation) Gardiner
poror (larger house of family descent) Kalenjiin
bt/ 𐤉𐤕 (huamn abode) , byt/ 𐤁𐤉𐤕 (abode, house) Phoenician
baytu (house) ( pr > b), bayt Proto-Sinaitic
epāi /ⲡ︦ⲏⲓ, per /ⲡⲉⲣ (used in mostly names), pōr/ⲡⲱⲣ;
(pʰar /Ⲫⲁⲣ >from per /ⲡⲉⲣ (house) > from pʰareō/ Ⲫⲁⲣⲁⲱ⳰ Coptic
pa/Πα, pi/Πι Greek
pāruw (Loprieno), pij (Werning) Alt Pronunciation
pr-aA (M) : (great house > Pharaoh , King) 𓉐𓉻
pr-ꜤꜢ (King) , pr-āa(t) ? Demotic
pərro /Ⲡⲣⲣ︦ⲟ (S), pouro /Ⲡⲟⲩⲣ, periperoi /ⲡⲉⲣⲓⲡⲉⲣⲟⲓ (S), pʰaraeō /Ⲫⲁⲣⲁⲱ⳰ (S), pʰaraō/Ⲫⲁⲣⲁⲱ (S), rra/ ⲣⲣⲁ (F),
ārra/ⲉⲣⲣⲁ (F), irra/ⲓⲣⲣⲁ (F), ēra/ⲉⲣⲁ (F) (King, Emperor), ou-ro /ⲟⲩⲣⲟ (S, B) (King),
ɛbʾūru (Zeniya, Bistauros) epouro/ⲡ̇ⲟⲩⲣⲟ; pʰarahō/ΦⲀⲢⲀϨⲰ < pʰaraō/ΦⲀⲢⲀⲰ; irra /ⲓⲣⲣⲁ, pouro/ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲟ Coptic
erro /ⲉⲣⲣⲟ (S), rᵉro/ ⲣ︦ⲣⲟ, (B, S), ooro /ⲟⲩⲣⲟ (p became r) (King) Late Coptic
pi-ir-'-u Cuneiform
pi-ir-ʾu-u /pirʾū/)/𒉿𒅕𒀪𒌑 ; pir ' û Akkadian
pi-ir-3u-u, pir’u Assyrian
ܦܸܪܥܘܿܢ , perʿūn/ ܦܶܪܥܽܘܢ Classical Syriac
patar (needs ref) (nobility) Nubian
par‘ōh/par-ʕo/par‘ó/ פרעה , פַַּﬧְעֹה /parʕoːh; parʿṓ/ פַּרְעֹה (Great house, Pharaoh) Hebrew
pharaō /φαραώ, pherôn (Herodotus) Ancient Greek
Faraó/Pharaṓ Φαραώ Koinē Greek
Pharaṓn/Φαραών , Pharaṓthēs/Φαραώθης , Greek
bara/بر عا Egyptian Arabic
firʿawn/ فرعون Arabic
far'own/ فرعون Persian
fir’avn/ فرعون Ottoman Turkish
färʿon/ ፈርዖን Ge'ez
pʿaravon/ փարավոն Armenian
pharaō Latin
Pharao Orginal English
paruwˈʕaʀ (OE); parəˈʕoʔ, pa-rəʔ-oh , paɾ.'ʕa (JPA) (LE); pɾ.'ʕɔ (Demotic); pɛr ɑːʔɑ, par-ʕoʔ(modern Egyptological) IPA
per‘o Alt Pronunciation
per aa Traditional Pronunciation
parᵉ o , par āo (UE), erra , ārra, rero (LE) Fixed Pronunciation
~ pr-aAt : (great house > Pharaoh/ Queen) (F)
ərˈroːʔ/ ⲣ︦ⲣⲱ (S, sA), ārō/ⲉⲣⲱ (S, Sf), ourō/ⲟⲩⲣⲱ (B) (Queen, Empress) Coptic
~ pr-aAw : (Pharaohs) (plur)
rrōou/ⲣⲣⲱⲟⲩ (S, A) , ārrōou/ⲉⲣⲣⲱⲟⲩ (S, F) , ārōou/ⲉⲣⲱⲟⲩ (S, O), rroou/ⲣⲣⲟⲟⲩ (S) , rra(ā)i/ⲣⲣⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓ (Sa, A),
ourōou/ⲟⲩⲣⲱⲟⲩ (B) (plur) Coptic
prD : (separate, divide)
pōrdj /ⲡⲱⲣϫ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA, F) pōrdj /ⲡⲱⲣϫ , (B) pʰōrdj /ⲫⲱⲣϫ , (F) pōldj /ⲡⲱⲗϫ, (F) pōledj /ⲡⲱⲗⲉϫ ,(S) prdj /ⲡⲣϫ, perdj /ⲡⲉⲣϫ,
(B) pʰerdj /ⲫⲉⲣϫ, (S) pordj /ⲡⲟⲣϫ, (A, F) pardj /ⲡⲁⲣϫ , (B) pʰordj /ⲫⲟⲣϫ , (F) paldj /ⲡⲁⲗϫ, (S) pordj /ⲡⲟⲣϫ ,
(A) pardj /ⲡⲁⲣϫ (divide, be divided, separate) Coptic
peredj Traditional Pronunciation
pōredj Fixed Pronunciation
prS : (to open up, stretch out)
prx (to stretch out) Demotic
(S, A, F) pōrsh/ⲡⲱⲣϣ , (A) pōrkh/ⲡⲱⲣⳉ, (B) pʰōrsh/ⲫⲱⲣϣ , (S) pōrdj/ⲡⲱⲣϫ , (B) pʰōrdj/ⲫⲱⲣϫ, (S) prsh/ⲡⲣϣ,
(S) pārsh/ⲡⲉⲣϣ , (A) prkh/ⲡⲣⳉ , (B) pʰārsh/ⲫⲉⲣϣ, (S) porsh/ⲡⲟⲣϣ, (A) parkh/ⲡⲁⲣⳉ , (B) pʰorsh/ⲫⲟⲣϣ,
(sA, F) parsh/ⲡⲁⲣϣ , (A) parkh/ⲡⲁⲣⳉ, (A) pardj/ⲡⲁⲣϫ (be spread, spread) Coptic
peresh Traditional Pronunciation
porkh, parkh, pōrsh, porsh (UE) ; pʰōrsh, pʰārsh, (LE); pōrsh (LK) ; pōrkh (Demotic) Fixed Pronunciation
prt , pr : (to go out, to go forth (ritual) procession)
prt Demotic
peire /ⲡⲉⲓⲣⲉ (S), pire /ⲡⲓⲣⲉ (S), pore /ⲡⲟⲣⲉ (S), prre/ⲡⲣⲣⲉ (S), pereiōou/ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲓⲱⲟⲩ (S), biri/ⲫⲓⲣⲓ (B) ,
ber/ⲫⲉⲣ (B), bori/ⲫⲟⲣⲓ (B), beriōou/ⲫⲉⲣⲓⲱⲟⲩ (B), beriōout/ⲫⲉⲣⲓⲱⲟⲩⲧ (B), preiōou/ⲡⲣⲉⲓⲱⲟⲩ (S, A) ,
prrie/ⲡⲣⲣⲓⲉ (A), prreie/ⲡⲣⲣⲉⲓⲉ (sA), prie/ⲡⲣⲓⲉ (sA) (come forth of light or boossom, put forth, proclaim) Coptic
puˈrut (Old Egyptian), pɛrɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
pīraʲ (Loprieno), pāruw Alt Pronunciation
peret Traditional Pronunciation
piret, peret, pret (MK); pire, pere, pre (Demotic *the t has droped) (Possible Upper Egypt) Fixed Pronunciation
pʰirit, pʰerit, pʰorit (MK); pʰiri, pʰeri, pʰori (Demotic *the t has droped) (Possible Lower Egypt) Fixed Pronunciation
~ pri : (go, come out, come forth, escape (from), be renowned (of name)
pr/𐤐𐤓 Phoenician
para/ ܦ݁ܪܰܐ Syriac
pará /פָּרָה (To bear fruit, bear, bring forth (fruit), (be, cause to be, make) fruitful, grow, increase.) Aramaic
pīraʲ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ prt-sm : (the emerging of the sm-priest) Pre-Late Egyptian
pírit-săm (reconstructed) Alt Pronunciation
peret-sem Traditional Pronunciation
prt : (seed)
(ə)braʔ/(ⲉ)ⲃⲣⲁ Coptic
puˈrut IPA
prt : (Emergence season, Winter Season)
pr.t Demotic
prj (to emerge) ALT Egyptian
(S, sA, F) prō/ⲡⲣⲱ , (A) prou/ⲡⲣⲟⲩ , (B) pʰrō/ⲫⲣⲱ (winter) Coptic
kheinōn/χειμων Greek
puˈrut (Old Egyptian) , pɛrɛt (modern Egyptological); 'pʰaɾ.atʰ (JPA, Northern) IPA
proyet Alt Pronunciation
peret Traditional Egyptian
perōt (OE-ME), pᵉrō (ME-LE) FixPronunciation
~ 1st prt, tpy prt :
tA-aAbt "the offering" 𓏏𓄿𓃀𓏏𓏯 (NK) ( January 9 and February 7) (NK)
tꜢ-Ꜥ(Ꜣ)bt Allen
mnw, Menu (Budge) Alt Egyptian
Set-but Edfu
Min Ramesseum
Shef-bedety/ Sf-bdt(y) "swelling of emmer-wheat" Middle Kingdom
TꜢ-ꜥꜢb.t (Tybi) Demotic
Touba Latin
Tybi /Τυβί Greek
(B, F) Tōbi /Ⲧⲱⲃⲓ , (S) Tōbə/Ⲧⲱⲃⲉ , (S) tōōbə/ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ, Touba < Amso Khem? (form of Amun-Rā) Coptic
Toba Modern Coptic
tub/טוּב (goodness) Hebrew
Tūbah/ طوبه Arabic
~ 2nd prt :
pA-n-pA-mxr(w) "the one of the censer"𓊪𓈖𓅯𓄿𓅓𓂝𓐍𓏺𓃭𓉐 , Mxyr "Basket" (February 8 and March 9) (NK)
maxy- mn 𓅖𓐍𓏭𓀁𓇋𓇳𓀭, maxr 𓅓𓂝𓐍𓂋 Alt Egyptian
Rekh-ur Edfu & Ramesseum
rkH-aA Old Kingdom
rx-wr 𓂋𓎡𓎛𓅩 "Large burning", rkḥ-ꜤꜢ 𓂋𓎡𓎛𓉻𓎱 "Big burning" (Allen) Middle Kingdom
PꜢ-n-pꜢ-, mḫyr (Mekhir) Demotic
Amshir Latin
mechir/Μεχίρ, mecheir/Μεχείρ , Menchir Greek
(S, Sf, B?) Meshir/Ⲙⲉϣⲓⲣ , (S, B) Mekhir/ Ⲙⲉⲭⲓⲣ, (S, B) Mshir/Ⲙϣⲓⲣ , (S, B) əmshir/ⲉⲙϣⲓⲣ ,
(S, Sf) məshir/ⲙⲉϣⲓⲣ , (F) mishēr/ⲙⲓϣⲏⲣ , (S, B) məkhir/ⲙⲉⲭⲓⲣ, (S) mpshir/ ⲙⲡϣⲓⲣ ,
(F) məkhil/ⲙⲉⲭⲓⲗ < Mechir < mxr (storms and wind) Coptic
Amshir Modern Coptic
Amshīr/ أمشير Arabic
~ 3rd prt :
pA-n-imn-Htpw 𓊪𓈖 ( 𓇋𓏠𓅆𓊵𓏏𓊪)| 𓅆 "the one of Amen-Hotep" (March 10 and April 8) (NK)
Rekh-netjes Edfu & Ramesseum
rkH-nDs "small flame" 𓂋𓎡𓎛𓀔 , rkH-nDs "little flame" 𓂋𓎡𓎛𓈖𓆓𓋴 ,
rkḥ-nḏs 𓂋𓎡𓎛𓅪𓎱 "Little Burning" (Allen) Middle Kingdom
PꜢ-n-Ỉmn-ḥtp (Phamenoth) Demotic
Baramhat Latin
Phamenṓth/ Φαμενώθ Greek
(B) Parəmḥat/Ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲙϩⲁⲧ, (B) Pʰamənōth/ⲫⲁⲙⲉⲛⲱⲑ , (S) Paremḥotp/Ⲡⲁⲣⲙ̀ϩⲟⲧⲡ, (S) Parəmḥotp/ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲙϩⲟⲧⲡ,
(S) Parəmḥatp /ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲙϩⲁⲧⲡ, (S) Parəmḥot/ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲙϩⲟⲧ, (S) Parēmḥot/ⲡⲁⲣⲏⲙϩⲟⲧ, (S) Parēmḥat/ⲡⲁⲣⲏⲙϩⲁⲧ,
(S) Pamnḥatp/ⲡⲁⲙⲛϩⲁⲧⲡ, (S) Pʰamənatp/ⲫⲁⲙⲉⲛⲁⲧⲡ, (F) Parmaḥa/ⲡⲁⲣⲙⲁϩⲁ, (F) Parmaḥat/ⲡⲁⲣⲙⲁϩⲁⲧ
< Mont (Montu) mnTw (god of war) Coptic
Baramhat Modern Coptic
Baramhāt / برمهات Arabic
~ 4rd prt :
pA-n-rnnwtt 𓂋𓈖𓏌𓏏𓏏𓆘 , 𓂋𓈖𓏌𓅱𓏏𓏏, 𓂋𓈖𓏲𓏏𓏏 'months of Renenutet' (9 April – 8 May) (NK)
Ermoute/Ermouthi "The nourishing" ALT Egyptian
Renen Edfu
Rennuti Ramesseum
nHb-kAw "Apportioner", Renwet , Rennutet 𓂋𓈖𓈖𓅱𓏏𓏏𓆗"goddess of the harvest" (Allen) Middle Kingdom
(B) Pʰarmoutʰi/Ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲑⲓ , (S) Pʰaramoutʰi/Ⲫⲁⲣⲁⲙⲟⲩⲑⲓ, (S) Parmoutə/Ⲡⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ, (S) Parmouti/ⲡⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩϯ ,
(F) Parmouti/ⲡⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲧⲓ (pA-n-rnnwtt festival of the harvest god Renenutet) Coptic
Baramouda, Paremoude Modern Coptic
Pharmouthi / Φαρμουθί Greek
Baramudah, Baramouda / برموده Arabic
psD(w) : ( 9 , nine) (m)
ashadik, ashadig Beja
tišʕ Proto-Semitic
təsʕu Ge'ez
psis/ⲯⲓⲥ (S, A), psit/ⲯⲓⲧ (S, B) [abv. ⲑ︦ ] (Male) Coptic
tshi'i/תְּשִׁיעִי (ninth) ; teshaa/ תֵּשַׁע Hebrew
pi/e-ši-iṭ (nine), tiše Akkadian
tisa, tisʕ/تعسة Arabic
piˈsiːcʼaw (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE), piˈsiːtʼaw (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), pəˈsiːtʼ (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE),
pɛsɛd͡ʒuː (modern Egyptological), IPA
pisīdjaw/pisīḏaw , p˘sī́ḏaw (Callender) , pi'siːɟvw (from ifdw 'four corners or sides') pisī́ḏaw , peseɟe't (Loprieno);
pVsī́ḏ (Satzinger) Pronunciation
pesdj(u) Traditional Pronunciation
~ psDwt : (nine) (f)
psḏt Alt Egyptian
psite/ⲯⲓⲧⲉ (S, sA), psise/ⲯⲓⲥⲉ (S) Coptic
pɛsɛd͡ʒɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
p˘sī́ḏat (Callender) , pisī́ḏaw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
pesedjet Traditional Pronunciation
psDiw : (ninety)
ᵉpctaiou/ⲡ︦ⲥⲧⲁⲓⲟⲩ (S), pistav/ⲡⲓⲥⲧⲁⲩ (B) psait/ⲯⲁⲓⲧ (S), pstā/ⲡⲥⲧⲉ (NH) Coptic
p˘siḏáwju (Callender) , pisḏíjjaw (Loprieno), pisḏiʲaw Alt Pronunciation
psg: (spit with the intent to head, or curse when reciting against Apep)
patshse/ ⲡⲁϭⲥⲉ, pōtshs/ⲡⲱϭⲥ Coptic
pS : (divide, to split, to cut, to separate)
pōōsh /ⲡⲱϣ Coptic
pSn : (to split)
pʰōshən/ⲫⲱϣⲉⲛ Coptic
pSs : (divide, share)𓊪𓊃𓈙𓏴𓏛𓏥
psS : (divide, share (with) Alt Egytpain
pS : (divide, to split, to cut, to separate) Late Kingdom
pōsh /ⲡⲱϣ (to be divided, to be separated, to be split, to divide, to separate, to split, division, part, section),
pʰashi /ⲫⲁϣⲓ (division, half) Coptic
~ pSs.t : (divide)
pishe/ⲡⲓϣⲉ (S), pashe/ⲡⲁϣⲉ (S, F), pēshe/ⲡⲏϣⲉ (S), pashi/ⲡⲁϣⲓ (Sf), peshe/ⲡⲉϣⲉ (S, A, sA),
pʰashi/ⲫⲁϣⲓ (B), peshi/ⲡⲉϣⲓ (F), pash/ⲡⲁϣ (S, F), psh/ⲡϣ (S), pesh/ⲡⲉϣ (S), pish/ⲡⲓϣ (S),
pʰash/ⲫⲁϣ (B) (half, dicision) Coptic
pušsat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
pushsat Pronunciation
pSS : (spread out)
(S, A, F) pōrsh/ⲡⲱⲣϣ , (A) pōrkh/ⲡⲱⲣⳉ , (B) pʰōrsh/ⲫⲱⲣϣ , (B) pʰōrdtj/ⲫⲱⲣϫ , (S) prsh/ⲡⲣϣ, (S) pārsh/ⲡⲉⲣϣ ,
(A) prkh/ⲡⲣⳉ , (B) pʰārsh/ⲫⲉⲣϣ , (S) porsh/ⲡⲟⲣϣ , (A) parkh/ⲡⲁⲣⳉ , (B) pʰorsh/ⲫⲟⲣϣ , (sA, F) parsh/ⲡⲁⲣϣ ,
(S) porsh/ⲡⲟⲣϣ , (A) parkh/ⲡⲁⲣⳉ , (A) parg/ⲡⲁⲣϫ , (B) pʰorsh/ⲫⲟⲣϣ (be spread, spread) Coptic
poːrəʃ/ⲡⲱⲣϣ̀ (Absolute state) , pərʃ/ⲡⲣ̀ϣ (Nominal state), poːrʃ/ ⲡⲱⲣϣ (Pronominal state),
porəʃ/ⲡⲟⲣϣ̀ (Neutral state ) Verbal grade system
pst : (to cook, cooking something) 𓊪𓊃𓋴𓏏𓊮
fs, fsj (cook) Old Egyptian
pfsj, psy, psi (cook) Late Egyptian
(S, A) pisā/ⲡⲓⲥⲉ , (B) pʰisi/ⲫⲓⲥⲓ , (F, O) pisi/ⲡⲓⲥⲓ , (S) pss/ⲡⲥⲥ , (S, A) pis/ⲡⲓⲥ , (B) pʰās/ⲫⲉⲥ, (B) pʰas/ⲫⲁⲥ ,
(S, F) past/ ⲡⲁⲥⲧ , (S) pist/ⲡⲓⲥⲧ , (S, A) pāst/ⲡⲉⲥⲧ , (B) pʰas/ⲫⲁⲥ , (S) posā/ⲡⲟⲥⲉ, (S) pēs/ⲡⲏⲥ ,
(A) pasā/ⲡⲁⲥⲉ , (B) pʰosi/ⲫⲟⲥⲓ (be cooked, be melted) Coptic
pt : (sky, heaven)
p(t) Demotic
pə/ⲡⲉ (S), pʰə, fě /ⲫⲉ (B), pē/ⲡⲏ (A, F), pēwə /ⲡⲏⲩⲉ (S) Coptic
Pʰri/Φρι < Φριπετὁσιριϛ/ pt-pA-di-wsir (name) Greek
pit (Old Egyptian) (Loprieno) IPA
pi('i).t, piiya.t (Sami Paldanius), (t)pʰə/(Ⲧ)ⲫⲉ (Heaven) (Worrell) Alt Pronunciation
pet Traditional Pronunciation
~ pwt : skyies
pīwat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
pēwe/ⲡⲏⲩⲉ (S, sA), pēoue/ⲡⲏⲟⲩⲉ (A), pʰēowwi/ⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ (B), pēowwi/ⲡⲏⲟⲩⲓ (F) (skyies) Coptic
~ rmT(mankind, person) + pt (heaven) : heavenly person
ⲣⲉⲙ̀ⲙⲫⲉⲫⲉ (B) (skyies) Coptic
~ iar (pebble) pt (heaven)? : heavenly person
ⲁⲗ ⲙ̀ⲫⲉ (B) (skyies) Coptic
ptH : (create)
p-taḫ (transcript of NK Doc) Cuneiform
Pitaḥ from पित 'oh father' Sanskrit
Petû Akkadian
pōtḥ /ⲡⲱⲧϩ (S) , pʰōtḥ /ⲫⲱⲧϩ (carve, engrave, depict by carving or painting); Ptʰaḥ/ⲡⲑⲁϩ ;
Ptaḥ/ⲡⲧⲁϩ (S) (Create) Coptic
ptah Traditional Pronunciation
ptH : (to pray, to beg, to ask a prayer) (Budge)
tobᵉḥ /ⲧⲟⲃϩ︦, tōbᵉḥ /ⲧⲱⲃϩ︦, tōbaḥ /ⲧⲱⲃⲁϩ ( a prayer) Coptic
ptH : God Ptah (meaning: creator)
ptr : (behold, see, reveal)
ptr (perceive) Early Egyptian
prj Demotic
pōōrā/ⲡⲱⲱⲣⲉ (S), pourā/ⲡⲟⲩⲣⲉ (A), pʰōr/ⲫⲱⲣ (B), pārā/ⲡⲉⲣⲉ (S), pʰār/ⲫⲉⲣ (B), poor/ⲡⲟⲟⲣ (S)
(dream); pōōrā /ⲡⲱⲱⲣⲉ, poorā /ⲡⲟⲟⲣⲉ ? (S) (to see) Coptic
peter Traditional Pronunciation
ptr : (what? who?)
pw-tr ALT Egyptian
prj Demotic
pātʰoou/ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲟⲩ, pāthoou/ⲡⲉⲧϩⲟⲟⲩ (who, what is evil, wickedness) Old Coptic
pātʰoou/ⲡⲉⲑⲟⲟⲩ (S, A, sA, B, F), pāthoou/ⲡⲉⲧϩⲟⲟⲩ (S, A, sA, B, F) (who, what is evil, wickedness) Coptic
pɛtɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
peter Traditional Pronunciation
pxAt(i) : (to incline, to cast down)
paht /ⲡⲁϩⲧ, peht /ⲡⲉϩⲧ, pʰakht /ⲫⲁϧⲧ, pōḥt /ⲡⲱϩⲧ Coptic
pXrt : (prescription, remedy)
pxArt (Love Songs, drugs, medicines, remedy, antidote, healing ills) (Budge)
paḥrē /ⲡⲁϩⲣⲉ Old Coptic
paḥrē /ⲡⲁϩⲣⲉ (S, sA), pʰakhare /ⲫⲁϧⲣⲓ (B), pāliḥ/ⲡⲉϩⲗⲓ (F) , pakhªrā/ⲡⲁⳉⲣⲉ (S), paḥr/ⲡⲁϩⲣ,
(S) (drug, medicament, paint, colour); pʰarmageya /ⲫⲁⲣⲙⲁⲅΪⲀ (Poisoning, enchantment,
witchcraft); metreftipʰakhrēnhēk /ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉϥϯⲫⲁϧⲣⲓⲛϩⲓⲕ (practice of giving potions of magic);
(B, ?) ref [r p] /ⲣⲉϥ [ⲣ ⲡ] (drug-maker, magician) Coptic
pharmakeia /𝛗αρμακεία (pharmacy (poisoning/sorcery), (medical remedy, prescription) >
from pharmakon /φάρμακοη or pharmako /φάρμακο (drug, remedy) Greek
Pharmacia Medieval Latin
Pharmacy English
Rx, ℞, Rx (recipe/take, take thou 'prescription' came from say came from the eye of Rā 𓂀, or Jupiter ♃ )Latin
q
qa, qAA, qAa : (vomit)
AqA (filth, vomit) (Budge) Alt Egyptian
(S) ka bol/ⲕⲁ ⲃⲟⲗ , (A) ka bal/ⲕⲁ ⲃⲁⲗ (cast forth, so vomit) Coptic
qäəʾ/ ቀይአ () Ethiopic
qa/ קא (vomit) Old Hebrew
kiy,qê / קִיא (puke, vomit), lhkia/לְהַקִיא, hakaah/הֲקָאָה , (vomit) Hebrew
qi'/قيء (vomit), taqiw/تقيؤ (vomiting) Arabic
qAb : (double)
(S, A, B, F) kōb/ⲕⲱⲃ, (B) kōp/ⲕⲱⲡ, (S) kb/ⲕⲃ , (S) keb/ⲕⲉⲃ, (S, B) kob/ⲕⲟⲃ,
(S, A, B, F) kēb/ⲕⲏⲃ (be doubled, make double, double) Coptic
qAb (midst , middle of)
qereb/קרכ (A sometimes had an r sound OE) (inside) (AEP J.P.A. p62) Hebrew
qalb/ قــلــب (A sometimes had an l sound OE) (core) (AEP J.P.A. p62) Arabic
qAbt : (breast)
kibe/ ⲕⲓⲃⲉ Coptic
qADAt : (hand)
g(y)D Demotic
(S, A, sA, F) chidj/ϭⲓϫ, (B) djidj/ϫⲓϫ , (F) djidjḥ/ϫⲓϫϩ (hand) Coptic
qAH : (soil, nile earth, earth)
qāḥ Budge
ḳaḥ Middle Kingdom
qh (earth) Demotic
ḳaʕ (earth) < ḳāʕ (flat lands) Arabic Proto-Semitic
ḳaʕḥ (earth, sand) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
kekh/ كخ (dirty) Egyptian Arabic
kaḥ /ⲕⲁϩ (S,A, sA), kaḥi/ ⲕⲁϩⲓ (B), kāḥi /ⲕⲉϩⲓ (F) (earth, soil, land, country) Coptic
qaH : (corner, angle, bend, side, elbow, arm, sholder)
kōḥ/ⲕⲱϩ (S), kooḥ/ⲕⲟⲟϩ (S, A), koḥ/ⲕⲟϩ (A), kaḥ/ⲕⲁϩ (Sf), khoḥ/ⲭⲟϩ (B) (angle, corne, point, top, fragment, piece);
kāḥ/ ⲕⲉϩ (B), kaḥ/ⲕⲁϩ (B) (arm) ; (S) kālānkāḥ/ⲕⲉⲗⲉⲛⲕⲉϩ, (S) kālnkāḥ/ⲕⲉⲗⲛⲕⲉϩ , (B, F) kalankāḥ/ⲕⲁⲗⲁⲛⲕⲉϩ,
(B, F) ḥalankaḥ/ⲕⲁⲗⲁⲛⲕⲁϩ (elbow) Coptic
qaHt : (district)
qḥ Demotic
kaḥ/ⲕⲁϩ (S, A, sA) , kaḥi/ ⲕⲁϩⲓ (b), (district, province) Coptic
qAs : (vomit)
(B) khos/ⲭⲟⲥ (eructation, vomiting) Coptic
qb : (warm themselves)
gr (needs ref ?) Old Egyptian
kbabā/ כבבא (roasting of meat) > kyb/ כיבה (perhaps roasted meat) kbb/כבב (to burn, roast) Babylonian Aramaic
kab (to burn, roast) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
kabābu (to burn) Akkadian
kempápi/κεμπάπι , kempáp/κεμπάπ Greek
kabāb/ كَبَاب (roasted meat) Arabic
qb, qbb, qAb : (cool, cold, cooling (of remedy), calm, quiet, be purified, take one's ease)
ḳab (cold) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
ḳb (become cool) Demotic
(S) kbo /ⲕⲃⲟ, (S) kba /ⲕⲃⲁ, (Sa, F) kbab /ⲕⲃⲁⲃ, (B) khbob /ⲭⲃⲟⲃ, (S) kbē /ⲕⲃⲉ, (S, B, A) kēb /ⲕⲏⲃ,
(S) kēp/ⲕⲏⲡ (be or become cool, make cool) Coptic
qa'bab (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
qebeb, qeb, qab Traditional Pronunciation
~ qb(b)w (cold breeze/ winds)
ḳbwy Alt Egyptian
kbōou/ⲕⲃⲱⲟⲩ (cool wind) Coptic
qabow (cold, coolness, freshness, coldness) Somali
qbH : (purify)
(S) tbbo /ⲧⲃⲃⲟ, (A) tbouo /ⲧⲃⲟⲩⲟ, (sA, B) toubo /ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ, (F) teb(b)o /ⲧⲉⲃ(ⲃ)ⲟ, teb(b)a /ⲧⲉⲃ(ⲃ)ⲁ,
(S) tbbe /ⲧⲃⲃⲉ, (B) toubā /ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲉ , (F) tïbba /ⲧⲩⲃⲃⲁ (A) tbowwa /ⲧⲃⲟⲩⲁ , (sA) touba /ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲁ , (B) toubo /ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ,
(S) tbbēï /ⲧⲃⲃⲏⲩ (make pure, purify, become, be pure) Coptic
qd : (use the potter's wheel, go round, form pots)
kd/𐎋𐎄 (pot) Ugaritic
kaḏ/ כַּד (pot) Hebrew
kōte/ⲕⲱⲧⲉ (S, A, sA, O), kōt/ⲕⲱϯ (B, F), ket/ⲕⲉⲧ (S, B), kot/ⲕⲟⲧ (S, B, O), kat/ⲕⲁⲧ (A, sA, F),
kēt/ⲕⲏⲧ (S) (turn, go round, go round with waterwheel, water, form circle) Coptic
qādaʲ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
qd : (build, form , shape, image)
ḳd, kt Alt Egyptian
kōt/ ⲕⲱⲧ (S, A, B, F, L), kāt/ⲕⲉⲧ (S, B), kat/ⲕⲁⲧ (A, F, S), kot/ⲕⲟⲧ (S, B, M), kēt/ⲕⲏⲧ (S, B) (build, form) Coptic
qadd/ قد (Peust) (statue, figure, size)
kɔt (absolute state grad), ket (the nominal state grade), kot (the pronominal state grade), kɛt
(the stative grade) Verbal grade system
ḳā́ṭ (Satzinger) Alt Pronunciation
~ sqd : (cause to build)
esk (to build) Berber
qD : (run)
kōdjā Coptic
qdd : (sleep)
kitā/ⲕⲓⲧⲉ (S) (sleep) ; nkotk/ⲛⲕⲟⲧⲕ (sleep, lie upon, lie down, die, sexual intercourse, death) Coptic
qdi : (go around, turn, turn self)
ḳtj (go around) Demotic
qdt : (kite (weight of one tenth of a deben)
ḳt Demotic
kite/ⲕⲓⲧⲉ (S, SA), kiti/ⲕⲓϯ (B) (double drachma = 1/2 stater as weight) Coptic
kɛdɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
kidet Alt Pronunciation
qedet Traditional Pronunciation
qd, qdw (build, form, shaoe, image)(ME)
i-qdw (build)(AEP J.P.A. p61) Old Egyptian
(B) ākoti/ⲉⲕⲟϯ , (S) ākotā/ⲉⲕⲟⲧⲉ (build)(AEP J.P.A. p61) Coptic
qdw : (form, nature, reputation, character, disposition, extent)
qd Late Kingdom
qdy, qdnw Alt Egyptian
qd (substance, character, form) Demotic
(S) kʲot/ϭⲟⲧ , (sA, F) kʲat/ϭⲁⲧ (size, age, form) Coptic
kɛd (modern Egyptological) IPA
ˈkʲotn Alt Pronunciation
qed(u) Traditional Pronunciation
qis : (to vomit; of floodwater) to gush upon (the fields) 𓈎𓇋𓋴𓂐𓀁
hooqqisuu, hooqqisiisuu (to vomit) Oromo
qm : (reed, papyrus nilotica)
qmA (Greek Period) New Kingdom
gm' Aramaic
goweʿə/ ኀዌዕ Ethiopic
go'-meh/גֹמֶא (cyperus, a rush, reed, papyrus) Hebrew
gwōmeh / גּוֺמֶא Late Hebrew
(S, B) kam/ⲕⲁⲙ , (Sa) kʲām/ϭⲉⲙ(?) , (Sf) kēm/ⲕⲏⲙ (reed, rush) Coptic
gōme' (Dillmann) , gŭm (Stricker), qĭ́mꜢw > qắmꜢʳw >qắmĕ'ŭ (Vycichl) Alt Pronunciation
qmy : (anointing oil)
qmyt (acanthus resin, gum), qemȧit (Arabic gum, resin) (Budge) Alt Egytpian
kómmi/ κόμμι (rubber, laytex), kómmi/ϰόμμι (resin, gum) Greek
kommə/ⲕⲟⲙⲙⲉ (S), komē/ⲕⲟⲙⲏ (S), komi/ⲕⲟⲙⲓ (S), kmmə/ⲕⲙⲙⲉ (S), kēmmə/ⲕⲏⲙⲙⲉ (S), kēmə/ⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S), komē/ⲕⲟⲙⲏ (B),
komi/ⲕⲟⲙⲓ (B) ; sontə/ⲥⲟⲛⲧⲉ (S), santə/ⲥⲁⲛⲧⲉ (Sa, F), sonti/ⲥⲟⲛϯ (B) (resin) Coptic
qnd : (be angry, furious)
Dnd (be angry) (Herman) Alt Egyptian
ḳnṭ (Herman) Semitic
(S) kʲnat/ϭⲛⲁⲧ , (F) kʲnāt/ϭⲛⲉⲧ, (F) gnāt/ϫⲛⲉⲧ (be wroth, be angry); (S, A, F) kʲōnt/ϭⲱⲛⲧ , (S) kōnkʲ/ⲕⲱⲛϭ,
(S, sA) kʲōōnt/ϭⲱⲱⲛⲧ , (B) gōnt, djōnt/ϫⲱⲛⲧ , (S) kʲont/ϭⲟⲛⲧ , (A, sA, F) kʲant/ϭⲁⲛⲧ , (sA) kʲaant/ϭⲁⲁⲛⲧ ,
(B) gont, djont/ϫⲟⲛⲧ (be wroth, be angry) Coptic
qni : (embrace, bosom (of mother)
qn (lap) Demotic
(S, F) koun/ⲕⲟⲩⲛ, (S, sA) kououn/ⲕⲟⲩⲟⲩⲛ, (S) kouon/ⲕⲟⲩⲟⲛ , (S) kouōn/ⲕⲟⲩⲱⲛ, (A) koon/ⲕⲟⲟⲛ, (A) kon/ⲕⲟⲛ,
(S, B) kən/ⲕⲉⲛ (bosom, genital parts) Coptic
qni, qniw : (sheaf, bundle, birthing stool)
(S) knaav/ⲕⲛⲁⲁⲩ, (A) kno/ⲕⲛⲟ , (B) khnav/ⲭⲛⲁⲩ , (F) knəv/ⲕⲛⲉⲩ (sheaf) Coptic
qnt : (fat)
knne/ⲕⲛⲛⲉ (S), kneie/ⲕⲛⲉⲓⲉ (A), knnie/ⲕⲛⲛⲓⲉ (A), keni/ⲕⲉⲛⲓ (B), kēnni/ⲕⲏⲛⲛⲓ (F), kniōou/ⲕⲛⲓⲱⲟⲩ (A),
keniōouy/ⲕⲉⲛⲓⲱⲟⲩⲧ (B) Coptic
qinʲit (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
qrf : (curve)
karūbu Akkadian
kerúv/ כרוב Hebrew
qrf : (guile, deceit)
krof/ⲕⲣⲟϥ (S), kraf/ⲕⲣⲁϥ (A, F), khrof/ⲭⲣⲟϥ (B), klaf/ⲕⲗⲁϥ (F) Coptic
qa'raf (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
qrHt : (vessel, pottery)
qrh.t Alt Egyptian
ka-lla-hat (cooking pot, kettle) Late Egyptian
klā/ⲕⲗⲉ (S), kālē/ⲕⲉⲗⲏ (S), klē/ⲕⲗⲏ (B), khlē/ⲭⲗⲏ (B), kālā/ⲕⲉⲗⲉ (F) (vessel for liquids) Coptic
qrs : (bury, burial, funeral)
qs (to bury) Demotic
(S) kōōs/ⲕⲱⲱⲥ, (S) kōns/ⲕⲱⲛⲥ, (S) kōōsā/ⲕⲱⲱⲥⲉ, (B) kōs/ⲕⲱⲥ, (F) kōōsi/ⲕⲱⲱⲥⲓ, (B) kās/ⲕⲉⲥ, (S) koos/ⲕⲟⲟⲥ,
(S) koons/ⲕⲟⲟⲛⲥ, (S) koosā/ⲕⲟⲟⲥⲉ, (S, A) kas/ⲕⲁⲥ, (B) kos/ⲕⲟⲥ, (S, B) kēs/ⲕⲏⲥ Coptic
qs : (bone)
ḳas Proto-Afroasiatic Form
kas/ⲕⲁⲥ (S, B), qāās/ⲕⲉⲉⲥ (S, A, Sf, F), kēs/ⲕⲏⲥ (S), kis/ⲕⲓⲥ (S), kās/ⲕⲉⲥ (Sf, F) Coptic
qǐs Alt Pronunciation
~ qs(w) : (bones)
kaas/ⲕⲁⲁⲥ (S), kaāsā/ⲕⲁⲉⲥⲉ (S), kāās/ⲕⲉⲉⲥ (S, A), kēēs/ⲕⲏⲏⲥ (F) (plr) Coptic
qǐjs Alt Pronunciation
qsn : (painful, painfully, irksome, wretched)
kās/ كاـس (misfortune, pain) Egyptian Arabic
ⲙⲕⲁϩ (pain, difficulty, grief) Coptic
~ qsnt : (trouble, misfortune)
r
r : (to, at, concerning, more than, from)
l /ⲗ Fayyumic Coptic
r /ⲣ (S,E), er /ⲉⲣ (S,B), ero /ⲉⲣⲟ (B,S), eru /ⲉⲣⲱ (S,B) (to, for, according to, as regards) Coptic
le /ለ (for) Ethiopic
lä /ሰ (for, to) ? Amharic
ʾilā/ إِلَى (to, until, near) Arabic
ʾel/אֶל (to, at) Hebrew
er Transliteration
ɛr (modern Egyptologica) IPA
er Traditional pronunciation
~ r.f : to him
ʲa'raf (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
erof/ⲉⲣⲟϥ Coptic
~ r.k : to thee
ero.k/ⲉⲣⲟ.ⲕ Coptic
r, rA : ( mouth, speak)
rꜣ (mouth, door) Demotic
rō /ⲣⲱ (S, A, sA, B), ra/ⲣⲁ (S, Sf, M), rā/ⲣⲉ (S, B), lā/ⲗⲉ (F), la/ⲗⲁ (F), ro/ⲣⲟ (S, A, sA, B, L)
(mouth, edge of weapon, door, gate, entrance, opening); rouō/ⲣⲟⲩⲱ (make reply, speak, answer) Coptic
'af /ኣፍ (mouth) Ethiopic
pû Assyrian
RiЗy < Lēya, Leʼeya, ILe-e-ia, ILe-e-a-a (ref. https://onoma.lib.byu.edu/index.php/RAHLEENOS) Akkadian
peh/פֶּה (mouth) Hebrew
laleō, lalein (to speak) légein/ λέγϵιν Greek
raʀ (OE 2500 BC- Middle 1700 BCE), ɾaʔ (LE, 800 BCE), ɛr (modern Egyptological), ɝ (modern Egyptological, US), laː (suggested); ɾoʔ (JPA) Evolution
raɜ-u > raʀ > ⲣⲟ /roʔ/ (JPA) IPA
rāR (Loprieno), raˀ (Satzinger) Alt Pronunciation
er, ra (more accurate) Traditional Pronunciation
~ rAw : (mouths)
rōou/ ⲢⲰOⲨ (S, A, sA, B), roou/ⲣⲟⲟⲩ (A), lōou/ⲗⲱⲟⲩ (F) (mouths, plur) Coptic
ˈɾaːʀaw (Old-Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈɾoːw (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) Evolution
raɜ-aw > 'raːʀaw > ⲢⲰOⲨ /roːw/ IPA
rā:ʀaw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ Hmt-ra: (spell 'who is one the mouth)
* ref Ritner
ḥmēr / ϨⲘⲎⲢ (spell) Old Coptic
~ tp-ra: (utterance)
ⲧⲁⲡⲣⲟ /tapro (mouth) Coptic
rA : (opening, door)
