mdw nTr Etymology
Phonology and Phonetic Reconstruction Project
Adoration To Ra By Sir Edward John Poynter
The Language of Ancient Egyptian
'Language of Egypt' or 'Words of Mouth of Egypt' (Spoken)
𓅓𓌃𓂧𓅱𓂋𓏺𓈖 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖
/mdw rA n kmt/
moudi ro en khēmi(t) (Lower Egyptian) (B)
moudə rah en kēmə(t) (Upper Egyptian) (S)
maːtʼaw (raʔ) ni kuːmat (OK) (Loprieno)
maːtʼaw raʔ n̩(i) ˈku.mat (MK) (Loprieno)
maːtʼaw raʔ ne kuːmaʔ (MK-LK) (Loprieno)
moːtʼ (ra) ne keːmə (LK) (Loprieno)
•
'Language of Egypt' (Spoken)
Mət rəme n khēmi/ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ⳰ⲭⲏⲙⲓ
(Lower Egypt, (B)=Bohairic Coptic)
Ment rmə n kēmə/ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ
(Upper Egypt, (S)= Sahidic Coptic)
•
"Hieroglyphics"
Hieros/ἱερός "sacred" + glýphein/γλύφειν "written or engraved" (Greek)
𓅓𓌃𓂧𓅱𓂋𓏺𓈖 𓆎𓅓𓏏𓊖
/mdw rA n kmt/
moudi ro en khēmi(t) (Lower Egyptian) (B)
moudə rah en kēmə(t) (Upper Egyptian) (S)
maːtʼaw (raʔ) ni kuːmat (OK) (Loprieno)
maːtʼaw raʔ n̩(i) ˈku.mat (MK) (Loprieno)
maːtʼaw raʔ ne kuːmaʔ (MK-LK) (Loprieno)
moːtʼ (ra) ne keːmə (LK) (Loprieno)
•
'Language of Egypt' (Spoken)
Mət rəme n khēmi/ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ⳰ⲭⲏⲙⲓ
(Lower Egypt, (B)=Bohairic Coptic)
Ment rmə n kēmə/ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ
(Upper Egypt, (S)= Sahidic Coptic)
•
"Hieroglyphics"
Hieros/ἱερός "sacred" + glýphein/γλύφειν "written or engraved" (Greek)
**Disclaimer**
This list has been compiled for personal research prepossess only and I wanted to share it with all who care to learn from it. I would also like to give credit and a huge thank you to the makers of the program Marcion whom without, I wouldn't have been able to do half my research. If you would like to read more about Etymology look for books by Antonio Loprieno, James P. Allen and Jaroslav Černý.
Please keep in mind Egyptian was spoken for thousands of years, there is some distinct differences between Upper/ Sahidic (S) and Lower/ Bohairic (B) and some other dialects. When at all possible I have show these differences when I can find documentations for them. I believe it is important to still study Coptic in aiding our understanding on how to pronounce Ancient Egyptian. If one studies the etymology of a word and looks at all the neighboring cultures and their languages around at the time it is possible to reconstruct Egyptian to a certain extent. Although people will always disagree. This etymology page was started by me years ago in hopes of reconstructing some of the words of Ancient Egyptian and has expanded greatly over the years. People have argued ever since Hieroglyphics were cracked on how to pronounced the language and the ignorance seems to be getting worse. There is no debating that Coptic was the last evolutionary step in the Ancient Egyptian language. It is also a good to look at other languages as well, but keep in mind they have their own set of rules and etymology so it isn't always the same as medu netjer. Letters are changed or evolved or are dropped altogether.
One must remember the Coptic language is a a combination of Demotic (Late Kingdom Egyptian) and Greek combined. It is not a purely Middle Egyptian based language. By the time Demotic was around the language had evolved and many things started shifting and changing. Demotic is derived from Hieratic, a cursive version of Hieroglyphics and from Demotic came Coptic. The Coptic alphabet is derived from Greek letters and some sounds lifted from Meroitic as well as Egyptian. Greeks also used the Egyptian beginnings of many words and added their traditional endings to a lot of the names and gods. Such as the Egyptian god known now as 'Horus', this name comes from the Greek (Hōros/ Ὡρος) with the ending which was derived from the Egyptian (MDC: Hr, Hrw) pronounced Hōr or Hōru. Now add the Greek/Latin endings of 'us', 'is', or 's' and you get Hōrus, or Anubis from the Greek (Anoubis/Ἄνουβις) adding the (-ιν) or (-ιδον) for Greek (masculine ending) and finally in Latin Ănūbis (-is) or (-ĭdis) (masculine ending). The name 'Anubis' comes from the Coptic from Anoup that later turned into Anoub Late Kingdom. The 'p' and 'b' are often interchangeable. Anubis's original Egyptian name was Ȧnpu from (MDC: inpw) or possibly Anoupu from the Akkadian Anapa. Such as the 'is' ending in Isis from the Greek form (Īsis/Ἶσις) is, ĭdis or ĭdos (feminine ending). Isis in Egyptian is (MDC: Ast) pronounced Iset or Auset, Ese Late Kingdom. It is also important to keep in mind that sometimes there is alternative spellings of a given word in Egyptian and sometimes gods have more than one name. We can examine the alternative spellings of words for more help in how to pronounce words.
Some have also claimed and with good evidence that from Demotic to Coptic the 't' was dropped in pronunciation, and in Coptic wasn't written, but not always. It is a good rule to check the Coptic equivalent if it can be found, but also good to keep in mind the language has evolved. I have seen no proof to suggest the 't' wasn't originally pronounced. Although it's possible with words such as /sn/ (brother) and /snt/ (sister) it was always pronounced. Or it was always pronounced like it is in Coptic son/ⲥⲟⲛ (brother) (S, B, O) and sōni/ⲥⲱⲛⲓ (Sister) (B, F), with the (i) as the distinction between male and female. But it can also be argued it was pronounced son (brother) and sōnit (sister) Middle Kingdom to Early Kingdom. At any rate every year there is more and more uncovered. Perhaps one day we will get definitive proof of the pronunciations for all Kingdoms and dialects.
Some argue there is no vowels in Ancient Egyptian which is not entirely true as well some have called the vowels weak consonants. Whatever you wish to call the A, a, i, y, w, and wA they are present and are pronounced. I believe Coptic and Greek have proven other wise for the definite presence of vowel sounds. Please view the Alphabet under the heading Uniliterals ABC's + , as well as this page for more information. Some have even gone so far as to say there is no point in even learning to speak Ancient Egyptian because we do not know how it was pronounced. Please tell this to all the professors at Cambridge and all over the world who still teach the language and yes you can even get a degree in the language. These people have dedicated their lives to the Etymology study of the Egyptian language and who as well are fluent in Greek, Coptic, Hebrew and many other Semitic languages. I personally have spent over 10 years studding the language and etymology. There is history to any given language you just can't excuse. Without the background in the Etymology of the language I am afraid those are very uneducated opinions. This is why the study of etymology is so important especially to "dead languages". Also keep in mind Coptic was never not spoken and is still spoken today so technically medu netjer isn't a "dead language" anyway. I have seen a few people attempt to reconstruction the language, but most have no background in etymology nor do they look to sister languages outside of African languages. Coptic and Greek spellings of Gods, places and royal names is how they were able to crack the Ancient Egyptian language using the Rosetta Stone. Some will strictly only look at African Languages which have a few borrowed words, but are not a living example of Ancient Egyptian. It still however should not be ignored. The Rosetta Stone is comprised of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, Demotic script, and Ancient Greek. If you would like further proof this language can be spoken and written then I urge you to look into how they cracked it and the Rosetta Stone itself.
This section is a collection of Egyptian words and a lot of Etymology research I have collected for years in the hopes of reconstructing some of the words of Ancient Egypt. I have given the evolution of the words with written proof, not just speculation or opinions, however my opinions are given in suggested fixes on how to pronounce the given words. I have suggest a fix to the word based upon the evolution itself. Please take it or leave it, that entirely up to you. I will not force my opinions on anyone, but rather urge you to study. Become your own scribe and the world may open up to you as it did for me. Enjoy.
Senebty 𓋹𓍑𓋴
Sekha Unishka
This list has been compiled for personal research prepossess only and I wanted to share it with all who care to learn from it. I would also like to give credit and a huge thank you to the makers of the program Marcion whom without, I wouldn't have been able to do half my research. If you would like to read more about Etymology look for books by Antonio Loprieno, James P. Allen and Jaroslav Černý.
Please keep in mind Egyptian was spoken for thousands of years, there is some distinct differences between Upper/ Sahidic (S) and Lower/ Bohairic (B) and some other dialects. When at all possible I have show these differences when I can find documentations for them. I believe it is important to still study Coptic in aiding our understanding on how to pronounce Ancient Egyptian. If one studies the etymology of a word and looks at all the neighboring cultures and their languages around at the time it is possible to reconstruct Egyptian to a certain extent. Although people will always disagree. This etymology page was started by me years ago in hopes of reconstructing some of the words of Ancient Egyptian and has expanded greatly over the years. People have argued ever since Hieroglyphics were cracked on how to pronounced the language and the ignorance seems to be getting worse. There is no debating that Coptic was the last evolutionary step in the Ancient Egyptian language. It is also a good to look at other languages as well, but keep in mind they have their own set of rules and etymology so it isn't always the same as medu netjer. Letters are changed or evolved or are dropped altogether.
One must remember the Coptic language is a a combination of Demotic (Late Kingdom Egyptian) and Greek combined. It is not a purely Middle Egyptian based language. By the time Demotic was around the language had evolved and many things started shifting and changing. Demotic is derived from Hieratic, a cursive version of Hieroglyphics and from Demotic came Coptic. The Coptic alphabet is derived from Greek letters and some sounds lifted from Meroitic as well as Egyptian. Greeks also used the Egyptian beginnings of many words and added their traditional endings to a lot of the names and gods. Such as the Egyptian god known now as 'Horus', this name comes from the Greek (Hōros/ Ὡρος) with the ending which was derived from the Egyptian (MDC: Hr, Hrw) pronounced Hōr or Hōru. Now add the Greek/Latin endings of 'us', 'is', or 's' and you get Hōrus, or Anubis from the Greek (Anoubis/Ἄνουβις) adding the (-ιν) or (-ιδον) for Greek (masculine ending) and finally in Latin Ănūbis (-is) or (-ĭdis) (masculine ending). The name 'Anubis' comes from the Coptic from Anoup that later turned into Anoub Late Kingdom. The 'p' and 'b' are often interchangeable. Anubis's original Egyptian name was Ȧnpu from (MDC: inpw) or possibly Anoupu from the Akkadian Anapa. Such as the 'is' ending in Isis from the Greek form (Īsis/Ἶσις) is, ĭdis or ĭdos (feminine ending). Isis in Egyptian is (MDC: Ast) pronounced Iset or Auset, Ese Late Kingdom. It is also important to keep in mind that sometimes there is alternative spellings of a given word in Egyptian and sometimes gods have more than one name. We can examine the alternative spellings of words for more help in how to pronounce words.