ro/ⲣⲟ (S, A, sA, B), la/ⲗⲁ (F), ra/ⲣⲁ (S, Sf), rā/ⲣⲉ (S, B), lā/ⲗⲉ (F), rō /ⲣⲱ (S, A, sA, B, O), lō/ⲗⲱ (F) (door, gate,
entrance, opening, edge of weapon) Coptic
~ rAw : (openings, doors)
raꜢǎw Old Kingdom
rōou/ ⲣⲱⲟⲩ (S, A, sA, B), roou/ⲣⲟⲟⲩ (A), lōou/ⲗⲱⲟⲩ (F) (door, gate (plur) Coptic
rāw Alt Pronunciation
r(A)-pr : (temple, chapel)
rpy Demotic
rpā/ⲣⲡⲉ (S), rpāiā/ⲣⲡⲉⲓⲉ (A), rpāāiā/ⲣⲡⲉⲉⲓⲉ (A), rpāāi/ⲣⲡⲉⲉⲓ (sA), rpāā/ⲣⲡⲉⲉ (sA), ārpʰhï/ⲉⲣⲫⲉⲓ (B), ārpēï/ⲉⲣⲡⲏⲉⲓ (F),
ālpēi/ⲉⲗⲡⲏⲓ (F), ālpēēi/ⲉⲗⲡⲏⲏⲓ (F), ālpē/ⲉⲗⲡⲏ (F) (temple) Coptic
ra : ( sun )
rꜥ Demotic
raʿ (sun, god) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
ri-ia (in a name), re-e, rya, ri-a (M. ri-a-ma-še-ša/ Ramesse) , re-a (Wa-aš-mu-a-re-a/ wsr-mAat-ra, Amarna letters), Akkadian
rāˀiˁaᵗ/ رائِعَة (daylight), rayʕ (daylight) (Haase) , rīˁ/ رِيعْ (high place, elevated) Arabic
rāyà (god) Bidiyo
rā́ (god, sky) Mukulu
ra (sun) Maori
rãnã (sun) Hausa
araw (sun) Filipino
ɑɾɛv/արեւ (sun, sunshine, heat, sun light, sunny weather) Armenian
rē /ⲣⲏ, rā/ⲣⲉ (sun) Old Coptic
rē /ⲣⲏ (S, B), rā /ⲣⲉ (F), rï/ⲣⲉⲓ (A), ri/ⲣⲓ (A), epʰ-rē/Ⲫ⳰ⲢⲎ (the sun); Coptic
ˈriːʕuw (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE- Middle 1700 BC), ɾiːʕəʔ (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BCE), ˈreːʕə, ˈɾeːʕ (Late Egyptian),
rɑː (modern Egyptological), raʿ (Orel and Stolbova), ri:aꜤ IPA
ri:aˤ > re:ˤɘ (Loprieno); (epʰ)rē /(Ⲫ̀)ⲣⲏ (the sun) (Worrell) Alt Pronunciation
ra, rā (more accurate) Traditional Pronunciation
ra : (day)
rayʕ (daylight) Proto-Semitic
rē /ⲣⲏ (S, B) Coptic
ra : (God Ra)
rbw : ( lion )
(/rw/ became l late kingdom)
rebu (lion) (Budge 442b)
rwꜣbw (possibly) Earlier Egyptian
rby Late Egyptian
lby (bear, lion) Demotic
labo /ⲗⲁⲃⲟ (B), lāōn/ⲗⲉⲱⲛ, belthōn/ ⲃⲉⲗⲑⲱⲛ (B) Coptic
léōn/λέων Ancient Greek
ʾrw/𐤀𐤓𐤅 Phoenician
arway , labiʾ Proto-Semitic
labi/lavi Semitic
lbʾ𐩡𐩨𐩱/ Sabaean
lābu (PIRIG)/ 𒊊, labbu (UR) /𒌨 Akkadian
labʾum (PIRIG) /𒊊 Eblaite
lbủ/𐎍𐎁𐎜 Ugaritic
labuʾa /لَبُؤَة Arabic
lábwa/ لبوة Egyptian Arabic
leyb /לייב Yiddish
lāḇīʾ, lâbîy/ לָבִיא (lä·vē, law-bē) Hebrew
lõvi Estonian
lav Croatian
lav/Лав Macedonian
(ref en.wiktionary.org)
~ rbwt : (lioness)
rebait /rbAyt/ (Budge)
(S, B) laboi/ⲗⲁⲃⲟⲓ, (S, A) labai/ⲗⲁⲃⲁⲓ (lioness, she-bear) Coptic
lvil'ah/ לְבִיאָה (lioness) Hebrew
labwah/لَبْوَة (lioness) Arabic
r-DbA(w) : (to replace, instead of, in place of)
r-tbA (Because of) Alt Egyptian
r-ḏbꜢ.(ṱ) (Because of, concerning) Demotic
etbe /ⲉⲧⲃⲉ, etbēēt /ⲉⲧⲃⲏⲧ (because of, concerning) Coptic
rd : (foot)
wart (? needs ref) Alt Egyptian
rd (bud, shoot) Old Egyptian
rt (foot) Demotic
rāt/ⲣⲉⲧ Old Coptic
(S, B) rat/ⲣⲁⲧ, (B) rad/ⲣⲧ, (Sa, A, sA, F) rāt/ⲣⲉⲧ, (Sa) rēt/ⲣⲏⲧ (foot, lowest part, bottom); (A) rāāt/ⲣⲉⲉⲧ ,
(F) lāt/ⲗⲉⲧ (foot) Coptic
peid (foot) French
ˈraːduw (Old Egyptian) IPA
rd(w), rwd, rwD : (grow (plants , flourish)
ra:duw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
rōt/ⲣⲱⲧ (S, A, B), lōt/ⲗⲱⲧ (F), pet/ⲣⲉⲧ (S, B), rot/ⲣⲟⲧ (B), rēt/ⲣⲏⲧ (S, A, B), lēt/ⲗⲏⲧ (F),
rat /ⲣⲁⲧ (S, B) (grow, sprout, be covered with a growth as vegetation, hair, bring forth) Coptic
radu-u > /'raːduw/ > ⲣⲱⲧ /roːt/ (Loprieno) Evolution
ra:maṯ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
remetj Traditional Pronunciation
rdw.w (grow (plants , flourish)
raduu-aw > radwaw > ⲣⲟϮ /rotʔ (Loprieno) IPA
(S) ratə/ⲣⲁⲧⲉ , (B) roti/ⲣⲟϯ (growth) Coptic
r iri is (to become old) ?
er åpås /ⲉⲣⲁ⳰ⲡⲁⲥ (to become old) Coptic
ri(w)SA: (head, headland)
lash /לאשׁ Hebrew
ras /ራሰ (head) Amharic
rkH : (light (fire, kindle fire, burn)
(S, A, sA, B) rōkḥ /ⲣⲱⲕϩ, (F) lōkḥ /ⲗⲱⲕϩ, (S, B) rəkḥ /ⲣⲉⲕϩ , (S, B) rokḥ /ⲣⲟⲕϩ, (S) rakḥ /ⲣⲁⲕϩ, (S) rokkh/ⲣⲟⲕⲭ, (S) rokh/ⲣⲟⲭ,
(A) rakhḥ ⲣⲁⲭϩ, (S, A, sA) rakh/ⲣⲁⲭ, (F) lakḥ /ⲗⲁⲕϩ, (S) rōkh/ⲣⲱⲭ, (S) roḥkh /ⲣⲟϩⲭ, (A, F) rapḥ /ⲣⲁⲡϩ,
(S, F) rokhḥ /ⲣⲟⲭϩ (burn); (S) rokḥə/ⲣⲟⲕϩⲉ, (S) rakḥə/ⲣⲁⲕϩⲉ, (B) rakḥi/ⲣⲁⲕϩⲓ (fuel) Coptic
rm : (fish, tilapia)
rm Demotic
abramis/ἀβραμίς , abrabís/ἀβραβίς, ábramis/ἄβραμις Greek
(S, A) ramə/ⲣⲁⲙⲉ, (S, A) ramē/ⲣⲁⲙⲏ, (S) raamə/ⲣⲁⲁⲙⲉ , (B, F) rami/ⲣⲁⲙⲓ (a fish tilapia) Coptic
(5th BCE Attic) a.bra.mís , (1st CE Egyptian) a.braˈmis , (4th CE Koine) a.βraˈmis, (10th CE Byzantine) a.vraˈmis,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan) a.vraˈmis IPA
rmi : (cry, weep)
(S, A, sA) rimə/ⲣⲓⲙⲉ , (B, F) rimi/ⲣⲓⲙⲓ , (F) limi/ⲗⲓⲙⲓ , ermē /ⲉⲣⲙⲏ (weep) Coptic
r mn m : (as far as)
irm < r-mn (as well as, including) < r mn m Late Egyptian
irm Demotic
(O) mān/ⲙⲉⲛ (with); (B, F, O) nām/ⲛⲉⲙ (and with) Old Coptic
(S, A, sA, F) mn/ ⲙⲛ, (S) nm/ⲛⲙ, (F) mā/ⲙⲉ, (S) nmma/ⲛⲙⲙⲁ, (Sa, A, sA, F) nāmā/ⲛⲉⲙⲉ, (Sa, sA) nmmā/ⲛⲙⲙⲉ,
(Sa, sA) nmā/ⲛⲙⲉ, (S, B, NH) nāma/ⲛⲉⲙⲁ, (F) mānā/ⲙⲉⲛⲉ, (NH) nnāma/ⲛⲛⲉⲙⲁ (with) Coptic
rmT : (human, mankind, Egyptian, person)
rmṯ (Gardiner), rmT(t) (humankind, mankind, men, people, humanity) Alt Egyptian
rmT > rmt (rā\m͝ t) > rā\m ͝ ʾ > rōme /ⲣⲱⲙⲉ ʾ(Junge) Evolution
rmT 𓀀𓁐𓏭𓏯 Old Kingdom
rmt (man, male human, human being) Demotic
rmi (possible) Late Kingdom
rom/ⲣⲟⲙ, rōmə /ⲣⲱⲙⲉ (human being, man) Old Coptic
rōmi/ ⲣⲱⲙⲓ (B, F), rōmə /ⲣⲱⲙⲉ (S, A, sA), rəm /ⲣⲉⲙ (S, F, B), rōm/ⲣⲱⲙ (S), rᵉm/ⲣⲙ̄ (S, A, sA),
lōmi/ⲗⲱⲙⲓ (F), lomi/ⲗⲟⲙⲓ (F), lə(m)/ⲗⲉ(ⲙ) (F) (human being, man); ləm /ⲗⲉⲙ (F) (man, male) Coptic
ˈɾaːmac (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) , ɾaːmaʔ (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ,
ˈɾoːmə (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE), rɛmɛt͡ʃ (modern Egyptological) IPA
Romany (Gypsies) Possible connection
ra:maṯ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
remetj Traditional Pronunciation
rāmatj/ rāmatj (Early-Middle Kingdom), ramat > rōma(t) > rōmā , rōmi (Late Kingdom); rəm(t), rōmə(t), rōmə(t),
rəm, rᵉm , rōm (UE), rōmi(t) (LE), lōmi(t), lomi(t), ləm (Nile Valley), rom, rōmə (Late Egyptian, old Coptic) fix
~ pA rmT : (The man)
pi rōmē/ ⲡⲓ ⲣⲱⲙⲓ Coptic
~ rmT n(i) kmt : (People of Egypt , The Man of Egypt)
rmt n kmỉ Demotic
pA-rmt n km.t (The people of Egypt, The man of Egypt)Late Kingdom
rem en kēme /ⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ (Egyptian person) Coptic (S)
rem en khēmi /ⲣⲉⲙ̀ⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ (Egyptian person) Coptic (B)
lām en kēmi/ ⲗⲉⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲓ (Egyptian person) Coptic (F)
prᵉmᵉnkēmə/ⲠⲢⲘ︦Ⲛ︦ⲔⲎⲘⲈ (The Man of Egypt) Coptic
luntu mu ciKam (asarimhotep. com) ciKam
~ mdt rmT : (affair of man)
mntrōme/ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲱⲙⲉ, mentrōme/ⲙⲛ̄ⲧ-ⲣⲱⲙⲉ Coptic
madat'ra:maṯ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ rmT aA : (great man, high ranking people)
rmt (n) aA Demotic
pA-rmt aA (The great man) Late Kingdom
rᵉmmao/ⲣⲙ︦ⲙⲁⲟ (S) , prōmə ᵉnnokhⁱ/ⲠⲢⲰⲘⲈ Ⲛ︦ⲚⲞϬ; rmmao/ⲣⲙⲙⲁⲟ (SA), ramao/ⲣⲁⲙⲁⲟ (B),
lāmmāa/ⲗⲉⲙⲙⲉⲁ (F) (rich man) Coptic
ra:maṯ'ɜaR (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
rmṯ jw.f : (one who …)
rmt jw.f (one who …) Demotic
rāf/ⲣⲉϥ (S, A, sA, B) (person or thing connected with ); rf/ⲣϥ (S, A), lāf/ⲗⲉϥ (F),
lāb/ⲗⲉⲃ (F) (from ⲣⲙ ⲉϥ-) (nominal prefixes) Coptic
rn : (name)
rn Demotic
rān /ⲣⲉⲛ , rin/ ⲣⲓⲛ Old Coptic
ran/ⲣⲁⲛ (S, B), rān /ⲣⲉⲛ (S, B, A, sA, M, F, L), rin/ ⲣⲓⲛ (S), lān/ⲗⲉⲛ (F), rānt/ⲣⲉⲛⲧ (S), rint/ⲣⲓⲛⲧ (S), rant/ⲣⲁⲛⲧ (S),
rnt/ⲣⲛⲧ (name) Coptic
rin (Old Egyptian), ren (Late Egyptian), rɛn (modern Egyptological) IPA
rin, rī:n > ren (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ren Traditional Pronunciation
rin, ran Fix
~ rn.f : (his name)
rínip Neo-Assyrian
rinf/ⲣⲓⲛϥ (S), rānf/ⲣⲉⲛϥ (B) Coptic
rínif (J.P.A) IPA
rnpt : (year)
/rampa/ < rompā /ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ Evolution
rampā/ⲣⲁⲙⲡⲉ Old Coptic
rompi /ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ (B), rompā /ⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ (S), rampā/ⲣⲁⲙⲡⲉ (S, A, sA), rampi /ⲣⲁⲙⲡⲓ (F), rōpā /ⲣⲱⲡⲉ (S, A) Coptic
ˈranpat (Old Egyptian) , rɛnpɛt (modern Egyptological) (Loprieno) IPA
ranpu.t Alt Pronunciation
renpet Traditional Pronunciation
~ rnpwt : (years)
rᵉm'pooue /ⲣⲙ︦ⲡⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S) rmpeoue/ⲣⲙⲡⲉⲟⲩⲉ (A), rmpe/ⲣⲙⲡⲉ (O) Coptic
ran'pawwat (Loprieno), ranpǎwat Alt Pronunciation
ranˈpawwat IPA
~ (rnpt) Hsb wat : (Regnal year 1)
HAt sp Alt Egyptian
asˈpʰuːj /ⲁⲥⲫⲟⲩⲓ (B) (first year of reign) Coptic
r pr : (temple)
erpʰei/ⲉⲣⲫⲉⲓ Coptic
rri : (boar, pig, swine)
rri Middle Kingdom
ryr (pig) Demotic
rir/ⲣⲓⲣ (S, A, B), rēl/ⲣⲏⲗ (S), lil/ⲗⲓⲗ (S, F), rr/ⲣⲣ (S) Coptic
~ rrt (sow, pig)
ryr(ꜣ)t (swine) Demotic
~ ? (piglet)
raar/ⲣⲁⲁⲣ (S), raarā/ⲣⲁⲁⲣⲉ (S), rairā/ⲣⲁⲓⲣⲉ (S) (piglet, suckling pig) Coptic
rs : (wake, be watchful, vigilant)
rēs /ⲣⲏⲥ (sober, wakeful, alert) rōis/rowis ⲣⲱⲓⲥ (B), roeis /ⲣⲟⲉⲓⲥ (S)
(to stay awake, to watch, keep vigil, watchfulness, alertness) Coptic
rS (Cold)
(A) (ə)rash/(ⲉ)ⲣⲁϣ , (F) arash/ⲁⲣⲁϣ (cold) Coptic
~ irS : (to be cold)
(S) ōrsh/ⲱⲣϣ , (B) hrosh/ϩⲣⲟϣ , (F) arsh/ⲁⲣϣ , (S) orsh/ⲟⲣϣ , (S, B) horsh/ϩⲟⲣϣ,
arosh/ⲁⲣⲟϣ (be cold , to become cold) Coptic
rsi, rsy : (south, southern, Upper Egypt)
tA-rs (Upper Egypt ) Alt Egyptian
rēs/ⲣⲏⲥ (B, S, F) (Southern Country, Upper Egypt), marēs/ⲙⲁⲣⲏⲥ (B, S, F) (Southern Country, Upper Egypt) Coptic
Ṣaʿīd Miṣr,/صعيد مصر ; aṣ-Ṣaʿīd / الصعيد Arabic
rsi, rsy : (entirely, all)
rōs פַּתְרוֹס/paṯrōs Hebrew
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BE) ˈɾuːsVj , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BE) ˈɾuːsVj (Medio-Late 1350 BE)
ˈɾuːsə (Late Egyptian, . 800 BE) ˈɾøːs < borrowed as rōs in Hebrew IPA
rswt: (dream, vision)
rasou/ⲣⲁⲥⲟⲩ (S), resou/ⲣⲉⲥⲟⲩ (A), resoue/ⲣⲉⲥⲟⲩⲉ (sA), lesbi/ⲗⲉⲥⲃⲓ (F), rasowwi /ⲣⲁⲥⲟⲩⲓ (B) Coptic
raswa.t, -i.t, risuu(wa).t ~ rusuwwa.t (Sami Paldanius) Alt Pronunciation
~ rsy : dream
rasowwi /ⲣⲁⲥⲟⲩⲓ (B) (dream) Coptic
rS(w) : (joy, be glad)
ršy Demotic
(B) rashi/ⲣⲁϣⲓ (rejoice); (S) rashə/ⲣⲁϣⲉ, (A, sA) reshə/ⲣⲉϣⲉ, (F) ləshi/ⲗⲉϣⲓ (joy) Coptic
rɛʃuː IPA
reshu Traditional Pronunciation
~ rSwt : (joy, rejoice)
rashi/ⲣⲁϣⲓ (B) Coptic
rS : (Head, summit)
re'ese/ ርዕስ Ethiopic
rw : (lion)
(/rw/ became l late kingdom such as the l in Cleopatra's name. the rendering /rw/ prob more like 'leu')
labo /ⲗⲁⲃⲟ (B), belthōn/ ⲃⲉⲗⲑⲱⲛ (B) (lion) Coptic
yara Baŋgi
ʾrw/𐤀𐤓𐤅 Phoenician
arway , labiʾ Proto-Semitic
labi/lavi Semitic
lābu (PIRIG)/ 𒊊 (lion) , labbu (UR) /𒌨 (lion), aria (Beast, wild animal, lion) Akkadian
labuʾa /لَبُؤَة Arabic
lábwa/ لبوة Egyptian Arabic
labʾum (PIRIG) /𒊊 Eblaite
lāḇīʾ, lâbîy/ לָבִיא (lä·vē, law-bē), layš / לָיְשׁ (lion) Hebrew
ʾaryē אַרְיֵה , ʾărī/ אֲרִי (a young lion) Modern Hebrew
layth/لَيْث (Lion) Arabic
lbʾ𐩡𐩨𐩱/ Sabaean
ʾarä Tigrinya
ʾäwre/ አውሬ (Beast, wild animal, lion) Ge'ez
lbủ/𐎍𐎁𐎜 (lion) , ảrw/ 𐎀𐎗𐎆 (Beast, wild animal, lion) Ugaritic
léōn/ λέων Ancient Greek
leō, leōnis, leōnī, leōnem, leōne (Etymoogy) Greek
liontári / λιοντάρι Modern Greek
leō > leōnis Latin
lion Old French
löwe German
leon, leun, liun, lÿon Old French
lion French
leão Portuguese
leu Romanian
lew Cornish
llew Welsh
lyoun Middle English
ru Traditional Pronunciation
ruw (MK ) Pronunciation
~ rww: (lions)
labo /ⲗⲁⲃⲟ Coptic
~ rwAbw: (lioness)
labōe /ⲗⲁⲃⲟⲓ (S, B), labai /ⲗⲁⲃⲁⲓ (S, A) Coptic
rwH : (mud)
(S) loiHā/ⲗⲟⲓϩⲉ, (S) liḥḥā/ⲗⲩϩϩⲉ, (S) loïḥā/ⲗⲟⲉⲓϩⲉ, (B) lōiḥi/ⲗⲱⲓϩⲓ (mud, filth) Coptic
rwhA : (evening, twilight, dusk )
rhy (evening) Demotic
rouhi /ⲣⲟⲩϩⲓ (B), rouh /ⲣⲟⲩϩⲉ (S, sA), louhi /ⲗⲟⲩϩⲓ (F) (evening)Coptic
~ nfr mSrw (good of evening ) Egyptian
na-nā rouhi /ⲛⲁⲛⲉ ⲣⲟⲩϩⲓ (good evening) Coptic
~ m mSrw : in the evening
n rhy Demotic
(S, sA) em rouhā/(ⲙ⳰) ⲣⲟⲩϩⲉ, (B) em rouhi/(ⲙ⳰) ⲣⲟⲩϩⲓ , (F) em louhi/(ⲙ⳰) ⲗⲟⲩϩⲓ (In the evening)
(* (ⲙ⳰) added) Coptic
rwi : (depart, go away)
lo /ⲖO (S) (A), la /ⲖⲀ (S) (F) Coptic
rwyt : (court of law, hall)
ryt (room) Demotic
(S, B) ri/ⲣⲓ, (S) rāi/ⲣⲉⲓ, (F) li/ⲗⲓ (cell, room, room in a house, prison cell) Coptic
ryb(A)S : (Armour)
lōbsh /ⲗⲱⲃϣ Coptic
ryt : (paint, ink)
ry New Kingdom
ri-t Budge
dəyô (error of ) rəyô (Lambdin) Hebrew
(S) ⲗⲁⲗⲉ, (S) ⲗⲟⲟⲗⲉ , (B) ⲗⲁⲗⲱ, (B) ⲗⲁⲗⲟ (smear, paint, overlay); paḥrā/ⲡⲁϩⲣⲉ (paint, color) Coptic
ryt Traditional Pronunciation
rěyā́t > rəyā́, rā́yǎ(t) > rōy Alt Pronunciation
ryTt : (kindred, kingship) (Demotic)
raitā /ⲣⲁⲓⲧⲉ (S), rāitā/ⲣⲉⲓⲧⲉ (sA), rāāitā/ⲣⲉⲉⲓⲧⲉ (A, sA) (kindred) Coptic
rx : (know, be aware, learn, inquire, knowledge)
rḫ Demotic
kati/ⲕⲁϯ (B) (know, understand), katḥēt/ⲕⲁⲧϩⲏⲧ (knowledgeable, wise person),
rōsh/ⲢⲰϢ (Measure, old perfective form 'to know') Coptic
rVḫ ~ ʔarH ? (know) (ref http://starling.rinet.ru) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
ʔarʔ (know) (ref http://starling.rinet.ru) Central Cushitic
raʔ (know) (ref http://starling.rinet.ru) High East Cushitic
ʔarH (know) (ref http://starling.rinet.ru) Warazi
ʔer (know) (ref http://starling.rinet.ru) Omotic
rɛx (modern Egyptological) IPA
ekh Alt Pronunciation
~ rxt : (wise women, female healer, skilled women)
katḥēt/ⲕⲁⲧϩⲏⲧ (knowledgeable, wise person) Coptic
~ rx-(i)xt : scholar, he knows things (WB)
(iw) rx Older Egyptian
~ rx-(i)xwt : scholar, he knows things (WB)
(iw) rxw Older Egyptian
ashāv/ⲁϣⲉⲩ (astrologers) Coptic
S𓋴 , Z𓊃
as (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
.z 𓊃 New-Middle Kingdom
.st 𓋴𓏏, 𓊃𓋴𓏏, .sw 𓇓𓏲 Late Kingdom
siʔa Proto-Semitic
šī Akkadian
si, *isi (he, she, it) Proto-Afroasiatic
Ɂisi (she) Cushitic
-s/Ɂ (she) Semitic
-s , nnes , ines (his, her, its) Berber
set / ሴት (lady, women) Ge'ez
es /ⲥ⳰, as/ⲁⲥ, s/ⲥ (she) Coptic
ʔɛs (Modern Egyptological) IPA
.es Traditional Pronunciation
~ .sy : (she, her, it, its ) (3rd) (f) (sg.) (dual ending) 𓋴𓏭
.sj Alt Egyptian
.zj 𓊃𓏭 New-Middle Kingdom
ʔɛsi (Modern Egyptological) IPA
esi Traditional Pronunciation
s : (man, someone, anyone, (no)-one, man of rank)
säw/ሰው (man) Ge'ez
sa/ⲥⲁ (S, A, B, F) (man) Coptic
sA : (son) (M) 𓅭𓀀
zA Alt Egyptian
sA 𓅭, 𓅭𓏺𓀀, 𓅭𓊃 Old Kingdom
sA 𓅭𓏺 Middle Kingdom
sA 𓆇, 𓆇𓏺 18th Dynasty
sA 𓅭𓏺𓀭 New Kingdom
sꜢ Demotic
ka Meroitic
si-įa (en.wikiversity.org) Cuneiform
sija (from har-sija-ēšu/Hr-sA-Ast 'Horus son of Isis') Akkadian
sʰə /ϣⲉ , shēri/ϣⲏⲣⲓ , sh(ə)n/ϣ(ⲉ)ⲛ Old Coptic
si/ⲥⲓ (son) (en.wikiversity.org, Černý) ; shə /ϣⲉ (S, B, F), shi/ϣⲓ (S, F), shou/ϣⲟⲩ (S, B), shērə/ϣⲏⲣⲉ (S, A, sA),
shēri/ϣⲏⲣⲓ (B, F), shēli/ϣⲏⲗⲓ (F), shr/ϣⲣ (S, A, sA), shēr/ϣⲏⲣ (A), shəl/ϣⲉⲗ (F), shou/ϣⲟⲩ (S, B),
sh(ā)n/ϣ(ⲉ)ⲛ (S, B, F), shēn/ϣⲏⲛ (S, F) (child, son);
sʰānouti /Ϣⲉⲛⲟⲩϯ & sʰānoutā /Ϣⲉⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ & ʃeˈnuːdæ/ شنودة (from sA-n-nTr 'son of god')(https://en.wikipedia.org; AVDoAE Vartavan);
si/ⲥⲓ (from ōr-si-ēsā/ⲱⲣ-ⲥⲓ-ⲏⲥⲉ , Arsiēsis/Αρσιησις, Hr-sA-Ast 'Horus son of Isis');( "ϣⲉ/shā" shānāton/ϣⲉⲛⲉⲧⲟⲙ "son of
Atum") (AVDoAE Vartavan) Coptic
si/σι (from Arsiēsis/Αρσιησις, Hr-sA-Ast 'Horus son of Isis') Ancient Greek
ziːʀ, θil (JPA) (OE 2500 BCE), siːʀ , sil (JPA) (ME 1700 BCE), siːʔ, si (JPA) (LE 800 BCE), zɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ziꜢ, siɜ (Loprieno), si-įa (en.wikiversity.org) Alt pronunciation
sa, za Traditional Pronunciation
zꜢʀ> sīʀ (OE) , sīꜢ (MK-LK) > sʰi (LK) > shə (Demotic- Old Coptic) (ref Loprieno &Coptic) Fix
~ sA ra (son of Rā) Egyptian
zeri /ዘርኢ Ethiopic
si:Raʲ (Loprieno) Alt pronunciation
~ sAt : (daughter) (F) Egyptian
sꜢt (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
set ləj/ሴት ልጅ (Daughter) Ge'ez
shərə/ϣⲉⲣⲉ Old Coptic
shəərə/ϣⲉⲉⲣⲉ (S, A, sA), shēērə/ϣⲏⲏⲣⲉ (S, Sf), shərə/ϣⲉⲣⲉ (sA),
shəri/ϣⲉⲣⲓ (B), shairi/ϣⲁⲓⲣⲓ (B), shēēli/ϣⲏⲏⲗⲓ (F) (daughter, female child) Coptic
ziːʀə(t) (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE ?), siːʀə(t) (Middle Egyptian,1700 BCE ?), siːʔə (Late Egyptian,
800 BCE ?); zɑt (modern Egyptological), siɜat IPA
sat, zat Traditional Pronunciation
sA : (Protection)
sō /ⲥⲱ (protection); aso/ⲁⲥⲟ? Coptic
~ (m) sA.w : (gaurd, ward off, restrain, heed)
ᵉnsōou/ /ⲛ︦ⲥⲱⲟⲩ (truned away) (S) (Bible 2 Timothy 1 15) Coptic
sA : (back)
soi /ⲥⲟⲓ (S) (B), sai /ⲥⲁⲓ (S), sa/ⲥⲁ , sā/ⲥⲉ, sō/ⲥⲱ (back) Coptic
sab : (circumcise)
(S, A) sᵉbbā/ⲥⲃ︦ⲃⲉ , (B) sābi/ⲥⲉⲃⲓ , (F) sēbbi/ⲥⲏⲃⲃⲓ , (B) soubā/ⲥⲟⲩⲃⲉ, (F) sibbē/ⲥⲩⲃⲃⲏ , (S) sbbēt/ⲥⲃⲃⲏⲧ , (B) coubē/ⲥⲟⲩⲃⲏ ,
(F) sābēt/ⲥⲉⲃⲏⲧ , (S) sᵉbbēu/ⲥⲃ︦ⲃⲏⲩ , (S) sᵉbbēut/ⲥⲃ︦ⲃⲏⲩⲧ , (B) soubēt/ⲥⲟⲩⲃⲏⲧ, (B) couēt/ⲥⲟⲩⲏⲧ,
(F) sābēut/ⲥⲉⲃⲏⲩⲧ (circumcise, be circumcised) Coptic
sAb : (Jackal)
inpw (inpou) is 'dog' and more especially 'puppy' (Kurt Sethe & Hermann Kees claims) Alt Egyptian
djah'iajib /ǯiʔib (beast of prey) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
djahabiy / ǯabiy (hyaena) East Chadic
djahib/ǯib (wolf) Western Chadic
ðˀb (wolf, jackal) Semitic
zību /𒉡𒌝𒈠𒄷 (wolf) Akkadian
ǧəb/ ጅብ (wolf) Amharic
ḏiʾb ذِئْب/ (wolf, jackal) Arabic
dīb/ ديب (wolf, jackal) Egyptian Arabic
dib (wolf) Maltese
ܕܐܒܐ /dʾēḇā (wolf) Aramaic Syriac
d'ʾēḇāדְּאֵבָא/ , dēḇā/דֵּיבָא (wolf) Aramaic Hebrew
zǝʾb /ዝእብ (wolf) Ge'ez
ṷlp, ṷulūp Semitic
zǝʾēḇ זְאֵב/ (wolf) Hebrew
zəbʾi/ዝብኢ (wolf) Tigrinya
sāb /ⲥⲉⲃ, sōb /ⲥⲱⲃ (wolf) Coptic
zav /זאב (wolf) Hebrew
sAbbw ? (Sabbo/ leprosy) (ref Apion)
sōbḥ /ⲥⲱⲃϩ , sobḥ /ⲥⲟⲃϩ (have leprosy, be leper, leprosy) Coptic
sAi : (be wise, prudent, be satisfied, be sated)
sy (to become sated) Demotic
(S, A, sA, F) sāi/ⲥⲉⲓ , (S, sA, B, F) si/ⲥⲓ, (B) sai/ⲥⲁⲓ , (S, sA) sēw/ⲥⲏⲩ, (B) sēou/ⲥⲏⲟⲩ (be filled, satisfied, enjy, filled with) Coptic
sɑi (modern Egyptological) IPA
sArAqw : (snow)
šalgum/ 𒊭𒀠𒄖𒌝 , šalgu/𒊭𒆷𒄖 Akkadian
šéleḡ/ שֶׁלֶג Hebrew
sart : (wool)
sꜤrt Demotic
śaʿart (hair) Proto-Semitic
szrta /ܣܙܖܿܬܐ Akkadian
šārtum/ 𒊬𒌈 (wool) Akkadian
šʿrt /šaʿartu/ 𐎌𐎓𐎗𐎚 (wool) Ugaritic
śaʿărā/ שַׂעֲרָה(wool) Hebrew
sort/ⲥⲟⲣⲧ (S), sart/ⲥⲁⲣⲧ (A,F) (wool) Coptic
šaʕara/ شَعَرَة (wool) Arabic
sAS : (to open (ears)
snS (to open (ears) Alt Egyptian
saSA : (protective rite, worship/praise)
shoushou /ϣⲟⲩϣⲟⲩ Coptic
sAt : (beam of wood)
sAw Middle Kingdom
soi /ⲥⲟⲓ (S, B) beam of wood (since Middle Kingdom)
sA-tA : (snake)
zꜣ-tꜣ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
syṱ (serpent) Demotic
sit/ⲥⲓⲧ (S, O), sitā/ⲥⲓⲧⲉ (S), siti/ⲥⲓϯ (B) (basilisk, horned viper) Coptic
siRtaR (Loprieno) Alt pronunciation
sATw : (ground)
Ꜣsṱ : (ground) Demotic
āsēt/ⲉⲥⲏⲧ (ground, bottom) Coptic
sbA : (door)
pusbi'u, pusbíˀ Cuneiform
sbā/ⲥⲃⲉ (S, B), sbē/ⲥⲃⲏ (F) (door) Coptic
~ pA sbA : (the door)
/ⲡⲉⲥⲃⲉ (S, B) , /ⲡⲉⲥⲃⲏ (F) (the door) Coptic
sbA : ( door frame )
sbā/ⲥⲃⲉ (S, B) (shutter of the door) Coptic
sbA , sbi : ( play flute )
sbə/ⲥⲃⲉ , sēbə/ⲥⲏⲃⲉ (flute) Coptic
sbA : ( star )
sbꜣ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
sw Demotic
ṣabāru (star : to twinkle, eye : to twinkle, to blink, to wink maliciously, to sparkle) Akkadian
sou /ⲥⲟⲩ Old Coptic
siou/ⲥⲓⲟⲩ (S, A, B, F), sou /ⲥⲟⲩ (S, B), sioou/ⲥⲓⲟⲟⲩ (Sa), cāv/ⲥⲉⲩ (F), siw/ⲥⲓⲩ (F) (star) Copitc
ka-suba Bemba-Bantu
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) ˈsiːbaʀ , (Middle Egyptian,1700 BC) ˈsiːbaʀ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ˈsiːβə,
(modern Egyptological) sɛbɑ IPA
subɜāwat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
seba Traditional Pronunciation
~ sbA nfr : (good star)
sounoufā /ⲥⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ Coptic
sbA : ( pupil , student )
sbouï/ⲥⲃⲟⲩï (disciple , pupil) (Smith) Coptic
sbA : ( teach, teacher )
sakh /ⲥⲁϧ (S, A, B, O), sabā /ⲥⲁⲃⲉ (S, A, B, O), sabē /ⲥⲁⲃⲏ (S, A, B, F) (wise person); sbo /ⲥⲃⲟ (S), sbō /ⲥⲃⲱ (S),
sāb /ⲥⲉⲃ (S, B) sabo /ⲥⲁⲃⲟ (S, B) (learn); sbouē /ⲤⲂOⲨⲒ (B) (S) (disciple, apprentice); sabeoy /ⲥⲁⲃⲏⲟⲩ Coptic
sophia /σοφία (wisdom) Greek
(OE-2500 BCE) saˈbaʀ , (ME-1700 BCE) saˈbaʀ , (LE-800 BCE) səˈβaʔ , (modern Egyptological) sɛbɑ IPA
sabɜíw (Loprieno) Alt pronunciation
seba Traditional Pronunciation
~ sbAw (teachers, plur)
sabāāu/ⲥⲁⲃⲉⲉⲨ (plur) Coptic
~ sbAyt : instruction(s), teaching, teaching (written)
sboouā/ⲥⲃⲟⲟⲩⲉ (doctrine, teaching) Coptic
sbA : (learn, learning, instruction, teaching)
sbo/ⲥⲃⲟ , sabo/ⲥⲁⲃⲟ? (learn) Coptic
~ sbAyt : (learn, learning)
sbꜣt Demotic
sḥai /ⲥϩⲁï (learning); sbō /ⲥⲃⲱ (S, sA, B, F), sbou/ⲥⲃⲟⲩ (A, sA) (instruction, teaching, doctrine);
sabē/ⲥⲁⲃⲏ (wise) Coptic
sophia /σοφία (wisdom) Greek
(Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) /saˈbaʀjat/, (Middle Egyptian 1700 BCE) /saˈbaʀjaʔ/ (Late Egyptian 800 BCE)
/səˈβoːʔə/ (modern Egyptological) /sɛbɑiːt/, Conventional anglicization: sebayt, sabɜīwat (Loprieno) IPA
sebayt Traditional Pronunciation
~ sbAywt : (learn, learning) (plr)
(S) sboouā/ⲥⲃⲟⲟⲩⲉ, (S) sbōouā/ⲥⲃⲱⲟⲩⲉ, (A) sbavā/ⲥⲃⲁⲩⲉ, (sA) sbouāiā/ⲥⲃⲟⲩⲉⲓⲉ, (B) sbōoui/ⲥⲃⲱⲟⲩⲓ ,
(F) sbaoui/ⲥⲃⲁⲟⲩⲓ , (F) cfavi/ⲥϥⲁⲩⲓ (plural) Coptic
sbA , zbA (flute)
zamara/ زمــر (sometimes b was tranalted as a m) (flute) (AEP J.P.A. p62) Arabic
sbk : (close (arms around someone, shut away)
ⲥⲱⲕ/ sōk (close) Copitc
sbn , zbn : (bandage (linen), especially as a wrapping for a mummy)
sbn, snb Demotic
säbän/ሰበን (kerchief, miter, scarf, handkerchief, sudary) Ge'ez
saban/ 𐍃𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (linen) Gothic
sábanon/σάβανον , σᾰ́βᾰνον (linen cloth or towel) Ancient Greek
sabani/საბანი (Laz); sabän/საბა̈ნ , saban/საბან (blanket) Georgian
sabanum (A linen cloth for wiping or wrapping up in; towel, napkin) Latin
seben/ⲥⲉⲃⲉⲛ (B) Coptic
savan/սավան (bedsheet, sheet, shroud, cerement (for dead) Armenian
sávan/са́ван (shroud, dress for the dead) Russian
(5th BCE Attic) sá.ba.non , (1st CE Egyptian) ˈsa.ba.non , (4th CE Koine)ˈsa.βa.non ,
(10th CE Byzantine) ˈsa.va.non , (15th CE Constantinopolitan) ˈsa.va.non IPA
sbq : (be excellent)
sōtᵉp/ ⲥⲱⲧⲡ︦ (S, A, sA, A, B, F) (choose, chosen, exquisite, choicer, better) Coptic
sbt : (reed (used for inhaling)
(S) sēbā/ⲥⲏⲃⲉ, (S) sēfi/ⲥⲏϥⲉ, (B) sēbi/ⲥⲏⲃⲓ, (B) sebi/ⲥⲉⲃⲓ, (F) sēfi/ⲥⲏϥⲓ, (S) sb/ⲥⲃ (reed, greave, shin-bone, kohl bottle ) Coptic
sbT : (laugh)
(S, A) sōbə/ⲥⲱⲃⲉ , (B, F) sōbi/ⲥⲱⲃⲓ (laugh, mock) Coptic
sd : (tail)
(S, B) sat/ⲥⲁⲧ , (A, sA, B) sət/ⲥⲉⲧ , (S, Sf, B) sēt/ⲥⲏⲧ (tail) Coptic
sdm : (eye paint, stibium ,antimony, kohl stibnite used in ancient Egypt and Rome for eye cosmetics.)