Some have also claimed and with good evidence that from Demotic to Coptic the 't' was dropped in pronunciation, and in Coptic wasn't written, but not always. It is a good rule to check the Coptic equivalent if it can be found, but also good to keep in mind the language has evolved. I have seen no proof to suggest the 't' wasn't originally pronounced. Although it's possible with words such as /sn/ (brother) and /snt/ (sister) it was always pronounced. Or it was always pronounced like it is in Coptic son/ⲥⲟⲛ (brother) (S, B, O) and sōni/ⲥⲱⲛⲓ (Sister) (B, F), with the (i) as the distinction between male and female. But it can also be argued it was pronounced son (brother) and sōnit (sister) Middle Kingdom to Early Kingdom. At any rate every year there is more and more uncovered. Perhaps one day we will get definitive proof of the pronunciations for all Kingdoms and dialects.
Some argue there is no vowels in Ancient Egyptian which is not entirely true as well some have called the vowels weak consonants. Whatever you wish to call the A, a, i, y, w, and wA they are present and are pronounced. I believe Coptic and Greek have proven other wise for the definite presence of vowel sounds. Please view the Alphabet under the heading Uniliterals ABC's + , as well as this page for more information. Some have even gone so far as to say there is no point in even learning to speak Ancient Egyptian because we do not know how it was pronounced. Please tell this to all the professors at Cambridge and all over the world who still teach the language and yes you can even get a degree in the language. These people have dedicated their lives to the Etymology study of the Egyptian language and who as well are fluent in Greek, Coptic, Hebrew and many other Semitic languages. I personally have spent over 10 years studding the language and etymology. There is history to any given language you just can't excuse. Without the background in the Etymology of the language I am afraid those are very uneducated opinions. This is why the study of etymology is so important especially to "dead languages". Also keep in mind Coptic was never not spoken and is still spoken today so technically medu netjer isn't a "dead language" anyway. I have seen a few people attempt to reconstruction the language, but most have no background in etymology nor do they look to sister languages outside of African languages. Coptic and Greek spellings of Gods, places and royal names is how they were able to crack the Ancient Egyptian language using the Rosetta Stone. Some will strictly only look at African Languages which have a few borrowed words, but are not a living example of Ancient Egyptian. It still however should not be ignored. The Rosetta Stone is comprised of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, Demotic script, and Ancient Greek. If you would like further proof this language can be spoken and written then I urge you to look into how they cracked it and the Rosetta Stone itself.
This section is a collection of Egyptian words and a lot of Etymology research I have collected for years in the hopes of reconstructing some of the words of Ancient Egypt. I have given the evolution of the words with written proof, not just speculation or opinions, however my opinions are given in suggested fixes on how to pronounce the given words. I have suggest a fix to the word based upon the evolution itself. Please take it or leave it, that entirely up to you. I will not force my opinions on anyone, but rather urge you to study. Become your own scribe and the world may open up to you as it did for me. Enjoy.
Senebty 𓋹𓍑𓋴
Sekha Unishka
Etymology of the mdw nTr Language
Archaic Egyptian (Early Dynastic Period) (2600 BCE)
Old Egyptian (2686-2181 BCE)
Middle Egyptian (until the Amarna Period) (2055-1650 BCE)
Late Egyptian (3rd Intermediate Period) (1353-700 BCE)
Demotic (7th century BCE-5th century CE, until Roman Egypt)
Coptic (1st-17th century CE, until Early Modern Period)
Archaic Egyptian (Early Dynastic Period) (2600 BCE)
Old Egyptian (2686-2181 BCE)
Middle Egyptian (until the Amarna Period) (2055-1650 BCE)
Late Egyptian (3rd Intermediate Period) (1353-700 BCE)
Demotic (7th century BCE-5th century CE, until Roman Egypt)
Coptic (1st-17th century CE, until Early Modern Period)
Languages referenced
Afrasian/ Afroasiatic (Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel.)
Africanus/Afroas (sometimes when the exact language isn't stated)
Akkadian
Assyrian
Amharic aka Amarigna
Tigrinya aka Tigrigna Sumerian
Arabic
Aramaic
Baŋgi
Beja
Berber
ciLuba (Luba-Kasai, also known as Western Luba)
Coptic (Demotic Egyptian mixed with Greek still spoken today)
For more info on sounds and reconstruction here
Greco-Bohairic (GB)
reformed modern pronunciation leaning more on Greek sounds
Old Bohairic (OB)
used in the Monastery of St. Shenouda in Rochester and was reconstructed by Dr. Emile Maher. is evidence-based,
using archived sound recordings and transcriptions of the oral tradition of Zeneya, Dabeyya, and other villages made
by various scholars
Old Coptic (O)
Archaic Coptic (AC)
Upper Egypt (UE)
Achmimic (A)
The dialect of the town of Achmim of Upper Egypt, (Greek Panopolis). Phonologically the most archaic dialect.
/x/ is realized as /ʃ/ in most other dialects.
sub Achmimic (sA)
Combination of Sahidic and Akhmimic dialects
Lycopolitan or Subakhmimic or Assiutic (L)
The dialect closely related to Akhmimic. Manuscripts written in Lycopolitan tend to be from the area of Asyut.
Extensively for translations of Gnostic and Manichaean works
Sahidic or Thebaic (S) tmᵉntrᵉm.ᵉn.kēmə/ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⲕⲏⲙⲉ
Main Upper Egyptian dialect, most biblical texts are written in. Around Hermopolis
Sahidic /Achmimic (Sa)
Combination of Sahidic and Achmimic mostly Theben.
Sahidic /Fayyumic (Sf)
Combination of Sahidic and Fayyumic.
Nag Hammadi (NH)
Gnostic codices written in this dialect. So named after the town Naj 'Hammádì at the Jabal al-Tárif where The Gnostic
Gospels were found
Lower Egypt (LE)
Used in the Delta (Lower Egypt)
Bohairic or Memphitic (B) timət.rəm.en.khēmi/ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ
Western Nile Delta and Alexandria, a widely standard dialect dates back to the 4th century and is the liturgical language of
the Coptic Orthodox Church today surpassing Sahidic
Fayyumic (F)
The dialect of Fayum of Lower Egypt, spoken along the Nile River valley chiefly on the west bank, survived until the 8th century
Fayyumic/Bohairic (Fb)
Combination of Fayyumic and Bohairic.
Oxyrhynchite or Mesokemic (M)
Similarities with Fayyumic and is attested in manuscripts from the fourth and fifth centuries.
Dahalo-general
Dogon
Egyptian Arabic (Masri, Masry)
Egyptian (Ancient) mdw nTr
Dialects
Upper Egypt (UE)
Late Egyptian around Thebes represents spoken UE, (Sahidic)
Lower Egypt (LE)
Literary Old and Middle Egyptian around Memphis represents spoken LE (Bohairic)
Old Egyptian (OE)
Middle Egyptian (ME)
~ Pre-Late Egyptian (PLE)
Late Egyptian (LE)
Demotic
Alternative Egyptian (sometimes vowels or extra letters are given an alternate hieroglyphic spellings)
European languages
Ethiopic/Amharic
Ge'ez
Greek
Hebrew
Biblical
Igbo
Kabyle
Kalenjiin
Kiswahili-Bantu
Meroitic
Old Babylonian
Semitic
Sumerian
Wolof
Key for Amharic letters
ä IPA æ Listen a harder 'a' sound like in 'and' if you over enunciated the a
ɘ Listen a deep 'uh' sound like you are almost sick
Key for symbols
() a letter placed between () means it can be pronounced, but sometimes isn't written or pronounced
V stand in place of a vowel if it is not know what it might be
Letters evolving
rw > r
i > ȧ or a (ah)
g > k
q > k
y > i (ē)
Author's Referenced
(please keep in mind this list was complied from years worth of work spanning over 15 years and some of the documentation is lost or wasn't originally sited. When at all possible I try to give credit where it originally came from. Especially if it is conflicting info.)
(J.P.A.) James P. Allen's ,(2010), Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
(Budge) E. A. Wallis Budge, Egyptian Hieroglyphic dictionary.vol.1 and 2, Book of the Dead (Attested entries only)
(Gardiner)(Gard) Sir Alan Henderson Gardiner's, Egyptian Grammar
(Faulkner) Raymond Faulkner, (1962), A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute
(Loprieno) Antonio Loprieno , (1995), Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
(Hoch) James Hoch's, Middle Egyptian grammar, Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period
(Černý) Jaroslav Černý, (1976), Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
(Love) Edward O D Love, 2019, Innovative scripts and spellings in Roman Egypt: investigations into script conventions, domains, shift, and obsolescence as evidenced by hieroglyphic, hieratic, demotic, and Old Coptic manuscripts
(WB) Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow's,1897-1961, Altägyptisches Wörterbuch Schweitzer
(AE&HG) Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow's, Wörterbuch der Ägyptischen Sprache
(LEG Junge) Friedrich Junge Late Egyptian Grammar, 2005
(DLDA Dils) Peter Dils, with contributions by Altägyptisches Wörterbuch, Johannes Jüngling, Anja Weber, Die Lehre des Ani
(DSDP Hannig) Die Sprache der Pharaonen. Groβes Handwörterbuch Deutsch-Ägyptish by Rainer Hannig
(AsoA) (Ahmose son of Abana) Autobiography Of Ahmose Son Of Abana
(DPDP) The Demotic Palaeographical Debase Project http://129.206.5.162/beta/index.html
(TLA) Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae https://thesaurus-linguae-aegyptiae.de
(DH) Demotic Horoscopes, Journal of the American Oriental Society, by O. Neugebauer (1943)
(aaew) aaew.bbaw.de
Afrasian/ Afroasiatic (Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel.)
Africanus/Afroas (sometimes when the exact language isn't stated)
Akkadian
Assyrian
Amharic aka Amarigna
Tigrinya aka Tigrigna Sumerian
Arabic
Aramaic
Baŋgi
Beja
Berber
ciLuba (Luba-Kasai, also known as Western Luba)
Coptic (Demotic Egyptian mixed with Greek still spoken today)
For more info on sounds and reconstruction here
Greco-Bohairic (GB)
reformed modern pronunciation leaning more on Greek sounds
Old Bohairic (OB)
used in the Monastery of St. Shenouda in Rochester and was reconstructed by Dr. Emile Maher. is evidence-based,
using archived sound recordings and transcriptions of the oral tradition of Zeneya, Dabeyya, and other villages made
by various scholars
Old Coptic (O)
Archaic Coptic (AC)
Upper Egypt (UE)
Achmimic (A)
The dialect of the town of Achmim of Upper Egypt, (Greek Panopolis). Phonologically the most archaic dialect.
/x/ is realized as /ʃ/ in most other dialects.
sub Achmimic (sA)
Combination of Sahidic and Akhmimic dialects
Lycopolitan or Subakhmimic or Assiutic (L)
The dialect closely related to Akhmimic. Manuscripts written in Lycopolitan tend to be from the area of Asyut.
Extensively for translations of Gnostic and Manichaean works
Sahidic or Thebaic (S) tmᵉntrᵉm.ᵉn.kēmə/ⲧⲙⲛ̄ⲧⲣⲙ̄ⲛ̄ⲕⲏⲙⲉ
Main Upper Egyptian dialect, most biblical texts are written in. Around Hermopolis
Sahidic /Achmimic (Sa)
Combination of Sahidic and Achmimic mostly Theben.