msdmt (black eye makeup, kohl) Alt Egyptian
guḫlu/ 𒉌𒌓𒋆𒁉𒍣𒁕 (antimony, stibium) Akkadian
KHL Semitic
kaḥal / כחל (paint the eyelipss) Hebrew
kvhla/כוחלא Aramaic
takuā́y /ተኳለ (made up one's eyelashes with antimony, darken) Ethiopic
kuḥlā/ ܟܘܚܠܐ Syriac
kʷəḥəl/ኵሕል Ge'ez
taẓult (antimony, name of an eye shadow) Berber
stimi/στιμι, stîmi/στῖμῐ , stíbi/στίβι , stímmi/στίμμι , stímmis/στίμμις , steimi/στειμι (stibium) (Marcion) Greek
(S, B) stēm/ⲥⲧⲏⲙ, (B) stʰēm /ⲥⲑⲏⲙ (stibium, antimony, kohl); əstʰēm /ⲉⲥⲑⲏⲙ (B) , estēm/ ⲥ⳰ⲑⲏⲙ Coptic
timūnyah/تمونية (Masri) Egyptian Arabic
kuḥl/كُحْل Arabic
ʾiṯmid/ إثمد Arabic
(ˈsti.biˌʏm) stibium Latin
stɪbɪəm , sɛdɛm (modern Egyptological) IPA
sDm : (hear (voice etc), hear of (something), listen (to), obey, understand, judge, satisfy (conditions)
stm Demotic
šamaʕ “to hear, to listen” Proto-Semitic
š-m-ꜥ (to hear) Semitic
sādəm < sāḏVm (Satzinger) Proto-Afroasiatic
(S, sA, F) sōtem/ⲥⲱⲧⲙ︦ , (A, sA) sōtmā/ⲥⲱⲧⲙⲉ , (B, F) sōtəm/ ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ , (S) sātm/ⲥⲉⲧⲙ , (S) sātᵉm/ⲥⲉⲧⲙ︦ ,
(S) sotm/ ⲥⲟⲧⲙ , (Sa, A, sA) satm/ ⲥⲁⲧⲙ , (B) sotʰm/ⲥⲟⲑⲙ , (F) sōtm/ ⲥⲱⲧⲙ (listen),
sōtəm /ⲥⲱⲧⲉⲙ (B) (hear, listen, obey) Coptic
sytʰis/συθις (from name Ἐσερσυθις/Wsỉr-sḏm) Greek
ˈsaːcʼam (infinitive), saˈcʼimna (perfect), sacʼˈma (subjunctive), ˈsaːcʼim (active participle),
ˈsacʼmiw (passive participle) (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C); ˈsaːtʼam (infinitive) (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C.);
ˈsoːtʼəm (infinitive)(Late Egyptian 800 B.C.) IPA
sādmij (M) sadmījat (F), sá:ḏam (Loprieno) , sādəm (Satzinger), sôtom Alt Pronunciation
sedjem Traditional Pronunciation
sōdjem > sōtem (later) Fix
~ sDm.n=f : (He heard)
saḏímnaf (Loprieno), sadmáf Alt Pronunciation
~ir.f sDm : (he does hear)
afsōtem /ⲁϥⲥⲱⲧⲙ︦ Coptic
sDt : (fire, flame)
sati/ⲥⲁⲧⲓ, sātā/ⲥⲉⲧⲉ Old Coptic
saḥtā/ⲥⲁϩⲧⲉ (S), caḥti /ⲥⲁϩϯ (B), cāḥti/ⲥⲉϩϯ (F) (kindle fire, heat, burn, kindle); (S, A) satā/ⲥⲁⲧⲉ (S) saatā/ⲥⲁⲁⲧⲉ, sotā/ⲥⲟⲧⲉ,
(A, sA, O) sātā/ⲥⲉⲧⲉ , (A) sāātā/ⲥⲉⲉⲧⲉ , (B, F) sati/ⲥⲁϯ (fire) Coptic
sft : (sword, knife)
sfy (sword, knife) Demotic
(S, A, sA) cēfā/ⲥⲏϥⲉ , (S) cēbā/ⲥⲏⲃⲉ , (B, F) sēfi/ⲥⲏϥⲓ , (F) sēbi/ⲥⲏⲃⲓ (sword, knife) Coptic
säyf/ሰይፍ (sword) Amharic
sayif/ סַיִף Hebrew
sayf/ سيف (sword) Arabic
seyf/سیف Ottoman Turkish
xíphos/ξίφος Ancient Greek
sft : (oil , conifer resin)
(S) sifā/ⲥⲓϥⲉ, (S) sēfā/ⲥⲏϥⲉ, (S) sibā/ⲥⲓⲃⲉ, (S) sēbā/ⲥⲏⲃⲉ , (B, F) sifi/ⲥⲓϥⲓ , (F) sibi/ⲥⲓⲃⲓ,
(F) sif/ⲥⲓϥ (tar , tar tree, cedar) Coptic
sfx(w) : ( 7, seven)
sṗɣ Proto-Afro-Asiatic
šbʿ , sabʕ Proto-Semitic
säbʕu Ge'ez
šap-ḫa /sapḫa 𒉺𒅁𒄩 (14th BC) Cuneiform
sebe Akkadian
saptá सप्त Sanskrit
sábà Cypriot
shvi'i/ שְׁבִיעִי (seventh); shiv'a/ שִׁבְעָה , sheva'/sheba שֶׁבַע (seven) Hebrew
sashf/ ⲥⲁϣϥ (S, sA) , shashf/ ϣⲁϣϥ (B), sakhf/ⲥⲁⳉϥ (A), sāshf/ⲥⲉϣϥ (S), shāshb/ϣⲉϣⲃ (F), soshf/ⲥⲟϣϥ (NH)
[abv. ⲝ︦ ] (male) Coptic
sabʕ , sabꜤa/ سبعة Arabic
sept (porinouced set) French
Septem, Septimus Latin
(OE 2500 BC)ˈsafχaw ; (ME 1700 BC) ˈsafχaw ; (Amarna-period LE 1350 BC) ˈsafχə (LE 800 BC) ˈsaχf IPA
sefekh Traditional Pronunciation
safkhaw/safḫaw, sáfḫaw ( Callender , Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ sfxt : (seven) (F)
saspʰā/ⲥⲁⲥⲫⲉ , saspʰi/ⲥⲁⲥⲫⲓ Old Coptic
sashfā/ⲥⲁϣϥⲉ (S, sA), saḥbā /ⲥⲁϩⲃⲉ (Sa), saḥfā/ⲥⲁϩϥⲉ (sA), sakhafā/ⲥⲁⳉϥⲉ (A),
soshfā/ⲥⲟϣϥⲉ (NH) shashfi/ ϣⲁϣϥⲓ (female) Coptic
~ sfxiw : (seventy)
shfā/ ϣϥⲉ (S), eshvā/ ϣ⳰ⲃⲉ (S), sshfā/ⲥϣϥⲉ (S), khbā/ⳉⲃⲉ (A), skhbā/ⲥⳉⲃⲉ (A), sbā/ⲥⲃⲉ (A), shbē/ϣⲃⲏ (F) Coptic
safḫáwju (Callender) , safḫéw (Loprieno) , safḫaw Alt Pronunciation
sgnn : (ointments, oil)
sgn Demotic
(S) sokʲn/ⲥⲟϭⲛ, (Sa) saknā/ⲥⲁⲕⲛⲉ, (A) sakʲnā/ⲥⲁϭⲛⲉ, (sA, F) sakʲn/ⲥⲁϭⲛ, (F) sodjin/ⲥⲟϫⲓⲛ, (F) sodjān/ⲥⲟϫⲉⲛ,
(F) sakʲān/ⲥⲁϭⲉⲛ, (S) skān/ⲥⲕⲉⲛ (ointments); (B) sodjān/ⲥⲟϫⲉⲛ (ointments, oil) Coptic
sɛɡɛnɛn (modern Egyptological) IPA
seɡenen Traditional Pronunciation
sHmt: (women)
sḥm.t Demotic
esḥimi / ́ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ, (s)ḥimə/ (ⲥ)ϩⲓⲙⲉ Coptic
ḥijam, ḥjm.t./ḥijmat > (s)ḥimə/ (ⲥ)ϩⲓⲙⲉ evolution
sHwr: (to cruse, cause to be wretched)
sakhēōu /ⲥⲁⳈⲟⲩ, saḥou /ⲥⲁϩⲟⲩ Coptic
si , s : (man)
sa Budge
sa /ⲥⲁ Coptic
säwə /ሰው Amharic
~ st : (women)
sɪt / ستّ Arabic
sin : (clay)
tˤīn/ טִין (mud, clay) Hebrew
tīn / طين (clay, mud) Arabic
sis(w) : ( 6 , six (m)
isw , jsw , sʲsw , srsw? Alt Egyptian
jisǎw Middle Egyptian
šidθ Proto-Semitic
sadis Tuareg Ghat
sítte Cypriot
səssu Ge'ez
ṣáṣ/ षष्, shat/ षट् Sanskrit
šiš Akkadian
š-š / 𐤔𐤔 , ššt/ 𐤔𐤔𐤕 Phoenician
shishi/ שִׁשִּׁי (sixth (M); shisha/ שִׁשָּׁה , shesh/ שֵׁשׁ (six (F) Hebrew
sḍis; sḍist (F) Berber
six (pronouced seis) Spanish
seese French
sex, sextus Latin
sitt, sitta/ ستة Arabic
so-ou /ⲥⲟⲟⲩ (S, B), sav/ⲥⲁⲩ (Sa, A, sA, F), sev/ⲥⲉⲩ (S) [abv. 𐋦︦ ] (Male) Coptic
ˈsaʔsaw IPA
sāsaw , j˘ssáw (Callender) , sáʾsaw (Loprieno ) Alt Pronunciation
sis(u) Traditional Pronunciation
~ sist : six (f)
ist, is(w)t , sjst , jst ? Alt Egyptian
so/ ⲥⲟ (S), coouā/ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S), sōā/ⲥⲱⲉ (A), soā /ⲥⲟⲉ (S, sA), sa/ⲥⲁ (F), sā /ⲥⲉ (Female) Coptic
j˘ssát (Callender) , sáʾsaw (Loprieno ) Alt Pronunciation
sisiw, sisw, iswiw : ( 60 , sixty)
sā/ⲥⲉ (S, NH) Coptic
j˘ssáwju (Callender) , saʾséw (Loprieno), sasaw Alt Pronunciation
skA: (cultivate, plough (Faulkner, Page 251, Budge 704)
skAw (can mean ploughmen) Alt Egyptian
skai /ⲥⲕⲁⲓ (S), skhai /ⲥⲭⲁⲓ (B) Coptic
skk, swk, skw/y/ʔ (to cultivate, to hoe or sow) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
skk, sikk-at (to harrow, harrowed land) Proto-Semitic
s1k-t (plough or harrow) Epigraphic South Arabian
sVkka/i(-t) (plow) Berber
swk, skw (to sow, reap corn, hoe, plow) Western Chadic
sak (sow cotton) Central Chadic
swk (to sow), sukk (seed) Omotic
sikkat (peg, nail, ploughshare) Armenian
suk (to plow) Tangale
šakāku (to harrow), šikkatu (harrowed land) Akkadian
šookk Sheko
šū́kà (to sow) Hausa
šok (to sow) Kafa (Kaficho)
sm : (help, succour, a priest )
sayma Demotic
esmou /ⲥ⳰ⲙⲟⲩ , (S, A, sA, B, F) smou/ⲥⲙⲟⲩ , (S) smō/ⲥⲙⲱ , (sA) smamə/ⲥⲙⲁⲙⲉ (bless, praise) Coptic
smA : (unite, join (a company), associate (with), arrive (in)
sóm/σόμ< Φρισόμτουϛ (name) Greek
(S) sōm/ⲥⲱⲙ, (S) som/ⲥⲟⲙ , (S, A) sam/ⲥⲁⲙ , (S) sēm/ⲥⲏⲙ (subdue, press, pound) Coptic
smAa , smAat : (to ascribe righteousness of blessing to someone)
smAa Late Kingdom
(S, A, sA, B, F) smou/ⲥⲙⲟⲩ , (S) smō/ⲥⲙⲱ , (sA) smamā/ⲥⲙⲁⲙⲉ , (S, sA) smamaat/ⲥⲙⲁⲙⲁⲁⲧ,
(S, sA) smamant/ⲥⲙⲁⲙⲁⲛⲧ ,(S, sA) smaat/ⲥⲙⲁⲁⲧ , (A, B) smamat/ⲥⲙⲁⲙⲁⲧ , (B) smawat/ⲥⲙⲁⲩⲁⲧ ,
(F) smamāt/ⲥⲙⲁⲙⲉⲧ, (F) smamāāt/ⲥⲙⲁⲙⲉⲉⲧ , (B) smarōout/ⲥⲙⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩⲧ (bless, praise);
smamaat/ⲥⲙⲁⲙⲁⲁⲧ (blessed); smamā/ⲥⲙⲁⲙⲉ (blassing, praise) Coptic
smi : (report, make report, complain, announce, proclaim, acknowledgement (of letter)
smmy, semmȧi (Budge) (to report , to inform against, to accuse) Alt Egyptain
sǔm , sǐm (name) Proto-Afroasiatic
sum(ts)- (name) Omotic
sǔm , sǐm- (name) Cushitic
ṣǝm (name) Chadic
ism (name) Arabic
shǝma (name) Assyrian
isen / isem (name) Berber
sᵉmmā/ⲥⲙ︦ⲙⲉ (petition, accusation), (S, A) smmā/ⲥⲙⲙⲉ , (A) smma/ⲥⲙⲙⲁ , (B) sāmi/ⲥⲉⲙⲓ, (F) sēmmi/ⲥⲏⲙⲙⲓ,
(F) sēmmē/ⲥⲏⲙⲙⲏ (appeal, make application) Coptic
s.mn(.t) : (make firm, establish, make to endure, perpetuate, fasten, make fast, set in place (parts of body), set up (stela), record (events),
confirm (office), affix (adornments), make to stay, set aside, leave to stand, take station,)
simī:nit Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
sminā/ ⲥⲙⲓⲛⲉ (S, A), smēnā/ⲥⲙⲏⲛⲉ (sA), smini/ⲥⲙⲓⲛⲓ (F), smn/ⲥⲙⲛ (S, A), smān/ⲥⲙⲉⲛ (S, F), smin/ⲥⲙⲓⲛ (S),
smnt/ⲥⲙⲛⲧ (S), smmn/ⲥⲙⲙⲛ (sA), sāmnā/ⲥⲉⲙⲛⲉ (B), smnt/ⲥⲙⲛⲧ (S, A, F), sāmnēt/ⲥⲉⲙⲛⲏⲧ (B, F), smont/ⲥⲙⲟⲛⲧ (S, B),
smot/ⲥⲙⲟⲧ (B), smant/ⲥⲙⲁⲛⲧ (A, sA, F), smaant/ⲥⲙⲁⲁⲛⲧ (sA),
sssmnēout/ⲥⲥⲙⲛⲏⲟⲩⲧ (B) (be established, set right, in order) Coptic
smtr : ( bear witness to (truth), examine, make enquiry)
(S, A) sōnt/ⲥⲱⲛⲧ, (S) sont/ⲥⲟⲛⲧ , (A) sant/ⲥⲁⲛⲧ (look) Coptic
sn : ( brother )
sn Demotic
îts (brother) Proto-Afroasiatic
itsim- (brother) Omotic
itsan , isan (brother) Cushitic
sin (brother) Chadic
son /ⲥⲟⲛ , san /ⲥⲁⲛ Old Coptic
son /ⲥⲟⲛ (S, B), san /ⲥⲁⲛ (Sa, A, sA, M, F, L), sān /ⲥⲉⲛ (S), sn/ⲥⲛ (S) (brother) Coptic
sanu (Proto-Egyptian), san (Old Egyptian), sɛn (modern Egyptological), ‘sɔn (S, B) (Peust); san (Loprieno) IPA
sen Traditional Pronunciation
sǎn(u) Alt Pronunciation
san Fix
~ snw : (brothers)
snēw/ⲥⲛⲏⲩ (S, A, sA, F), esnēou/ⲥ⳰ⲛⲏⲟⲩ (A, B, F), snāv/ⲥⲛⲉⲩ (F), snāou/ⲥⲛⲉⲟⲩ (F) (plur) Coptic
ˈsaːnat (OE), ˈsaːnə (LE) , sɛnɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
senet Traditional Pronunciation
sanŭwaw to sanēw > (ⲥⲛⲏⲩ) Alt Pronunciation
~ snt : (sister)
snt > snˀ > sōnā /ⲥⲱⲛⲉ Evolution
snt Demotic
swésōr Proto-Indo-European
sōni /ⲥⲱⲛⲓ (B, F), sōnə /ⲥⲱⲛⲉ (S, A, sA, F) (sister) Coptic
'sa.natʰ (OE), 'sa.na , 'sa.na(tʰ) (ME), 'sa.na/ (LE) (JPA); sā:nat (Loprieno) IPA
Alt Pronunciation
~ snwt : (sisters)
snēw/ⲥⲛⲏⲩ (S, A, sA, F), sōni /ⲥⲱⲛⲓ (B, F), sōnā/ⲥⲱⲛⲉ (S, A, sA, F) Coptic
.sn : (them, they, their)
r dx.w r dr.w / in order to subject them and subdue them. Example
.w Late Kingdom
shunu Assyrian
sina , sin IPA
sə/ⲥⲉ (they) , cou/ⲥⲟⲩ (them, they), ou/ⲟⲩ (they, them, their) Coptic
* ref https://en.wikiversity.org
snb : (be healthy, well, become well, recover)
**It has been mentioned that /snb/ might have been an early form of Shalām, Šalama
senb, snib Budge
SA-r-mi (peace) (J.P.A ME KRI IV 19, 3) Alt Egyptian
šalām Proto-Semitic
šalāmu/𒁲 (health, well being), šulmu/𒁲 (be/become health, be well), ša-la-mu/ 𒃻𒆷𒈬 (to be/become healthy , being well) Akkadian
säsam /ሰሳም Amharic
salām/سَلَام , salima /سلم (be safe) Arabic
silem, sliem Maltese
salaam English
saljám/саля́м, seljám/селя́м , salám/сала́м, salóm/сало́м Russian
salaam/ סלאם , šəlom / שָּׁﬥוֹם Hebrew
šəlāmāשְׁלָמָא/ Aramaic Hebrew
šəlāmā/ܫܠܡܐ Aramaic Syriac
šâlom/ࠔࠞࠋࠬࠌ Aramaic Samaritan
sälam/ ሰላም Ge'ez
šālōmשָׁלוֹם / Hebrew
šālōm/ شَالُوم Arabic
shalom English
šalóm/ шало́м Russian
sholem/שלום Yiddish
səlōm Mehri
slm/ 𐩪𐩡𐩣 Old South Arabian
šlm/ 𐤔𐤋𐤌 Phoenician
sälam/ ሰላም Tigrinya
šlm/ 𐎌𐎍𐎎 Ugaritic
soubēt/ⲥⲟⲩⲃⲏⲧ (B), soubēout/ⲥⲟⲩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲧ (B) (well-looking, decent) Coptic
snD : (to fear)
snD(t) Alt Egyptian
snd Late Kingdom
snat /ⲥⲛⲁⲧ (S) (fear) Coptic
sɛnɛd͡ʒ (modern Egyptological) IPA
senedj Traditional Pronunciation
~ snDt : (fear)
canoutʰ/ⲥⲁⲛⲟⲩⲑ (coward) Coptic
snD , snDt (F) (Thorn Acacia Tree , Nile Acacia)
šndt, shi-ttah? Late Kingdom
Sndt, Sntt Alt Egyptian
šamṭu, samṭu/ 𒊭𒄠𒂅 (acacia) Akkadian
akakíā/ἀκᾰκίᾱ (from akḗ/ἀκή (point) (Acacia) Greek
shittah / שִׁטִּים (Acacia, tree and a wood) Hebrew
sant / سنط , ṣunṭ Arabic
(S) shontā/ϣⲟⲛⲧⲉ , (Sf, A, sA) shantā/ϣⲁⲛⲧⲉ , (B) shonti/ϣⲟⲛϯ , (F) shanti/ϣⲁⲛϯ (thorn tree (acacia nilotica);
shān(s)/ϣⲉⲛ(ϣ) (acacia wood) Coptic
šondat Alt pronunciation
snH : (bind, entwine)
sneḥ Budge
sinīḥ/ⲤⲚⲀϨ >
snavḥ /ⲥⲛⲁⲩϩ (S, B), snōḥ /ⲥⲛⲱϩ (A), snooḥ/ⲥⲛⲟⲟϩ (A), snaḥ, /sinīḥ/ ⲥⲛⲁϩ (sA, B), snāvḥ /ⲥⲛⲉⲩϩ (F),
snāvaḥ/ⲥⲛⲉⲩⲁϩ (F) (bond, fetter), ⲥⲱⲛϩ (S, A, sA, B, O), ⲥⲉⲛϩ (B), ⲥⲟⲛϩ (S, B), ⲥⲁⲛϩ (Sf, A, sA, F), ⲥⲟⲛϩ (S, B),
ⲥⲁⲛϩ (A, F) (be bound, fettered, bnd) Coptic
siněwḥ Fix
~ snHw : bind, entwine (plr)
cnoouḥ /ⲥⲛⲟⲟⲩϩ (S) (Plr) Coptic
snHm, znHm : (grasshopper, locust)
sD (locust) Demotic
znḥm (locust), sA-nHmw Alt Egyptian
sulx̣am Proto-Afroasiatic
sol'ām Semitic
sol'ām or sā-lə-‘ām/ סָּלְעָ֖ם (locus) (Leviticus 11:22) Hebrew
(S) sannāḥ /ⲥⲁⲛⲛⲉϩ (grasshopper) Coptic
(OE 2500 BC) zunˈħuːm(V)w ; (ME 1700 BC) sunˈħuːm(V)w; (Amarna-period LE 1350 BC) sənˈħuːmə;
(LE 800 BC) sənˈħeːm IPA
sun'ḥu:mVw, zun'ḥu:mvw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
zenhem Traditional Pronunciation
~ snHm(w) : (grasshopper, locust) (plr)
(S) shdjēw/ϣϫⲏⲩ, (B, F) shdhēou/ϣϫⲏⲟⲩ (locusts) Coptic
snHy : (command)
saḥnā /ⲥⲁϩⲛⲉ Coptic
snf : (blood)
snof /ⲥⲛⲟϥ (S, B, F), snob/ⲥⲛⲟⲃ (S, O), snaf/ⲥⲛⲁϥ (Sf, A, sA, F), snouf/ⲥⲛⲟⲩϥ (Sf) Coptic
(OE 2500 BCE) ziˈnaf , (ME 1700 BCE) IPA(key): siˈnaf , (LE 800 BCE) IPA(key) səˈnaf ,
zɛnɛf (modern Egyptological) IPA
~ snfw : (blood) (plural)
snōōf/ⲥⲛⲱⲱϥ (S), snoof/ⲥⲛⲟⲟϥ (A), snōf/ⲥⲛⲱϥ (A, B) (blood) (plural) Coptic
sanāf Alt Pronunciation
snnt : (likeness)
smot/ⲥⲙⲟⲧ (form, pattern, manner, character, likeness) Coptic
snsn : (be brotherly, fraternize, associate, brothery effection)
sansan (befriend) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
snTr : (incense, cense, consecrate, perfume)
snṯr (Frankincense, incense), nTryt (natron?) Faulkner
sneter (incense), s-nether (purify with natron, cense), sneṭer 𓊹𓌢𓂧𓊸𓈓 (incense) Budge
sontā/ⲥⲟⲛⲧⲉ (S/ UE), sonti /ⲥⲟⲛϯ (B/ LE ) (resin), stinoufⲉ /ⲥϯⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ (S, A, F) ,
stnoubə/ⲥⲧⲛⲟⲩⲃⲉ , (B) stʰoinoufə/ⲥⲑⲟⲓⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ, (B) stʰunoufə/ⲥⲑⲩⲛⲟⲩϥⲉ
(perfume, incense , good smell) Coptic
sn(w) , sn(wy) : ( 2 , two (m)
(ú)waj ? (needs ref) Old Egyptian
snwy (dual forms only), snw.wj Alt Egyptian
θnā, θny Proto-Semitic
sin Tuareg Ghat
xnayn Cypriot
snāou/ⲥⲛⲉⲟⲩ , snaou/ ⲥⲛⲁⲟⲩ Old Coptic
snav, snaï/ ⲥⲛⲁⲩ, es-nav/ ⲥ⳰ⲛⲁⲩ, snaav/ⲥⲛⲁⲁⲩ (S), snāv/ⲥⲛⲉⲩ (A, sA, B), sno/ⲥⲛⲟ (A),
snō/ ⲥⲛⲱ (Sa), snāou/ⲥⲛⲉⲟⲩ (Sa, F), snnāou/ⲥⲛⲛⲉⲟⲩ (Sa), snou/ ⲥⲛⲟⲩ (Sa), [abv. ⲃ︦ ] (male) Coptic
sn Proto-Berber
sin, sen; snat, sent (F) Berber
šina / 𒈫 Akkadian
š-n-m/ 𐤔𐤍𐤌 Phoenecian
sheni/שֵׁנִי (second), shnayim/ שְׁנַיִם(two) Hebrew
zwei German
twai Proto-Germanic
zwene, zwo Old High German
siˈnuwwaj IPA
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) san , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) san , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) san
sen Traditional Pronunciation
~ sntw : (two) (plur)
snāou/ⲥⲛⲉⲟⲩ , snaou/ ⲥⲛⲁⲟⲩ Old Coptic
snav, snaï/ ⲥⲛⲁⲩ, es-nav/ ⲥ⳰ⲛⲁⲩ, snaav/ⲥⲛⲁⲁⲩ (S), snāv/ⲥⲛⲉⲩ (A, sA, B), sno/ⲥⲛⲟ (A),
snō/ ⲥⲛⲱ (Sa), snəou/ⲥⲛⲉⲟⲩ (Sa, F), snnəou/ⲥⲛⲛⲉⲟⲩ (Sa), snou/ ⲥⲛⲟⲩ (Sa), [abv. ⲃ︦ ] (male) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE)ˈsaˈnuːwaw , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) saˈnuːwaw ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) səˈneːw (Loprieno) IPA
senu, senuy Traditional Pronunciation
~ snt, snty : (two) (f)
snw.t (sanútaj) Alt Egyptian
útaj ? (needs ref) Old Egyptian
sᵉntə /ⲥⲛ︦ⲧⲉ (S,A), enouti/ ⲥ⳰ⲛⲟⲩϯ (B,F), sēnti /ⲥⲏⲛϯ (F), snoutə/ⲥⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (Sf) (female) Coptic
sn.tj /síntvj > sᵉntə /ⲥⲛ︦ⲧⲉ (Loprieno) Evolution
síntaj (Callender) , sinúwwaj (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
sn(w) : (they) (m)
sunū Proto-Semitic
šunu Akkadian
ou/ⲟⲩ, cou/ⲥⲟⲩ, cā/ ⲥⲉ (they) Coptic
sina , sin (AEVP) IPA
.sny : they (dual)
sunā Proto-Semitic
sunī(ti) Akkadian
siniʲ (AEVP) IPA
sp : ( time , occasion, matter, affair, case)
sop/ⲥⲟⲡ (S, B), sap/ⲥⲁⲡ (Sa, Sf, A, sA, F), sp/ⲥⲡ (S) (occasion, time) sp/ⲥⲡ (S, F) ,
səp/ⲥⲉⲡ (S, F) (year in dating events, documents)Coptic
sāpa Alt Pronunciation
~ spw : (times, occasions)
sōōp/ⲥⲱⲱⲡ (S), soop/ⲥⲟⲟⲡ (S) (occasions, times) Coptic
zāp Alt Pronunciation
~ wn sp : (one time)
ouson/ⲟⲩⲥⲟⲡ (one time) Coptic
spd : (sharp, effective, skilled, display skill, supply (food), restore to order)
sbt (to equip) Demotic
spdd (to prepare) Alt Egyptian
sobtə/ⲥⲟⲃⲧⲉ (S) , coftə/ⲥⲟϥⲧⲉ (S), sobti/ⲥⲟⲃϯ (B), (Sf, A, sA) cabtə/ⲥⲁⲃⲧⲉ , (F) sabti/ⲥⲁⲃϯ, (F) safti/ⲥⲁϥϯ, (S, A) cbtə/ⲥⲃⲧⲉ ,
(S, B) səbtə/ⲥⲉⲃⲧⲉ , (S, A, sA, F) sbtōt/ⲥⲃⲧⲱⲧ, (B) səbtōt/ⲥⲉⲃⲧⲱⲧ , (S, A) sbtōt/ⲥⲃⲧⲱⲧ , (S) sftōt/ⲥϥⲧⲱⲧ ,
(A) sbtat/ⲥⲃⲧⲁⲧ , (sA) sbtait/ⲥⲃⲧⲁⲓⲧ , (B) səbtōt/ⲥⲉⲃⲧⲱⲧ (be ready, prepare, set in order,
ready, prepare, set in order) Coptic
/spd.tʲ/ > sa'pidtVʲ (you are sharp) sɘpedtɘ > spet (1,000 BCE) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
spi : remain over, be left out, excluded, abandoned
(S, A, sA, F) səəpə/ⲥⲉⲉⲡⲉ , (S, A) səpə/ⲥⲉⲡⲉ , (S) cipə/ⲥⲓⲡⲉ , (B) səpi/ⲥⲉⲡⲓ , (F) sēēpi/ⲥⲏⲏⲡⲓ
(remain over, be remainder, leave remaining, spare) Coptic
spr : apeal to, petition (someone), make petition) (Faulkner 223)
spsp (pray entreat, comfort) (Černý 160) Demotic
sopsp/ⲥⲟⲡⲥⲡ (S), sapsp/ⲥⲁⲡⲥⲡ (A, sA, F), spsp/ⲥⲡⲥⲡ (S, A), sopsəp/ⲥⲟⲡⲥⲉⲡ (B), sobsəb/ⲥⲟⲃⲥⲉⲃ (B),
spsōp/ⲥⲡⲥⲱⲡ (S, sA) , səpsəp/ⲥⲉⲡⲥⲉⲡ (B), spsōp/ⲥⲡⲥⲱⲡ (S), səpsōp/ⲥⲉⲡⲥⲱⲡ (S, A, sA),
səpsōp/ⲥⲉⲡⲥⲱⲡ (S) (pray, entreat, comfort) Coptic
Spst : (nobelewomen)
sipsiyə - from (sipesiye /sipsiyə/𐦯𐦢𐦧𐦡𐦯𐦢𐦤𐦡 (name tA-Spst, “The Noblewoman”) Meroitic
šapši/ϣⲁⲡϣⲓ , capci/ϭⲁⲡϭⲓ (from name tA-Spst, “The Noblewoman”) Coptic
sepsis/Σεψις (from name tA-Spst, “The Noblewoman”) Greek
spt : (lip , shore, brink, brim, boardr, margin)
śapat (lip) Proto-Semitic
šaptu (lip) (AEP J.P.A. p62) Akkadian
špt /šapatu/𐎔𐎚(lip) Ugariti
šaptum/ˈʃap.tum/𒅻 (lip) Old Babylonian
śapat (lip) Semitic
sep̄ṯa/ܣܶܦܬܳܐ (lip, brim, rim, boarder, edge, brink, shore, coast) Western Neo-Aramaic
sep̄ṯa/ܣܶܦܬܳܐ (lip, brim, rim, boarder, edge, brink, shore, coast) Classical Syriac
sip̄tā/ סִיפְתָּא, śip̄tā/ שִׂיפְתָּא Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
sipuuthe/ סיפוותה (lip, boarder, bank) Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
sip̄tā/ סִיפְתָּא (lip, boarder, bank) Jewish Literary Aramaic
sipuata /ܣܝܦܘܐܬܐ (lip, boarder, bank) Christian Palestinian Aramaic
ṥapat (lip) Afroas
šafa/ شَفَة (lip, rim, edge) Arabic
safá, śāfâ/ שָׂפָה (lip, near mouth, rim) Hebrew
spotou /ⲥⲡⲟⲧⲟⲩ (S), spatou /ⲥⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩ (A, F), spʰotou /ⲥⲫⲟⲧⲟⲩ (B) (lips, edge, shore) Coptic
sa:pat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ spty : (lips)
spat Old Coptic
spotou /ⲥⲡⲟⲧⲟⲩ (S), spatou /ⲥⲡⲁⲧⲟⲩ (A, F), spʰotou /ⲥⲫⲟⲧⲟⲩ (B) (lips) Coptic
sp.tj/ saptvʲ , spat (OC) sa'patjaj ? > spotw /ⲥⲡⲟⲧⲟⲩ (Loprieno)Evolution
sāptVʲ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
sqr : (to strike, to work metal)
askós/ἀσκός (skin, hide); askéō/ἀσκέω (to work, form to adorn, decorate, trick out to honor, revere to practice,
exercise, train (often, but not always, of athletics) Greek
sr : (official, magistrate, nobleman)
srj (nobleman, officer) Demotic
(S) shaliou/ϣⲁⲗⲓⲟⲩ, (S) shalēou/ϣⲁⲗⲏⲟⲩ, (S, F) shaliw/ϣⲁⲗⲓⲩ, (S) shariou/ϣⲁⲣⲓⲟⲩ (Administrative, official) Coptic
sr : eunuch (Late Kingdom)
siour/ⲥⲓⲟⲩⲣ (eunuch) Coptic
~ rsiour/ⲣⲥⲓⲟⲩⲣ (make into eunuch)Coptic
sr : (ram)
jsw (ram, sign of the Zodiac) Alt Egyptian
sr (ram) Demotic
sro /ⲥⲣⲟ (ram); əsoou/ⲉⲥⲟⲟⲩ (S), əsav/ⲉⲥⲁⲩ (Sa, A, sA, F), əsōou/ⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩ (B) (sheep) Coptic
~ srt : (sheep (female)
əsō/ⲉⲥⲱ (S) (sheep) Coptic
sr : butter, possibly cheese
syr Demotic
zr Alt Egyptian
(S) sir/ⲥⲓⲣ, (S) sērā/ⲥⲏⲣⲉ, (S) saāir/ⲥⲁⲉⲓⲣ, (S) caāirā/ⲥⲁⲉⲓⲣⲉ, (A) səərə/ⲥⲉⲉⲣⲉ , (sA) sïrə/ⲥⲉⲓⲣⲉ,
(S) sair(ə)/ⲥⲁⲓⲣ(ⲉ) (first milk (colostrum), butter) Coptic
smør (butter) Norwegian & Danish
smjör Icelandic
smör Swedish
srt : thorn, spike, dart
swrt (thron, spike) Demotic
sourə/ⲥⲟⲩⲣⲉ (S, A, sA), souri/ⲥⲟⲩⲣⲓ (B, F), sour/ⲥⲟⲩⲣ (S), sar/ⲥⲁⲣ (S), sr/ⲥⲣ (S), sər/ⲥⲉⲣ (S, B) (spike, dart) Coptic
sS (Transliteration), zXA (more accurate) : (scribe)
sS 𓋴𓈙𓏞𓏛 , zS 𓊃𓈙𓏞𓏛 Variation
zXA (scribe) (OK), sxA (write) (OK), zẖꜢw (plur?) (OK), sXA (OK); zs; śḫꜢ 𓏞𓋴𓆼𓀁 (scribe)(AE&HG) Alt Egyptian
sẖ (to write, scribe) Demotic
sX Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow
ssor Meroitic
sōpēr (scribe), ktb (writing) Semetic
soper (scribe) < sẖ (NK) (Hoch) Canaanite
ekhea/ Ἒχεα (Isaaci Casauboni animadversionum in Athenaei Dipnosophistas libri XV, opus) Greek
saḥ /ⲥⲁϩ Old Coptic
sakh/ⲥⲁⳉ (A), sāḥ/ⲥⲉϩ (F), saḥ /ⲥⲁϩ (S, sA), sakh/ⲥⲁϧ (scribe, writer, teacher, master);
(S, sA) sḥai/ⲥϩⲁⲓ , (S) saḥāi/ⲥⲁϩⲉⲓ, (A) skhāi/ⲥⳉⲉⲓ, (A) skhāāi/ⲥⳉⲉⲉⲓ, (sA) sḥāāi/ⲥϩⲉⲉⲓ, (S, F) sḥēt/ⲥϩⲏⲧ, (B) schai/ⲥϧⲁⲓ,
(B) sai/ⲥⲁⲓ , (F) sḥāi/ⲥϩⲉⲓ, (F) seiḥei/ⲥⲉⲓϩⲉⲓ, (F) seiḥ/ⲥⲉⲓϩ, (F) sḥā/ⲥϩⲉ, (F) sāi/ⲥⲉⲓ, (F) sāt/ⲥⲉⲧ, (S) sḥai/ⲥϩⲁⲓ , (S) sāḥ/ⲥⲉϩ,
(sA) saḥ/ⲥⲁϩ , (A) skhei/ⲥⳉⲉⲓ, (B) skhā/ⲥϧⲉ, (B) skhēt/ⲥϧⲏⲧ, (B) sēt/ⲥⲏⲧ , (F) sḥā/ⲥϩⲉ, (F) sḥē/ⲥϩⲏ , (F) sē/ⲥⲏ, (F) sḥāt/ⲥϩⲉⲧ,
(F) sāt/ⲥⲉⲧ, (F) sēt/ⲥⲏⲧ, (S) sḥais/ⲥϩⲁⲓⲥ, (S) sḥait/ⲥϩⲁⲓⲧ, (S) saḥ/ⲥⲁϩ, (S) sḥa(ei)/ⲥϩⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓ , (S) saḥt/ⲥⲁϩⲧ , (S) sāḥt/ⲥⲉϩⲧ,
(A) sakh/ⲥⲁⳉ , (A) skheit/ⲥⳉⲉⲓⲧ , (sA) saḥ/ⲥⲁϩ , (B) skhēt/ⲥϧⲏⲧ , (F) sḥāt/ⲥϩⲉⲧ , (F) sḥēt/ⲥϩⲏⲧ , (F) sāt/ⲥⲉⲧ, (S, sA) sēḥ/ⲥⲏϩ ,
(A) sēkh/ⲥⲏⳉ , (B) skhēout/ⲥϧⲏⲟⲩⲧ, (F) sḥēout/ⲥϩⲏⲟⲩⲧ (write, draw, paint) Coptic
s(V)ha, z(V)ha , z(V)kha (write, draw, paint) , saḥ (scribe, writer) (UE main), sakh(a) (scribe, writer) (UE Achmim),
səḥ (scribe, writer) (LE, Nile River valley WB), s(V)kha (write) (OK); s(V)sh (MK?); sesh - s(V)sh (NK);
sēkha, sakh(ē) (Archaic); saḥ (Old Coptic) (*Note (V) unknown vowel*) Evolution
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) ziˈçiʀ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) siˈçiʀ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) səˈçej ;
zaẖɜa-u > /'zaçʀaw/ > ⲥⲁϧ /sax/, zɛçɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
sesh Traditional Pronunciation
sakha (more accurate) Pronunciation
~ sS aA (great scribe) Egyptian
sakha/ⲥⲁⲭⲁ Old Coptic
sakho/ⲥⲁⲭⲟ (S), sakhō/ⲥⲁⲭⲱ (S), sakha/ⲥⲁⲭⲁ (F) (great scribe, village scribe, craftsman, official) Coptic
~ sSw (Scribes, plur)
zXA.w (scribe) Alt Egyptian
skhowwi/ⲥϧⲟⲩⲓ (scribe, writer, teacher, master) Coptic
zaẖɜau-aw > zaç'ʀaːwaw (prehistoric to Old Kingdom, c. 3300–2700 B.C.E.-3rd Dynasty onward) >
saçˈʀaːwaw (6th Dynasty-the New Kingdom) > saçˈjaːwaw (late Middle Kingdom to early New Kingdom,
by c. 1400 B.C.E.) > saçˈjaːjəʔ (late Middle Kingdom to early New Kingdom, by c. 1400 B.C.E.) >
saçˈʔaːjəʔ (late Middle Kingdom to early New Kingdom, by c. 1400 B.C.E.) > səçˈʔaːjəʔ
(New Kingdom, by c. 1350 B.C.E.) > səˈçaːjə (New Kingdom) > səˈçoːj
(late New Kingdom, after c. 1200 B.C.E.) > səˈçuːj (Third Intermediate Period to Late Period) >
sçuːj (Demotic) > sxuːj (Late Period, c. 400–300 B.C.E.) > sxuj (1858-1940 CE) > skhoul /ⲥϧⲟⲩⲓ (Coptic) IPA
sáhɜa:waw > zẖy.w /zəç'ʔaːj(vw) > ⲥϧⲟⲩⲓ /sxuːj/ ; sɘẖ'ʔa:ʲ (Schenkel) (Diacritic) Alt pronunciation
seshu Traditional Pronunciation
sakhau (more accurate) Pronunciation
~ zXAww/zẖꜣww (scribes Alt Egyptian)
zaçˈʀaːwaw (P-OK), saçˈʀaːwaw (6th D), saçˈjaːwaw (LMK-NK 1400 BCE), saçˈjaːjəʔ (LMK-ENK),
səˈçaːjə (NK), səˈçoːj (LNM 1200 BCE), səˈçuːj (3rd IP-LP), sçuːj (700 BCE-100 CE),
sxuːj (LP 400-300 BCE), sxuj (1858-1940 CE), skhoui/ⲥϧⲟⲩⲓ (Coptic) (ref Loprieno) Evolution
sáhɜaw (Schenkel) (Diacritic) Alt pronunciation
zekha Conventional Anglicization
~ sS nTrw (scribes of the gods)
sakⁱ ᵉn nənoutə /ⲥⲁϧ ⲛ⳰ ⲛⲉⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ (scribe of god) Coptic
sS : (write, writing)
sXA (OK) Alt Egyptian
zXA (scribe), sxA (write), zS (write), zẖꜢw (OE spellings) Alt Egyptian
sX Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow
si'hiR (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
sḥai /ⲥϩⲁⲓ (S, sA), sāḥ/ⲥⲉϩ (S), sḥais/ⲥϩⲁⲓⲥ (S), sḥait/ⲥϩⲁⲓⲧ (S), saḥ/ⲥⲁϩ (S, sA), sḥa(ā)i/ⲥϩⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓ (S),
saḥt/ⲥⲁϩⲧ (S), sāḥ/ⲥⲉϩ (S), skhai/ⲥϧⲁⲓ (B), sakh/ⲥⲁϧ (B), sai/ⲥⲁⲓ (B), skhā/ⲥϧⲉ (B), skhēt/ⲥϧⲏⲧ (B),
sēt/ⲥⲏⲧ (B), skhēout/ⲥϧⲏⲟⲩⲧ (B), skhāi/ⲥⳉⲉⲓ (A), sakh/ⲥⲁⳉ (A), skhāit/ⲥⳉⲉⲓⲧ (A), skhāāi/ⲥⳉⲉⲉⲓ (A),
sḥāāi/ⲥϩⲉⲉⲓ (sA), sḥēt/ⲥϩⲏⲧ (S, F), cḥā/ⲥϩⲉ (F), sḥē/ⲥϩⲏ (F), sē/ⲥⲏ (F), sḥāt/ⲥϩⲉⲧ (F), skhēout/ⲥϩⲏⲟⲩⲧ (F),
sāt/ⲥⲉⲧ (F), sēt/ⲥⲏⲧ (F) (write, draw paint) Coptic
sáhɜaw (Schenkel) (Diacritic) Alt pronunciation
sesh Traditional Pronunciation
sakha (more accurate) Pronunciation
ssm : (horse)
ʃómù (horse) Dogon
sys / 𐤎𐤎 Phoenician
sēkʲ /ⲥⲏϭ (S, F), sikʲ/ⲥⲓϭ (A), siākʲ/ⲥⲓⲉⲓϭ (A), chēdj/ⲥⲏϫ (B) (horse, foal of ass) Coptic
~ ssmt : (mare)
sāākʲā/ⲥⲉⲉϭⲉ (S) (mare) Coptic
susym /סוּסִים Hebrew
sSn : (lotus, lily)
zšn (Diacritic), senshen (Budge), z(š)šn Alt Egyptian
sšn (lotus) Demotic
susan Proto-Afro-Asiatic
twt Ugaritic
sheshanu (lily), šūšanu/ 𒋗𒊭𒉡 (six sided), shishshu (sixth) Akkadian
shishno/ ܫܝܼܫܢܵܐ (E),'ši:š na:/ܫܺܝܫܢܳܐ (W) (butomus, flower); shwashanāa /ܫܘܿܫܲܢܵܐ (E), (lily, flower) Syriac
shōshntʔ /שושנתא Aramaic
šošanáשׁוֹשַׁנָּה / (II Chron. iv. 5) (Lily) Yiddish
shoshán,šošánשׁוֹשָׁן/ (I Kings vii. 19) (lotus, Lilly), (Name) Shoshanah, shoshan (rose)
שש (Zohar) (lily) (t is a white flower of sweet but narcotic perfume, and it receives its name because the flower has,
in every case, six [שש] petals, within which are six long filaments) (Zohar), shoshannah (rose, lily) (Tiḳḳunim);
שׁוֹשַׁנָּה/šōšannā, (lily) Hebrew
shōshən /ϣⲱϣⲉⲛ (lily) Coptic
sāusān /سَوْسَن , sūsān/ سوسان (Vulgar) Arabic
soûson /σοῦσον (lily (plant of the genus Lilium) ; soúsinos/ σούσῐνος Greek
Susan (English name means lilly) English
shōshən/ ϣⲱϣⲉⲛ (B) (lily, waterlily, lotus) Coptic
zaˈçaːçVn (P-OK), zaˈʃaːʃVn (3rd D+), saˈʃaːʃVn (6th D), ˈsaːʃVn (1stIP +), ˈsaːʃən (NK 1300 BCE),
ˈsoːʃən (LNM 1200-1000 BCE),ˈʃoːʃən (LP), shōshən/ϣⲱϣⲉⲛ (Coptic) Evolution
zɛʃɛn (modern Egyptological) IPA
zeshen, seshen Traditional Pronunciation
šūšān Alt Pronunciation
sushen fix
sSr - nsw : (royal linen)
(S, A) shns/ϣⲛⲥ , (B) shāns/ϣⲉⲛⲥ (linen of fine) Coptic
sSSt : (sistrum)
sSS/ⲥϣϣ (Sistra) Coptic
st : (they)
sā /ⲥⲉ Coptic
st : (seat, throne, place, grounds (of house), department, office, storehouse, position, rank of official)
sā /ⲥⲉ, si /ⲥⲓ (seat, throne, place) Coptic
st : (women)
sat Budge
st-Hmt (pronounced zɛt ħɛmɛt IPA) (women) (ME) > s-ḥmt (woman) (Demotic) > sḥimi/ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ (Coptic)
**woman (ⲥⲁ + ϩⲓⲙⲉ) Evolution
~ st-Hmt (women)
s.ḥm.t Demotic
sem (wife) Meroitic ?
simā/ⲥⲓⲙⲉ , ḥimā/ϩⲓⲙⲉ Old Coptic
(F) simi/ⲥⲓⲙⲓ , (F) simï/ⲥⲓⲙⲉⲓ , (S, A, sA) sḥimā/ⲥϩⲓⲙⲉ , (B, F) sḥimi/ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ, (F) simā/ⲥⲓⲙⲉ, (S) sïmā/ⲥⲉⲓⲙⲉ,
(S) sḥā/ⲥϩⲉ , (S, A, sA) ḥimā/ϩⲓⲙⲉ, (S) ḥim/ϩⲓⲙ, (F) ḥēm/ϩⲏⲙ Coptic
sTA : weave, spin
sōti/ⲥⲱϯ (B), sōte/ⲥⲱⲧⲉ (S) (stretch, reach, spin) Coptic
sTi : (sow)
sitə /ⲥⲓⲧⲉ , sat/ⲥⲁⲧ , sət/ⲥⲉⲧ , sēt/ⲥⲏⲧ , satə/ⲥⲁⲧⲉ (sow) Coptic
sw : (Day of the month)
(S, A, sA) cēu/ⲥⲏⲩ , (A, sA, B) sēou/ⲥⲏⲟⲩ, (S, A, B, F) sou/ⲥⲟⲩ , (S) sō/ⲥⲱ (time, season) Coptic
sw : (him, he) 𓇓𓅱
šū Proto-Afro-Asiatic
šuwa ( šū cognate to) Proto-Semitic
sou/ⲥⲟⲩ (him, he), sou/-ⲥⲟⲩ (them), sə/ⲥⲉ (they) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) suw , (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) suw , (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) su ,
(modern Egyptological) suː IPA
suw Alt Pronunciation
~ swt : (him)
suwt IPA
swdi : (plant (with trees)
ṣadu (plant) Proto-Sinaitic
ṣad (plant) Proto-Canaanite
swHt : (egg)
(S) soouḥə/ⲥⲟⲟⲩϩⲉ, (S, Sf) sauḥə/ⲥⲁⲩϩⲉ, (Sa, A, sA) cauḥ(ə)/ⲥⲁⲩϩ(ⲉ), (B) sōouḥi/ⲥⲱⲟⲩϩⲓ (egg, crown of head) Coptic
swnt : (arrow)
(S) sotə/ⲥⲟⲧⲉ, (S) sootə/ⲥⲟⲟⲧⲉ, (Sf, A) satə/ⲥⲁⲧⲉ , (B, F) sati/ⲥⲁϯ (arrow, dart) Coptic
swnt , swt : (price)
ʲiswat Alt Pronunciation
swnw : (physician, doctor)
(S) saïn/ⲥⲁⲉⲓⲛ, (S) sainə/ⲥⲁⲓⲛⲉ, (A) səïnə/ⲥⲉⲉⲓⲛⲉ, (sA) sïnə/ⲥⲉⲓⲛⲉ, (B, F) sēini, saj-ni/ⲥⲏⲓⲛⲓ, (F) sēən/ⲥⲏⲉⲛ, (S) sēin/ⲥⲏⲓⲛ,
(NH) soïn/ⲥⲟⲉⲓⲛ , səïn/ⲥⲉⲉⲓⲛ (physician) Coptic
swr : (to drink)
rwy (to drink ones fill) Semitic
(S, sA, B, F) sō/ⲥⲱ, (S, A, sA) sou/ⲥⲟⲩ, (S, A, B, F) sə/ⲥⲉ, (S, F) sa/ⲥⲁ , (S) səv/ⲥⲉⲩ, (S) sou/ⲥⲟⲩ ,
(S, A, sA) soo/ⲥⲟⲟ, (B) so/ⲥⲟ, (F) saa/ⲥⲁⲁ , (S, A, B) sav/ⲥⲁⲩ (drink) Coptic
sxt : (field, marshland, country (beside town)
(S) sōshā/ⲥⲱϣⲉ, (Sa) sōkhā/ⲥⲱⲭⲉ, (Sa) shōḥā/ⲥⲱϩⲉ, (F) shōshi/ϣⲱϣⲓ (field, meadow, country) Coptic
s-xtxt : (enquiry, investigation)
s-khetkhet Budge
khtkhot/ϧⲧϧⲟⲧ Old Coptic
(S) ḥotḥt/ϩⲟⲧϩⲧ , (Sf, sA) ḥatḥt/ϩⲁⲧϩⲧ , (A) khatkh(a)t/ⳉⲁⲧⳉⲧ , (B) chotchət/ϧⲟⲧϧⲉⲧ , (F) ḥatḥət/ϩⲁⲧϩⲉⲧ , (S) ḥətḥ(ə)t/ϩⲉⲧϩ(ⲉ)ⲧ ,
(B) chətchət/ϧⲉⲧϧⲉⲧ , (S, F) ḥətḥōt/ϩⲉⲧϩⲱⲧ , (A) kh(a)tkhōt/ⳉⲧⳉⲱⲧ , (B) chətchōt/ϧⲉⲧϧⲱⲧ , (S, Sa) ḥətḥōt/ϩⲉⲧϩⲱⲧ ,
(B) chətchōt/ϧⲉⲧϧⲱⲧ, ḥotḥᵉt/ϩⲟⲧϩⲧ︦ (inquire, examine) Coptic
sykAt (derangment, maddness, folly)
sikha-t Budge
siḥā/ⲥⲓϩⲉ (S) (derangment of the mind) (be removed, displaced, move, remove self, withdraw) Coptic/'sa.natʰ/ (OE)
S
SA : (field, meadow, countryside, marsh, swamp)
sōshā/ⲥⲱϣⲉ (S), sōkhā/ⲥⲱⲭⲉ (Sa), sōḥā/ⲥⲱϩⲉ (Sa), shōshi/ϣⲱϣⲓ (F) (field, meadow, country) Coptic
~ SAw : (fields, meadows, countrysides, marshes, swamps)
sooshshā/ⲥⲟⲟϣϣⲉ ? Coptic
SA, SAi : (pig)
iš (sow) Demotic
(S) shā/ϣⲉ (pig); (B, S) āshav/ⲉϣⲁⲩ, (A) sha /ϣⲁ Coptic
~ SAw : (pigs) (plr)
(S, B) āshav/ⲉϣⲁⲩ, (S) shav/ϣⲁⲩ, (F) āshāv/ⲉϣⲉⲩ (plural) Coptic
~ SAt : (sow)
(S, B, F) āshō/ⲉϣⲱ, (S, B, F) āshō/ⲉϣⲱ, (S) āsho/ⲉϣⲟ, (S) shou/ϣⲟⲩ, (A) ākhou/ⲉⳉⲟⲩ, (S, F) āshou/ⲉϣⲟⲩ, (sow) Coptic
SAa : (begin, be the first, spring, originate)
(S, sA, B, F) shōrp /ϣⲱⲣⲡ, (F) shōl(ā)p /ϣⲱⲗ(ⲉ)ⲡ, (S) sh(ā)r(ā)p /ϣ(ⲉ)ⲣ(ⲉ)ⲡ , (B) shārp /ϣⲉⲣⲡ , (S, B) shorp /ϣⲟⲣⲡ ,
(S) shopr /ϣⲟⲣⲡ, (NH) sharp /ϣⲁⲣⲡ (be early); (S, B, F) shorp /ϣⲟⲣⲡ , (sA, F) shar(ā)p /ϣⲁⲣ(ⲉ)ⲡ ,
(S) sh(ā)rp /ϣ(ⲉ)ⲣⲡ , (S) shorpā /ϣⲟⲣⲡⲉ (f), (B) shorpi /ϣⲟⲣⲡⲓ (f) , (F) sharpi /ϣⲁⲣⲡⲓ (f) (earliest, first) Coptic
SAa-r : (as far as)
r-SAa Alt Egyptian
šꜥ (as far as) Demotic
sha/ϣⲁ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA, B, F) sha/ϣⲁ , (S) shaa/ϣⲁⲁ, (Sa) ḥa/ϩⲁ , (S, B) sharo/ϣⲁⲣⲟ , (S) shaaro/ϣⲁⲁⲣⲟ, (A, sA, F) shara/ϣⲁⲣⲁ ,
(sA) shaara/ϣⲁⲁⲣⲁ, (F) shala/ϣⲁⲗⲁ (to, toward a person, at, by, for of time, up to) Coptic
shāshā/ شـاشـا (to rise) Egyptian Arabic
ɛr ʃɑʔɑː (modern Egyptological) IPA
Sad: (cut, cut off, cut down, slay) */d/ turned to /t/ often in late kingdom
shōōt/ϣⲱⲱⲧ (S, sA, F) , shōt/ϣⲱⲧ (S, sA, B), shō(ō)tā/ϣⲱ(ⲱ)ⲧⲉ (S), shōti/ϣⲱϯ (B), shouot/ϣⲟⲩⲟⲩⲧ (A),
shout/ϣⲟⲩⲧ (A), sh(ā)t/ϣ(ⲉ)ⲧ (S, sA, B, F) , sheet/ϣⲉⲉⲧ (S, F), shat/ϣⲁⲧ (B), shōt/ϣⲱⲧ (sA), shaat /ϣⲁⲁⲧ (S, sA),
shat/ϣⲁⲧ (S, A, B), shāāt/ϣⲉⲉⲧ (F), shaat/ϣⲁⲁⲧ (S, A), shat/ϣⲁⲧ (S, B), shēt/ϣⲏⲧ (S), shat/ϣⲁⲧ (S, B, F),
shot/ϣⲟⲧ (B) Coptic
SAmw: (large jug)
šurāmu (container) Akkadian Old Babylonian
SAnAS: (foul, stinking)
shnosh /ϣⲛⲟϣ Coptic
SArm , SArma: (peace) (LK)
𓆷𓄿𓂋𓐝𓂝𓀃𓏥 Egyptian
šālōm/ שָׁלוֹם Hebrew
SAsw: (Shephard)
shoos /ϣⲱⲥ Coptic
Say : (sand)
(S, A, B, F) shoah, shō/ϣⲱ , (A) shou/ϣⲟⲩ, (A) shouou/ϣⲟⲩⲟⲩ (sand) Coptic
Sbd, SAbd : (stick)
šbt (stick) Demotic
šabāṭum/𒌚𒀾 (month of wheat (the start of harvest season) Akkadian
š-b-ṭ/שֵׁבֶט (a wand, a staff; a swatting rod, cattle prod or a shepherd's crook) Hebrew
shbōt/ϣⲃⲱⲧ (S) Coptic
Sdi : (field, meadow, countryside, marsh, swamp)
ša-de-e Akkadian
Sdi : (take away, remove, cut out, stave off)
shōōt/ϣⲱⲱⲧ (S, sA, F), shōt/ϣⲱⲧ (S, sA, B), sō(ō)tā/ϣⲱ(ⲱ)ⲧⲉ (S), shōti/ϣⲱϯ (B), shouout/ϣⲟⲩⲟⲩⲧ (A),
shout/ϣⲟⲩⲧ (A), sh(ā)t/ϣ(ⲉ)ⲧ (S, sA, B, F), shāāt/ϣⲉⲉⲧ (S, F), shat/ϣⲁⲧ (B),
shaat/ϣⲁⲁⲧ (S, sA, A), shat/ϣⲁⲧ (S, A, B), shāāt/ϣⲉⲉⲧ (F),
shēt/ ϣⲏⲧ (S) (cut, slay, be cut short, want, lack) Coptic
Sdt : (pool, well, plot of land)
(S, A, sA) shōtā/ϣⲱⲧⲉ , (S) shōōtā/ϣⲱⲱⲧⲉ , (B, F) shōti/ϣⲱϯ (well, cistern, pit) Coptic
Shb : (hot wind)
Sahd/ صهد Egyptian Arabic
sHwr : (curse, vilify)
shouōr/ⲤϨOⲨⲰⲢ, cahou/ⲤⲀϨOⲨ (curse) Coptic
Sm : (to go)
(S, A, sA, B) shā/ϣⲉ , (S, Sa, F, O) shē/ϣⲏ , (S) shāi/ϣⲉⲓ , (Sa) shai/ϣⲁⲓ , (B) mashā/ⲙⲁϣⲉ (imperative) (go) Coptic
šeʔ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Sm : (father in law)
shem Budge
shom/ϣⲟⲙ (S, B), shoom/ϣⲟⲟⲙ (S), sham/ϣⲁⲙ (A, sA), shōm/ϣⲱⲙ (B) Coptic
~ Smw : (fathers in law)
šamāw Alt Pronunciation
shmowwi/ϣⲙⲟⲩⲓ (S), shmōou/ϣⲙⲱⲟⲩ (B), shmou/ϣⲙⲱⲩ Coptic
~ Smyt : (sister in law)
shemi-t Budge
shōmā/ϣⲱⲙⲉ (S, sA), shōmi/ϣⲱⲙⲓ (B), shomi/ϣⲟⲙⲓ (F) Coptic
Sma : (music, make music, sing)
zemä/ዜመ (sing religiously) Ge'ez
shema/ שְׁמַע (audio, sound, hear (Possible connection?) Hebrew
SmAw : (Upper Egypt 'The Sedge')
tA SmAw Alt Egyptian
Taasehamu /ታስሀሙ Ethiopic
marēs/ⲙⲁⲣⲏⲥ (B, S, F) (Southern Country, Upper Egypt) Coptic
Ṣaʿīd Miṣr,/صعيد مصر ; aṣ-Ṣaʿīd / الصعيد Arabic
SmA : (foreigner)
šmꜥ Demotic
shmmo/ϣⲙⲙⲟ (S, A, sA), shmo/ϣⲙⲟ (S), shmō/ϣⲙⲱ (S), shāmmo/ϣⲉⲙⲙⲟ (B), shām(m)a/ϣⲉⲙ(ⲙ)ⲁ, (F)
shim(m)a/ϣⲓⲙ(ⲙ)ⲁ (F), shma/ϣⲙⲁ (Sf, F) (stranger); shmmo/ϣⲙⲙⲟ (S, A, sA), shmo/ϣⲙⲟ (S), shmō/ϣⲙⲱ (S),
shāmmo/ϣⲉⲙⲙⲟ (B), shām(m)a/ϣⲉⲙ(ⲙ)ⲁ (F), shim(m)a/ϣⲓⲙ(ⲙ)ⲁ (F), shma/ϣⲙⲁ (Sf, F) (stranger) Coptic
~ SmAt : (foreigner) (F)
shmmō/ϣⲙⲙⲱ (S, sA), shmmou/ϣⲙⲙⲟⲩ (A)
~ SmAw : (foreigners)
shmmoāi /ϣⲙⲙⲟⲉⲓ (S), shmmoi/ϣⲙⲙⲟⲓ (S), shmmōou /ϣⲙⲙⲱⲟⲩ (B), shmmai/ϣⲙⲙⲁⲓ (A, sA),
shāmmōou/ϣⲉⲙⲙⲱⲟⲩ (B), shimmaav/ϣⲓⲙⲙⲁⲁⲩ (F), ōou/ ⲰOⲨ (B) (strangers) Coptic
šamꜢǎw Alt Pronunciation
Smm (hot, be warm, have a fever, become feverish)
(S) ḥmom/ϩⲙⲟⲙ, (S) shmom/ϣⲙⲟⲙ, (A) khmam/ⳉⲙⲁⲙ, (Sf, sA, F) ḥmam/ϩⲙⲁⲙ, (B) chmom/ϧⲙⲟⲙ, (S, sA, F) ḥēmti/ϩⲏⲙ+,
(B) chēmti/ϧⲏⲙ+ (be hot, have a fever) Coptic
~ Smmt : (fever, inflamation)
(S, sA) ḥmmā/ϩⲙⲙⲉ, (B) chāmi/ϧⲉⲙⲓ, (F) ḥāmi/ϩⲉⲙⲓ, (F) ḥïmi/ ϩⲉⲓⲙⲓ (heat, fever) Coptic
SmSm-tw , SmSmt , SmSm-t : (Hemp, marijuana, hashish, hash) (meaning to apply heat or flame) 𓈙𓅓𓈙𓅓𓏏𓆰𓏥
šmšm-t (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
shemshem-t (sesame seed) (claimes, since been disproven) <
(bassed off of ) simsim/ⲥⲓⲙⲥⲓⲙ (S), smsim/ⲥⲙⲥⲓⲙ (S) , smsm/ⲥⲙⲥⲙ (S), sāmsēm/ⲥⲉⲙⲥⲏⲙ (S) Coptic (sesame) Budge
sula benet Semitic
šam azallû (Indica) (Dictionary of Assyrian Botany by Thompson, R. Campbell. 1949.) Assyrian
ṣaḥīḥ (nickname for Hashish) Syrian
kunibu Sumerian
qanabis/קַנַּבּוֹס (marijuana) Hebrew
hashishab (Indian hemp) (word used in Egypt at the time) Indian-Egypt
sam/ 삼 (marijuana) Korean
shadanaj/ ﳪـد انــج (The royal grain, nectar?) ? Persian
(S) ḥmom/ϩⲙⲟⲙ, (S) shmom/ ϣⲙⲟⲙ, (A) khamam/ⳉⲙⲁⲙ, (Sf, sA, F) ḥmam/ϩⲙⲁⲙ, (B) khmom/ ϧⲙⲟⲙ,
(S, sA, F) ḥēm/ ϩⲏⲙ , (B) khēm/ϧⲏⲙ (heat fever) ; stuppion? (Studies in Ancient Technology,
Volume 4 By R. J. Forbes) Manniche [81], ārbisi/ⲉⲣⲃⲓⲥⲓ (hemp) (B) Coptic
kánnabis/κάνναβις, kánnabiós/καννάβιός , kánnabida/κανναβίδα (Herodotus);
kánnabides/κανναβίδες (Ephippus, Cydon) Greek
An other remedy: celery and marijuana pound together, then let rest in their own liquid, wash out both eyes in
the morning/ k.t pXr.t : mAt.t SmSm.t qnqn, sdr n iAd.t, iai ir.ty n.s im dwAy (Papyrus Ramassei III, col. 26) Source
Smsw : (worship, retainer, follow, accompany, serve, bring, resent)
Sms , Smsy Alt Egyptian
šimsiʲ Alt Pronunciation
shmshā /ϣⲙϣⲉ (S, A, sA), shāmshi/ϣⲉⲙϣⲓ (B, F), shēmshi/ϣⲏⲙϣⲓ (F), shemshā/ϣⲉⲙϣⲉ (B), shmshēt/ϣⲙϣⲏⲧ (S),
shāmshēt/ϣⲉⲙϣⲏⲧ (B), shmshēw/ϣⲙϣⲏⲩ (A), shamshā /ϣⲁⲙϣⲉ (B) (serve, worship) Coptic
ˈʃimsij (Old Egyptian, 2500-Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), ˈʃemsə (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE), ʃɛmɛs(u) (modern Egyptological) IPA
shemsu Traditional Pronunciation
Smt : (walking, gait movement, action, business)
šm.t> šĭ́mỉ ͝ t >šĭ́ỉỉ ͝ ʾ > shā /ϣⲉ Evolution
shē/ϣⲏ Old Coptic
shā /ϣⲉ (S, A, sA, B), shē/ϣⲏ (S, Sa, F), shï/ϣⲉⲓ (S), shai/ϣⲁⲓ (Sa) (go) Coptic
Smw: (Harvest season summer)
šmw Demotic
shom /ϣⲱⲙ (S, A, sA, B, F, O), shamē/ϣⲁⲙⲏ (f) (summer) Coptic
semu/ΣΕΜΟΥ, theros/θερος Greek
ʃɛmuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
Shemu Traditional Pronunciation
Shomu Fix
~ 1st Smw : Khonsu-Pakhons
pA-n-xnsw 𓐍𓈖𓇓𓅱𓀭, 𓐍𓈖𓇓𓏲 "month of Khonsu", 𓊪𓈖𓐍𓈖𓇓𓏲𓅆 p(Ꜣ)-n-ḫnsw (Allen) ( 9 May – 7 June) (NK)
Xensu/ Khensu Edfu & Ramesseum
Hnsw Old Kingdom
xnsw 𓐍𓈖𓇓𓏲𓅆 Middle Kingdom
PꜢ-n-Ḫnsw (Pakhon), Ḫnśw Demotic
Bashans Latin
Pachon/ Παχών, ΠΑΧΩΝ Greek
(B) Pashons /Ⲡⲁϣⲟⲛⲥ (S) Pashōns/Ⲡⲁϣⲱⲛⲥ, (S) Pakhons/Ⲡⲁⲭⲟⲛⲥ , (S) Pashons/ⲡⲁϣⲟⲛⲥ, (S) Pashans/ⲡⲁϣⲁⲛⲥ ,
(S) Pakhans/ⲡⲁⲭⲁⲛⲥ , (S) Paḥanss/ⲡⲁϩⲁⲛⲥⲥ, (S) Paḥons/ ⲡⲁϩⲟⲛⲥ, (S) Anshoos/ⲁⲛϣⲟⲟⲥ , (F) Pashans/ⲡⲁϣⲁⲛⲥ,
(F) Pashas/ⲡⲁϣⲁⲥ Coptic
Bashans/Ⲃⲁϣⲁⲛⲥ Modern Coptic
Bashans/ بشنس Arabic
~ 2nd Smw :
pA-n-in.t "month of bringing in" , p(Ꜣ)-n-jnt 𓊪𓈖𓇋𓆛𓈖𓏏𓈉 "The one of Wadi" (Allen) (NK)
Horu (Hor-xent-xati) Edfu & Ramesseum
xnty-Xty 𓏅𓈖𓏏𓄡𓍘𓏭 ; xnt-Xty-prti 𓏅𓈖𓏏𓄡𓍘𓇋𓇋𓉐𓏺𓂋𓏏𓏭𓅆 (Allen) ; Hr-xnty-Xdyti 𓅃𓃿𓏏𓄡𓂧𓇋𓇋𓍘 Middle Kingdom
PꜢ-n-ỉn.t (Payni), Ḫnśw Demotic
Ba'ouna Latin
Payni /Παῦνι, ΠΑΥΝΙ, Παϋνί Greek
(B) Paōni /Ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲓ , (S) Paōnā /Ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲉ , (S) Paōni/ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲓ, (S) Paouni/ⲡⲁⲟⲩⲛⲓ, (S) Paēnə/ⲡⲁⲏⲛⲉ,
(S) Poonə/ⲡⲟⲟⲛⲉ , (B, F) Paōni/ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲓ Coptic
Baona/Ⲃⲁⲟⲛⲁ Modern Coptic
Ba’ūnah/ بوؤنه Arabic
~ 3rd Smw :
pA-n-in.t 'month of bringing in' 𓇋𓊪𓇋𓊪𓏯𓎱𓇳 (Festival)
Apep, Ipip /aApp(i) "the spitter" ? Alt Egyptian
Ȧpet Edfu & Ramesseum
Ipet-Ḥemet/ ipt-Hmt 𓇋𓊪𓏏𓍛𓏏 "She whose Incarnation is Select" (Allen) Middle Kingdom
Ỉpỉp (Epiph) Demotic
Abib Latin
Epiphi/ Ἐπιφί, Epeiph/ Ἐπείφ Greek
(S) Āpip/Ⲉⲡⲓⲡ , (S, B) Āpēp/Ⲉⲡⲏⲡ , (S) Āpēpʰ/ⲉⲡⲏⲫ, Abib/Ⲁⲃⲓⲃ, Coptic
Epep Modern Coptic
Abīb/ أبيب Arabic
~ 4th Smw :
mswt-Ra Hrwaxty "the birth of Ra-Heruakhety", mswt-ra 𓄟𓋴𓅱𓏏𓁒𓇳𓏺 'birth of the sun',
𓄟𓋴𓏲𓏏𓅆𓏪𓂋𓂝𓇳𓅆"Birth of Ra" (Allen) (NK)
Horu (Hor-ra-m-xut) Edfu
Horu (Hor-m-xut) Ramesseum
Wep-Renpet/ wp-rnpt 𓄎𓎱 'Opening of the year' , pA-Smt-n-Hrw "the going out and coming of
Heru" Middle Kingdom
Mśw.t.RꜤ (Mesore) Demotic
Mesra Latin
Mesorḗ, Mesori /Μεσορή Greek
(B) Məsōri/Ⲙⲉⲥⲱⲣⲓ, (S, B) Məsōrē/Ⲙⲉⲥⲱⲣⲏ , (S, B) Məsori/Ⲙⲉⲥⲟⲣⲏ ,
(S, B) Məsourē/ⲙⲉⲥⲟⲩⲣⲏ, (S) Məsorə/ⲙⲉⲥⲟⲣⲉ, (S) Məsourə/ⲙⲉⲥⲟⲩⲣⲉ,
(S) Mēsourə/ⲙⲏⲥⲟⲩⲣⲉ, (S) Mēsouri/ⲙⲏⲥⲟⲩⲣⲓ, (S) Mēsōrē/ⲙⲏⲥⲱⲣⲏ, (S) Mousōrē/ⲙⲟⲩⲥⲱⲣⲏ,
(S) Mousorə/ⲙⲟⲩⲥⲟⲣⲉ, (S) Misourē/ⲙⲓⲥⲟⲩⲣⲏ, (S) Məssouri/ⲙⲉⲥⲥⲟⲩⲣⲓ < mswt-ra (birth of the Sun) Coptic
Mesra Modern Coptic
Misra, Mesra/ مسرى , Masrá/ مسرا Arabic
Sn , Sni , Sny : (tree)
si-ni Akkadian
ʃuːn(?)j/ > /ʃeːnə/, še:nɘ , šū:nVʲ > še:nə (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Sni : ( inquire into (a matter), question (someone), litigate, curse, utter (sedition), exorcise, conjure (sickness)
šn (to ask) Demotic
shān/ϣⲉⲛ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA) shinā/ϣⲓⲛⲉ , (B, F) shini/ϣⲓⲛⲓ , (F) shi(ni)/ϣⲓ(ⲛⲓ) , (S, B) shān/ϣⲉⲛ , (S, F) shānt/ϣⲉⲛⲧ , (sA) shn/ϣⲛ ,
(S, A, sA) shnt/ϣⲛⲧ , (B, F) shān/ϣⲉⲛ (seek, ask, greet) Coptic
Sni : (to be in pain, to suffer)
(S, A, sA) shōne /ϣⲱⲛⲉ, (B, F) shōni/ϣⲱⲛⲓ, (S) shoonā/ϣⲟⲟⲛⲉ, (NH) shonā/ϣⲟⲛⲉ (be sick, weak) Coptic
SnDwt : (loincloth)
sēdär/ סְדַר Aramaic
saˈdin/ סָדִין ( linen, garment, bedsheet, sheet) Hebrew
(S, O) shntō/ϣⲛⲧⲱ, (B) shāntō/ϣⲉⲛⲧⲱ (sheet, robe of linen) Coptic
sindōn/σινδων, otʰnion/οθονιον , sindónos/σινδονος (fine linen) Greek
Snw : (net)
šV'nuw >šɘneʔ (1,000 BCE) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
shnə/ϣⲛⲉ (S, A, sA, B), shnē/ϣⲛⲏ (S, B, F) Coptic
Snwt : (granary)
išinnu, iššenu (stalk of grain) Akkadian
shēnə/ϣⲏⲛⲉ (type of grain), (S) sēnə/ⲥⲏⲛⲉ , (S) sənē/ⲥⲉⲛⲏ, (S) sənə/ⲥⲉⲛⲉ , (B) sēini/ⲥⲏⲓⲛⲓ (bin , granary) Coptic
Sp : (take, accept, receive)
šzp (Diacritic) (assume (crown), catch (fish), purchase, wear (clothes)) Alt Egyptian