Sahidic /Fayyumic (Sf)
Combination of Sahidic and Fayyumic.
Nag Hammadi (NH)
Gnostic codices written in this dialect. So named after the town Naj 'Hammádì at the Jabal al-Tárif where The Gnostic
Gospels were found
Lower Egypt (LE)
Used in the Delta (Lower Egypt)
Bohairic or Memphitic (B) timət.rəm.en.khēmi/ϯⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ
Western Nile Delta and Alexandria, a widely standard dialect dates back to the 4th century and is the liturgical language of
the Coptic Orthodox Church today surpassing Sahidic
Fayyumic (F)
The dialect of Fayum of Lower Egypt, spoken along the Nile River valley chiefly on the west bank, survived until the 8th century
Fayyumic/Bohairic (Fb)
Combination of Fayyumic and Bohairic.
Oxyrhynchite or Mesokemic (M)
Similarities with Fayyumic and is attested in manuscripts from the fourth and fifth centuries.
Dahalo-general
Dogon
Egyptian Arabic (Masri, Masry)
Egyptian (Ancient) mdw nTr
Dialects
Upper Egypt (UE)
Late Egyptian around Thebes represents spoken UE, (Sahidic)
Lower Egypt (LE)
Literary Old and Middle Egyptian around Memphis represents spoken LE (Bohairic)
Old Egyptian (OE)
Middle Egyptian (ME)
~ Pre-Late Egyptian (PLE)
Late Egyptian (LE)
Demotic
Alternative Egyptian (sometimes vowels or extra letters are given an alternate hieroglyphic spellings)
European languages
Ethiopic/Amharic
Ge'ez
Greek
Hebrew
Biblical
Igbo
Kabyle
Kalenjiin
Kiswahili-Bantu
Meroitic
Old Babylonian
Semitic
Sumerian
Wolof
Key for Amharic letters
ä IPA æ Listen a harder 'a' sound like in 'and' if you over enunciated the a
ɘ Listen a deep 'uh' sound like you are almost sick
Key for symbols
() a letter placed between () means it can be pronounced, but sometimes isn't written or pronounced
V stand in place of a vowel if it is not know what it might be
Letters evolving
rw > r
i > ȧ or a (ah)
g > k
q > k
y > i (ē)
Author's Referenced
(please keep in mind this list was complied from years worth of work spanning over 15 years and some of the documentation is lost or wasn't originally sited. When at all possible I try to give credit where it originally came from. Especially if it is conflicting info.)
(J.P.A.) James P. Allen's ,(2010), Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
(Budge) E. A. Wallis Budge, Egyptian Hieroglyphic dictionary.vol.1 and 2, Book of the Dead (Attested entries only)
(Gardiner)(Gard) Sir Alan Henderson Gardiner's, Egyptian Grammar
(Faulkner) Raymond Faulkner, (1962), A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute
(Loprieno) Antonio Loprieno , (1995), Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
(Hoch) James Hoch's, Middle Egyptian grammar, Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period
(Černý) Jaroslav Černý, (1976), Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
(Love) Edward O D Love, 2019, Innovative scripts and spellings in Roman Egypt: investigations into script conventions, domains, shift, and obsolescence as evidenced by hieroglyphic, hieratic, demotic, and Old Coptic manuscripts
(WB) Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow's,1897-1961, Altägyptisches Wörterbuch Schweitzer
(AE&HG) Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow's, Wörterbuch der Ägyptischen Sprache
(LEG Junge) Friedrich Junge Late Egyptian Grammar, 2005
(DLDA Dils) Peter Dils, with contributions by Altägyptisches Wörterbuch, Johannes Jüngling, Anja Weber, Die Lehre des Ani
(DSDP Hannig) Die Sprache der Pharaonen. Groβes Handwörterbuch Deutsch-Ägyptish by Rainer Hannig
(AsoA) (Ahmose son of Abana) Autobiography Of Ahmose Son Of Abana
(DPDP) The Demotic Palaeographical Debase Project http://129.206.5.162/beta/index.html
(TLA) Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae https://thesaurus-linguae-aegyptiae.de
(DH) Demotic Horoscopes, Journal of the American Oriental Society, by O. Neugebauer (1943)
(aaew) aaew.bbaw.de
Egyptian evolution into Coptic
(letters can vary depending on the word)
(letters can vary depending on the word)
|
Ancient Egyptian
A/Ꜣ 𓄿
a/Ꜥ 𓂝 k/𓎡 d 𓂧 di 𓂞 D/ḏ 𓍑 H/ḥ X/ẖ 𓄡 p 𓊪 r 𓂋 SA/š 𓈙 T/ṯ 𓍿 x/ḫ 𓐍 xA 𓆼 xy𓐍𓏭 |
Demotic
ỉ
ỉ . . . . ḥw 𓄑𓏛 , ḥi 𓇉 > 𐋤. ʰ . rw 𓃭 > l/λ (Greek) 𓈙>𐦓 sa . . |
Coptic
ï/ⲉⲓ .... ⲁ, ⲱ, e
ï/ⲉⲓ kʲ (S), cʰ (B), ʃ (LC)/ ϭ t/ⲧ di (S) , də (B?), ti (LC)/ϯ č/ϫ ϩ=ḥ . b/ⲃ l/ⲗ (la in Meroitic) s/ⲥ t/ⲧ or d/ⲇ sh/ϣ, ϩ/ḥ (S, A2, F), ϧ/KH (B), ⳉ=kha, gh (A) ϧ= KH (B), ϩ=ḥ (S, A2, L), ⳉ=kha, gh (A) sh/ϣ (S, A2, F, B), ⳉ=kha, gh (A) |
' t ' has been suggested to not be pronounced at the end of a word when the word is singular, but is still written.
ie. /mAat/ pronounced ma'āt (true, righteous, just) > /mAa/ pronounced ma'ā (true, righteous, just)
If this is true it might be strictly a late kingdom concept leading into Coptic.
Coptic Letters carried over from Egyptian Demotic
ϣ=š from 𐦓 sha, /SA/
Ⲝ=ḫ from 𓐍 kh, /x/
ϥ=f from 𓆑 f
ϧ=ḫfrom 𓆼 kha, /xA/
ϩ=ḥ from 𓄑𓏛 or 𓇉 ḥw, ḥi
ϫ=ḏ from 𓍑 dja, DA or 𓅷ti
ϭ=č (kʲ, q , ch (B) from 𓎡 k or 𓐍 kh
ϯ=ti from 𓂞𓏏 dit
A book based on Coptic pronunciation by Amentetneferet
Part 1
https://amentetneferet.wordpress.com/2014/08/29/egyptian-language-phonetic-system-and-pronunciation-part-i
Part 2
https://amentetneferet.wordpress.com/2014/05/29/la-pronuncia-dellantica-lingua-egizia-ii-parte
Part 3
https://amentetneferet.wordpress.com/2015/01/16/la-pronuncia-dellantica-lingua-egizia-iii-parte
A paper on Language phonetics and pronunciation by Amentetneferet
https://amentetneferet.wordpress.com/egyptian-language
https://www.academia.edu/8123139/Egyptian_Language_phonetic_system_and_pronunciation_-_part_I
https://www.academia.edu/11675098/Egyptian_Language_phonetic_system_and_pronunciation_-_part_II
***Note***For the purpose of this section I have used MDC and then other renditions of the language as well as other cultures borrowed words. All references are located at the bottom of the page.
Phonology
Pronunciations
For more help with the Hieroglyphics pronunciation
Phrases
My sheep that had gone astray
Demotic: pAi=i-si.w nti ir=f-srm
Coptic: pa-āsoou ent-a=f-sūrm/ⲡⲁ-ⲉⲥⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲛⲧ-ⲁ=ϥ-ⲥⲱⲣⲙ /
The gifts of Ra
𓅮𓄿𓂞𓅮𓂋𓂝𓇳𓏺𓀭
MDC: pA-di-pA-ra/ Pa-di-pa-rā
Hebrew: פּוֹטִי פֶרַע /Pôti-Phĕra'
Hymn to the Goddess Isis
(from the Inner Shrine (room X, north wall) of Her Temple at Philae)
English translation:
Praise to you, Auset Hut-Hor,
Mother of God, lady of heaven,
Lady of Abaton/Ἄβατον/Abatos (pure island), Queen-regent of Gods
MDC iAw n.T Ast Hwt-Hr
transliteration: mwt-nTr nbt pt
Hnwt iAt-wabt ityt nTrw
Pronunciation: ȧahu en.etj Auset Ḥut-Ḥor
Mut-netjer nebet pet
Ḥenut ȧat-wābet ȧtyt netjeru
Coptic: Pōu nā Āsatʰōr (Ēsi-Atʰōr)/Ⲡⲱⲩ ⲛⲉ Ⲉⲥⲁⲑⲱⲣ (Ⲏⲥⲓ-Ⲁⲑⲱⲣ)
thmow mpinouti thnābphā/ⲑⲙⲁⲩ ⲙⲡⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲑⲛⲉⲃⲫⲉ
thbasilissa nabaton thourō nnintēr/ⲑⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓⲥⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲃⲁⲧⲟⲛ ⲑⲟⲩⲣⲱ ⲛⲛⲓⲛⲧⲏⲣ
Amentet Neferet pronunciation:
"póu nè Esathór
(è)thmàu (è)mpinùti (è)thnebphè
(è)thbasilissa (è)nAbaton (è)thuró (è)nni(è)ntìr "
Scribe of the house of life
sS n pr-anx MDC
saḥpransh /ⲥⲁϩⲡⲣⲁⲛϣ (S), saḥpraeish /ⲥⲁϩⲡⲣⲁⲉⲓϣ (S) Coptic
~ sbA n pr-anx
sh-n-pr-Ꜥnḫ Demotic
sphransh/ⲥⲫⲣⲁⲛϣ (B) (Soothsayer) Coptic
What is this hour for a god to come?
zi pn nw n iw nTr pn MDC
zǎ pǐn nǐw-n jǐw natǔr-pin Possible Pronunciation
I give you your feet, may you make your feet going
di.i n.k rdwy.k Sm.t MDC
dǎi nǐk radǎk šǐmat/šǐt Possible Pronunciation
Servant of his name
bAk-n-rn.f MDC
/baːʀak-vn'ri:nvf/ > /bokko'ri:(nv)/ "Bocchoris (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Boukhopis/Βοϒχορις, Bokkhopis /Βοκχορις , Bokhopins/Βοχορινις Coptic
I am your servant, O Lord of the Hermopolis
ink bAk.k nb Xmnw Middle Egyptian
ink pAy.k bAk pA nb Xmnw Late Kingdom
anᵉk pək bōk /ⲁⲛⲕ ⲡⲉⲕ ⲃⲱⲕ (I am your servant ) Coptic
ȧnok páï.ak bok pi nēb Shmoun Possible Pronunciation
I found my father
wi gmi it.i MDC
aidjimi əm-pa jōt/ⲁⲓϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ Coptic
Demotic: pAi=i-si.w nti ir=f-srm
Coptic: pa-āsoou ent-a=f-sūrm/ⲡⲁ-ⲉⲥⲟⲟⲩ ⲉⲛⲧ-ⲁ=ϥ-ⲥⲱⲣⲙ /
The gifts of Ra
𓅮𓄿𓂞𓅮𓂋𓂝𓇳𓏺𓀭
MDC: pA-di-pA-ra/ Pa-di-pa-rā
Hebrew: פּוֹטִי פֶרַע /Pôti-Phĕra'
Hymn to the Goddess Isis
(from the Inner Shrine (room X, north wall) of Her Temple at Philae)
English translation:
Praise to you, Auset Hut-Hor,
Mother of God, lady of heaven,
Lady of Abaton/Ἄβατον/Abatos (pure island), Queen-regent of Gods
MDC iAw n.T Ast Hwt-Hr
transliteration: mwt-nTr nbt pt
Hnwt iAt-wabt ityt nTrw
Pronunciation: ȧahu en.etj Auset Ḥut-Ḥor
Mut-netjer nebet pet
Ḥenut ȧat-wābet ȧtyt netjeru
Coptic: Pōu nā Āsatʰōr (Ēsi-Atʰōr)/Ⲡⲱⲩ ⲛⲉ Ⲉⲥⲁⲑⲱⲣ (Ⲏⲥⲓ-Ⲁⲑⲱⲣ)
thmow mpinouti thnābphā/ⲑⲙⲁⲩ ⲙⲡⲓⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲑⲛⲉⲃⲫⲉ
thbasilissa nabaton thourō nnintēr/ⲑⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓⲥⲥⲁ ⲛⲁⲃⲁⲧⲟⲛ ⲑⲟⲩⲣⲱ ⲛⲛⲓⲛⲧⲏⲣ
Amentet Neferet pronunciation:
"póu nè Esathór
(è)thmàu (è)mpinùti (è)thnebphè
(è)thbasilissa (è)nAbaton (è)thuró (è)nni(è)ntìr "
Scribe of the house of life
sS n pr-anx MDC
saḥpransh /ⲥⲁϩⲡⲣⲁⲛϣ (S), saḥpraeish /ⲥⲁϩⲡⲣⲁⲉⲓϣ (S) Coptic
~ sbA n pr-anx
sh-n-pr-Ꜥnḫ Demotic
sphransh/ⲥⲫⲣⲁⲛϣ (B) (Soothsayer) Coptic
What is this hour for a god to come?
zi pn nw n iw nTr pn MDC
zǎ pǐn nǐw-n jǐw natǔr-pin Possible Pronunciation
I give you your feet, may you make your feet going
di.i n.k rdwy.k Sm.t MDC
dǎi nǐk radǎk šǐmat/šǐt Possible Pronunciation
Servant of his name
bAk-n-rn.f MDC
/baːʀak-vn'ri:nvf/ > /bokko'ri:(nv)/ "Bocchoris (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Boukhopis/Βοϒχορις, Bokkhopis /Βοκχορις , Bokhopins/Βοχορινις Coptic
I am your servant, O Lord of the Hermopolis
ink bAk.k nb Xmnw Middle Egyptian
ink pAy.k bAk pA nb Xmnw Late Kingdom
anᵉk pək bōk /ⲁⲛⲕ ⲡⲉⲕ ⲃⲱⲕ (I am your servant ) Coptic
ȧnok páï.ak bok pi nēb Shmoun Possible Pronunciation
I found my father
wi gmi it.i MDC
aidjimi əm-pa jōt/ⲁⲓϫⲓⲙⲓ ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲓⲱⲧ Coptic
Names
Figuring out sounds through names in hieroglyphic is how medu netjer was originally cracked. If you would like a longer list of Egyptian names click here
Akhenaten 'Effective for Aten'
Amenhotep IV Nomen
Amenhotep IV > Amenophis 'Amun is Satisfied' Greek
~ Neferkheperure/ nfr-xprw-ra 'Beautiful are the Manifestations of Re' Prenomen
Naph-hurru-riya (Goetze) Akkadian
Alara (King of Kush)
i-rw-rw-i 𓇋𓀀𓃭𓃭𓇋 , i-r(w)-r 𓇋𓀀𓃭𓏺𓂋𓏺 Egyptian
Alexander (the Great)
Alksindrs MDC
𓄿𓃭𓎡𓋴𓇋𓈖𓂧𓂋𓊃 Arwksindrz (MDC) > Alksindrs (the 𓃭 /rw/ became /l/) Egyptian
𓄿𓃭𓎡𓊃𓇋𓈖𓂧𓂋𓊃 Arwkzindrz (MDC) Alt Egyptian
𓇋𓃭𓎡𓋴𓇋𓋔𓂧𓂋𓊃 irwksindrz (MDC) > Ȧlksindrs (the 𓃭 /rw/ became /l/) Alt Egyptian
𓇋𓂋𓏘𓋴𓇋𓏌𓏏𓂋𓊃 irqsinwtrs (MDC) Alt Egyptian
Ȧlksȧndrs Budge
Alaksānduš/𒀀𒆷𒀝𒊭𒀭𒁺𒍑 “Alaksandu” Hittite
Aleksandros/ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲟⲥ (S) , Alksandrs/Ⲁⲗⲕⲥⲁⲛⲇⲣⲥ , Alksamdrs/Ⲁⲗⲕⲥⲁⲛⲇⲣⲥ Coptic
a-re-ka-sa-da-ra/𐀀𐀩𐀏𐀭𐀅𐀨 Mycenaean Greek
Alexándra/Ἀλεξάνδρα (man who repels [enemies) Ancient Greek
Alexandros /Αλεχανδρος, Alésaɪandros/Ἀλέξανδρος (man who repels [enemies) Greek
Ălexandĕr Latin
aˈlek.san.dros IPA
Amenhotep 'Amun is content'
imn-Htp MDC
Amanahatpi Akkadian
Parmhotp/ⲡⲁⲣⲙϩⲟⲧⲡ (S), Pʰamānôtʰ/ⲫⲁⲙⲉⲛⲱⲑ (B) Coptic
Phamenôth Greek
Baramhât Arabic
a.'ma.na 'ħatʰ.pʰə (JPA), Amánahátpa (Romanized, JPA) IPA
Ȧmunḥotep Pronounced
~ nbmAatra : (Pharaohs name Amenhotep)
Nimmuarîa or Nibmuarîa (Pharaohs name Amenhotep) Akkadian
Anthony
Antonious/Ⲁⲛⲧⲟⲛⲓⲟⲥ Coptic
Arsinoë II
irsinA(t) MDC
Arsenai, Arsina Alt Spellings
Arsina Demotic
Arsinóe Ἀρσινόη Ancinet Greek
Arsinoë III
ArsynAy(t) MDC
Arsinóe/Ἀρσινόη Ancient Greek
Arsinois/ΑΡΣΙΝΟΗΣ Greek
Arsinoë
ir(w)z(ir)nA(t) MDC
Ȧrsna Budge
𓇋𓃭𓊃𓁹𓈖𓄿𓏏𓆇
Ἀρσινόη Greek
Arsĭnŏē , Arsĭnŏa Latin
Asenat (Joseph's Wife biblical)
jw.s-(n)-n(j.)t 'she who belongs to Neith' or jw.s-n-’t 'she belongs to her' , ns-nt 'belongs to nt/Neith' MDC
'asěnat/ אָסְנַת Hebrew
ʾåsənaṯ Tiberian
Asenath Latin
Auteqreter (Augustus)
𓄿𓏲𓂧𓏲𓎼𓂋𓂧𓂋, 𓄿𓏲𓏏𓏘𓂋𓏏𓂋 (Autocrator)
Awdsgrdr> audugrtr (Demotic) MDC
Autotráctōr/αὐτοκράτωρ Greek
Autŏcrătŏr, Autocrator, Augustus Latin
bAk-n-rn.f : Bocchoris 'servant of his name'
baːʀak-vn-'riːnvf, bokko'riː(nv) Antonio Loprieno
bogxoris / Βογχορις, Bokxoris/Βοκχορις, boxorins/Βοχορινις Greek
Berenice
𓊸𓂋𓈖𓇋𓇋𓏘𓅭𓏏𓆇 brnyq
Brnikē/Ⲃⲣⲛⲓⲕⲏ Coptic
Berenice I
𓃀𓂋𓈖𓇋𓇋𓎡𓏏𓆇 brnykt
bArnyg(t) MDC
Barnig(a) Budge
Berenice/Βερενίκη Greek
Bĕrĕnīcē Latin
Berenikê ALT
Berenice II
birnygA(t) > birniga (Demotic) MDC
Barniga Budge
Berenice/Βερενίκη Greek
Berenice III
bArnygA(t) > barniga (Demotic)MDC
Barniga Budge
Berenice/Βερενίκη Greek
Blemys
blhm ? Demotic
brhm, tibrhmt (female version) MDC
blhmou/Ⲃⲗϩⲙⲟⲩ (Crum) Coptic
Blémus/Βλέμυς Greek
Blemmyes < bly/בלי (without), moach/מוח (brain) (possible connections, Samuel Bochart) Hebrew
Djedhor/Dd-Hr : ‘Horus says’
ṣi-ḫa-a /𒍢𒄩𒀀 Middle Assyrian
ṣi-ḫa-ˀ/𒍢𒄩𒀪 Neo-Babylonian
Taḥo/ ⲧⲁϩⲟ Coptic
Darius I ('he who holds firm the good')
𓇾𓂋𓅱𓆷 tA-r(A)-w-S(A) (Pronounced: Taraush(a) MDC
𓇾𓃭𓍯𓆷 tA-rw-wA-S(A) (Pronounced: Taruōsh(a) MDC