Ssp (take, accept, receive, assume (crown), catch (fish), purchase, wear (clothes) Late Kingdom
(S, A, sA, B, F) shōp/ϣⲱⲡ , (S, A, sA, B) shp/ϣⲡ , (S, B) shəp/ϣⲉⲡ , (S, B) shop/ϣⲟⲡ , (Sa, A, sA, F, B) shap/ϣⲁⲡ ,
(S, A, B, F) shēp/ϣⲏⲡ (receive, contain, take, suffer) Coptic
Spsy : (noble, august (of gods), splendid (of buildings), valuable (of plants, minerals), costly)
shapshi/ϣⲁⲡϣⲓ (noble, distinguished) Coptic
Sri : (small)
(S) shērə /ϣⲏⲣⲉ, (B) shiri /ϣⲓⲣⲓ, (F) shēli /ϣⲏⲗⲓ, (F) shili /ϣⲓⲗⲓ,
(small); shēmə /ϣⲏⲙⲉ, shm /ϣⲙ (S) (small person, thing, quality, small, young, humble, little) Coptic
shīrar Alternative Pronunciation
~ Srit : (female) Egyptian
kari (female) Proto-Nubian
shēm/ϣⲏⲙ Old Coptic
(S, sA, B, F) shēm/ϣⲏⲙ , (B) shairi /ϣⲁⲓⲣⲓ , (S) shəərə /ϣⲉⲉⲣⲉ Coptic
~ Sriw : (plur) Egyptian
shrēw/ϣⲣⲏⲩ (S), shrəv/ϣⲣⲉⲩ (S) (plur) Coptic
shirēw Alternative Pronunciation
~ Srr : (small) Egyptian
ši:rar (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Sri : (lad, younger son, small boy)
šrj (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
shā /ϣⲉ , shēri /ϣⲏⲣⲓ, sh(ā)n /ϣ(ⲉ)ⲛ (child, son) Old Coptic
(S, A, sA) shērə /ϣⲏⲣⲉ, (B, F) shēri /ϣⲏⲣⲓ, (F) shēli /ϣⲏⲗⲓ, (S, A, sA) shr /ϣⲣ , (A) shēr /ϣⲏⲣ , (F) shəl /ϣⲉⲗ ,
(S) shə /ϣⲉ , (S, F) shi /ϣⲓ, (S, B) shou /ϣⲟⲩ, (S, B, F) sh(ə)n /ϣ(ⲉ)ⲛ, (S, F) shēn /ϣⲏⲛ (child, son) Coptic
κόρος, κοὓρος (lad, young man or woman) Greek
~ Mon chéri/ my dear, dearie; duck or duckie (child) (Male) French
shīrar Alternative Pronunciation
~ Sriw : young children (plur) Egyptian
shrēw/ϣⲣⲏⲩ (S), shew/ϣⲣⲉⲩ (S) (plur) Coptic
shirēw Alternative Pronunciation
~ pa sheri/pꜢ šrỉ (the boy) Demotic
pshērə/ⲡϣⲏⲣⲉ (the girl) Coptic
~ Srit : (daughter, small girl)
šrjt (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
šr.t (daughter) Demotic
shārā /ϣⲉⲣⲉ (daughter, girl) Old Coptic
(S, A, sA) shāārā /ϣⲉⲉⲣⲉ, (S, Sf) shēērā /ϣⲏⲏⲣⲉ, (sA) shārā /ϣⲉⲣⲉ, (B) shāri /ϣⲉⲣⲓ,
(F) shēēli /ϣⲏⲏⲗⲓ (daughter, girl) Coptic
~ ta sheri/tꜢ šrỉ (the girl) (*note by Demotic they have dropped the t) Demotic
tshāārā/ⲧϣⲉⲉⲣⲉ (the girl) Coptic
~ ma chérie/ my dear, dearie; duck or duckie (child) (Female) French
Srr : (call, cry, shout) (Late Egyptian)
šll (to pray) Demotic
(S, A, sA, B, F) š̀lēl/ϣ̀ⲗⲏⲗ, (S) shll/ϣⲗⲗ (to pray) Coptic
Srt : (nose)
šy Demotic
(S) sha/ϣⲁ , (S, A, F) shā/ϣⲉ , (S) shantf/ϣⲁⲛⲧϥ , (B) shai/ϣⲁⲓ , (A, F) shāā/ϣⲉⲉ , (S, B) shant/ϣⲁⲛⲧ ,
(S) shaant/ϣⲁⲁⲛⲧ, (S) sha(a)t/ϣⲁ(ⲁ)ⲧ, (S) shatt/ϣⲁⲧⲧ, (S) shnt/ϣⲛⲧ, (S, A, F) shānt/ϣⲉⲛⲧ ,
(A, F) shāānt/ϣⲉⲉⲛⲧ (nose) Coptic
Ssp, sSpt, Sbt : (cucumber (cucumis melo)
špj, šwbj (cucumber) (Diacritic) Demotic
shōpā/ϣⲱⲡⲉ (S), shōbā/ϣⲱⲃⲉ (S), shōōpā/ϣⲱⲱⲡⲉ (S), shōōbā/ϣⲱⲱⲃⲉ (S), shoobā/ϣⲟⲟⲃⲉ (S), āshōpā/ⲉϣⲱⲡⲉ (S),
shōp/ϣⲱⲡ (S), shōpi/ϣⲱⲡⲓ (B), sho/ϣⲟⲡ (B) (cucumber, gourd) Coptic
sɛʃpɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
/Ssp/ shesep, /sSpt/ seshepet, /Sbt/ shebet Traditional Pronunciation
Ssp : (measure with hand, palm)
šzp (Diacritic) , sSp Alt Egyptian
(S,B) shop /ϢⲞⲠ , (S) shoop/ϣⲟⲟⲡ, (Sa, F) shap/ϣⲁⲡ , (S, B) shōp/ϣⲱⲡ (4-fingerbreadth, palm, measure) Coptic
ʃɛzɛp (modern Egyptological) IPA
shezep Traditional Pronunciation
Ssp : (take, accept, receive, assume (crown), catch (fish), purchase, wear (clothes)
šzp (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
šp Demotic
(S, A, sA, B) shp/ϣⲡ, (S, B) shep/ϣⲉⲡ , (S, sA, A, B, F) shōp/ϣⲱⲡ, (S, B) shop/ϣⲟⲡ , (S, A, B, F) ϣⲏⲡ ,
(S, sA, B, Sa, A, sA, F) shap/ϣⲁⲡ (receive, contain, take, suffer, acceptable, receiver) ; (S) shopshp/ ϣⲟⲡϣⲡ ,
(S) shāpshp /ϣ(ⲉ)ⲡϣⲡ , (S) shpshup /ϣⲡϣⲱⲡ (take in the arms, nurse) Coptic
ʃɛzɛp (modern Egyptological) IPA
shezep or shesep Traditional Pronunciation
Ssp : (Statue, relgiouse image, sphinx)
šzp (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
šp Demotic
sfinqs /ספינקס Hebrew
spʰíŋks/Σφῐ́γξ (Sphínx) Ancient Greek
Sfinx/Σφιγξ, Sfínga/Σφίγγα Greek
pʰíːks/φίξ Boeotian
shōp /ϣⲱⲡ (S, B, A, F, L) (to receive, to take; to buy) Coptic
(OE2500 B.C.E.) ˈʃaːzap ;(ME 1700 B.C.E.) ˈʃaːp ;(LE, 800 B.C.E.) ˈʃoːp; (1st CE Egyptian) spʰiŋks IPA
SstS : (make secret, mysterious, make inaccessible, confidential matter, (religious) mystery, problem, incomprehensible)
~ StA : (mysterious, secret, hidden, difficult, incomprehensible)
ʃɛtɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ateshtḥof/ⲁⲧϣ⳰ⲧⲁϩⲟϥ (incomprehensible) Coptic
St : (100, hundred)
št (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
shā/ϣⲉ Coptic
šúwat (Callender), ší(nju)t (Loprieno) , šinʲut Alt Pronunciation
Sty , Sti : ( 200, two-hundred)
štj (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
shēt/ϣⲏⲧ Coptic
šū́taj (Callender), šinjū́taj (Loprieno) , šinʲūtaʲ Alt Pronunciation
Sw : (sun, day light)
siua, syua Ki-Kamba-Bantu
sha/ϣⲁ (S), khēaā/ⳉⲁⲉ (A), shaiā/ϣⲁⲓⲉ (sA), shai/ϣⲁⲓ (B), shā(ā)i/ϣⲉ(ⲉ)ⲓ (F), shaā/ϣⲁⲉ (S, NH),
shaiōou/ϣⲁⲓⲱⲟⲩ (B) (rise of sun) Coptic
Sw : (dry, dried)
(S) shoouā/ϣⲟⲟⲩⲉ, (Sf) sha(o)uā/ϣⲁ(ⲟ)ⲩⲉ, (Sf, A) shā(o)uā/ϣⲉ(ⲟ)ⲩⲉ, (sA) shauāiā/ϣⲁⲩⲉⲓⲉ, (B) shōoui/ϣⲱⲟⲩⲓ,
(F) shavei/ϣⲁⲩⲉⲓ, haveiā/ϣⲁⲩⲉⲓⲉ , (S, A, sA, B) shouōou/ϣⲟⲩⲱⲟⲩ, (S) shouōouā/ϣⲟⲩⲱⲟⲩⲉ,
(B) shōou/ϣⲱⲟⲩ (be dry, dry, stale) Coptic
~ All Sw : (dried grapes, raisins) (Demotic)
ālālshouā/ⲉⲗⲉⲗϣⲟⲟⲩⲉ (dried grapes, raisins) Coptic
Sw(y)t : (shadow, shade)
(S) ḥa(ā)ibās /ϩⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓⲃⲉⲥ, (S) ḥoybās/ϩⲟⲓⲃⲉⲥ, (Sa) ḥaibā/ϩⲁⲓⲃⲉ, (A) kha(eā)ibā/ⳉⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓⲃⲉ, (sA) ḥaib(ā)s/ϩⲁⲓⲃ(ⲉ)ⲥ,
(B) khēibe/ϧⲏⲓⲃⲓ, (B) khēbi/ϧⲏⲃⲓ, (F) ḥēibās/ϩⲏⲓⲃⲉⲥ, (F) ḥē(i)bi/ ϩⲏ(ⲓ)ⲃⲓ, (F) ḥyēbi/ϩⲓⲏⲃⲓ,
(NH) ḥaāibā/ϩⲁⲉⲓⲃⲉ (Shadow, shade), shishām/ϣⲓϣⲉⲙ (B) (Phantom, shadow) Coptic
šawīt Alt Pronunciation
Swyti : (merchant)
šwṱ (merchant) Coptic
āshōt/ⲉϣⲱⲧ Old Coptic
(S, B) shōt/ϣⲱⲧ , (S, A, sA, B, F) āshōt/ⲉϣⲱⲧ , (S) āshōōt/ⲉϣⲱⲱⲧ (trader, merchant) Coptic
Sw, Swi : (ascend, to rise up, to lift up)
shu, shui (Budge) Alt Egyptian
(S, B, F) shōi/ϣⲱⲓ , (F) shōāi/ϣⲱⲉⲓ, (F) shoi/ϣⲟⲓ (what is high, above); (S) sha/ϣⲁ, (A) khaā/ⳉⲁⲉ , (sA) shaiā/ ϣⲁⲓⲉ ,
(B) shai/ϣⲁⲓ , (F) shā(ā)i/ϣⲉ(ⲉ)ⲓ, (S, NH) shaā/ϣⲁⲉ , (B) shaiōou/ϣⲁⲓⲱⲟⲩ (rise of sun) Coptic Coptic
.t , .T : (female ending) (you, your) (F) (sg) (suffix pronoun) 𓏏
.t 𓁐 Alt Egyptian
.t 𓏏𓏥 Late Kingdom
't/ 𐤀𐤕 Phoenician
tii Beja
at Semtic influence
ki (F) (sg) (you) Proto-Afroasiatic
ki (F) (sg) (your) Cushitic
ki ‘you’ (F) (sg) Chadic
ki (2s.) (F) (sg) (suffix) (Arabic) Semitic
-m / nnem / inem (your) (F) (sg) Berber
t /ⲧ Old Coptic
ti /ϯ, tā /ⲧⲉ , t /ⲧ (s, A, sA, F), tʰ/ⲑ (B), ā/ⲉ (thou, you) (F) Coptic
c (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE), t (earlier Middle Egyptian), ʔ (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ,
ʔ (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) in a stressed syllable; otherwise silent, ʔɛt͡ʃ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ti Arabic
to Dahalo-general
taʲ Alt Pronunciation
.t , .etj Traditional pronunciation
t : (bread)
at (Bread) Meroitic
āt /ⲉⲧ Coptic
tA : (earth, land, world)
to /ⲧⲟ , tō/ⲧⲱ , oo/oo Old Coptic
to /ⲧⲟ (S, sA), tʰo/ ⲑⲟ, tō/ⲧⲱ (B), oo/ⲟⲟ(B) (earth, land) Coptic
(Old Egyptian 2500 BCE) /taʀ/, /tiʀ/ (Loprieno);(Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) /taʀ/, /tiʀ/ (Loprieno);
(Late Egyptian 800 BCE /taʔ/, /təʔ/ (Loprieno); (modern Egyptological) /tɑ/ , taʔ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ tAw : (lands)
toou/ⲧⲟⲟⲩ (lands, mountains?) Coptic
~ tAwy : (two lands, Upper and Lower Egypt)
- ta-a-wa/ 𒋫𒀀𒉿 ("two lands" Amarna letters) Akkadian
-tous/-τουϛ< Φρισόμτουϛ (name) Greek
'tʰal.waj (OE), 'tʰal.wa (ME), 'tʰaʔ.wa (LE) (JPA) IPA
taRwVʲ (Loprieno), taʀwvj Alt Pronunciation
~ tA mri , tA mrj : (Egypt)
tꜢ-mrj Alt Egyptian
pəto ᵉmmərit/ⲡⲉⲧⲟ ⲙ︦ⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ; (S) āmērā/ⲉⲙⲏⲣⲉ, (B) (ti)amēiri/(Ϯ)ⲁⲙⲏⲓⲣⲓ, (SL) tāmērā/ⲧⲉⲙⲏⲣⲉ,
(SL) āmēr/ⲉⲙⲏⲣ (inundation, high water) Coptic
el.ʕæmˈmejjæ l.mɑsˤˈɾejjɑ (IPA)/ العامية المصرية Arabic
damīra (time of inundation),
~ tA-mri : (The land of Egypt 'beloved land')
tꜣ-mrj , maˈneʔ > maˈnij (NK) /mini , mnj/ Min/Μιν , Mênês/ Μήνης 'He who endures' (First Pharaoh of Egypt)
Alt Egyptian
Misri Amarna tablets
Mu-ṣur , Musri (m-Usri), Mu-ṣu-ri /𒆳𒈬𒍣𒊑 (land of Muṣuri) < (m-Usri) Assyrian
Mi-ṣir (Cuneiform Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur) Babylonian
Mizraim Neo-Babylonian
Mṣrm/ 𐤌𐤓𐤑𐤌 Phoenician
(Kur/Land) Mi-iṣ-ri-i /(𒆳)𒈪𒄑𒊑𒄿 , Misri , Mu-ṣur/ 𒈬𒀫 , miṣru / mi-iṣ-ru , muṣrāiu Akkadian
Ana Nibḫurrereya šar kur Miṣriʾi/ a-na ni-ip-ḫu-ur-ri-ri-ia LUGAL KUR [mi-iṣ-ri-i]
(To Tutankhamon, king of Egypt from the Amarna letter) Akkadian Ref
Məśr/ ምሥር Amharic
Mṣrm /𐎎𐎕𐎗𐎎 (Egypt) Ugaritic
Masar , Mesr > /Mi-isra-im/ 'follower of Usiri likewise' (Name break down) Noah's descendant Mizraim
became first Pharaoh
Mizraim , m-Izra (Epithet) (follower of Asr' or 'Asar' /wsir/ Osirus > m-Asr(i) Horus-King
Miṣrēn/ ܡܨܪܝܢ Syriac
Miṣrēn/מִצְרֵין Aramaic
Mitsrayem/ מצרים Yiddish
Qmat/ כּמת [< kmt] , Mīṣ-rá-yīm/ מִצְרַיִם , Miṣ-rî/מִצְרִ֖י ; Mitzráyim (Modern) , Miṣrāyim / Miṣráyim
(Tiberian) (Egypt) Hebrew
Mi-sa-ra-jo/𐀖𐀭𐀨𐀍 (Egyptian) Mycenaean Greek
Maṣr , M-asr Masri Egyptian Arabic
Miṣr/ مِصْر (Egypt), /masˤr/, /musˤr/, /misˤr/ (IPA), tamṣīr /تَمْصِير (From tA-mri); mɑsˤɾ /مَصر
(settlement, civilization, colonization; Egyptianization) Arabic
to-mərit/ⲧⲟ-ⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ ? Coptic
taʀ maˈɾiː (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE), taʀ maˈɾiː (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE),
taʔ maˈɾiː (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BCE), taʔ məˈɾiː (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE),
tɑ mɛri (modern Egyptological) IPA
Mizraim- 'follower of Asar/wsir/Osirus (royal ending) > m-Asr (im) > m-Asr(i) ( m-Izra) ,
Mizraim possible dual of 'land' tAwy 'Two lands Upper and Lower Egypt'
(in Egyptian) > tAwy-mri Possible evolution
ta-meri Transliteration
tah-mərē (more accurate) Pronounced
pəto ᵉmmərit/ⲡⲉⲧⲟ ⲙ︦ⲙⲉⲣⲓⲧ; (S) āmērā/ⲉⲙⲏⲣⲉ, (B) (ti)amēiri/(Ϯ)ⲁⲙⲏⲓⲣⲓ, (SL) tāmērā/ⲧⲉⲙⲏⲣⲉ,
(SL) āmēr/ⲉⲙⲏⲣ (inundation, high water) Coptic
el.ʕæmˈmejjæ l.mɑsˤˈɾejjɑ (IPA)/ العامية المصرية Arabic
damīra (time of inundation), Masri/مَصرى , elˈlæhgæ l.mɑsˤˈɾejjɑ (IPA)/ اللهجه المصريه Egyptian Arabic
tA : (this , that , the (definite article) (female)
t Demotic
eti/ እቲ Ethiopic
tʰ/ⲑ Old Coptic
tā/ⲧⲉ , ti/ϯ , t/ⲧ , tʰ/ⲑ (S, A, sA, B, F), tē/ⲧⲏ (enclitic) (female the) (definite article) Coptic
~ tAi , tAy : (these)
tꜣj Demotic
tʰai/ⲑⲁⲓ (B), tai /ⲧⲁï (S) , pʰai/ⲫⲁⲓ (B), tāi/ⲧⲉⲓ (A, F), (this) (demonstrative pronoun) Coptic
~ tAy.f : (his)
tāf/ⲧⲉϥ (her plur, plur) Coptic
tAhAn : (forehead)
(S, A) tāḥnā/ⲧⲉϩⲛⲉ, (B, F) tāḥni/ⲧⲉϩⲛⲓ (forehead) Coptic
tAS : (border, area, nome, district; boundary, frontier (Budge)
tosh/ⲧⲟϣ Old Coptic
tosh/ⲧⲟϣ (S), tōsh/ⲧⲱϣ (S), tash/ⲧⲁϣ (Sf, A, F), tʰosh/ⲑⲟϣ (B), tʰōsh/ⲑⲱϣ (B), tesh/ⲧⲉϣ (S) (border, limit, nome,
province, district, suburb); (S, sA, F) tōsh/ⲧⲱϣ , (A) tōshā/ⲧⲱϣⲉ, (B) tʰōsh/ⲑⲱϣ, (S) tāsh/ⲧⲉϣ, (A) tashā/ⲧⲁϣⲉ ,
(B) tʰāsh/ⲑⲉϣ, (B) tʰash/ⲑⲁϣ , (S) tosh/ⲧⲟϣ , (Sa, Sf, A, sA, F) tash/ⲧⲁϣ , (B) tʰash/ⲑⲁϣ , (S, A, sA) tēsh/ⲧⲏϣ ,
(B) tʰēsh/ⲑⲏϣ (be boundary, be fixed, be moderate, limit, determine, appoint) Coptic
ta'Raš (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
taʀˈʃij (Reconstructed Old Egyptian) IPA
~ tAS.w : (border, area, nome, district) (plr)
toosh/ⲧⲟⲟϣ Coptic
taRšaw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ tAS(i) : (neighbor)
tše Demotic
tɜšʲ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
tāshā/ⲧⲉϣⲉ (S), tʰāshā/ⲑⲉϣⲉ (B), tʰāshē/ⲑⲉϣⲏ (B) Coptic
taʀˈʃijwaw (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.), taʀˈʃijwaw (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C),
təˈʃeʔw (Late Egyptian 800 B.C.) IPA
taR'šiʲ > tɘʔšeʲwɘ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ tAS.w : (neighbors) (plural)
tɜšʲ.w (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
tāshāāv/ⲧⲉϣⲉⲉⲩ (S), tʰāshāv/ⲑⲉϣⲉⲩ (B) Coptic
taʀˈʃij (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.), təʔˈʃeʔ (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C), təˈʃeʔ (Late Egyptian 800 B.C.) IPA
taR'šiʲwaw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
tA wat : (the one)
tioui /ⲧⲓⲱⲓ Coptic
tA-mH : (Norther land, Lower Egypt)
Taamahu /ታመሁ Ethiopic
tA-mry , tA-mri : (beloved land, Egypt)
Taamari /ታመሪ Ethiopic
(Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) taʀ miˈɾiːtaw , (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) taʀ miˈɾiːtaw ,
(Medio-Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) taʔ məˈɾiːtəʔ , (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) taʔ məˈɾiːt ,
(modern Egyptological) tɑ mɛri IPA
tA-nHsy : (Land of the Southerners, Nubia)
Taanaahisi/ ታናሂሲ Ethiopic
tA-sti : (Land of the bows, Nubia)
Taasati /ታሰቲ Ethiopic
tAy.i iry n st-Hmt : (female companion)
tarāi ānsimā /ⲧⲁⲣⲉⲓ ⲉⲛⲥⲓⲙⲉ Coptic
tbt : (fish)
tbṱ Demotic
(S, A, sA, L) tbt/ⲧⲃⲧ , (S) tēbt/ⲧⲏⲃⲧ, (S) tēft/ⲧⲏϥⲧ , (B) tābt/ⲧⲉⲃⲧ , (F) tibt/ⲧⲩⲃⲧ, (F) tēbāt/ⲧⲏⲃⲉⲧ (fish) Coptic
tf : (spittle, spit, saliva)
taf/ⲧⲁϥ (S), tʰaf/ⲑⲁϥ (B), tāf/ⲧⲉϥ (Sf) , tēf/ⲧⲏϥ (Sf), tʰēf/ⲑⲏϥ (B) (spittle, spit) Coptic
tif (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
tfn : (orphan)
yatom/יָתוֹם (orphan) Hebrew
yatiim/يَتِيم (orphan) Arabic
tfy, tfi : (remove (by force)
tfy (take away, remove) Demotic
tʰifi/ⲑⲓϥⲓ (B), tʰaf/ⲑⲁϥ⸗ (take out, away) Coptic
tiaAm : (garlic)
tāam Budge
šūmū (ŠÚM)/𒋧 (garlic) Akkadian
šūmī, šūma Assyrian
thawm/ ثوم, ṯūm/ ثُوم (garlic) Arabic
tōm/توم (garlic) Egyptian Arabic
tūmثوم/ (garlic) Hijazi Arabic
tewm (garlic) Maltese
tūmāתּוּמָא/ (garlic) Aramaic Hebrew
tmā/ ܬܘܡܐ (garlic) Aramaic Syriac
šumem/שׁוּמים Biblical Hebrew
šūm/ שׁוּם (garlic) Hebrew
tûmâ (garlic), tûmântû (wild garlic) Syriac
shdjēn/ϣϫⲏⲛ (S), shkʲēn/ϣϭⲏⲛ (B) (garlic) Coptic
toon Somali
tiāam Traditional pronunciation
titi, titiHs : (trample on (foe) (Faulkner), (break, smash, smite, trample upon, crush underfoot, to stamp upon (Budge)
titihs 𓍘𓇋𓍘𓇋𓎛𓋴𓏴𓂡 (ta=ta=ḥ=s) Gebeva
dahaśa/ daꜥaša ta=ḥa=sa (to crush, pulverize) Habu
dḥś/ דחש, daḥäs/ דָּחַס, deḥäs/דְּחַס (to press, to stamp) Hebrew
dahasa/ دهس (to trample, crush under foot; to drive over), daʕasa/دعس (to trample down, crush; to hit down, drive over) Arabic
tādaḥasa/ ተደሐሰ (to be trampled down) Ethiopic
dâšu (to trample upon, destroy, smash (a country), crush Akkadian
ܕܥܙ/daꜥaṣ (to drive in, thrust in) Syriac
tiwy, t(bw.)ty, twi, T(bw.)ty, Tbw : (pair of sandals)
tȧui, tui Budge
twj Alt Egyptian
tw Demotic
toouā/ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S, A), tʰōoui/ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲓ (B) (shoe, pair of shoes ) Coptic
tkA : (torch, taper, fame, illumine, burn)
tōk/ⲧⲱⲕ (S, F), tʰōk/ⲑⲱⲕ (B), tōkʲ/ⲧⲱϭ (S, A, F) tōdj/ⲧⲱϫ (S), todji/ⲧⲟϫⲓ (B), tokʲā/ⲧⲟϭⲉ (F), takʲ/ⲧⲁϭ (F), tok/ⲧⲟⲕ (S),
tak/ⲧⲁⲕ (S), tokʲ/ⲧⲟϭ (S) (kindle fire, stoke, heat oven, stoke, heat) Coptic
tm : (dissipate, cease to be; to make an end of, to finish, to complete, to come to an end (Budge)
tamām/ تمام “complete” Arabic
tōm/ⲧⲱⲙ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA) tōm/ⲧⲱⲙ , (B) tʰōm/ⲑⲱⲙ , (S) t(ēm)/ⲧ(ⲉ)ⲙ, (B) tʰām/ⲑⲉⲙ , (S) tom/ⲧⲟⲙ , (B) tʰom/ⲑⲟⲙ, (S) tēm/ⲧⲏⲙ ,
(B) tʰēm/ⲑⲏⲙ, (S) tam/ⲧⲁⲙ , (B) tʰam/ⲑⲁⲙ (shut, shut door, shut heart) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) jaˈtaːmuw, (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) jaˈtaːmuw , (Medio-Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE)
ʔaˈtaːməʔ , (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) ʔaˈtoːm IPA
~ (stubborn, obdurate (Budge)
tōm ᵉnḥēt /ⲧⲱⲙ ⲛ︦ϩⲏⲧ, tōm nḥēt /ⲧⲱⲙ ⲛϩⲏⲧ
(shut the heart, become hardened, shutting of the heart, hardening of the heart) Coptic
tmA : (mat)
temam Budge
(S) tmē/ⲧⲙⲏ, (A) tmāi/ⲧⲙⲉⲓ, (B) tʰmē/ⲑⲙⲏ (mat of reeds) Coptic
tmtm : (to cut, carve)
tematema (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
tn : (you) (F)
-kn (you, your) (F) (pl.) Semitic
kent, kennint (you) (F) (pl.) Berber
tātān/ ⲧⲉⲧⲉⲛ Coptic
tin IPA
tn(w) / Tn(w), - Tn / - tn, : (you, your) (2nd pl.) (suffix pronoun and not) 𓍿𓈖𓏥
Tm (? needs ref) Old Egyptian
.Tn 𓍿𓈖 Earlier Egyptian
.tn(w) 𓏏𓈖𓏥 , 𓏏𓈖 , 𓏏𓈖 𓈖𓏥 Early-Middle Egyptian
.twn 𓏏𓏲𓈖 𓈖𓏥 Late Egyptian
kūna (you) (pl.) Proto-Afroasiatic
kuna (your) (pl.) Cushitic
kun (you) (pl.) Chadic
-kn (you, your) (F) (pl.) Semitic
kent, kennint (you) (F) (pl.) Berber
tān /ⲧⲉⲛ, ōtān/ ⲱⲧⲉⲛ Coptic
ʔt͡ʃɛn (modern Egyptological) IPA
tjen Traditional Pronunciation
~ .twtn (2nd pl)
tēutᵉn/ⲧⲏⲩⲧⲛ︦ Coptic
tnn : (ground, earth)
ïten /ⲉⲓⲧⲛ⳰ (S), itnā /ⲓⲧⲛⲉ (S), tnē/ⲧⲛⲏ (S), itn/ⲓⲧⲛ (S, sA), itān/ⲓⲧⲉⲛ (S, B, F) (ground, earth, dust, rubbish,
lower part) Coptic
tp : (at the head, upon, headman, chief) 𓁶𓏺
tp 𓁶𓏺 (at the head, upon) Middle Kingdom
DADA 𓍑𓄿𓍑𓄿𓁶 (head) Late Egyptian
DD Demotic
tii /ϯⲓ (S), tiï /ϯⲉⲓ (S), tï/ⲧⲉⲓ (S), to /ⲧⲟ (S), tu /ⲧⲱ(S), toi /ⲧⲟⲓ (B), tēi /ⲧⲏⲓ (B) (Upon) , apā /ⲁⲡⲉ (S),
apʰā /ⲁⲫⲉ (B), (head, being, chief, magistrate); (S, sA, B, F) djōdj/ϫⲱϫ, (S, sA, B, F) apdjōdj/ⲁⲡϫⲱϫ,
(B) djadj/ϫⲁϫ (head, capital, chief) Coptic
tête French
~ tp.f : (his head)
tipʰə/Ϯⲁⲫⲉ (His) head (Worrell) Pronunciation
tp , tpt : (head) 𓁶𓊪𓏏𓄹
ꜥpt Demotic
dj/ϫⲱ (head) Old Coptic
apā/ⲁⲡⲉ (S, A, sA), apʰā/ⲁⲫⲉ (B), apē/ⲁⲡⲏ (F) (head) ; (S, A, sA, B, F) djō, tō/ϫⲱ (head) Coptic
tête (pronouced tet) French
~ tpy , tpi : (being upon, atop, principal, on top, standing atop, first, high (priest)
apā /ⲁⲡⲉ (S), apʰā /ⲁⲫⲉ (B), apē/ⲁⲡⲏ (F) (head, being, chief, magistrate) Coptic
ta'piʲ (Loprieno) (Reconstructed Old Egyptian) Alt PronunciationIPA
tr : (season, time)
tỉ Demotic
tē, dæ /ⲧⲏ (S), tā /ⲧⲉ (S, A, sA) (time, season) Coptic
tw , Tw : (you, your, this, that) (Female)
-kw (Needs ref?) Old Egyptian
tAi Middle Egyptian
-tꜣj Demotic
kûm Akkadian
tā/ⲧⲉ (she) Coptic
~ twt : you
tuwt (AEVP) IPA
twt : ( statue, image, figure, likeness)
tt Alt Egyptian
(S, F) touōt/ⲧⲟⲩⲱⲧ, (B) tʰouōt/ⲑⲟⲩⲱⲧ , (S) touootā/ⲧⲟⲩⲟⲟⲧⲉ (female),
(B) tʰouoti/ⲑⲟⲩⲟϯ (female) (pillar, idol, shrine) Coptic
tuːt (modern Egyptological) IPA
txi , txy : (be drunk, drink deep)
txw Alt Egyptian
(S) taḥā/ⲧⲁϩⲉ, (S) tḥā/ϯϩⲉ, (A) tkhā/ϯⳉⲉ, (B) tʰikhi/ⲑⲓϧⲓ, (F) tḥi/ϯϩⲓ, (A) takhā/ⲧⲁⳉⲉ , (B) tʰakhi/ⲑⲁϧⲓ ,
(NH) toḥā/ⲧⲟϩⲉ (become, be drunken) Coptic
T(A) : (from, since)
~ TA.n : (starting from)
n-ṯ n Demotic
djn/ϫⲛ (S,A, L) Old Coptic
(S, Sf, F) djin/ϫⲓⲛ, (S, A, sA) djn/ϫⲛ, (S, F) djān/ϫⲉⲛ, (S) kʲ(ā)n/ ϭ(ⲉ)ⲛ, (S) kn/ⲕⲛ, (S) shān/ϣⲉⲛ, (S, Sf, F)
chin/ϭⲓⲛ, (B) isdjān/ⲓⲥϫⲉⲛ, (F) kʲēn/ϭⲏⲛ, (F) dji/ϫⲓ, (F) djā/ϫⲉ (from (starting from), since, before) Coptic
TAsw (Peust), Tsw : (commander, protector (of poor)
(S, Sf) djo(ā)is/ϫⲟ(ⲉ)ⲓⲥ, (S, A, F) djs/ϫⲥ, (A, sA, F) djaāis/ϫⲁⲉⲓⲥ, (sA, F) djais/ϫⲁⲓⲥ, (Sf) kⁱos/ϭⲟⲥ, (NH) djās/ϫⲉⲥ
(lord , title of God and of man, master, owner, of saint , commander) Coptic
TAw : (wind, air, breath)
tǔꜢaw Demotic
tēu /ⲦⲎⲨ (S), tʰēou /ⲐⲎOⲨ (B) (breath, wind) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈcuʀwuw , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈtuʀwuw ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) teːw (Loprieno) IPA
TAw : (take up, seize, snatch, rob, steal, shave, harbour (enemies)
tǔꜢaw Demotic
tēu /ⲦⲎⲨ (S), tʰēou /ⲐⲎOⲨ (B) (breath, wind) Coptic