𓇾𓃭𓇌𓅱𓆷 tA-rw-y-w-S(A) (Pronounced: Taruēush(a) MDC
𓏎𓍘𓃭𓆷 in-ti-rw-S(A) (Pronounced: Taruēush(a) MDC
𓍿𓃭𓇌𓅱𓆷 T-rw-y-w-S(A) (Pronounced: Tjruēush(a) MDC
𓏎𓍘𓃭𓍯𓆷 in-ti-rw-wA-S(A) (Pronounced: Intiruōsh(a) MDC
𓏎𓍘𓃭𓇌𓍯𓆷 in-ti-rw-y-wA-S(A) (Pronounced: Intiruēōsh(a) MDC
𓏎𓍘𓃭𓇌𓅱𓆷 in-ti-rw-y-S (Pronounced: Intiruēush(a) MDC
𓏌𓈖𓍘𓃭𓇌𓆷𓄿 nw-ti-rw-y-S-A (Pronounced: Nutiruēsha) MDC
𓈖𓏏𓂋𓇌𓏲𓆷 n-t-r(A)-y-w-S(A) (Pronounced: Intiruōsh(a) MDC
𓏎𓍘𓂋𓅱𓆷 in-ti-r(A)-w-S(A) MDC
Tarȧush Budge
Da-ri-(y)a-ma-u-iš, Da-ri-ya-(h)u-(ú-)iš Elamite
Dārayava (h) uš Ancient Persian
Dā-ra-ya-va-ū-ša, Dārayava(h)uš, Da-a-ra-ya-va-u-š (Budge) /𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 (Dārayauš) Old Persian
Dāryuš/داریوش New Persian
Dârâb/ داراب , Dârâ /دارا Middle Persian
Dâryuš)/داریوش Persian
Dārā/دَارَا Arabic
Dara)/Դարա Old Armenian
Da-ri-(y)a-ma-u-iš / 𒁕𒊑 𒄿𒀀 ? Bablonian
Da-(a-)ri-ia-(a-)muš Akkadian
𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡄𐡅𐡔/dryhwš, 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡄𐡅𐡔/drywhwš, 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡔/drywš, 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡔/drwš Aramaic
Dāryāwaš/ܕܪܝܘܫ Classical Syriac
Darᵉyávesh/ דָּֽרְיָוֶשׁ , Dārəyā́weš/ דריווש Hebrew
Ñtarijeus /𐊑𐊗𐊀𐊕𐊆𐊊𐊁𐊒𐊖 Lycian
Dareh/Դարեհ Old Armenian
Dāráyāwéš, Dāreyāveš (Modern) Tiberian
Dareh/Դարեհ Old Armenian
Dareiaîos/Δαρειαῖος, Dareîos/ Δαρεῖος Ancient Greek
Dareíos/Δαρείος Greek
Dārīus, Dārēus Latin
Domitianus
𓂧𓐝𓍘𓇋𓇋𓈖𓊃
Dmtins/Ⲇⲙⲧⲓⲛⲥ Coptic
Caesarion
kysrwz> kisrs (Demotic) MDC
Cleopatra V (Tryphaena)
𓏘𓃭𓄿𓍯𓊪𓂧𓂋𓄿𓏏𓆇 qrwAwApdrA(t)/ qlwpAtrA.t> qlopatra (Demotic) MDC
(it's obviouse they had a hard time in medu netjer spelling her name becuase you see a few diffarent forms of it)
ʾAklâʾûbaṭrâ /አከላኡበጠራ, ʾAbəṭĕlmâwôs/ አብጠልማዎስ Ethiopic
Kleopatra /Κλεοπάτρα (she who comes from glorious father) Greek
Clĕŏpătra Latin
Cleopatra VI
𓏘𓃭𓇋𓍯𓊪𓄿𓂧𓂋𓏏𓄿𓆇 qrwiwApAdr(t) > qliopatra (Demotic) MDC
𓏘𓃭𓄿𓍯𓊪𓂧𓂋𓄿𓏏𓆇 qrwAwApdrA(t )> qlaoptra (Demotic) MDC
𓏘𓃭𓏲𓊪𓂧𓂋𓏏𓆇 qrwwpdr(t) > qlwptr (Demotic) MDC
Kleopatra /Κλεοπάτρα, Kleopatra /Κλεοπάτρα (she who comes from glorious father) Greek
Clĕŏpătra Latin
Khlāopatra /Ⲭⲗⲉⲟⲡⲁⲧⲣⲁ Coptic
Horemheb ('Horus is in jubilation')
H(w)r-m-Hb MDC
Ḥarmaḥa New Kingdom
Ḫar(a)maḫa (ḥ>ḫ) (Zsolt Simon) Suggested Hittite
Armes-is,Hrmes-is/Αρμεσις (Hrw-ms 'Born of Horu/Horus);
Hrma-is/Arma-is/Αρμαις (Harma) ; HArmai-os, Armai-os/Αρμαιος (Ḥarmaḥa) Attested Greek
Armess-es, Hrmess-es/Αρμεσσης (Hwr-ms-sw 'He born of Horu/Horus)
(diffarent names given to him? ref needed) Attested Greek
Ar-ma-a-aš Zsolt Simon
~ mry-imn 'beloved of Amun' >Nom
~ Manetho/Αρμαις > (Hwr-m-Hb), Αρμεσσης / Αρμεσις > (Hwr-ms) Greek
ref. link
Hormose ('Horu/Horus is born')
Hr-m-Hb MDC
Ḫaramašši (ḫa-a-ra-ma-aš-ši) (ref. EA 20), ḫa-ra-ma-ša (ref. EA 49) Akkadian
ref. link
ibSA (name Ibsha)
Abishai/ אבישי Hebrew
Imhotep : ('comes in peace')
ỉ-m-ḥtp , ỉ m ḥtp , Ỉy-m-ḥtp (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ii-m-Htp , ii m Htp MDC
I-em-hetep, Ȧi-em-ḥetep Budge
Asklepius /Ἀσϰληπιὸϛ Eusebius
Imouthes Sextus Julius Africanus
Imḥotep Gardiner
jj m ḥtp Hannig
Iì-m-ḥtp Demotic
ɪmˈhoʊtɛp IPA
jā-im-ḥātap (needs ref) Alt Pronunciation
Imouthes/ Ἰμούθης (Eusebius) (27th century BC); (Asclepius) Asklepius/Ἀσκληπιὸϛ , Asklepius /Ἀσϰληπιὸϛ ,
Asklepios (alternate name according to Eusebius , identified with the Greek god of medicine), Imuthes Greek
Job (Biblical name)
iōb/Ⲓⲱⲃ (Ancient Coptic Book of Job the Just) Coptic
Kaisrs
qAyzrz > kaisrs (Demotic) MDC
Kaisaros/Καισαρος Greek
Khent-min/xn(t)-mnw (Akhmim) 𓏅𓈖𓏏𓐍𓋉𓐝𓊖
Ipu, Apu 𓇋𓊪𓊖, 𓇋𓊪𓅱𓊖 /jp/, /ipw/ (AE) Alt Egyptian
Shmin/ϣⲙⲓⲛ (B,S) , Khmin/ⲭⲙⲓⲛ (S) , Khmim/ⲭⲙⲓⲙ (S) Coptic
Khmim/ⳉⲙⲓⲙ (xmiːm) Akhmimic Coptic
Chemmis /Χέμμις (Panopolis/ Πανὸς πόλις) Ancient Greek
Khemmis , Chemmis Greek
ʾkhmym/أخميم (ʔæxˈmiːm) Arabic
Khufu (He protects me)
ḫw.f-wj Egyptian
xw(i).f w(i) MDC
Khéōps/ Χέωψ; Soûphis/ Σοῦφις , Sophē/Σοφη ( Alt names) Greek
Chéops Latin
Khoufou French
kʰé.ops (5th BCE Attic), ˈkʰɛ.ops (1st CE Egyptian),ˈxe.ops (4th CE Koine), ˈçe.ops (10th CE Byzantine),
ˈçe.ops (15th CE Constantinopolitan), xuːʔɛf wi , xuːfuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
Maatkare ('Ma'at is the Ka of Re')
mAat-kA-ra MDC
Maakah/ מַעֲכָה Hebrew Biblical
M(o)ōkha/Μ(ο)ωχα, Ma(a)kha/Μα(α)χα Greek
Menkheperre (Thutmose III)
m(i)n-xpr-ra 'Lasting is the Manifestation of Re' MDC
Manya> Manaḫpirya Egyptian hypocoristicon
Menes (he who endures)
mni MDC
mnj Alt Egyptian
menis(e)/ሜኒስ Ge'ez
ma-né-e Akkadian
Mênês Africanus
Menes/Μήνης Greek
mina /مينا Arabic
ma'neʔ New Kingdom
ma'nij > ma'neʔ (Loprieno) Alt pronunciation
Mernaptah ("Beloved of Ptah")
maɾ.nip.'tʰaħ (JPA); Marniptáh (JPA, Romanized) IPA
Meritaten ('beloved of Aten')
mrt-itn MDC
May-ati Akkadian
maya-amana (possibly) Pronounced
Meryamun ("Whom Amun loves", "beloved of Amun")
mry-imn MDC
maʔ.'ja a.'ma.na (JPA), MaꜤya Amána (JPA, Romanized) IPA
Moses (Moshe)
msa/ mosa: (hand birth 'pulled or birth')
mw-sA/ mu-sa: (Son of the nile)
ms-SAi/ mos-shai : born of the bundle of flax
ms-is(w)/ mos-is(u) (Born of reeds) *
ms-H/ mos-eḥ , ms-mHy/ mos-meḥy (Born from flax)
ms-mw/ mos-mu (Born of water)
ms/ mos, msw/ mosu (child) ?
msy/ mosy (child of)
msi (produce, bring forth)
msyt/ mosyt (those who are born)
Ptah-mose (Possibly Moses was a nick name for) Egyptian possibilities
Mosheh /מֹשֶׁה , משֶׁ֑ה "I drew him out of the water"> (masha or mashah 'draw out of water', 'draw out'),
Moüses 'saved from the water' claimed mo 'water' and Uses 'save out of it by'
(Josephus Jewish historian); Moshe (modern); mō/mou "water" + esēs "saved"(Velde,
Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible) Hebrew
meshitihu Biblical?