(S, A, sA) djioouā/ϫⲓⲟⲩⲉ , (B) chioui/ϭⲓⲟⲩⲓ , (F) djioui/ϫⲓⲟⲩⲓ (steal) ; djēus /ϪⲎⲨ (S, B) (taking, bringing) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈciʀwit , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈt͡ʃiʀwiʔ ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈt͡ʃiːwə (Loprieno) IPA
TAw : (steal)
ḏwj Demotic
(S, A, sA) djioouā/ϫⲓⲟⲩⲉ , (B) chioui/ϭⲓⲟⲩⲓ , (F) djioui/ϫⲓⲟⲩⲓ (steal) Coptic
TAy, TAyt , TAi : (to receive, to take, to carry off, to grasp, grip, fist)
ṯꜣy Demotic
tɜ(y) Cuneiform
djaāi/ϫⲁⲉⲓ Old Coptic
dji/ϫⲓ (S, A, sA, F, ), djāi/ϫⲉⲓ (Sf, S), djiāi/ϫⲓⲉⲓ (Sf), djā/ϫⲉ (Sf, S, F), chi/ϭⲓ (B) , kʲi/ϭⲓ (F),
djit/ϫⲓⲧ (S, A, sA, F), chit/ϭⲓⲧ (B), djēw/ϫⲏⲩ (S, A, sA), djēou/ϫⲏⲟⲩ (A), chēou/ ϭⲏⲟⲩ (B),
djai/ ϫⲁⲓ (S, A, sA, F), djaāi/ϫⲁⲉⲓ (sA), chai/ϭⲁⲓ (B), djav/ϫⲁⲩ (S, sA), chav/ϭⲁⲩ (B)
(receive, take wife, marry, touch, reach, hit, take, get, bring, accept, have, be provided with, ouch, reach, hit) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈciʀjit , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈt͡ʃiʀjiʔ ,
(Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BCE) ˈt͡ʃiːʔaʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈt͡ʃiːʔə IPA
ṯi:Rʲit (Loprieno), tjsa Alt Pronunciation
tjai Traditional Pronunciation
~ TAyt irTt (take milk)
dji/ϫⲓ (take milk) Coptic
Tbn : (hurry)
kʲāpē /ϬⲈⲠⲎ (S, sA, F), (S) kʲipē/ϭⲓⲡⲏ , (F) kʲēpā/ϭⲏⲡⲉ (hasten) Coptic
Tnw , Tn , Tni : (where? from where, whence?)
Tn Alt Egyptian
tn Demotic
(S, F) tōn/ⲧⲱⲛ, (A, sA) to/ⲧⲟ, (Sf, A) tō/ⲧⲱ, (Sf, sA, F) ton/ⲧⲟⲛ, (B) tʰōn/ⲑⲱⲛ (where?, whence?, how?) Coptic
.Tn(w), .tn(w) : ( you, your )
tᵉn/ ⲧⲛ︦ , tēitᵉn/ ⲧⲏⲩⲧⲛ︦, tʰēnou/ ⲑⲏⲛⲟⲩ Coptic
tjin IPA
Tnw : (number)
tnw Late Kingdom
t͡ʃɛnuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
tjenu Traditional Pronunciation
Trm : ( to wink, to blink )
tnw Late Kingdom
ϫⲱⲣⲙⲉ/čōrme (A), ϭⲱⲣⲉⲙ/cōrem (B) ϫⲱⲣⲙ/čōrm (S) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈcaːɾam , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈt͡ʃaːɾam ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈt͡ʃoːɾəm (Loprieno) IPA
Trt : (vertebra, spine)
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ciːzuw , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) t͡ʃiːsuw , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈt͡ʃiːs(ə) (Loprieno) PA
Trt : (neck)
cisi/ ϭⲓⲥⲓ (B) čisi/ϫⲓⲥⲓ (F) čise/ϫⲓⲥⲉ (S) Coptic
Trt : (willow)
ṯr.t Demotic
ṯa:rat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
tōrā /ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (S), tʰōri/ⲑⲱⲣⲓ (B) Coptic
Tsi : (lift up, raise)
(S, A, sA) djisā/ϫⲓⲥⲉ, (B) chisi/ϭⲓⲥⲓ, (F) djisi/ϫⲓⲥⲓ , (S, sA) djāst/ϫⲉⲥⲧ , (B) chās/ϭⲉⲥ, (B) chas/ϭⲁⲥ ,
(S) gast/ϫⲁⲥⲧ, (S) djist/ϫⲓⲥⲧ , (A, sA, F) djāst/ϫⲉⲥⲧ , (B) chas/ϭⲁⲥ, (S) gosā/ϫⲟⲥⲉ , (A, sA) gasā/ϫⲁⲥⲉ ,
(sA, F, S, A) gasi/ϫⲁⲥⲓ , (B) chosi/ϭⲟⲥⲓ, (B) chasi/ϭⲁⲥⲓ (become, be high, who raises, exalt) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈjiːsVw , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈjiːsVw , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ʔiːs (Loprieno) IPA
Tsw : (commander)
ṯs (officer, commander, lord) Demotic
(S, Sf) djo(ā)is/ϫⲟ(ⲉ)ⲓⲥ , (S, A, F) djs/ϫⲥ , (A, sA, F) djaāis/ϫⲁⲉⲓⲥ , (sA, F) djais/ϫⲁⲓⲥ , (Sf) khos/ϭⲟⲥ ,
(NH) djās/ϫⲉⲥ (lord, god, master, owner) Coptic
Twfi : (papyrus plant, papyrus marsh)
ḏwf Demotic
ϫⲟⲟⲩϥ/čoouf (S), ϭⲟⲛϥ/conf, ϭⲟⲙϥ/comf (B) Coptic
sōp̄ /סוּף Aramaic
T(w)r , Twr-sS : (red) 𓍿𓂋𓏞𓈒𓏥
(S, A) tōrsh/ⲧⲱⲣϣ, (B) tʰōrsh/ⲑⲱⲣϣ, trosh/ⲧⲣⲟϣ (be red); tshrā/ⲧϣⲣⲉ (grow red);
troshr(ā)sh/ⲧⲣⲟϣⲣ(ⲉ)ϣ (become red, be red, redness); trosh/ⲧⲣⲟϣ (be red); tshrā/ⲧϣⲣⲉ (grow red);
trāshrōsh/ⲧⲣⲉϣⲣⲱϣ (red) ; pāt-tʰrāshrōsh / ⲡⲉⲧ-ⲑⲣⲉϣⲣⲱϣ (that which is red); tʰōrsh/ⲑⲱⲣϣ (B)(Flamingo red) Coptic
Twrwti : (flour)
Tyrti (bread made from fine flour) Alt Egyptian
thurtȧ (fine flour) Budge
tu-lu-ta (sult(s) flour) Erik Iverse
semídalis /σεμίδαλις, simila (fine flour), stais/ σταις, stear/ στεαρ (flour, dough) Greek
sil-la-tu , šillatu (kind of grain?), ṯulṯȧ , ṯuruti̥ (from Egyptian) (flour) Assyrian
sulsa/ סוּלְתָּא Aramaic
soleth/ סֹ֫לֶת (fine flour), Salit/ סלֶת, sal'tah סָלְתָּהּ Hebrew
shōtā ϣⲱⲧⲉ Old Coptic
samit /ⲥⲁⲙⲓⲧ (fine flour), shōtā /ϣⲱⲧⲉ (S, A), shōti /ϣⲱϯ (B) (flour, dough) Coptic
sultun سُلْتٌ (kind of barley without husks Lane) Arabic
w
w : (plural ending M)
āw Semitic influence
ēu/ⲏⲩ, āu/ⲉⲩ, ou/ⲟⲩ (S), ou/ⲟⲩ(B), ou/ⲟⲩ (A), ou/ⲟⲩ (F) Coptic
ʔuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
u Traditional Pronunciation
~ wt : (plural ending F)
āwāt Semitic influence
w : (them, they, their) (Suffix pronoun)
ōou/ⲱⲟⲩ, ou/ⲟⲩ Coptic
wA : (to destroy)
ua ( http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
wa : (one, alone, unique, singel)
waw , wꜥ(w) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ḥad ,ʾaḥad , Proto-Semitic
ouer Old Nubian
wēdu , edu/ 𒀸 Akkadian
oo-wai /ⲟⲩⲁⲓ , ouā/ⲟⲩⲉ Old Coptic
owwa /ⲟⲩⲁ (S), oo-wai /ⲟⲩⲁⲓ (B), ouāā/ⲟⲩⲉⲉ (sA, F), ouāi /ⲟⲩⲉⲓ (sA, F), ouā/ⲟⲩⲉ (Sf, A, sA, F),
ouāāi/ⲟⲩⲉⲉⲓ (sA, F), ou/ⲟⲩ (S) (one, someone) [abv. ⲁ︦ ]; ou/ⲟⲩ (a) Coptic
ʔäḥädu/ አሐዱ Gee'z
واحد، أحد waːħid, ʔaħad Arabic
ian Tuareg Ghat
ijjen, yan, yun, yiwen; ict, yat, yut, yiwet (f) Berber
un French
uno Spanish
ûnus, ûna, ûnam Latin
oinos Indo-European
wɑː , ˈwuʕʕuw (Reconstructed Old Egyptian) IPA
wuauw , wíꜥyaw (Callender) , wúꜥꜥuw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
uā Traditional Pronunciation
~ wat : (one (Female)
wꜥt (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ou(ā)i/ ⲟⲩ(ⲉ)ⲓ (S, B, F), owwi/ ⲟⲩⲓ (B), ouāia/ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲁ (S), ou(ā)ie/ⲟⲩ(ⲉ)ⲓⲉ (S, A, sA);
ⲟⲩⲱⲧ (S, A, sA, B, F) (single, alone) Coptic
wiꜥī́yat (Callender) , wúꜥꜥuw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ wati : (single, alone)
ouōtā /ⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉ, (single, alone) Coptic
~ wa nb : (everything, anything)
ouon nibān/ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ Coptic
~ wai : (be alone)
(S) ouaa/ⲟⲩⲁⲁ , (S) ouaat/ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲧ, (S) ouoot/ⲟⲩⲟⲟⲧ , (S, B) ouat/ⲟⲩⲁⲧ, (Sa, A, sA, F) ouaā(ā)t/ⲟⲩⲁⲉ(ⲉ)ⲧ ,
(sA) ouaḥā(ā)/ⲟⲩⲁϩⲉ(ⲉ), (A, sA) ouaḥāāt/ⲟⲩⲁϩⲉⲉⲧ , (A, sA) ouaḥāt/ⲟⲩⲁϩⲉⲧ (be alone, alone, self) Coptic
waA : (curse, to speak evil)
way (blasphemy; to revolt) Demotic
(S, A, B) oua/ⲟⲩⲁ , (sA) ouāā/ⲟⲩⲉⲉ , (Sf, F) ouā/ⲟⲩⲉ (blasphemy) Coptic
wab : (purify, clean, wash, wab priest)
uãb Budge
aba /እባ (priest) Ethiopic
wəbɘ /ውብ (beautiful) Amharic
wu9bi, wi9bi / wuu9ub? wu9ab(b)? (pro wa99ab-) (w-9-b < PAA wa29- (Ehret) (pure; be ~, purify) Afro-Asiatic
(S) ouop /ⲟⲩⲟⲡ (to be pure, to be innocent); (A) ouap /ⲟⲩⲁⲡ , (S, sA) ouaab /ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ, wab/ⲩⲁⲃ (holy); (A) ouaabā /ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃⲉ,
(A, sA) ouabā /ⲟⲩⲁⲃⲉ, (B) ouab /ⲟⲩⲁⲃ, (B) ouēb , ouēp /ⲟⲩⲏⲃ , uēēb /ⲟⲩⲏⲏⲃ (be pure, innocent); ouaabə/ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃⲉ (A),
ouəəb /ⲟⲩⲉⲉⲃ (F), ouaab/ⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ (LS), ouəb/ⲟⲩⲉⲃ (M) (to be pure, clean) (ref J.P.A.) Coptic
ουοπ (be pure) Greek
wɑːb (modern Egyptological); wă'baw (he is pure) (stative) , wa'ắb (to become pure) (infinitive), wī'ab (priest) (noun) IPA
wī'ab (priest) (Loprieno), wa'ắb (to become pure) (Loprieno), wă'baw (he is pure) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
wab Traditional Pronunciation
~ wab (wab priest)
wi9(9)ab; wu9b-i (w-9-b), Copt. uee'b/uii'ib, wii9ab (priest, laypriest) Afro-Asiatic
owwēēb/ⲟⲩⲏⲏⲃ , owwēb/ⲟⲩⲏⲃ, ouiāibā/OⲨⲒⲈⲒⲂⲈ (priest) Coptic
wɑːb (modern Egyptological) IPA
wī'ab (priest) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
wab Traditional Pronunciation
(ref https://en.wikiversity.org)
wAD : (green, pale, fresh, raw, hale, sturdy, fortunate, happy, make green, make to flourish)
ixix, jꜣq.t (Diacritic) , iAqt (vegetables, greens) Alt Egyptian
wꜢč̣ Schenkel
wrḳ Afroas
waraq Proto-Semitic
warq ,wrq (green, foliage) Semitic
yéreq/יֶרֶק (vegetation, herbage, greenery), jɛrɪq/ ירק (green) Hebrew
wariq/ورق (green, leaf) Arabic
ouōt/ⲟⲩⲱⲧ (S, B), ouāt/ⲟⲩⲉⲧ (S) (green, raw, fresh); wauork /ⳣⲟⲣⲕ (Nubain influenced) Coptic
wāʀiḏ , 'waːʀiɟ (Loprieno), wōt (Schenkel, Cerny, Westendorf) Alt Pronunciation
~ wADt : (Vegetable)
warq (leaf) Semetic
(S) ouo(o)tā/ⲟⲩⲟ(ⲟ)ⲧⲉ , (Sa, A) ouatā/ⲟⲩⲁⲧⲉ , (B) ouoti/ⲟⲩⲟϯ, (B) boti/ⲃⲟϯ ,
(F) ouaati/ⲟⲩⲁⲁϯ (greens, herbs) Coptic
~ wAD-wr : (sea 'the great green')
wāRiḏ'wūriʲ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
wAD : (papyrus stem (with an umbel), symbol of Lower Egypt)
wrḳ/ wVraq ? "green" Proto-Afroasiatic
green/waraq, waraḳ "green, leaf" Proto-Semitic
warāqum/𒉿𒊏𒄣 "to be(come) green, yellow, to turn pale" Akkadian
wriɣ/ⵡⵔⵉⵖ “yellow” Central Atlas Tamazight
waraʾ/ورق Egyptian Arabic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈwaːʀicʼ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈwaːʀitʼ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈwoːʔətʼ IPA
wAD : safe, fortunate, happy, healthy, happiness
uși , i-și-ia-e cuneiform
(S, B, F) oudjai/ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ , (S) oudj/ⲟⲩϫϩⲁⲓ, (Sa) oudjēi/ⲟⲩϫⲏⲓ, (Sa) oudjiï/ⲟⲩϫⲓⲉⲓ , (A, F) oudjï/ⲟⲩϫⲉⲓ ,
(A, sA, F) oudjəï/ⲟⲩϫⲉⲉⲓ , (A) oudjïtə/ⲟⲩϫⲉⲓⲧⲉ , (NH) oudjaï/ⲟⲩϫⲁⲉⲓ , (S, B, F) ouodj/ⲟⲩⲟϫ ,
(A, sA, F) ouadj/ⲟⲩⲁϫ (be whole, safe, sound); (S, A, sA, B, F) oudjai/ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ ( health, safety, a weal, health
giving) Coptic
wadj Traditional Pronunciation
ouadj , oudjē (*pronounced like ou in soup) Fix
wDAt : (eye of Ra)
watch ; 𐦝 ? Metroitic
wAH : (set down, lay down, apply, stack, stow, store up, lay aside, discard, to put, to place)
wꜢḥ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
wAH > wH > ouōḥ/ⲟⲩⲱϩ Evolution
ouaḥ/ⲟⲩⲁϩ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA, B, F) ouōḥ/ⲟⲩⲱϩ, (A) ouḥō/ⲟⲩϩⲱ , (B) ouoḥ/ⲟⲩⲟϩ , (S, B, F) ouāḥ/ⲟⲩⲉϩ , (S, A, sA, B, F) ouaḥ/ⲟⲩⲁϩ ,
(B) baḥ/ⲃⲁϩ , (A) ouḥa/ⲟⲩϩⲁ , (S, A, sA) ouēḥ/ⲟⲩⲏϩ , (S) ouēēḥ/ⲟⲩⲏⲏϩ , (A) ouḥē/ⲟⲩϩⲏ
(put, set, be (there)be placed, dwell); (S, sA, F) avō/ⲁⲩⲱ , (Sa) aou/ⲁⲟⲩ , (S) avo/ⲁⲩⲟ ,
(S) av/ⲁⲩ , (F) ō/ⲱ , (B) ouoḥ/ⲟⲩⲟϩ Coptic
wɑħ (modern Egyptological) IPA
wah Traditional Pronunciation
wAH : (live long, endure, be patient, leave aside, overlook, ignore, institute, enter, pitch, wait
(S, A, sA) ōḥə/ⲱϩⲉ, (S) oḥə/ⲟϩⲉ, (B, F) oḥi/ⲟϩⲓ, (Sf, F) ōḥi/ⲱϩⲓ, (F) aḥi/ⲁϩⲓ, (S, A, sA) aḥə/ⲁϩⲉ (stand. stay, wait) Coptic
w(A)hr, wHr : (dog)
whr Demotic
ǹjèrû-m\\ǹjèrú
ouḥor/ⲟⲩϩⲟⲣ (B, S), ouḥōr/ⲟⲩϩⲱⲣ, ouḥar/ⲟⲩϩⲁⲣ Coptic
~ w(A)hrt, wHrt : (dog) (female)
ouḥo(o)rā /ⲟⲩϩⲟ(ⲟ)ⲣⲉ (S, sA), ouḥōrā/ⲟⲩϩⲱⲣⲉ (S), /ⲟⲩϩⲁⲁⲣ (Sf) (female) Coptic
~ w(A)hrw, wHrw : (dog) (f) (plur)
ouḥoor/ⲟⲩϩⲟⲟⲣ (S), ouḥōr/ⲟⲩϩⲱⲣ (B), ouḥōōr/ⲟⲩϩⲱⲱⲣ (F) (plur) Coptic
wap : priest
ouəp /ⲟⲩⲏⲃ (priest) Coptic
wart : (foot)
rāt/ⲣⲉⲧ Old Coptic
(S, B) rat/ⲣⲁⲧ, (Sa, A, sA, F) rāt/ⲣⲉⲧ, (Sa) rēt/ⲣⲏⲧ, (A) rāāt/ⲣⲉⲉⲧ, (F) lāt/ⲗⲉⲧ (foot) Coptic
~ warty : (two legs)
wˤr.ty (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ouārētā/ⲟⲩⲉⲣⲏⲧⲉ (S), ourēētā/ⲟⲩⲣⲏⲏⲧⲉ (S), ourētā/ⲟⲩⲣⲏⲧⲉ (S, A, sA, B), ouritā/ⲟⲩⲣⲓⲧⲉ (sA),
ourēti/ⲟⲩⲣⲏⲧⲓ (F) (feet, legs) Coptic
wuˤrūtVj (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
wArti : (rose (Rosa damascena Miller) 𓍯𓄿𓂋𓏤𓍘𓇋𓆰𓏥
warad/ ورد Arabic
ouərt/ⲟⲩⲉⲣⲧ Coptic
wAs : (be happy)
ʔuĉ (be gay) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
wAt : (road, way)
ato/𐦠𐦶 (path, road, route) Meroitic
gho/ⳉⲟ : (road, way); (S, sA, F) hiē/ϩⲓⲏ , (F) hia/ϩⲓⲁ (road, path); (S) moït/ⲙⲟⲉⲓⲧ, (Sa) maït/ⲙⲁⲉⲓⲧ,
(B) mōit/ⲙⲱⲓⲧ, (F) mait/ⲙⲁⲓⲧ (road, path) Coptic
wɑt (modern Egyptological) IPA
wat Traditional Pronunciation
ōat , ouət Alt Pronunciation
~ wAtw : (roads, ways)
ghōou/ⳉⲱⲟⲩ, ghōouə/ⳉⲱⲟⲩⲉ, ghoou/ⳉⲟⲟⲩ, goouə/ⳉⲟⲟⲩⲉ (road, way); (S) ḥioovə/ϩⲓⲟⲟⲩⲉ, (S) ḥiēu/ϩⲓⲏⲩ,
(Sf, sA) ḥia(o)və/ϩⲓⲁ(ⲟ)ⲩⲉ , (F) ḥiaui/ϩⲓⲁⲩⲓ, (F) ḥiav/ϩⲓⲁⲩ (road, path);
(B) mitōowwi/ⲙⲓⲧⲱⲟⲩⲓ (road, path) Coptic
waw : (soldier)
ú-i-ú, ú-e-eḫ, ú-e-e, ú-e-ú Akkadian
ú-e-e - ú-e-ú < ú-e-eḫ < ú-i-ú (1,000) (AK) < wīˤiw < waw (AE) Evolution
wiːʕiw > weːʕə, wīˤiw> we:ˤɘ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
wbn : (rise, shine, glitter, appear, overflow, be excessive)
əbol ḥn /ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϩⲛ (S, B), əbol khen/ⲉⲃⲟⲗ ϧⲉⲛ (S, B) (awake, arise from); (S) ouoïn/ⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓⲛ,
(A, sA) oua(ə)inə/ⲟⲩⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓⲛⲉ, (Sa, sA, F) ouaīn/ⲟⲩⲁⲉⲓⲛ , (B) ouōini/ⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ , (O) ouoin/ⲟⲩⲟⲓⲛ ,
(NH) ouoïnə/ⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓⲛⲉ (light, dawn, light of eyes) Coptic
wɛbɛn (modern Egyptological), wabāna IPA
wbx : (be bright)
oubash/ⲟⲩⲃⲁϣ (S, sA, B), oubakh/ⲟⲩⲃⲁⳉ (A), owwash/ⲟⲩⲁϣ (B), oubāsh/ⲟⲩⲃⲉϣ (F), ouobsh/ⲟⲩⲟⲃϣ (S, B),
owwabsh ⲟⲩⲁⲃϣ (Sf, F) (become, be white) Coptic
wa'bax, wa'baḫ (to become white) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
wD : (to give an order)
aka /አወጀ (proclaim, decree) Amharic T
wDa : (judge, make decisions)
ouōōtā /ⲟⲩⲱⲱⲧⲉ Coptic
wDA : (prosperous, protection)
oudjheye /ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ, ouodj /ⲟⲩⲟϫ Coptic
wDA, swDA : (make healthy, be safe)
widǐɜ Demotic
wdɜ (to be whole ) (en.wikiversity.org) Cuneiform
oudjai, widǐɜ (Peust) /ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ (S, B, F), oudjḥai/ⲟⲩϫϩⲁⲓ (S), oudjēi/ⲟⲩϫⲏⲓ (Sa), oudjiï/ⲟⲩϫⲓⲉⲓ (Sa), oudjï/ⲟⲩϫⲉⲓ (A, F),
oudjāāi/ⲟⲩϫⲉⲉⲓ (A, sA, F), oudjāitā/ⲟⲩϫⲉⲓⲧⲉ (A), oudjaï/ⲟⲩϫⲁⲉⲓ (NH), ouodj/ⲟⲩⲟϫ (S, B, F),
owwadj/ⲟⲩⲁϫ (A, sA, F) (be) whole, safe, sound); ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ (by, so long) Coptic
wV'ḏiRV (Loprieno), uși , i-și-ia-e (en.wikiversity.org) Alt Pronunciation
wDA : (go, set out, proceed, attain (a rank), set (of sun)
ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ (by, so long) Coptic
wiḏRV (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
wDAy : (Greetings, salutations )
oudjai /ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ , ouodj /ⲟⲩⲟϫ Coptic
wDb : (fold over, turn, turn back, revert, divert, direct, recur)
wdb (Budge) Alt Egyptian
wtb (pass over, turn) Demotic
ouōtb/ⲟⲩⲱⲧⲃ, ouōtf/ⲟⲩⲱⲧϥ Old Coptic
ouōtᵉb /ⲟⲩⲱⲧⲃ︦ (to turn); (S, sA, F) ouōtb/ⲟⲩⲱⲧⲃ, (S, sA, F) ouōtf/ⲟⲩⲱⲧϥ, (A) ouōtbā/ⲟⲩⲱⲧⲃⲉ,
(A) ouōtfā/ⲟⲩⲱⲧϥⲉ, (B, F) ouōtāb/ⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉⲃ, (B, F) ouōtāf/ⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉϥ, (S) ouātb/ⲟⲩⲉⲧⲃ, (S) ouātf/ ⲟⲩⲉⲧϥ,
(B) ouātāb/ⲟⲩⲉⲧⲉⲃ, (B) ouātāf/ⲟⲩⲉⲧⲉϥ, (B) ouātāb/ⲟⲩⲁⲧⲉⲃ, (B) ouatāf/ⲟⲩⲁⲧⲉϥ, (S, B) ouotb/ⲟⲩⲟⲧⲃ,
(S, B) ouotf/ⲟⲩⲟⲧϥ , (B) ouotʰb/ⲟⲩⲟⲑⲃ, (B) ouotʰf/ⲟⲩⲟⲑϥ, (B) ouotp/ⲟⲩⲟⲧⲡ, (S, F) ouatb/ⲟⲩⲁⲧⲃ,
(S, F) ouatf/ⲟⲩⲁⲧϥ, (S, B) ouotāb/ⲟⲩⲟⲧⲉⲃ, (S, B) ouotāf/ⲟⲩⲟⲧⲉϥ, (S, Sa, Sf) ouat(ā)b/ⲟⲩⲁⲧ(ⲉ)ⲃ,
(S, Sa, Sf) ouat(ā)f/ⲟⲩⲁⲧ(ⲉ)ϥ, (Sa, sA) ouatbā/ⲟⲩⲁⲧⲃⲉ, (Sa, sA) ouatfā/ⲟⲩⲁⲧϥⲉ,
(F) ouatāf/ⲟⲩⲁⲧⲉϥ (surpassing, pass through, remove (everything); traverse, pierce (B);
transfer from one vessel to another (S,Sf,A,B); change (place), be changed (B) Coptic
uṭeb (Budge) Alt Pronunciation
wDH : fruit
outaḥ/ⲟⲩⲧⲁϩ (S, sA, B), ātaḥ/ⲉⲧⲁϩ (A, sA), outāḥ/ⲟⲩⲧⲉϩ (F) Coptic
wi'daḥ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ wDHw : fruits (plr)
outavḥ /ⲟⲩⲧⲁⲩϩ (B) outāvḥ /ⲟⲩⲧⲉⲩϩ (F) Coptic
wdn : (be heavy, weigh, become difficult)
d = z (O. Rössler) Possible Etymology
wazn/وزن (weigh); wazana/ يَزِنُ (to weigh); wazzana/وَزَّنَ (to find the weight of something) Arabic
wHa : (investigate, understand, solve, comeback, return)
bur (interpret) Sumerian
pašāru Akkadian
pṭr Hebrew
psr Arabic
bul /ⲃⲱⲗ (S) (B), bāl /ⲃⲉⲗ (S) (B), bol /ⲃⲟⲗ (S) (B), bal /ⲃⲁⲗ (S) (B), bēl /ⲃⲏⲗ (S) (B),
bal /ⲃⲁⲗ (S) (B), woē /ⲱⲟⲏ? (interpret, explain scriptures, dreams) Coptic
ref. Dreams and Dream Reports in the Writings of Josephus:.... by Robert Karl Gnuse
wHAt , wḥꜣt : ( oasis )
wH, wHi , wḥj Demotic
owwaḥā /ⲟⲩⲁϩⲉ (S), ouāḥi /ⲟⲩⲉϩⲓ (F), owwaḥ / ⲟⲩⲁϩ (B), ouehi /ⲟⲩⲉϩⲓ (B) (oasis) Coptic
vaha Turkish
Ōasis / ὄασις (oasis) Greek
wāḥah/ واحة (oasis) Arabic
wHat : (scorpion)
ouooḥā/ⲟⲩⲟⲟϩⲉ (S, A) ouoḥā/ⲟⲩⲟϩⲉ (S), ouōḥā/ⲟⲩⲱϩⲉ (S), ouoḥi/ⲟⲩⲟϩⲓ (B), ouaaḥi/ⲟⲩⲁⲁϩⲓ (F) (scorpion) Coptic
wHm : Repeat
wAHm Alt Egyptian
(S, sA, F) ouōḥᵉm /ⲟⲩⲱϩⲙ⳯ , (A, sA) ouōḥmə/ⲟⲩⲱϩⲙⲉ , (B, F) ouōḥəm/ⲟⲩⲱϩⲉⲙ , (B) bōḥəm/ⲃⲱϩⲉⲙ ,
(NH) ouḥōm/ⲟⲩϩⲱⲙ , (S, F) ouəḥm/ⲟⲩⲉϩⲙ , (A) ouaḥmə / ⲟⲩⲁϩⲙⲉ, (B?) ouaḥəm / ⲟⲩⲁϩⲉⲙ, (Sa) ouəḥmə/ⲟⲩⲉϩⲙⲉ ,
(B) ouaḥəm/ⲟⲩⲁϩⲉⲙ , (S, B) ouoḥəm/ⲟⲩⲟϩⲉⲙ , (B?) ouaḥm / ⲟⲩⲁϩⲙ , (S, B, F) ouəḥām/ⲟⲩⲉϩⲉⲙ,
(S, sA, B, F) ouaḥm/ⲟⲩⲁϩⲙ , (S, F) ouoḥm/ⲟⲩⲟϩⲙ , (B?) ouoḥəm/ⲟⲩⲟϩⲉⲙ ,
ouəḥᵉm/ⲟⲩⲉϩⲙ⳯ (repeat, do again, answer) Coptic
wɛħɛm (modern Egyptological) IPA
wehem Traditional Pronunciation
wHyt : (family, kindred, relatives, village)
waḥēt Alt Pronunciation
raitā/ⲣⲁⲓⲧⲉ (S), rāitā/ⲣⲉⲓⲧⲉ (sA), rāïtā/ⲣⲉⲉⲓⲧⲉ (A, sA) (kindred) Coptic
uḥēt, uaḥēt Fix
wi : (I, me)
yûm Akkadian
ouə/ⲟⲩⲉ (someone), ə/ⲉ (me, thee) Coptic
inu, nnu, iw (my) Berber
wuʲ IPA
wmt : ( to be thick, to be stout)
(S, B) oumot/ⲟⲩⲙⲟⲧ , (Sf) oumatā/ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲧⲉ , (F) oumat/ⲟⲩⲙⲁⲧ , (S, B) ouomt/ⲟⲩⲟⲙⲧ ,
(S) ouomnt/ⲟⲩⲟⲙⲛⲧ (become, be thick) Coptic
wɛmɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
wmt : (mass of men)
waume-tu (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
wn : (desert hare, rabbit)
win (A) (Vycichi), wan (Old Egyptian), wɛn (modern Egyptological) IPA
wn : (be)
kwn /𐤊𐤅𐤍 Phoenician
oun/ⲟⲩⲛ Old Coptic
ouon/ⲟⲩⲟⲛ (B), owwan/ⲟⲩⲁⲛ (F), oun/ⲟⲩⲛ (S, A, sA), ountā/ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲉ (S, sA), ouontā/ⲟⲩⲟⲛⲧⲉ (S, B),
owwantā/ⲟⲩⲁⲛⲧⲉ (F), ounta/ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁ (S), ount(ā)/ⲟⲩⲛⲧ(ⲉ) (S, A, sA), ountē/ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲏ (sA), ouonta/ⲟⲩⲟⲛⲧⲁ (B),
owwantē/ⲟⲩⲁⲛⲧⲏ (F), oun/ⲟⲩⲛ (be, exist; there is) Coptic
wan (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
wn : (open)
owwan /ⲟⲩⲁⲛ Old Coptic
(S,B,F) ouōn /ⲟⲩⲱⲛ , (S, Sa, sA, B, F) owwēn /ⲟⲩⲏⲛ , (A, sAs) ouān /ⲟⲩⲉⲛ , (A) āouān /ⲉⲟⲩⲉⲛ ,
(S, B, F) a(o)uōn/ avōn ⲁ(ⲟ)ⲩⲱⲛ , (S) oun /ⲟⲩⲛ , (A) aoun /ⲁⲟⲩⲛ Coptic
wan (Antonio Loprieno) IPA
wn(y) : (light)
ouoin/ⲟⲩⲟⲓⲛ Old Coptic
(S) ouoïn/ⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓⲛ, (A, sA) owwa(ā)inā/ⲟⲩⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓⲛⲉ, (Sa, sA, F) owwaāin/ⲟⲩⲁⲉⲓⲛ, (B) ouōini/ⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ,
(NH) ouoāinā/ⲟⲩⲟⲉⲓⲛⲉ Coptic
wnDwt : (subjects, associates)
wenieji-wote (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
wn-Hr : (to reveal one's face, 'to open face')
wnḥ (to reveal) Demotic
(S, A, sA, B, F) ouōnḥ/ⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ , (sA) ouōnāḥ/ⲟⲩⲱⲛⲉϩ , (S, F) ouōnaḥ/ⲟⲩⲱⲛⲁϩ , (S) ouānḥ/ⲟⲩⲉⲛϩ ,
(Sa) ouanāḥ/ⲟⲩⲁⲛⲉϩ , (S, B) ouonḥ/ⲟⲩⲟⲛϩ , (A, sA, F, Sa,) ouanḥ/ⲟⲩⲁⲛϩ , (sA) ouanāḥ/ⲟⲩⲁⲛⲉϩ ,
(S, B) ouonḥ/ⲟⲩⲟⲛϩ , (F) ouan(a)ḥ/ⲟⲩⲁⲛ(ⲁ)ϩ , (sA) ounēḥ/ⲟⲩⲛⲏϩ (reveal, be revealed, appear,
show, make clear) Coptic
wni , wnj : (to rush, to hurry, to take no heed of (evil, speech, etc., to neglect or dismiss (a person)
oûnon/οὖνον “course, race” Greek