Moishe Yiddish
Mōšéh Tiberian
Mousha, Moushe /ܡܘܫܐ Syriac
Mōwses/ ⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ, mwses "The one who is rescued from the water" Copitc
Mōÿsēs /Mωϋσῆς , Mousēs /Μουσῆς , Mōēsēs Μωησής Greek
Mōysās/ⲙⲱⲩ̇ⲥⲏⲥ Coptic/Egyptian Arabic
Mūsā /موسى Arabic
Necho (for the bulls)
n.kAw MDC
Neku, Nechoh, Nikuu Alt
Nəkhós/Νεχώς Α', Nəkhó/Νεχώ Α' Greek
Nikuu , Nikû Akkadian
Nəkō (Modern), Nekō (Tiberian) , Ne̞ko̞ / נְכוֹ Hebrew
Nefer-Hotep
'Beauitful peace'
Nephōtes/Νεφώτης, Nephōt/Νεφωτ Greek
Nefer-Kheperu-Ra
Na-ap-khu-ru-ri-a, Na-ap-khar-ri-ya, Ni-ip-khu-ur-ri-ri-ya, Na-ap-khu-ra-ri-ya Babylonian
Nefertari
nfrt.iri MDC
Naptera Akkadian
Nefertiti ('Beautiful lady has come') 𓏏𓈖𓇳𓇋𓄤𓄤𓄤𓇍𓏏𓏭𓁐
nfr.t ii.ti MDC
nfrt-jj.tj Alt Egyptian
Naftita Akkadian
nofrə-ït/ ⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ ⲉⲓⲧ (ref. Osarnachthis), nafrət ït/ⲛⲁϥⲣⲉⲧ ⲉⲓⲧ Coptic
Nfr tyty/نفر تيتي Arabic (Egyptian)
nāfɪrat̚ iti (ref. Osarnachthis) IPA
Nerva
𓈖𓂋𓂋𓏲𓆇
Neroua/Νερουα Greek
Nerva Latin
(~ref Ishak)
Nitocris ("Neith is excellent")
nt-iqr.ty MDC
Nítokris / Νίτωκρις Greek
Pepi , Pepy
ppy , pjpj MDC
Phios, Phius/φιός Greek
'pʰiapʰ.ia (JPA), Piápia (Romanized, JPA); pɛpiː IPA
Philipos
𓊪𓉔𓇋𓇋𓅱𓃭𓇋𓇋𓅱𓊪𓍯𓋴
Pḥïlïpos/Ⲡϩⲉⲓⲗⲉⲓⲡⲟⲥ Coptic
Philipe
𓊪𓃭𓇋𓇋𓊪𓏲
Pḥltēms/Ⲡϩⲗⲧⲏⲙⲥ , Pḥbs/Ⲡϩⲃⲥ Coptic
Philótimos/Φιλότιμος , Philódemos/Φιλόδημος , Phïbis/Φϊϐις Greek
Philotera
pyrwtrA > pilwtra (Demotic) MDC
Pilutera Budge
Philotéra /Φιλωτέρα Greek
Potipherah, Potiphera ("he whom Ra has given/ gift of the sun")
p-ti-p-rꜥ Demotic
pA-di-pA-ra MDC
po-tee feh'-rah/ פּוֹטִיפֶ֫רַע Hebrew
Petephres/Πετεφρης, Petrephes/Πετρεφης Greek
~ Potiphar (shortened version)
Pewtypr/ פוטיפר
Ptahmose
ptH-ms.i MDC
Táhmašši Akkadian
Ptolemy I (Soter/ The Savior)
ptrmys> ptlmis MDC
𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-m-y-s/, 𓊪𓏏𓂋𓏲𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-r-w-m-y-s/
Ptolemaios/Πτολεμαίος Greek
Ptolemy II (Philadelphus)
ptrwmys > ptlwmis (Demotic) MDC
𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓏲𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-w-m-y-s/ , 𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-m-y-s/
Ptlumis Budge
Ptolemaîos /Πτολεμαῖος Greek
Ptolemy III (Euergetes)
ptwArwys> ptwlmys > ptolmis (Demotic) MDC
Ptulmis Budge
𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-m-y-s/
Ptolemaĩos /Πτολεμαῖος Greek
Ptŏlĕmaeus Latin
Ptolemaios ALT
Ptolemy IV (Philopator)
(Demotic) MDC
𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-m-y-s/
Ptolemys ankhdjet meryaset/ Ptolemaios, living forever, beloved of Isis Full Egyptian
Πτολεμαῖος Φιλοπάτωρ/Ptolemaĩos Philopátōr "Ptolemy, lover of his Father" Greek
Ptolemy V (Epiphanes)
(Demotic) MDC
𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-m-y-s/
Ptolemys Ankhdjetmeryptah/ Ptolemaios, living forever, beloved of Ptah Full Egyptian
Πτολεμαῖος Ἐπιφανής Εὐχάριστος/ Ptolemaĩos Epiphanḗs Eucharistos "Ptolemy the Manifest, the Beneficent" Greek
Py (Piye)
py/𓊪𓋹𓇋𓇋 Egyptian
pi/𐦧𐦢 “to live” (Beckerath) Meroitic
phei/ⲫⲉⲓ(B), pēi/ⲡⲏⲓ (S) Coptic
Ramesses, Ramses, Rameses , Ramesse ("Ra the one who gave birth to him/ Ra is the one who bore him")
ra-ms(i)-ss 𓇳𓏺𓄟𓋴𓋴, ra-ms(i)-sw 𓇳𓏺𓄟𓋴𓇓 MDC
ria-maš-šeša Babylonian
ri-a-ma-še-ša Akkadian
Rhaméssēs/ Ῥαμέσσης (Hellenistic), Rhaméstēs/Ῥαμέστης Greek
Ramesses Latin
Ra`məse/ רמסס , Raamses (Biblical), Ra'mses/ רַעְמְסֵס Hebrew
rɑː mɛs suː ; 'ɾi.ʕa.'ma.si.sa (JPA) ; RíꜤamásisa (JPA, Romanized) IPA
Rameses, Ramessu Traditional Pronunciation
Ra'mses, Ra'məse, ˈræməsɛs, ˈræmsɛs, ˈræmsiːz Alt Pronunciation
ref. linkst
~ stp-n-ra : (chosen of Rê, Prenomen)
sā:tapna'ri:ˤa Suggested Pronunciation
šá-te-ep-na-ri-a (El Amarna letters) Akkadian
Remesisumeriamun , Ramesisumeriamun, Ramesses meryamun 'Ra is the one how brings to him beloved one of Amun' ,
'Rê has fashioned him, beloved of Amun 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓇳𓏺𓄟𓏥𓋴𓇓
RꜤ msỉ sw mrỉ Ỉmn , Rˁ sj sw mrj Jmn Alt Egyptian
riːʕ məsiːsə maːj ʔamaːnə/Ri-a-ma-še-ša ma-ai A-man-na Akkadian
(~ ref youtu.be/1dFSTe...)
Ṣāpənat pa'nēaḥ (My provision is god, the living one)
צְפְוַַת פּעְוֵח (nTr the r is dropped וַַת) Hebrew
Sesostris
𓄊𓋴𓂋𓏏𓊃𓈖
s-n(y)-wsr.t MDC
Sésōstris/Σέσωστρις Greek
Sesōstris Latin
Setepenre (chosen of Ra)
stp-n-ra MDC
šá-te-ep-na-ri/e-a Akkadian cuneiform
satepna'riːʕa (Dr. Loprieno); 'sa.tʰipʰ.ni.'ɾi.ʔa (JPA), SátipniríꜤa (JPA, Romanized) IPA
Severus
𓊃𓎺𓏲𓂋𓇋𓇋𓈖𓏏𓏭𓇑, 𓊃𓎺𓅱𓃭𓇋𓇋𓃝𓈖𓏏𓏭𓐍𓂞
Serverus Latin
Seounros/ Σεοὐηροϛ Greek
(~ref Ishak)
Shishak (?) (Meshwesh decent)
𓆷𓆷𓈖𓏘
SSnq MDC
šu-ta , štḫ Alt Egyptian
Shoshenq I, Sheshonk or Sheshonq I ALT Name
su-si-in-qu Cuneiform
šusanqu Akkadian
susinqu Neo-Assyrian
Shīshaq/ שישק [ʃiːʃaq]] Hebrew
Cicunq / ⵛⵉⵛⵓⵏⵇ Tamazight
ʃiʃaq Tiberian
Sousakím /Σουσακίμ < ʃuːʃaq/ שושק, Sesōnkhis/Σεσωγχις (Africanus), Sesonkhōsis /Σεσογχωσις (Eusebius ) Greek
su-si-in-qu (en.wikiversity.org), Shishak, Shishaq, Susac, Shushaq < שושק
(Hebrew, Alexandrian Greek 2nd BC) Alt Pronunciation
Sheshenq Traditional Pronunciation
Shoshenq Fixed Pronunciation
Thermutis (mother of Moses, one who fished him out of the Nile)
Renenutet (some connection between the name Thermuthis and the Egyptian goddess of names
and nursing) Egyptian connection
Bithiah from Biṯyāh, Bityá /בִּתְיָה 'daughter of Yah' 'daughter of god', Bat-Yah 'daughter of YAh'
(wife of Pharaoh) Hebrew
Thermuthis, Tharmuth, Thermutis, Thermouthis (priestess, daughter of Pharaoh)
(Josephus Jewish historian 'Antiquities of the Jew' ) Gnostic
Merris or Merrhoe (Artapanus) Christianity
Asiya/ آسية (Hadith) Arabic
Thutmose : (Born of Thoth)
DHwty-ms MDC
ḏḥwty.ms (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Tahutmes ? Akkadian
Thomas Possibly where the name came from
Tutankhamun 'Living Image of Amun' (Son of Re) 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓏏𓅱𓏏𓋹
*ref Osarnachthis
twt-anx-imn MDC
twt-ꜥnḫ-ı͗mn (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Tōout-onḥ-amoun or tōʷt ɔnh amūn / ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲟⲛϩ ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ , Touōt-ōnᵉḥ-amoun/ⲧⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲱⲛϩ︦ ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ Coptic
taˈwaːt ˈʕaːnxu ʔaˈmaːn ; tāwɪt anxā amāna (also sugected orginally) Alt Pronunciation
~ Nebkheperure : 'Lord of the forms of Re' Prenomen
nb-xprw-ra MDC
Nibhururia Akkadian
Nibhurrereya Amarna letters
Titus
tyts /𓍘𓇋𓇋𓍘𓋴 Egyptian
Titus Roman