ouini/ⲟⲩⲓⲛⲓ (F) ; oueine/ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲛⲉ (S) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) ˈwiːnit , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) ˈwiːniʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ˈwiːnə IPA
wnm : (eat)
wnm Demotic
ouoim/ⲟⲩⲟⲓⲙ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA, B, F, Sa) ouōm /ⲟⲩⲱⲙ, (S) ouoom/ⲟⲩⲟⲟⲙ , (S, B) ou(ā)m/ⲟⲩ(ⲉ)ⲙ, (S, A, B) ouōm/ⲟⲩⲱⲙ ,
(S, B) ouom/ⲟⲩⲟⲙ, (S) ouoom/ⲟⲩⲟⲟⲙ Coptic
wnmi : (right hand)
ounam/ⲟⲩⲛⲁⲙ (S, F), ou(ā)inam/ⲟⲩ(ⲉ)ⲓⲛⲁⲙ (S), iounam/ⲓⲟⲩⲛⲁⲙ (S), ounom/ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲙ (S), iounom/ⲓⲟⲩⲛⲟⲙ (S),
ounām/ⲟⲩⲛⲉⲙ (A, sA), owwinam/ⲟⲩⲓⲛⲁⲙ (B), owwinām/ⲟⲩⲓⲛⲉⲙ (F), owwiānēm/ⲟⲩⲓⲉⲛⲏⲙ (F), iounām/ⲓⲟⲩⲛⲉⲙ (F) ,
iouānēm/ⲓⲟⲩⲉⲛⲏⲙ (F), iōnam/ⲓⲱⲛⲁⲙ (F), iōnēm/ⲓⲱⲛⲏⲙ (F) (right hand) Coptic
wn m di : (having power)
ounti /ⲟⲩⲛϮ Coptic
wn(n) : (being existing , to become, to be)
oun /ⲟⲩⲛ Old Coptic
oun /ⲟⲩⲛ (S, A, sA), ouon /ⲟⲩⲟⲛ (B), ountə/ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲉ (S, sA), ouontə/ⲟⲩⲟⲛⲧⲉ (S, B), ouantə/ⲟⲩⲁⲛⲧⲉ (F),
ounta/ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁ (S), ount(ə)/ⲟⲩⲛⲧ(ⲉ) (S, A, sA), ountē/ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲏ (sA), ouonta/ⲟⲩⲟⲛⲧⲁ (B), ouantē/ⲟⲩⲁⲛⲧⲏ (F) ;
ouon/ⲟⲩⲟⲛ (S, B), ouan/ⲟⲩⲁⲛ (A, sA, F) (some one, something, some) Coptic
wnS : (wolf, jackal)
wnš (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ouōnsh /ⲟⲩⲱⲛϣ (S, A, sA, B), ōnsh /ⲱⲛϣ (S), ouansh /ⲟⲩⲁⲛϣ (A) , ouōōnsh/ⲟⲩⲱⲱⲛϣ (sA, L) (wolf) Coptic
ουνσις (from name Γουνσις/ⲟⲩⲟⲛⲥⲓⲥ) ; lukos /λυκος (wolf) Greek
wnesh , unesh (more accurate) Traditional Pronunciation
~ wnSt : (female wolf, jackal)
wnš.t (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
wnwt : (unequel hour, moment, time) 𓃹𓈖𓏌𓏏𓇼𓇳
wnwt Demotic
ounou /ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ (S, A, sA, B, F, O) Coptic
wVˈnaːwat (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.), wVˈnaːwaʔ (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C), wəˈnoːwə (Late Egyptian 800 B.C),
wɛnuːt (modern Egyptological) IPA
wenut , unut Traditional Pronunciation
unu(t) Fixed Pronunciation
wp(i) : (opener of ways)
ouōrḥ /ⲟⲩⲱⲣϩ (S, sA), ou(ā)rḥ/ ⲟⲩ(ⲉ)ⲣϩ (S), ouorāḥ /ⲟⲩⲟⲣⲉϩ (S), ouor /ⲟⲩⲟⲣ (S), owwar /ⲟⲩⲁⲣ (S) ,
ouōr /ⲟⲩⲱⲣ (S) , ouorḥ /ⲟⲩⲟⲣϩ (S) , ouor /ⲟⲩⲟⲣ (S) , ouarḥ /ⲟⲩⲁⲣϩ (S) , ouōr /ⲟⲩⲱⲣ (sA), ïopā /ⲉⲓⲟⲡⲉ Coptic
wapo Kiswahili-Bantu ?
wpS : (dream, sleep)
ovesh /ⲟⲃϣ︦ (S, B), āvshē /ⲉⲃϣⲓ (forget, sleep) Coptic
wpt : (judgement)
wpṱ(y).w Demotic
ḥap / ϩⲁⲡ Old Coptic
(S, B) ḥap / ϩⲁⲡ, (S) ḥop/ϩⲟⲡ , (A, sA, F) ḥāp/ϩⲉⲡ , (sA) ā/ⲉⲡ (judgement, inquest) Coptic
~ wpi : (judge)
di wpi (give judgement) Alt Egyptian
tiḥap/ϯϩⲁⲡ (give judgement, judge) Coptic
wpt : (horns, top, brow, top-knot, head-dress, zenith)
(B) ḥōp/ϩⲱⲡ , (B) ḥōb/ϩⲱⲃ (horn) Coptic
wɛpɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
wepet Traditional Pronunciation
wapat, upaht Fixed Pronunciation
wpwt : (household, crowd)
wapo-watu, wapowatu, (the people who are here) (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
wpwt : (message, order, command, expedition, assignment, buiness, missions)
Aput, Ȧp-t, or Ȧpu-t (outdated literatur)e Alt Egyptian
wpt/wpṱ (work) Demotic
ïape/ⲉⲓⲁⲡⲉ , iapi/ⲓⲁⲡⲓ , iopi/ⲓⲟⲡⲓ , ïāp/ⲉⲓⲉⲡ Old Coptic
ïope/ⲉⲓⲟⲡⲉ (S), iopā/ⲓⲟⲡⲉ (S), ïapā/ⲉⲓⲁⲡⲉ (Sa), iapā/ⲓⲁⲡⲉ (A), iopē/ⲓⲟⲡⲏ (B), iopi/ⲓⲟⲡⲓ (B), iāb/ⲓⲉⲃ (B), iēb/ⲓⲏⲃ (B),
ïāp/ⲉⲓⲉⲡ (S, A), ieān/ⲓⲉⲡ (B, F), iāpʰ/ⲓⲉⲫ (B), iāb/ⲓⲉⲃ (B) (craft, art, occupation) Coptic
wapwat (Loprieno), uput Alternative Pronunciation
wepwet Traditional Pronunciation
~ wpwty : (messenger, agent, envoy, emissary)
ȧputi , ipwti (Budge , Gardiner), jpwt(j) Alt Egyptian
aput(ə)/apote/𐦠𐦧𐦣𐦵 (messenger, envoy) Meroitic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) wapˈwuːtij (singular); (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) wapˈwuːtij (singular);
(Late Egyptian, 800 BC) wəpˈweːt (singular) IPA
wap'wūtiʲ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ wpwtyw : messengers (plr)
wap'wūtʲVw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ứ-pu-ti, ứ-pu-ut Akkadian
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) wapˈwutjVw (plural); (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) wapˈwutjVw (plural);
(Late Egyptian, 800 BC) wəpˈwøtj/ (plural) IPA
wr : (very, great)
wVrVy Proto-Semitic
rbb / rbꜥ (great) Semetic
ʔur Proto-South Cushitic
ʔur (big, large) South Cushitic
wärä/ወረ Amharic T
onris/οηρις (from name Ὀσοροηρις/Wsỉr-wr) Greek
a /ⲁ (great < aA) Archaic Coptic
ō /ⲱ, o/ⲟ, owwēr, ouēr /ⲟⲩⲏⲣ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA, B, F) owwēr, ouēr /ⲟⲩⲏⲣ, (S) owwēēr, ouēēr /ⲟⲩⲏⲏⲣ, (B) bēr /ⲃⲏⲣ, (F) owwēl,
ouēl /ⲟⲩⲏⲗ, (how great, many, much), (S, B) ō /ⲱ , (S, Sa) ou /ⲟⲩ, (S, B) o/ⲟ, (Sa) aï/av ⲁⲩ, (F) Coptic
wūriʲ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
wer Transliteration
wāri(j) (big), wūriʲ (Loprieno) Alternative Pronunciation
~ ouer/ⲟⲩⲉⲣ ref. Phrouer “Pre the Great” (great) (rare) Coptic
~ wrt : ( much, great) (f)
(S) oww /ⲟⲩⲏⲣⲉ, (F) owwēly /ⲟⲩⲏⲗⲓ (how great, many, much) Coptic
wrS : (watcher, observer)
(S, sA) ou(ā)rshā/ⲟⲩ(ⲉ)ⲣϣⲉ , (S) ouērshā/ⲟⲩⲏⲣϣⲉ , (B) ouārshi/ⲟⲩⲉⲣϣⲓ (watch, watch tower) Coptic
wrt : (rose)
wrṱ Demotic
adrw /ܘܖܿܕܐ(rose) Syriac
rhódon/ ῥόδον (rose) Ancient Greek
warda/وَرْدَة (rose) Arabic
urod /𐭅𐭓𐭅𐭃 (Name Rose) Parthian
wrd /ורד , וֶרֶד (rose) Hebrew
ouērt/ⲟⲩⲏⲣⲧ (S), ouart/ⲟⲩⲁⲣⲧ (S), ouarēt/ⲟⲩⲁⲣⲏⲧ (S), ouert/ⲟⲩⲉⲣⲧ (S)(B)(F), ouēlt/ⲟⲩⲏⲗⲧ (F),
bert/ⲃⲉⲣⲧ (B) (rose/flower) Coptic
wsir, Asr : (god Osiris)
wSA : (utter, recite)
ōsh, awsh/ ⲱϣ (S, A, sA, B, F), āsh/ ⲉϣ (S, B), ash/ⲁϣ (S, A, F), sh /ϣ (B), osh/ⲟϣ (S, B) (to cry, to announce, to call) Coptic
wSAw : (bran)
(B) āsho/ⲉϣⲟ, (B) sho/ϣⲟ , (F) sha/ϣⲁ (bran) Coptic
wSAw : (darkness)
oushā /ⲟⲩϣⲏ (S, sA, F), oukhi/ⲟⲩⳉⲓ (A), oushi/ⲟⲩϣⲓ (F), oush/ⲟⲩϣ (darkness) Coptic
wSb : (answer, answer for)
ouāshᵉb /ⲟⲩⲉϣⲃ̅ (S), ouōshf/ⲟⲩⲱϣϥ (S), ouoshb/ⲟⲩⲟϣⲃ (S), ouōshb/ ⲟⲩⲱϣⲃ (S, sA), owwashb/ⲟⲩⲁϣⲃ (sA),
ouōshbā/ⲟⲩⲱϣⲃⲉ (A), ouōshbā/ⲟⲩⲱϣⲃⲉ (NH) (answer) Coptic
wSd : (to beseech, to ask, to enquire after, to interrogate, to cross-examine, to greet, to salute, to cry out to, to pray to)
ouōshet /ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ︦; owwasht /ⲟⲩⲁϣⲧ (sA), ouōsht /ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ (S, A, sA, B, F) (worship, greet, kiss) Coptic
wsr : (strong, powerful, mighty)
Wa-aš / Uaš > Wa-aš-mu-a-re-a Akkadian
wsSt : (urine)
(S, B, F) ish/ⲓϣ (urine) Coptic
wsx : (broad, wide, extensive (of monuments, riches)
wsɣ Proto-Afro-Asiatic
wšꜥ Semitic
wasie/واسع (to be wide) (Hoch); wasuʿa/ وَسُعَ (to be wide), wasiʿa/ وَسِعَ (to be wide) Arabic
(S) ouashsā/ⲟⲩⲁϣⲥⲉ, (S) ouoshsā/ⲟⲩⲟϣⲥⲉ, (S) ouāshsā/ⲟⲩⲉϣⲥⲉ , (B) ouēshsi/ⲟⲩⲏϣⲥⲓ , (B, F) ouāshsi/ⲟⲩⲉϣⲥⲓ (breadth) ;
ouostn/ⲟⲩⲟⲥⲧⲛ (S) (become, make broad) Coptic
wɛsɛx (modern Egyptological) IPA
wesekh Traditional Pronunciation
uaskh(i) Fix
wsx : (breadth)
owwashsā/ⲟⲩⲁϣⲥⲉ (S), ouoshsā/ⲟⲩⲟϣⲥⲉ (S), ouāshsā/ⲟⲩⲉϣⲥⲉ (S), owwēshsi/ⲟⲩⲏϣⲥⲓ (B), ouāshsi/ⲟⲩⲉϣⲥⲓ (B, F) Coptic
wiḫat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
wt : (embalmer, bandager)
wyt Demotic
wt : (Female plur Ending)
ouā/ⲟⲩⲉ (S), ēuā/ⲏⲩⲉ (S) Coptic
wxA : (search, seek, require, demand, look for, wish)
wḫ(ꜣ) (to search for, wish, request) Demotic
ouash/ⲟⲩⲁϣ, ouōsh/ⲟⲩⲱϣ Old Coptic
(S, sA, B, F) ouōsh/ⲟⲩⲱϣ, (S, sA) ouōshā/ⲟⲩⲱϣⲉ, (A) ouōkhā/ⲟⲩⲱⳉⲉ, (Sa) oushā/ⲟⲩϣⲉ , (S, B,F) ouāsh/ⲟⲩⲉϣ,
(Sa, sA, F) oush/ⲟⲩϣ, (A) ouōkh/ⲟⲩⲱⳉ, (B, F) ouash/ⲟⲩⲁϣ , (Sf, F) ouāshā/ⲟⲩⲉϣⲉ, (S, sA, B, F) ouash/ⲟⲩⲁϣ,
(S) ouosh/ⲟⲩⲟϣ, (A) ouakh/ⲟⲩⲁⳉ (desire, love, be pleased) Coptic
wxt : (night, darkness, evening)
wxA Late Egyptian
wx Demotic
oushā /ⲟⲩϣⲏ (S, sA, F), oukhi/ⲟⲩⳉⲓ (A), oushi/ⲟⲩϣⲓ (F) Coptic
wɛxɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
wekhet, ukhet Traditional Pronunciation
~ wxwt : (night, darkness, evening) (plur)
oushoouā/ⲟⲩϣⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S), ouashouā/ⲟⲩⲁϣⲟⲩⲉ (sA) (plur) Coptic
wy : (how...!)
wa, wi (what?) Proto-Afroasiatic
w- (what?) Omotic
wä , wɨ (what?) Cushitic
wa (who?) Chadic
wy : (dual)
ou/ⲟⲩ ow/ⲁⲩ aou/ⲁⲟⲩ Coptic
(w)a Cuneiform
xA : (1000 , thousand)
sho/ ϣⲟ, shētouai /ϣⲏⲧⲟⲩⲁⲓ, khò/ⳉⲟ (A), sha/ϣⲁ (Sf, F) Coptic
ḫaꜣ (Callender , Loprieno) , ḫa' Alt Pronunciation
xA : (be young, little)
koui , kowwi/ⲕⲟⲩⲓ Old Coptic
koui, kowwi/ⲕⲟⲩⲓ (S, A, F), kouï/ⲕⲟⲩⲉⲓ (sA), koudji/ⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ (B), kouqi/ⲕⲟⲩϭⲓ (F), koouï/ⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉⲓ (NH),
kou/ⲕⲟⲩ (S, F), ka/ⲕⲁ (F), ko/ⲕⲟ (F) Coptic
xAa : (throw, strike down (with disease), cast off (bonds), abandon (property), despatch (messages), thrust, harpoon (hippo), drip (sweat)
ḫꜣ(ꜥ) Demotic
kō/ⲕⲱ (S, sA, F), kou/ⲕⲟⲩ (A, sA, F), kōā/ⲕⲱⲉ (sA), khō/ⲭⲱ (B), ka/ⲕⲁ (S, A, sA, F), kha/ⲭⲁ (B), kā/ⲕⲉ (F, S),
kaa/ⲕⲁⲁ (S, A, sA), ko/ⲕⲟ (NH) kāā/ⲕⲉⲉ (S, F), kē/ⲕⲏ (S, F), kï/ⲕⲉⲓ (A), kaat/ⲕⲁⲁⲧ (sA),
khē, ka/ⲭⲏ (B) (place, appoint, set down, make, have, get, keep, preserve, permit, set free, be loose, limp,
unrestrained, permitted, admit, concede, suppose, bequeath, quit, abandon, fail, leave, omit, be, exist, lie) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈχaːʀaʕ ,(Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈχaːʀaʕ ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈχoːʔəʕ (Loprieno) IPA
kaa Traditional Pronunciation
xAb : (shadow)
(S) ḥa(ā)ibās/ϩⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓⲃⲉⲥ, (S) ḥoibās/ϩⲟⲓⲃⲉⲥ , (Sa) ḥaibā/ϩⲁⲓⲃⲉ , (A) kha(ā)ibā/ⳉⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓⲃⲉ , (sA) ḥaib(ā)s/ϩⲁⲓⲃ(ⲉ)ⲥ ,
(B) chēibi/ϧⲏⲓⲃⲓ, (B) chēbi/ϧⲏⲃⲓ , (F) ḥēibās/ϩⲏⲓⲃⲉⲥ, (F) ḥē(i)bi/ϩⲏ(ⲓ)ⲃⲓ, (F) ḥiēbi/ϩⲓⲏⲃⲓ ,
(NH) ḥaāibā/ϩⲁⲉⲓⲃⲉ (shadow, shade) Coptic
xai : (to appear)
ḫꜥ (to rise, to be resplendent) Demotic
(S) sha/ϣⲁ, (A) khaā/ⳉⲁⲉ , (sA) shaiā/ϣⲁⲓⲉ , (B) shai/ϣⲁⲓ , (F) shā(ā)i/ϣⲉ(ⲉ)ⲓ , (S, NH) shaā/ϣⲁⲉ ,
(B) shaiōou/ϣⲁⲓⲱⲟⲩ (rise of the sun) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈχiʕjit , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈχiʕjiʔ ,(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈχeʕjə (Loprieno) IPA
khai Traditional Pronunciation
xA n(w) rA DA : (fortress)
ḫalṣa /ḫlṣ/ (fortress) Semitic
tälūtsäa/תַלוּצָא (fortress) Aramaic
ḥalīṣā (strong) Syriac
ḫalṣu (fortification) Akkadian
ḫalaṣa /خلص (to be saved, rescued), maḫlaṣ (safe place, refuge) Arabic
xar : (to be furious, rage)
ḫꜥr (to smite, to become angry) Demotic
(S) shaarā/ϣⲁⲁⲣⲉ, (S) shairā/ϣⲁⲓⲣⲉ, (S) shaar/ϣⲁⲁⲣ, (B) shari/ϣⲁⲣⲓ, B) shairi/ϣⲁⲓⲣⲓ , (F) shnēli/ϣⲛⲏⲗⲓ,
(S, sA) shar/ϣⲁⲣ ,(F) shal/ϣⲁⲗ , (S) shar/ϣⲁⲣ (smite) Coptic
xArw : (lane, street, road)
hip/ϩⲓⲣ (S, Sf, sA), hïr/ϩⲉⲓⲣ (S), khir/ⳉⲓⲣ (A), khir/ϧⲓⲣ (B), hil/ϩⲓⲗ(F), hl/ϩⲗ (F) (road, street, quarter) Coptic
xAst : ( hill country, foreign land, desert)
kas/ⲕⲁⲥ (hill) Coptic
xAw : (thousands)
eanansho /ⲁ⳰ⲛⲁⲛϣⲟ , sho /ϣⲟ Coptic
xAwy : (night)
āushē/ ⲉⲩϣⲏ (S), ooshē /ⲟⲩϣⲏ Coptic
xay.k : (you cause to appear)
χaʕˈjak Alternative Pronunciation
xbA : ( to hack up)
šōp/ ϣⲱⲡ (B), šōb/ ϣⲱⲃ (B) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈχaːbaʀ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈχaːbaʀ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) χoːp IPA
xbr (friend)
ḫbr Demotic
ḥ-b-r/חבר Aramaic
shbēr/ϣⲃⲏⲣ, shphēr/ϣⲫⲏⲣ (B), shbr/ϣⲃⲣ (S), xbēr/ⳉⲃⲏⲣ (A), shbēl/ϣⲃⲏⲗ (F) Coptic
ḥāḇēr/חָבַר [χaˈveʁ] (to join, to be friends with, to associate with, to be acquainted) Hebrew
ḵ b r/ خ ب ر Arabic
xbs : ( star , candle , shine (of sun), lamp , lamp wick , luminary (ref. Budge) > xAbsw (star-god)
xabesu Budge
ẖbs (lamp) Demotic
kabkab Proto-Semitic
kabkab Semitic
kak-kab Sumarian
kōkāb Syrian
koḱob/ ኮኾብ Ge'ez
kakkabu/ 𒀯(star) Akkadian
kokäb /ኮከብ (star) (Ethiopic) Amharic
kabkabum (star) Amorite
kawkab / كَوْكَب (star) Arabic
kewkba (star) Maltese
koukab / کوکب (star) Persian
kaukab/ کوکب (star) Urdu
kakkabu (star) Assyrian
kāwkbā (star) Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
kukb (star) Classical Mandaic
kawkḇā / ܟܘܟܒܐ (star) Classical Syriac
kōḵəḇā/ כּוֹכְבָא (star), כּוֺכַבְתָּא (star) Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
kōḵāḇ/ כּוֹכָב (star) Classical Hebrew
kokháv/ כּוֹכָב (star) Hebrew
kakkab (star) Eblaite
kwkb 𐩫𐩥𐩫𐩨 (star) Old South Arabian
kkb/ 𐤊𐤊𐤁, kbkb/ 𐤊𐤁𐤊𐤁 (star) Phoenician
kbkb/ 𐎋𐎁𐎋𐎁 (star) Ugaritic
κακαβουμ (Dioscorides) Punic
ḥēbs/ϩⲏⲃⲥ (S, sA, F), ḥ(ə)bs/ϩ(ⲉ)ⲃⲥ (S), khēbs/ⳉⲏⲃⲥ (A), ẖivs/ϧⲏⲃⲥ (B), ḥēbəs/ϩⲏⲃⲉⲥ (F) (lamp) Coptic
xbs : (pitcher for myrrh)
ḫubšašû (bottle or cup) Akkadian
ḫubVs (vessel) Afrasian
(B) kēbi/ⲕⲏⲃⲓ, (B) kabi/ⲕⲁⲃⲓ (jar, pitcher) Coptic
xdi : (travel north, travel downstram, flow of water, North)
xd Alt Egyptian
xt (travel north) Late Kingdom
xēt/ϧⲏⲧ; xeːt (Old B), xat (Late B), xit (Greco-Bohairic) (IPA) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈχiːtʼit , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈχiːtʼiʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈχiːtʼə IPA
xfAAt : (bank, strand, banks (of waterway) field?)
ḫfꜣ (bank, dyke) Demotic
ḫf Greco-Roman Egyptian
(B, S) shafā/ϣⲁϥⲉ (wilderness, desert); (Sf) shabē/ϣⲁⲃⲏ (desert) Coptic
xfty: (enemy)
shaft /ϣⲁϥⲧ , çeft/ⳓⲉϥⲧ (enemy) Coptic
shaftâ /ሸፍታ(enemy) Amharic
xm : ( to remain ignorant of; to not know or learn)
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) χaːm , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) χaːm , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) χoːm (Loprieno) IPA
xm : (burning hot, warm)
Xmm Alt Egyptian
xmn(w) : ( 8 , eight)
tjamāiy/ṯamāniy , θmaːn Proto-Semitic
taman Tuareg Tamazheq
sämani Ge'ez
asemháï Beja
xménye Cypriot
shmini/ שְׁמִינִי (eighth) ; shmona/ שְׁמוֹנָה (eight (m) Hebrew
šmnh/ 𐤔𐤌𐤍𐤄, š-m-n/ 𐤔𐤌𐤍 Phoenecian
ḫa-ma-an /ḫamān / 𒄩𒈠𒀭 (14th bce cuneiform) Akkadian
ḫamana Babylonain
shemonte/ʃemonte Tigrinya
tjmny/ṯmny, tjmn/ṯmn Sabaean
tmanyā Syriac
ḫʸemùn Neo-Assyrian
thamānij /θamaːn-ij ثماني , θamaːnin; 'ashmunin/الأشمونين Arabic
shmoun/ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ (S, sA, F), esh-mēn/ ϣ⳰ⲙⲏⲛ (B), khmoun/ⳉⲙⲟⲩⲛ (A); shmēn/ϢⲘⲎⲚ, shem/ϢⲘⲈⲚ,
shman/ϢⲘⲀⲚ, [abv. ⲏ︦ ] (Male) Coptic
χaˈmaːnaw (Reconstructed Old Egyptian), χaˈmaːn (Reconstructed Late Egyptian) IPA
khamānaw/ḫamānaw , ḫ˘mā́naw (Callender) , ḫamā́naw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
khemenu Traditional Pronunciation
~ xmnt: (eight) (f)
shmounā /ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛⲉ (S), eshmēni /ϣ⳰ⲙⲏⲛⲓ (B), shmouni/ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛⲓ (F) (Female) Coptic
ḫ˘mā́nat (Callender) , ḫamā́naw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
xmnw : (Eight the name of the Hermopolis where the Ogdoad is) 𓐁𓏌𓐍
zmoun/𐋵ⲙⲟⲩⲛ Old Coptic
shmoun/ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ (m) Coptic
zmoun/ Ζμουν Greek
Ashmounin / الأشمونين Arabic
xmniw : (eighty)
eḥmānā /ϩ⳰ⲙⲉⲛⲉ (S), khamnā /ϧⲁⲙⲛⲉ (B) Coptic
ḫamanáwju (Callender) , ḫamnéw (Loprieno), ḫamnaw Alt Pronunciation
xmt : (3 , three)
kerad Tuareg Tamahaq Ahaggar
k'aradh Tuareg Ghat
śalāθ , θlaθ Proto-Semitic
šalāš , šalāšat/ 𒐈 Akkadian
krad Proto-Berber
kṛaḍ, cṛaḍ, caṛeḍ; kṛaḍt, cṛaḍt , caṛeḍt (F) Berber
śälas Ge'ez
sam 삼 Sino-Korean
hoᵉmnt/ ϣⲟⲙ̅ⲛⲧ (S), sh(ā)mnt /ϣ(ⲉ)ⲙⲛⲧ (S) , shomt/ ϣⲟⲙⲧ (S,B), khamt/ⳉⲁⲙⲧ (A), shomt/ϣⲟⲙⲧ (S, B),
shamānt/ϣⲁⲙⲉⲛⲧ (Sf), shamnt/ϣⲁⲙⲛⲧ (Sa, sA), shamt/ϣⲁⲙⲧ (sA, F), shmt/ϣⲙⲧ (S, sA), sh(ā)mnt/ϣ(ⲉ)ⲙⲛⲧ (S),
khnt/ⳉⲛⲧ (A), khntā/ⳉⲛⲧⲉ(A) [abv. ⲅ︦ ] (male) Coptic
in-khomati Siswati-Bantu
ˈχamtaw IPA
khamtaw/ḫamtaw , ḫámtaw (Callender) , ḫámtaw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
khemet Traditional Pronunciation
khomt Fixed Pronunciation
~ xmt-rw : 3/4, three fourths
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˌχamtawˈɾaːʀaw , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˌχamtawˈɾaːʀaw ,
(Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BCE) ˌχəmtəʔˈɾaːwəʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˌχəmtəˈɾoːw IPA
~ xmtw : (3 , three)
ḫmtw Demotic
ḫa-am-tu4 /ḫamtu/ 𒄩𒂔𒌈(4th bce cuneiform) Akkadian
šomt/ϣⲟⲙⲧ (B, S), xamt/ⳉⲁⲙⲧ (A), šamt/ϣⲁⲙⲧ (F) Akkadian
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈχamtaw , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈχamtaw ,
(Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BCE) ˈχamtəʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈχamt IPA
~ xmtt : (three) (F)
shomtā/ ϣⲟⲙⲧⲉ Old Coptic
shomtā/ ϣⲟⲙⲧⲉ (S), shomti / ϣⲟⲙϯ (B), shomntā/ϣⲟⲙⲛⲧⲉ (S), khamtā/ⳉⲁⲙⲧⲉ (A),
shamtā/ϣⲁⲙⲧⲉ (sA), ḥomtā/ϩⲟⲙⲧⲉ (sA) (female) Coptic
ḫámtat (Callender) , ḫámtaw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
xn : (direct ones hand)
kono (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
khen Traditional Pronunciation
khono Fixed Pronunciation
xn : (make music)
(S, sA) qnqn/ϭⲛϭⲛ , (S) qānqān/ϭⲉⲛϭⲉⲛ, (S) qmqm/ϭⲙϭⲙ, (S) gngn/ϫⲛϫⲛ, (S) djindjin/ϫⲓⲛϫⲓⲛ, (S) gmgm/ϫⲙϫⲙ ,
(B) djāndjān/ϫⲉⲛϫⲉⲛ (make music with instrument or voice) Coptic
xnd : (tread down foes, tread ways)
khened adjusted, ku-unda (ref. http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
kunda Fixed Pronunciation
xnd : (lower leg or foot)
šōnt/ ϣⲱⲛⲧ Coptic
xɛnɛd (modern Egyptological) IPA
xnmt , xnt : (red jasper)
ʔax-la-mah (ref. en.wikiversity.org) Late Kingdom
xnmw : (ram god)
khuruf/ خروف (lamb), ġanam/ أغنام (sheep) Arabic
xnp : (receive (semen))
* p becomes f
khēnoof/ⳉⲛⲟⲟϥ (conceive) (Vycichl ) Coptic
xnp : (snatch, steal, catch a ball, present offering)
xnf Alt Egyptian
kōlp/ⲕⲱⲗⲡ (B) (steal, rob, theft, thing stolen) Coptic
xnt : (in front of, among, from, out of)
ḥn/ϩⲛ, ḥən/ϩⲉⲛ, khn /ϧⲛ Old Coptic
(S, sA, F) ḥn/ϩⲛ, (A) khan/ⳉⲛ, (B) khən/ϧⲉⲛ , (F) ḥin/ϩⲓⲛ , (F) ḥə/ϩⲉ , (F) ḥē/ϩⲏ ,
(F) ḥən/ϩⲉⲛ (of place in, at, on, of time, by, with as agent) Coptic
xnt : (bounty, recompense, gift)
(S, F) ḥōn /ϩⲱⲛ, (S) ḥōōn /ϩⲱⲱⲛ (gift as betrothal), (S, B) ḥmot/ϩⲙⲟⲧ, (A, sA, F) ḥmat/ϩⲙⲁⲧ,
(B) āḥmot/ⲉϩⲙⲟⲧ (grace, gift) Coptic
xnty : (who is front of, foremost)
shant /ϣⲁⲛⲧ, shaft /ϣⲁϥⲧ Coptic
xpd : (buttocks, rumps)
paḫVǯ Proto-Afroasiatic
paḫ(i)d Proto-Semitic
faḵiḏ/ فَخِذ “thigh” Arabic
xpS : (Egyptian sickle-sword, khopesh 'foreleg, this, arm')
ḫpš (Diacritic) , SpS Alt Egyptian
grt ? (needs ref) Demotic
kopis/κοπίς < koptō/κόπτω (to cut, to strike); (knife with a forward-curving blade) Greek
shōbsh/ϣⲱⲃϣ (B), shōpsh/ϣⲱⲡϣ (S) (arm, leg); kortā/ⲕⲟⲣⲧⲉ (S) (sword, knife) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈχaːpVʃ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈχaːpVʃ ,
kepeshu/ ケペシュ Japanease
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈχoːpəʃ (Loprieno, V mean unknown vowel) IPA
khepesh Traditional Pronunciation
khopesh, shepesh (Budge) Alt Pronunciation
xpS : (foreleg, this, arm)
(S, B) shōpᵉsh/ϣⲱⲡϣ︦, (A) khōpsh/ⳉⲱⲡϣ, (B) shōbsh/ϣⲱⲃϣ (arm, foreleg of animals, shoulder ) Coptic
xp(y)t: (die, perish, death)
kaput קאַפּוט (lost, dead) Yiddish
kaputt (destroyed, ruined, lost) German
kapu (singular), kaput Hungarian
cappotto Italian
kapút капу́т Russian
kaput (warn our, dead, done in) English
xr : (with, near, under (a king), speak (to), by (of agent))
(S) ḥaro/ϩⲁⲣⲟ, (A) khara/ⳉⲁⲣⲁ, (sA) ḥara/ϩⲁⲣⲁ , (B) kharo/ϧⲁⲣⲟ , (F) ḥala/ϩⲁⲗⲁ (under, in at, by reason of,
for, in respect of) Coptic
xr : (to fall)
khur Arabic?
xrp : (to oversee, to govern, to direct)
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈχaːɾap , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈχaːɾap ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈχoːɾəp (Loprieno) IPA
šōrp/ϣⲱⲣⲡ Coptic
xsbD : (Lapis Lazuli) 𓐍𓋴𓃀𓆓𓏸𓏥
ḫsbḏ, ḫsbč, ḫsbč̣.(ỉ) , ḫsbṭ.y , xsbD-irit Alt Egyptian
xsbd 𓐍𓊃𓃀𓂧𓏸𓏥 Demotic
kalakantʰēs/ⲕⲁⲗⲁⲕⲁⲛⲑⲏⲥ, khalkantʰ/ⲭⲁⲗⲕⲁⲛⲑ, khalatʰantʰ/ⲕⲁⲗⲁⲑⲁⲛⲑ, khalkantʰos/ⲭⲁⲗⲕⲁⲛⲑⲟⲥ, kalakantʰ/ⲕⲁⲗⲁⲕⲁⲛⲑ,
khalkantʰou/ⲭⲁⲗⲕⲁⲛⲑⲟⲩ, kalakantʰou/ⲕⲁⲗⲁⲕⲁⲛⲑⲟⲩ (solution of blue vitriol, copper vitriol
(specific sense unclear) ; ḥuakintʰinon/ϩⲩⲁⲕⲓⲛⲑⲓⲛⲟⲛ (royal blue Old Testament);
ḥuakintʰos/ϩⲩⲁⲕⲓⲛⲑⲟⲥ (jacinth (precious blue gem); (S) avan mpə/ⲁⲩⲁⲛ ⲙⲡⲉ (sky-colored, blue);
kⁱēdji/ϭⲏϫⲓ (purple) Coptic
ḫuduššu (Lapis frog), ukuššu (Lapis-Lazuli) Akkadian
lāzaward/ لازورد Arabic
lāzhuward, lājevard/ لاجورد Persian
lapis (stone) + lazulī (heavens, skies) Latin
natshəjoganədə rubekabe/በከበሩ ድንጋዮችና Amhaaric
azul Spanish
azure English
khesbedj Traditional Pronunciation
xɛsbɛd͡ʒ/ (modern Egyptological) IPA
~ čfrr : to be lapis like, blue' (Ptolemaic-Roman Erman & Grapow)
~ tfrr.(w)t(i) : plant of the color of heaven, blue blossoming flax (Dümichen)
xsf : (to bar, to thwart, to fend off , to punish, to oppose)
xōsf/ ⳉⲱⲥϥ (A), šōšf/ ϣⲱϣϥ (B) sōšf/ ⲥⲱϣϥ (S) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈχaːsaf , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈχaːsaf ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈχoːsəf (Loprieno) IPA
xt (throughout)
še/ϣⲉ Coptic
xt : (things, offerings, possessions, property, matter, affair, something, anything)
ixt , jḫt Early Egyptian
išt, xt/ixt Old Kingdom
Axt New Kingdom
Axwt Late Kingdom
št, ḫt Greco-Roman
kitu (thing, substance, matter) (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
(S, A, B, F) kōt/ⲕⲱⲧ, (S, B) kāt/ⲕⲉⲧ , (F, A, S) kat/ⲕⲁⲧ, (S, B) kot/ⲕⲟⲧ, (S, B) kēt/ⲕⲏⲧ (build, form) Coptic
xɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
khet Traditional Pronunciation
~xt nbt : everything, anything
ān-khai nibān /ⲉⲛⲭⲁⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ (B) Coptic
xt : (fire)
kaa (fuel) (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
kōḥt /ⲕⲱϩⲧ (S, A, sA, F), kōḥᵉt /ⲕⲱϩⲧ︦ Coptic
khet Traditional Pronunciation
xt : (wood, timber, tree, woodland, mast, stick, pole, rod (measurement)
*t was droped MK-LK
iṣ́ (tree) Proto-Semitic
𒄑 (wood, wooden) 𒉺 (wing; branch) Sumerian
𒄑𒉺 /ḫaṭṭu (Scepter from Sumerian), 𒄑 ishu/iṣu (wood, wooden) Akkadian
ʿəṣ́/ዕፅ (tree) Ge'ez
ʿāqā/עָקָא (wood, log) Aramaic
ʿēṣ/ עֵץ (tree) Hebrew
ʿṣ/𐎓𐎕 (tree) Ugaritic
ʿaṣā/عَصَا (tree) Arabic
shə/ϣⲉ Old Coptic
(S, sA, B, F) shə/ϣⲉ , (S, F) shē/ϣⲏ, (S) shi/ϣⲓ, (A) khə/ⳉⲉ (wood); (B) kⁱēout/ϭⲏⲟⲩⲧ (trees) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) χit , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) χiʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) χeʔ (Loprieno) IPA
khat Traditional Pronunciation
xti : (see)
kōtā/ⲕⲱⲧⲉ, koti/ⲕⲟϯ Old Coptic
kōtā/ⲕⲱⲧⲉ (S, A, sA), kōti/ⲕⲱϯ (B, F), kāt/ⲕⲉⲧ (S, B), kat/ⲕⲁⲧ (A, sA, F), kot/ⲕⲟⲧ (S, B), kēt/ⲕⲏⲧ (S)
(seek, go about, seeking) Coptic
xti : (retire, retreat)
koti/ⲕⲟϯ, kōtā/ⲕⲱⲧⲉ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA) kōtā/ⲕⲱⲧⲉ , (B, F) kōti/ⲕⲱϯ, (S, B) kāt/ⲕⲉⲧ , (F, A, sA,) kat /ⲕⲁⲧ, (S, B) kot/ⲕⲟⲧ
(S) kēt/ⲕⲏⲧ (turn, go round) Coptic
xrxr : (destroy)
khōr/ⲭⲱⲣ (B), kher/ⲭⲉⲣ (B) (destroy); khōr/ϧⲱⲣ, khār/ϧⲉⲣ, khor/ϧⲟⲣ (be crushed, broken, destroy, break);
khomkhem/ϧⲟⲙϧⲉⲙ (B), ḥamḥem /ϩⲁⲙϩⲉⲙ (F), chāmkhōm/ϧⲉⲙϧⲱⲙ (B) (be broken, destroy); šor-šer, Coptic
xrw : (voice)
ḫrw (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ḫr (say) OK Egyptian
qʷar /ḳa(wa)l/, qVwar (voice, call, cry) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
ḫVwVr (bellow) Semitic
kur Berber
kur-ǝt (Tahaggart) Ahaggar
qwar (scream, cry, groan, shout, call) Western Chadic
k/ḥwar (voice) Central Chadic
khra /ϧⲣⲁ Old Coptic
chrōou /ϧⲣⲱⲟⲩ (B), khara /ⲭⲁⲣⲁ (B), chara /ϧⲁⲣⲁ (B), ḥroou /ϩⲣⲟⲟⲩ (S), ḥrou /ϩⲣⲟⲩ (S), ḥra /ϩⲣⲁ (S),
ḥlav/ϩⲗⲁⲩ (F), ḥraav /ϩⲣⲁⲁⲩ (F) , khrav/ⳉⲣⲁⲩ (A) , khra/ϧⲣⲁ (voice) Coptic
h_wr [-u-] (needs ref.) Arabic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) χaˈɾaw , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) χaˈɾaw ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) χəˈɾaw (Loprieno) IPA
ḫi'raw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
xrw : enemy
ḥroou/ϩⲣⲟⲟⲩ (S), xrōou/ ϧⲣⲱⲟⲩ (B)
xpr : (exist, be, come into being, become, change (into), occur, happen, come to pass, take place, be effective,
go by, be past, continue (of action)
r was dropped from pronunciation at some point Notes
ḫpr(w) Alt Egyptian
ḫu-ru , ḫur-(r)i Cuneiform
khōpā /ϧⲱⲡⲉ, sōbē /ⲥⲱⲃⲓ Old Coptic
(sA) shōpə /ϣⲱⲡⲉ, əshōp /ⲉϣⲱⲡ, shoop /ϣⲟⲟⲡ (S), (A) khōpə /ⳉⲱⲡⲉ, (B, F) shōpi /ϣⲱⲡⲓ,
(A) khoop /ⳉⲟⲟⲡ, (F) shaap /ϣⲁⲁⲡ, (B, F) shop /ϣⲟⲡ (exists, be become), (A) tkhpo /ⲧⳉⲡⲟ,
(A) tkhpə /ⲧⳉⲡⲉ, (S) tshpo /ⲧϣⲡⲟ, (B) djpʰā /ϫⲫⲉ, (B) tḥpʰā / ⲧϩⲫⲉ (beget, bring forth of male or female)
(S, A, sA) gro/ϫⲣⲟ, (S, A, sA, B) qro/ϭⲣⲟ, (F) gra/ϫⲣⲁ, (S, sA) graït/ϫⲣⲁⲉⲓⲧ , (S) qraeit/ϭⲣⲁⲉⲓⲧ ,
(S) groït/ϫⲣⲟⲉⲓⲧ , (S) qroït/ϭⲣⲟⲉⲓⲧ (be, become strong, firm, victorious);
(S) shōpə/ϣⲱⲡⲉ (to become, befall, be); kⁱōlp/ϭⲱⲗⲡ (create), rəfkⁱōlp/ⲣⲉϥϭⲱⲗⲡ (creator);
gpo/ϫⲡⲟ (beget, bring forth, father, acquire, birth, fathering , product, creature, progeny
possession, gain); çōpe/ⳋⲱⲡⲉ (P), çōpe/ⳃⲱⲡⲉ (Proto-L) (be become) Coptic
ˈxaːpar (Old Egyptian 2500 BCE), ˈχaːpaʔ (Middle Egyptian 1700 BCE) ,ˈχoːpə (Late Egyptian 800 BCE),
ˈxaːpə (Late Egyptian) , xɛpɛr (modern Egyptological); ḫoːpə ;
ḫpr> ḫā\par> ḫāp ͝ ʾ > shōpe/ϣⲱⲡⲉ (ref. Junge) Evolution
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈχupɾaw , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈχupɾaw ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈχøpɾ (Loprieno) IPA
ḫupVr > ḫa:pə or ḫo:pə > shōpā/ϣⲱⲡⲉ (Loprieno), ḫu-ru / ḫur-(r)i - ḫpr(w) (en.wikiversity.org), ḫap-raw,
ḫā́pVr (Satzinger?), /xprw/ ḫupraw > ḫuprɘ (transformation) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
kheper Traditional Pronunciation
khoper , shopir (LE), shoper (UE) (possible) Fix
~ xpr : (to create)
sholp/cholp /ϭⲟⲗⲡ (to create) Coptic
~ di xpr m sS : (to cause to be done into writing )
tishōrā /ϯϣⲱⲡⲉ Coptic
~ xpr.w : (form, shape, modes of being
ḫpeʔr Late Egyptian
(a)ḫ-pe/i-e/ir , ḫǔp(i)raw ~ ḫupǐwr ~ ḫupěwr (forms), ḫu-u'-ru (1000 BCE), ḫpeʔr (LK) Akkadian
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) χuˈpiɾwaw , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) χuˈpiɾwaw ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) χəˈpeʔɾ ; ḫupirau-u > /𝛘u'pirw/ (Loprieno) IPA
~ xprw.w : (forms)
(a)ḫ-pi-ir, (a)ḫ-pe-ir Akkadian
shpērā/ϢⲠⲎⲢⲈ Coptic
xprw.w > /xu'pirwaw/ (transformations), ḫu'pirwaw > ḫpeʔr (Loprieno), ḫupǐwr
~ ḫupěwr Alt Pronunciation
xx : (neck, throat)
khakh / ϧⲁϧ Coptic
koo (neck, throat) (ref. http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
khekh raditional Pronunciation
khakh FixedPronunciation
X
XAb(t) : (sickle)
khrobi/ⲭⲣⲟⲃⲓ (B) Coptic
ha'RabʲVt (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Xaq : (shave, barber)
ḥō(ō)kā/ϩⲱ(ⲱ)ⲕⲉ (S, sA) , ḥō(ō)k/ϩⲱ(ⲱ)ⲕ (S, sA) ḥōkā/ϩⲱⲕⲉ (Sf), khēououk/ⳉⲟⲩⲟⲩⲕ (A), ḥōki/ϩⲱⲕⲓ (B) ,
chōki/ϧⲱⲕⲓ (B), chōk/ϧⲱⲕ (B), ḥā(ā)kā/ϩⲉ(ⲉ)ⲕⲉ (S), ḥāk/ϩⲉⲕ (S), khok/ⳉⲟⲕ (A), chāk/ϧⲉⲕ (B),
ḥakā/ϩⲁⲕⲉ (F), ḥo(o)k/ϩⲟ(ⲟ)ⲕ (S), chok/ϧⲟⲕ (B), ḥookā/ϩⲟⲟⲕⲉ (S), khēk /ϧⲏⲕ (B), ḥaakā/ ϩⲁⲁⲕⲉ (F)
(scrape, scratch, shave, sheer), hōb/ϣⲱⲃ (S), shōf/ϣⲱϥ (S), shōp/ϣⲱⲡ (B), chōp/ϭⲱⲡ (B), shop/ϣⲟⲡ (B),
chop/ϭⲟⲡ (B), shb/ϣⲃ (S), shāf/ϣⲉϥ (S), shāb/ϣⲉⲃ (B), shāp/ϣⲉⲡ (B), chāp/ϭⲉⲡ (B), shob/ϣⲟⲃ (S, B),
shof/ϣⲟϥ (S), shab/ϣⲁⲃ (F), shēb/ϣⲏⲃ (S, B), shēf/ϣⲏϥ (S), shāp/ϣⲉⲡ (B) (shave, clip) Coptic
ḥalaqa/حلق (throat "shave") Arabic
ha'aq (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Xdb : (kill, slay, execute)
ẖtb (to kill) Demotic
(S, sA) ḥōtb/ϩⲱⲧⲃ, ḥoːtəb/ϩⲱⲧⲃ︦ , (S, F) ḥōtāb/ϩⲱⲧⲉⲃ , (A) khōtbā/ⳉⲱⲧⲃⲉ, (sA) ḥōtbā/ϩⲱⲧⲃⲉ , (B) chōtāb/ϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ ,
(S) ḥātb/ϩⲉⲧⲃ , (sA, F, S) ḥatb/ϩⲁⲧⲃ , (B) chātāb/ϧⲉⲧⲉⲃ, (B) chatāb/ϧⲁⲧⲉⲃ , (F) ḥatāb/ϩⲁⲧⲉⲃ , (S) ḥotb/ϩⲟⲧⲃ ,
(A) khatb/ⳉⲁⲧⲃ , (B) chotʰb/ϧⲟⲑⲃ , (S) ḥotbā/ϩⲟⲧⲃⲉ , (sA) ḥatbā/ϩⲁⲧⲃⲉ , (A) khatbā/ⳉⲁⲧⲃⲉ , (sA) ḥatbā/ϩⲁⲧⲃⲉ ,
(B) chatʰāb/ϧⲁⲑⲉⲃ (kill) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈçaːtʼab , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈçaːtʼab ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈçoːtʼəβ (Loprieno) IPA
ẖā-dib (Vycichl), hoːtḅ Alt Pronunciation
khedeb (MK), kheteb (LK) Traditional Pronunciation
Xdb.f : He kills
~ ḥotb-f/ ϩⲟⲧⲃ-ϥ Coptic
~ ẖȧd-bēf (Vycichl) Alt Pronunciation
~ khedeb.ef (MK), kheteb.ef (LK) Traditional Pronunciation
Xkr (adornment, decoration)
xōk/ⳉⲱⲕ (A), xōk/ϧⲱⲕ (B) hōōk/ϩⲱⲱⲕ (S), hōk/ϩⲱⲕ (S) IPA
Xn : (approach)
ḥōn/ϩⲱⲛ (S, sA, F), ḥnan/ϩⲛⲁⲛ (Sa), khnan/ⳉⲛⲁⲛ (A), ḥōnā/ϩⲱⲛⲉ (sA), ḥn/ϩⲛ (S), ḥon/ϩⲟⲛ (S),
ḥēn/ϩⲏⲛ (S, sA, F) , khēn/ⳉⲏⲛ (A) (draw near, approach) Coptic
ha:nan (Loprieno), ˈçaːnan Alt Pronunciation
khen Traditional Pronunciation
Xni : (to row)
hini/ ϩⲓⲛⲓ (B), hine/ϩⲓⲛⲉ (S)
Xnty : statue 𓂙𓈖𓍘𓀛
Xn(w)ty 𓂙𓏌𓏏𓀛 Demotic
kō/ⲕⲱ (statue) Coptic
haela/حا َلـَة (statue) Arabic
hnti , ʰnuty (more accurate?) Possible Pronunciation
khenty Traditional Pronunciation
Xnmt : (well (water)
ḥonbe/ϩⲟⲛⲃⲉ (S)
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈçanmaʔ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈçanmə ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) çɛnmɛt (Loprieno) IPA
Xnmw : (Herd (game)
xanam Afroas
yanam (sheep) (? ref needed) Aramaic
khabshym /כְּבָשִׂים (sheep) Hebrew
khenmu Traditional Pronunciation
Xnw : (inside, interior, home, abode, residence)
ẖn (in) Demotic
āhoun/ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ, khoun/ⲭⲟⲩⲛ (inward part) Old Coptic
āhoun/ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ (S, F), akhoun/ⲁⳉⲟⲩⲛ (A), ahoun/ⲁϩⲟⲩⲛ (sA) ākhoun/ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ (B), āhon/ⲉϩⲟⲛ (F) (to inside, inward);
ḥoun/ϩⲟⲩⲛ (S, sA, F), khēoun/ⳉⲟⲩⲛ (A), khoun/ϧⲟⲩⲛ (B) inward part); khān/ϧⲉⲛ (in, with (instrumental);
hn/ϩⲛ (S), khun/ⳉⲟⲩⲛ Coptic
Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈçaːnaw , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈçaːnaw , (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BCE) ˈçaːnəʔ
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈçoːn (Loprieno) IPA
houn, huːn, ˈçaːnaw, ha:naw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
khenu Traditional Pronunciation
~ m-Xnw (within)
entof/ⲛ̄ϩⲟⲩⲛ (with in) Coptic
Xnw : (capital city)
xoun/ϧⲟⲩⲛ (B) houn /ϩⲟⲩⲛ (S) Coptic
XpA : (navel , umbilical cord)
ẖlpy Demotic
ḥālpi/ϩⲉⲗⲡⲓ, ḥālpā/ϩⲉⲗⲡⲉ Old Coptic
(S) ḥ(ā)lpā/ϩ(ⲉ)ⲗⲡⲉ, (Sf) ḥēlpi/ϩⲏⲗⲡⲓ , (sA) ḥlpā/ϩⲗⲡⲉ , (B) khālpi/ϧⲉⲗⲡⲓ, (B) khālbi/ϧⲉⲗⲃⲓ (navel) Coptic
Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) çapˈlaw , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) çapˈlaw ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) çəpˈle (Loprieno) IPA
khepa Traditional Pronunciation
Xr : (under, carrying, holding, possessing, at (head or foot), through (of means), subject (to someone's actions)
kha/ϧⲁ , kha/ⲭⲁ , ḥa /ϩⲁ Old Coptic
kharo /Ϧⲁⲣⲟ (B), khara /Ϧⲁⲣⲁ (B), khēara /ⳉⲁⲣⲁ (A), ḥa /ϩⲁ (S, sA, F), cha/ ϭⲁ (S), ḥala /ϩⲁⲗⲁ (F) , khēa/ⳉⲁ (A),
kha/ϧⲁ (B), ḥaro/ ϩⲁⲣⲟ (S), ḥara /ϩⲁⲣⲁ (sA), (under, in, at), ḥa/ϩⲁ (S) (cast, put beneath);
(S) ḥaro/ϩⲁⲣⲟ, (A) khara/ⳉⲁⲣⲁ, (sA) ḥara/ϩⲁⲣⲁ , (B) kharo/ϧⲁⲣⲟ ,
(F) ḥala/ϩⲁⲗⲁ (under, in at, by reason of, for, in respect of) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) çuɾ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) çuʔ ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) çøʔ (Loprieno) IPA
kher Traditional Pronunciation
~ Xry : (which is under, lower, having, possessing suffering from (illness)
əkhrēi /ⲉϧⲣⲏⲓ Old Coptic
(S) ḥrai/ ϩⲣⲁⲓ (lower part), (S) əḥrai/ ⲉϩⲣⲁⲓ, (S) əḥrē/ ⲉϩⲣⲏ, (A) akharēi/ⲁⳉⲣⲏⲓ, (A) akharē/ⲁⳉⲣⲏ ,
(sA) aḥrē(ə)i /ⲁϩⲣⲏ(ⲉ)ⲓ, (sA) aḥrē/ⲁϩⲣⲏ, (sA) əḥrē/ ⲉϩⲣⲏ, (B) əchrēi/ⲉϧⲣⲏⲓ,
(F) əḥlēi/ⲉϩⲗⲏⲓ (to below, downward) Coptic
/çur'rij/ (which is beneath) > ϩⲣⲁⲓ (lower part) (Loprieno) IPA
kher Traditional Pronunciation
Xrd : (be a child , become a child, child, boy , lad, youth)
ẖrd Alt Egyptian
ẖrtṱ Demotic
khārōt /ϧⲣⲱⲧ (plural, children, young, child); rat/ⲣⲁⲧ Old Coptic
ḥrat /ϩⲣⲁⲧ, khārot/ ϧⲣⲟⲧ ? (S), chroti/ϧⲣⲟϯ (B) (child, boy); chroti/ϧⲣⲟϯ (B) , ḥlati/ϩⲗⲁϯ (F)
(plural, children, young) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) çaˈɾatʼ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) çaˈɾatʼ ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) çəˈɾatʼ (Loprieno) IPA
kraat (Hoor-paar-kraat from /Heru-pa-khered/Harpocrates 'Horus the child' (Crowley BoL) Alt Pronunciation
khered Traditional Pronunciation
~ Xrdw : Children
khrōti/ϧⲣⲱϯ (B) , ḥlati/ ϩⲗⲁϯ (F) Coptic
Xrt : (possessions, belongings, share, portion, requirements, duty, skill)
ḥrā/ϩⲣⲉ (S, sA), ḥārā/ϩⲉⲣⲉ (S), ḥriï/ϩⲣⲓⲉⲓ (Sa), ḥrvï/ϩⲣⲩⲉⲓ (Sa), khērā/ⳉⲣⲉ (A), cherā/ϧⲣⲉ (B), ḥrē/ϩⲣⲏ (F) (food) Coptic
hrit (food) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
kheret Traditional Pronunciation
Xry : (which is under, lower, having, possessing, suffering from (illness)
ḥrai/ϩⲣⲁⲓ (S), khērēi/ⳉⲣⲏⲓ (A), ḥrēi/ϩⲣⲏⲓ (sA), ḥrēï/ϩⲣⲏⲉⲓ (sA), khrēi/ϧⲣⲏⲓ (B), ḥlēi/ϩⲗⲏⲓ (F) (lower part) Coptic
hriʲ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
khery Traditional Pronunciatio
Xt : (body, corps)
khat Budge
ḫway (stomach, belly, intestines) Proto-Central Chadic
ḫVwVy- (stomach) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
kōt /ⲕⲱⲧ (S, A, B, F), kāt /ⲕⲉⲧ (S, B), kat /ⲕⲁⲧ (F), kot /ⲕⲟⲧ (S, B),
kat /ⲕⲁⲧ (A, F), kēt /ⲕⲏⲧ (S, B), kat /ⲕⲁⲧ (S) (build, form) Coptic
'SHūwat/ˈçuːwat (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE), 'SHūwa'ah/ ˈçuːwaʔ (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE),nHty
'SHewə/ˈçeːwə (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE), SHeht/çɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
khet Traditional Pronunciation
Xt : (belly, womb, sole (of foot)
kaböd/ከብድ (belly) Tigre
ḥē/ϩⲏ , khē/ⲭⲏ Old Coptic
ḥē/ϩⲏ (S), khï/ⳉⲉⲓ (A), khi/ⳉⲓ (A), ḥēt/ϩⲏⲧ (S, sA), khēt/ⳉⲏⲧ (A), chēt/ϧⲏⲧ (B) (belly, womb);
ḥā/ϩⲉ (B) ḥē/ϩⲏ (F) (hinder par, back) Coptic
hu:wat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
khet Traditional Pronunciation
~ mXt : in the stomach
nḥēt/ⲛϩⲏⲧ (S) , nKHēt/ⲛϧⲏⲧ (B), nKHēt/ⲛⳉⲏⲧ (A) (in) Coptic
yA : (well, really, indeed, but)
jyA , yAj Alt Egyptian
jwy Demotic
ïa/ⲉⲓⲁ (A), iə/ⲓⲉ (B) , ïə/ⲉⲓⲉ (S), əïəa/ⲉⲉⲓⲉ (S) Coptic
/iːɑ/ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ybASti : (hardtack, biscuit)
ya=bi=ša=(ta) P. Leiden
ya=bi=š=ta Gardiner
yabiśum (dry) Amorite
yabbištā Syriac
ybs /ሰበየ (dry) Amharic
yəbūsa /ይቡሰ: (dry) Ethiopic
yabesh /יָבֵשׁ (to be dry, dried up, or withered) Hebrew
yabis old Arabic
yabisa يبس Arabic
ʾābištu , ʾābeštu, yābištu Alt Pronunciation
yebashti Traditional Pronunciation
ym : (sea , lake) (Late Egyptian) yma/𓇋𓇋𓅖𓈗𓈘𓈇
ym ( sea ) Demotic
yom, ïom /ⲉⲓⲟⲙ (S), yom/ ⲓⲟⲙ (S, B), yam, ïam/ⲉⲓⲁⲙ (A), iam/ⲓⲁⲙ (A), yōm, ïōm/ⲉⲓⲱⲙ (sea) Coptic
ym/𐎊𐎎(sea) Ugaritic
yamu Akkadian
yammāʾ/ ܝܡܐ (sea, large lake , pond, swamp, marsh) Syriac
yamm Proto-Semitic
ym/ ים Semitic
yam/ יָם (sea, ocean), yammāʾ/ ימא (sea) Hebrew
yamm/ يَمّْ (open sea) Arabic
yam/ يم (water) Beja
yem Traditional Pronunciation
yr : (mirror)
il Demotic
(S) ïal/ⲉⲓⲁⲗ, (S, B) ial/ⲓⲁⲗ, (S) iēl/ⲓⲏⲗ, (A) ïāl/ⲉⲓⲉⲗ (mirror, reflecting water) Coptic
yer Traditional Pronunciation
yr : (river , canal) (Demotic)
itrw (river, Nile) Alt Egyptian
id₂ia-ru-'u-u₂/ 𒀀𒇉𒅀𒊒𒀪𒌑 Cuneiform
Yaru'u ?(Nile river) Neo-Assyrian
ïāro/ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ (S), yāro/ⲓⲉⲣⲟ (S, A), yāra/ⲓⲉⲣⲁ (F), yaro/ⲓⲁⲣⲟ (B) (river) Coptic
ja.ru.ʔu (Old Babylonian) IPA
yer Traditional Pronunciation
ʲatraw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ jtrw aA (great river, Nile)
yꜥr ꜥꜣ (river, Nile) Demotic
yetru aa Traditional Pronunciation
ēētru ā'ah Fix Pronunciation
http://www.trismegistos.org
ref. http://www.rostau.org.uk/AEgyptian-L/coptic/introduction.html , http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk/index.html, Linguistic Ties Between Ancient Egyptian and Bantu By Fergus Sharman, E. A. Wallis Budge, Coptic Dictionary, http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/akkegypt.pdf, The Origins of Osiris and His Cult By John Gwyn Griffiths, Amarigna & Tigrigna Qal Hieroglyphs for Beginners By Legesse Allyn, http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk, http://www.ancient-egypt.org/_v3d/index.html, https://amentetneferet.wordpress.com/egyptian-language, https://www.facebook.com/theancientegyptianlanguage/?notif_t=notify_me_page¬if_id=1462844396917753, Ethiopic, an African Writing System: Its History and Principle By Ayele Bekerie,
https://www.academia.edu/357726/Several_Ancient_Egyptian_numerals_are_cognates_of_Indo_European_or_Proto_Indo_European_equivalents, http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/etymology.cgi?single=1&basename=%2Fdata%2Fsemham%2Fsemet&text_number=1950&root=config, https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Pre-Late_Egyptian_Reconstruction/Egyptian_Pronunciation, Marcion program http://marcion.sourceforge.net , The Meroitic Language and Writing System by Claude Rilly, Alex de Voogt, The myth of Egypt and its hieroglyphs in European tradition by Erik Iversen, http://www.ericlevy.com/revel/bdb/bdb/15/sam50.html, http://www.asarimhotep.com/index.php/blog/8-articles/6-egyptian-a-bantu-nation-literally-rmt-luntu-some-notes, The Ancient Egyptian Language by James P. Allen, Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction by Antonio Loprieno, https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Pre-Late_Egyptian_Reconstruction/Templatic_Class_II:_CvCvC_%2B_vw/vj, https://www.academia.edu/13799977/エジプト語歴史音韻論とコプト_エジプト語の母音字重複について_JPN_On_Egyptian-Coptic_Historical_Phonology_and_Doubling_of_Vowel_Alphabets_in_Coptic_Egyptian_ , Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period by James E. Hoch, https://en.wiktionary.org, Late Kingdom Grammer by Friedrich Junge, https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_vocalization_projec , https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_vocalization_project/List_of_vocalized_forms, Egyptian phonology: An introduction to the phonology of a dead language (Monographien zur agyptischen Sprache) by Carsten Peust, Carsten Peust: "Egyptian Phonology", starling.rinet.ru, http://dogonlanguages.org/, Einfuehrung in die Altaegyptische Sprachwissenschaft by Wolfgang Schenkel, The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook edited by Stefan Weninger, http://forum.egyptiandreams.co.uk/viewtopic.php?t=7116&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=0, Lexicon Linguae AethiopicaeBy August Dillmann, Werner Munzinger, https://www.etymonline.com, The semantic space of static spatial prepositions in Hieroglyphic Ancient Egyptian by Daniel A. Werning, Coptic Etymological Dictionary by J. Černý, Egyptian and Semito-Hamitic (Afro-Asiatic) Studies: In Memoriam W. Vycichl edited by Werner Vycichl, Gâabor Takâacs, Dialectical Variation of the Egyptian-Coptic Language in the Course of Its Four Millennia of Attested History by Helmut Satzinger, Egyptian Loan Words in the Old Testament by Thomas O. Lambdin , https://www.reddit.com/user/Osarnachthis , https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Pre-Late_Egyptian_Reconstruction , https://www.simamele.co.za/bantu-rosetta-stones/bantu-rosetta-stones-part-1, Journal of Near Eastern Studies Vol. 49, No. 1 (Jan., 1990), pp. 57-65 Egyptian Influence in the Akkadian Texts Written by Egyptian Scribes in the Fourteenth and Thirteenth Centuries B. C. E. by Zipora Cochavi-Rainey, Notes on Hebrew Etymologies from the Egyptian ANX. Enoch; Anoki; Enos , http://elhath.tripod.com/egyptian.txt
Author(s): J. P. Lesley, http://data.copticscriptorium.org , https://copticsounds.wordpress.com/2012/10/21/online-emile-maher-ishaks-the-phonetics-and-phonology-of-the-bohairic-dialect-of-coptic by Emile Maher Ishak, Grundlagen der ägyptisch-semitischen Wortvergleichung : Eine kritische Diskussion des bisherigen Vergleichsmaterials by Franz Calice; Heinrich Balcz 1936, Etymological Dictionary of Egyptian: M- by Gábor Takács, On Coptic Sounds Leo Depuydt jstor.org , Egyptian and Semito-Hamitic (Afro-Asiatic) Studies in Memoriam Werner Vycichl by Gábor Takács ,The Egyptian connection: Egyptian and the Semitic languages. In: Israel Oriental Studies by Helmut Satzinger , A Comparative Semitic Lexicon of the Phoenician and Punic Languages By Richard S. Tomback , https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Pre-Late_Egyptian_Reconstruction/Adjectives , Année lexicographique by Dimitri Meeks , THE EGYPTIAN CONNECTION: EGYPTIAN AND THE SEMITIC LANGUAGES by Helmut Satzinger , A concise Coptic-English Lexicon by Richard Smith, https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Egyptian_pronunciation, https://en.wiktionary.org , A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian by Raymond O. Faulkner , 1962& 1972 , Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs by James P. Allen 2010
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