Vespasien : (Roman Emperor, Who took control of Egypt 69AD)
𓏲𓊃𓊪𓏭𓊃𓇋𓇋𓈖𓊃, 𓏲𓇼𓊪𓊃𓇋𓇋𓈖𓄿𓊃
wspsyn(A)s, wspjsyns MDC
Ouespasianos/ Οὐεσπασιανὀϛ Greek
Vespasianus Latin
wsr-mAat-ra 'he justice of Ra is powerful' (Usermaatre )
𒉿𒀸𒈬𒀀𒊑𒀀/Wa-aš-mu-a-re-a/ Uašmuaria Akkadian
Ὀσυμανδύας /Osumandúas Koine Greek
wəsmuʕəˈɾeːʕə (Late Kingdom); ʔusmaʕˈɾeːʕ (Early Demotic); ʔəsmaɾˈɾeː~ʔəsmanˈɾeː (Middle Demotic) IPA
Usir-ma'āt-rā (traditionally) Pronounced
wsr-mAat-ra stp-n-ra ra-ms.sw mry-imn
'he justice of Ra is powerful, chosen of Ra, Ra has fassioned him, beloved of Amun, ' (Usermaatre Setepenre )
Wa-aš-mu-a-re-a/ Uašmuaria šatepnaria Riamašeša maia-amana Akkadian
Usir-ma'āt-rā, Satep.en-rā, Rā-mes-su, Mery-Amun (traditionally) Pronounced
wnis : (Wenis) 'The one who truly exists'
Oenas, Unis, or Ounas Alt name
Iōannēs / ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ Coptic
Anis / أنيس , Anas/ أنس (name "genial" , "close friend"); Wanas/ ونس Arabic
Unis Pronounced
wsr-nxt (Wesir is strong)
𓊨𓁹𓀭𓈖𓆱𓐍𓏏𓏭𓀭
wsjr-nḫty , wsỉr-nḫt (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Osarnakhtʰis/ Ὀσαρναχθις Greek
Ousirā-nashtā/ⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲉ-ⲛⲁϣⲧⲉ (ref. Osarnachthis) Coptic
xa.f-ra , Kha.ef-ra (Khafra)
ḫꜥ.f-rꜥ
Χεφρήν /Khephrḗn, Κεφρήν /Kephrḗn, Κερφέρης/Kerphérēs, Χαβρύης/Khabrúēs Ancient Greek
Xerxes :
xASAyArwSA 𓆼𓆷𓇌𓄿𓃭𓆷𓄿, 𓐍𓆷𓇌𓃭𓆷, 𓐍𓆷𓄿𓇌𓃭𓆷 MDC
x-š-yar-š-a/𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠(ruling over heroes) Old Persian
aḫ-ši-ia-ar-šu / 𒄴𒅆𒐊𒅈𒋗 > Akšiwaršu /𒀝𒅆𒄿𒈠𒅈𒍪 >Aramaic Babylonian
Axšoreš/ اخشورش Persian
shrayshhē, Xšaya-ṛšā/ חשיארש Aramaic
Achasharash / אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ (Megillah), Achashorosh/ אחשרש (Megillah traditionally read) ,
Ahasuerus / אחשוורוש (Book of Esther) Hebrew
Ksérksns/Ξέρξης, ksérksɛːs 518–465 BC Greek
Khshayarsha Pronounced
yhwAw (Yahweh) 𓇌𓉔𓍯𓅱 , 𓇋𓇋𓉔𓌗𓄿
tA SAsw yhwAw 𓇾𓆷𓇓𓅱𓇌𓉔𓍯𓅱 , 𓇾𓆷𓇓𓅱𓇋𓇋𓉔𓌗𓄿 From
yhwꜣw Alt Egyptian
YHVH/yhwh/ j-h-w-h/𐤄𐤅𐤄𐤉 (Paleo-Hebrew) Phoenician
yah/ ܝܰܗ/ܝܲܗ Classical Syriac
Yōha /ⲒⲰϨⲀ ? Yaō/ⲒⲀⲰ ?, noutə/ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ "god" Coptic
Iaō /ΙΑΩ , YAHŌ Greek
Iaoh , Iaho, Jaho Latin Vulgate
y-h-wa-h/ 𐡀𐡄𐡅𐡄 ,YHW/יהו Aramaic
yhwah/yəhōwā/יְהֹוָה ; Ya'ōh (older?) Hebrew
YHVH/יהוה Modern Hebrew
Iehouah (1530, Tyndale's Bible) Early English
/ˈyäˌwā/Yahweh, Yahuwah, Jehovah English
yhua, iːhuːɑ Possibly Pronounced
ytwaw-bar 𓇋𓇋𓏏𓅱𓂝𓏲𓃀𓂝𓂋𓃫𓀃
ʾEṯbaʿal/ אֶתְבַּעַל Biblical Hebrew
tubaʾlu/ 𒌅𒁀𒀪𒇻 Akkadian
Zaphnath-paap-neah (name the Pharaoh gave him 'Savior')
Yôsep יוֹסֵף/Joseph's (birth name) (possible 21st Dynasty) Bible
Dd-pA-nTr-f-anx (god speaks and he lives in (MK) Ṣt-pa-ntr-if-ānāḥ (LK), Zaphenath-pa'aneah /zt-p-nTr-f-anx
(Saith the god 'he liveth') MDC possibilities
צִפְנַת פַּעְנֵחַ /Ṣāfnaṯ Paʿnēaḫ, ṣāpěnat pa'nēaḥ,ṣe(d)-p-nute(r)-ef-onḫ = 'the god speaks, [and] he lives' Hebrew
Psionthomphanékh/Ψονθομφανήχ , Psiomthomphanékh/Ψομθομφανήχ Greek
Psot mpʰānāḥ/ ⲡⲥⲟⲧ ⲙⲫⲉⲛⲉϩ > ⲱⲧⲉ sōte 'to save' > /sA/ 'protection' (possible) Coptic
ref. E.A. Wallis Budge
Other gods Names
(For Egyptian gods names look under netjeru/gods tab and then the gods' given name)
aApp(y): (snake demon) 𓉻𓊪𓊪𓆚
aApf , ˁɜpp, ˁpp, Ꜥꜣpp(j), ipip, jpjp (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ˁpˁp Demotic
Ãapep , Ãpep Budge
abab/ አባብ Amharic
Ápöphis / Ἄποφις, Apopis/Ἄποπις Greek
Apopis Latin
אפפ /App Hebrew
Apʰopʰi /Ⲁⲫⲟⲫⲓ, Apʰōpʰ/Ⲁⲫⲱⲫ (B), apʰōp/Ⲁⲫⲱⲡ (B), Apʰōpʰ /Ⲁⲫⲱⲫ, epēp/ⲉⲡⲏⲡ (B), epēpʰ/ⲉⲡⲏⲫ (S),
epeipʰ/ ⲉⲡⲉⲓⲫ (S), apʰŏpi/ⲁⲫⲟⲡⲓ , apʰipi/ⲁⲫⲓⲡⲓ (ref Martyrdom of Saint George Budge) Coptic
'Abîb Arabic
Apep English
ʕaʀpʰaːpʰ (Early Egyptian), ʕapʰoːpʰ (Late Egyptian) IPA
Apāpy Transliteration
Ꜥaꜣpâpi(j) Alt Pronunciation
Apep Traditional Pronunciation
Apedemak, Apademak : (Meroitic lion god)
Pa-ir-meki, 'the one who protects' Alt Egyptian
iprmk 𓇋𓊪𓂋𓐙𓎡𓊹𓀭 , 𓊪𓁹𓐝𓎡𓇋𓇋𓀮
Astarte
astrt/ 𓂝𓊃𓍘𓇋𓏭𓂋𓍘𓇋𓏏𓆇 Āstiyrtit Egyptian
'(ɜ)ztrt, 'ztjjjrt, 'ztjrt, 'srt, 'zt, 'st, 'ztt >Astat, Asa, Ata
Astártē/Ἀστάρτη Greek
A-sa-sa-ra Minoan
As-dar-tu Akkadian
ʿAṯtar /Athtar Ancient Semitic
ʻṯtr , Ištar Akkadian-Babylonian
Attar, ˁštrh , ˁštrt ? Aramaic
ʻṯtr Old South Arabian
‘Astar , Astr'eyo/ አሰተርእዮ Ethiopic
Athtar South Arabic
Astar Abyssinia
Ashtar Moab
Aṯtar Ugarit
𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚/Athtart or ʻAṭtart, ʻṯtrt ' Ugaritic
𐤕𐤓𐤕𐤔𐤀/ Ashtart , 'štrt, Aštart Phoenician
Ishtar/Ištar Mesopotamia
Ištar/ 𒀭𒈹 Sumerian
Ashtar(t) or Astarte Canaan
עַשְׁתָּרוֹת Ashtarot עַשְׁתָּר֑וֹ
עַשְׁתֹּ֣רֶתAshtoreth עַשְׁתָּר֑וֹת āshtārõwth ????
עשתרת Ashtoret, Ashtarot or "Astartes" Hebrew
ant : (Anat goddess)
𓂝𓈖𓏌𓅱𓍘𓇋𓏏𓆇𓆗, 𓂝𓈖𓍘𓇋𓏏𓆗, 𓂝𓈖𓍿𓏏𓆇𓁐
ʔnt Phoenician
ʔnt ענת Hebrew
‘Anōt, ‘nt Ugaritic
Anath Αναθ Greek
bAk-n-rn.f : (Servant of his name)
wAH-kA-ra ( The enduring one belonging to the ka of Ra) Alt name
/cab'naːcar/ >/cəb'nuːtə/ > Sebennytos /Σεβεννυτος > Bocchoris/ Βόκχορις Greek
Βογ𝜒ορις, Βόκχορις, Βο𝜒ορινις (B) Coptic
baːʀak-vn-'riːnvf Alt pronunciation
bayr: (god Ba'al) meaning 'lord'
𓃀𓂝𓏭𓂋𓁐𓀃, 𓃀𓂝𓏭𓂋𓏺
Baal/ בעל Hebrew
Báal/ Βάαλ Greek
Bēlu/ 𒂗 Akkadian
Bal/ ባል Amharic
Baʿl/ بعل Arabic
astiyrti(t): (goddess Astarte)
𓂝𓊃𓍘𓏭𓂋𓍘𓏏𓆇𓆗
As-dar-tu/ 𒀭𒊍𒁯𒌓 Akkadian
ʻAthtart or ʻAṭtart/ 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚 Ugaritic
Astártē/ Ἀστάρτη Greek
Ashtart or Aštart/ 𐤕𐤓𐤕𐤔𐤀 Phoenician
ʻAštōreṯ/ עשתרת, Ashtarot Hebrew
Uni-Astre/ 𐌖𐌍𐌉 𐌀𐌔𐌕𐌛𐌄 Etruscan Pyrgi Tablets
ꜥ-s-ta-ar-ta(t) Erik Iversen
knm.t : (lion headed serpent god)
khnoume/ Χνουμη Greek
mHyt (Meḥit goddess)
Ma'ḥūʲVt > Mɘ'ḥu:ʔ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Ma-ḫu-ú Akkadian
mkhns/Mχης Greek
mrwrw/ mrwl (Mandulis, God of Nubia) 𓌸𓂋𓅱𓃭𓏥𓀭
Merul or Melul Greek
mānrou/ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲟⲩ Coptic
nw (Nu) 𓏌𓏌𓏌𓇯𓈗𓀭
Nenu, Nunu, Nun Alt
nauni/ⲛⲁⲩⲛⲓ ; noun/ⲛⲟⲩⲛ (abyss; deep)
wnn-nfr(w) : (The Perfect One , Permanent well-being , Title/Epithet of Wesir/Osiris)
(ref JPA ME)
ouənofre /ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ (S), ouānnavrā or ouānnabrā /ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲛⲁⲃⲣⲉ , onnōphris/ⲟⲛⲛⲱⲫⲣⲓⲥ,
ouenabre/ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲁⲃⲣⲉ (O); Ouənaf/ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲁϥ Coptic
Onoúphrios/ Ὀνούφριος Ancient Greek
Onnōfris, Onnofri , Onnôphris/Οννωϕρις , Onoúfrios/Ονούφριος Greek
ʾabū nufir / ابو نفر , ʾabū nūfir / ابو نوفر , nūfir / نوفير Arabic
Onuphrius Latin
Onofrio Italian
Onufrij/Онуфрий Russian
Onofre Spanish
Onofre Portuguese
Onuphrius > Humphrey English
wɛnɛn nɛfɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
Wenennefer, Wenen-nefer Traditional Pronunciation
Oun-noufr Fixed
Akhenaten 'Effective for Aten'
Amenhotep IV Nomen
Amenhotep IV > Amenophis 'Amun is Satisfied' Greek
~ Neferkheperure/ nfr-xprw-ra 'Beautiful are the Manifestations of Re' Prenomen
Naph-hurru-riya (Goetze) Akkadian
Alara (King of Kush)
i-rw-rw-i 𓇋𓀀𓃭𓃭𓇋 , i-r(w)-r 𓇋𓀀𓃭𓏺𓂋𓏺 Egyptian
Alexander (the Great)
Alksindrs MDC
𓄿𓃭𓎡𓋴𓇋𓈖𓂧𓂋𓊃 Arwksindrz (MDC) > Alksindrs (the 𓃭 /rw/ became /l/) Egyptian
𓄿𓃭𓎡𓊃𓇋𓈖𓂧𓂋𓊃 Arwkzindrz (MDC) Alt Egyptian
𓇋𓃭𓎡𓋴𓇋𓋔𓂧𓂋𓊃 irwksindrz (MDC) > Ȧlksindrs (the 𓃭 /rw/ became /l/) Alt Egyptian
𓇋𓂋𓏘𓋴𓇋𓏌𓏏𓂋𓊃 irqsinwtrs (MDC) Alt Egyptian
Ȧlksȧndrs Budge
Alaksānduš/𒀀𒆷𒀝𒊭𒀭𒁺𒍑 “Alaksandu” Hittite
Aleksandros/ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲟⲥ (S) , Alksandrs/Ⲁⲗⲕⲥⲁⲛⲇⲣⲥ , Alksamdrs/Ⲁⲗⲕⲥⲁⲛⲇⲣⲥ Coptic
a-re-ka-sa-da-ra/𐀀𐀩𐀏𐀭𐀅𐀨 Mycenaean Greek
Alexándra/Ἀλεξάνδρα (man who repels [enemies) Ancient Greek
Alexandros /Αλεχανδρος, Alésaɪandros/Ἀλέξανδρος (man who repels [enemies) Greek
Ălexandĕr Latin
aˈlek.san.dros IPA
Amenhotep 'Amun is content'
imn-Htp MDC
Amanahatpi Akkadian
Parmhotp/ⲡⲁⲣⲙϩⲟⲧⲡ (S), Pʰamānôtʰ/ⲫⲁⲙⲉⲛⲱⲑ (B) Coptic
Phamenôth Greek
Baramhât Arabic
a.'ma.na 'ħatʰ.pʰə (JPA), Amánahátpa (Romanized, JPA) IPA
Ȧmunḥotep Pronounced
~ nbmAatra : (Pharaohs name Amenhotep)
Nimmuarîa or Nibmuarîa (Pharaohs name Amenhotep) Akkadian
Anthony
Antonious/Ⲁⲛⲧⲟⲛⲓⲟⲥ Coptic
Arsinoë II
irsinA(t) MDC
Arsenai, Arsina Alt Spellings
Arsina Demotic
Arsinóe Ἀρσινόη Ancinet Greek
Arsinoë III
ArsynAy(t) MDC
Arsinóe/Ἀρσινόη Ancient Greek
Arsinois/ΑΡΣΙΝΟΗΣ Greek
Arsinoë
ir(w)z(ir)nA(t) MDC
Ȧrsna Budge
𓇋𓃭𓊃𓁹𓈖𓄿𓏏𓆇
Ἀρσινόη Greek
Arsĭnŏē , Arsĭnŏa Latin
Asenat (Joseph's Wife biblical)
jw.s-(n)-n(j.)t 'she who belongs to Neith' or jw.s-n-’t 'she belongs to her' , ns-nt 'belongs to nt/Neith' MDC
'asěnat/ אָסְנַת Hebrew
ʾåsənaṯ Tiberian
Asenath Latin
Auteqreter (Augustus)
𓄿𓏲𓂧𓏲𓎼𓂋𓂧𓂋, 𓄿𓏲𓏏𓏘𓂋𓏏𓂋 (Autocrator)
Awdsgrdr> audugrtr (Demotic) MDC
Autotráctōr/αὐτοκράτωρ Greek
Autŏcrătŏr, Autocrator, Augustus Latin
bAk-n-rn.f : Bocchoris 'servant of his name'
baːʀak-vn-'riːnvf, bokko'riː(nv) Antonio Loprieno
bogxoris / Βογχορις, Bokxoris/Βοκχορις, boxorins/Βοχορινις Greek
Berenice
𓊸𓂋𓈖𓇋𓇋𓏘𓅭𓏏𓆇 brnyq
Brnikē/Ⲃⲣⲛⲓⲕⲏ Coptic
Berenice I
𓃀𓂋𓈖𓇋𓇋𓎡𓏏𓆇 brnykt
bArnyg(t) MDC
Barnig(a) Budge
Berenice/Βερενίκη Greek
Bĕrĕnīcē Latin
Berenikê ALT
Berenice II
birnygA(t) > birniga (Demotic) MDC
Barniga Budge
Berenice/Βερενίκη Greek
Berenice III
bArnygA(t) > barniga (Demotic)MDC
Barniga Budge
Berenice/Βερενίκη Greek
Blemys
blhm ? Demotic
brhm, tibrhmt (female version) MDC
blhmou/Ⲃⲗϩⲙⲟⲩ (Crum) Coptic
Blémus/Βλέμυς Greek
Blemmyes < bly/בלי (without), moach/מוח (brain) (possible connections, Samuel Bochart) Hebrew
Djedhor/Dd-Hr : ‘Horus says’
ṣi-ḫa-a /𒍢𒄩𒀀 Middle Assyrian
ṣi-ḫa-ˀ/𒍢𒄩𒀪 Neo-Babylonian
Taḥo/ ⲧⲁϩⲟ Coptic
Darius I ('he who holds firm the good')
𓇾𓂋𓅱𓆷 tA-r(A)-w-S(A) (Pronounced: Taraush(a) MDC
𓇾𓃭𓍯𓆷 tA-rw-wA-S(A) (Pronounced: Taruōsh(a) MDC
𓇾𓃭𓇌𓅱𓆷 tA-rw-y-w-S(A) (Pronounced: Taruēush(a) MDC
𓏎𓍘𓃭𓆷 in-ti-rw-S(A) (Pronounced: Taruēush(a) MDC
𓍿𓃭𓇌𓅱𓆷 T-rw-y-w-S(A) (Pronounced: Tjruēush(a) MDC
𓏎𓍘𓃭𓍯𓆷 in-ti-rw-wA-S(A) (Pronounced: Intiruōsh(a) MDC
𓏎𓍘𓃭𓇌𓍯𓆷 in-ti-rw-y-wA-S(A) (Pronounced: Intiruēōsh(a) MDC
𓏎𓍘𓃭𓇌𓅱𓆷 in-ti-rw-y-S (Pronounced: Intiruēush(a) MDC
𓏌𓈖𓍘𓃭𓇌𓆷𓄿 nw-ti-rw-y-S-A (Pronounced: Nutiruēsha) MDC
𓈖𓏏𓂋𓇌𓏲𓆷 n-t-r(A)-y-w-S(A) (Pronounced: Intiruōsh(a) MDC
𓏎𓍘𓂋𓅱𓆷 in-ti-r(A)-w-S(A) MDC
Tarȧush Budge
Da-ri-(y)a-ma-u-iš, Da-ri-ya-(h)u-(ú-)iš Elamite
Dārayava (h) uš Ancient Persian
Dā-ra-ya-va-ū-ša, Dārayava(h)uš, Da-a-ra-ya-va-u-š (Budge) /𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁 (Dārayauš) Old Persian
Dāryuš/داریوش New Persian
Dârâb/ داراب , Dârâ /دارا Middle Persian
Dâryuš)/داریوش Persian
Dārā/دَارَا Arabic
Dara)/Դարա Old Armenian
Da-ri-(y)a-ma-u-iš / 𒁕𒊑 𒄿𒀀 ? Bablonian
Da-(a-)ri-ia-(a-)muš Akkadian
𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡄𐡅𐡔/dryhwš, 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡄𐡅𐡔/drywhwš, 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡔/drywš, 𐡃𐡓𐡉𐡅𐡔/drwš Aramaic
Dāryāwaš/ܕܪܝܘܫ Classical Syriac
Darᵉyávesh/ דָּֽרְיָוֶשׁ , Dārəyā́weš/ דריווש Hebrew
Ñtarijeus /𐊑𐊗𐊀𐊕𐊆𐊊𐊁𐊒𐊖 Lycian
Dareh/Դարեհ Old Armenian
Dāráyāwéš, Dāreyāveš (Modern) Tiberian
Dareh/Դարեհ Old Armenian
Dareiaîos/Δαρειαῖος, Dareîos/ Δαρεῖος Ancient Greek
Dareíos/Δαρείος Greek
Dārīus, Dārēus Latin
Domitianus
𓂧𓐝𓍘𓇋𓇋𓈖𓊃
Dmtins/Ⲇⲙⲧⲓⲛⲥ Coptic
Caesarion
kysrwz> kisrs (Demotic) MDC
Cleopatra V (Tryphaena)
𓏘𓃭𓄿𓍯𓊪𓂧𓂋𓄿𓏏𓆇 qrwAwApdrA(t)/ qlwpAtrA.t> qlopatra (Demotic) MDC
(it's obviouse they had a hard time in medu netjer spelling her name becuase you see a few diffarent forms of it)
ʾAklâʾûbaṭrâ /አከላኡበጠራ, ʾAbəṭĕlmâwôs/ አብጠልማዎስ Ethiopic
Kleopatra /Κλεοπάτρα (she who comes from glorious father) Greek
Clĕŏpătra Latin
Cleopatra VI
𓏘𓃭𓇋𓍯𓊪𓄿𓂧𓂋𓏏𓄿𓆇 qrwiwApAdr(t) > qliopatra (Demotic) MDC
𓏘𓃭𓄿𓍯𓊪𓂧𓂋𓄿𓏏𓆇 qrwAwApdrA(t )> qlaoptra (Demotic) MDC
𓏘𓃭𓏲𓊪𓂧𓂋𓏏𓆇 qrwwpdr(t) > qlwptr (Demotic) MDC
Kleopatra /Κλεοπάτρα, Kleopatra /Κλεοπάτρα (she who comes from glorious father) Greek
Clĕŏpătra Latin
Khlāopatra /Ⲭⲗⲉⲟⲡⲁⲧⲣⲁ Coptic
Horemheb ('Horus is in jubilation')
H(w)r-m-Hb MDC
Ḥarmaḥa New Kingdom
Ḫar(a)maḫa (ḥ>ḫ) (Zsolt Simon) Suggested Hittite
Armes-is,Hrmes-is/Αρμεσις (Hrw-ms 'Born of Horu/Horus);
Hrma-is/Arma-is/Αρμαις (Harma) ; HArmai-os, Armai-os/Αρμαιος (Ḥarmaḥa) Attested Greek
Armess-es, Hrmess-es/Αρμεσσης (Hwr-ms-sw 'He born of Horu/Horus)
(diffarent names given to him? ref needed) Attested Greek
Ar-ma-a-aš Zsolt Simon
~ mry-imn 'beloved of Amun' >Nom
~ Manetho/Αρμαις > (Hwr-m-Hb), Αρμεσσης / Αρμεσις > (Hwr-ms) Greek
ref. link
Hormose ('Horu/Horus is born')
Hr-m-Hb MDC
Ḫaramašši (ḫa-a-ra-ma-aš-ši) (ref. EA 20), ḫa-ra-ma-ša (ref. EA 49) Akkadian
ref. link
ibSA (name Ibsha)
Abishai/ אבישי Hebrew
Imhotep : ('comes in peace')
ỉ-m-ḥtp , ỉ m ḥtp , Ỉy-m-ḥtp (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ii-m-Htp , ii m Htp MDC
I-em-hetep, Ȧi-em-ḥetep Budge
Asklepius /Ἀσϰληπιὸϛ Eusebius
Imouthes Sextus Julius Africanus
Imḥotep Gardiner
jj m ḥtp Hannig
Iì-m-ḥtp Demotic
ɪmˈhoʊtɛp IPA
jā-im-ḥātap (needs ref) Alt Pronunciation
Imouthes/ Ἰμούθης (Eusebius) (27th century BC); (Asclepius) Asklepius/Ἀσκληπιὸϛ , Asklepius /Ἀσϰληπιὸϛ ,
Asklepios (alternate name according to Eusebius , identified with the Greek god of medicine), Imuthes Greek
Job (Biblical name)
iōb/Ⲓⲱⲃ (Ancient Coptic Book of Job the Just) Coptic
Kaisrs
qAyzrz > kaisrs (Demotic) MDC
Kaisaros/Καισαρος Greek
Khent-min/xn(t)-mnw (Akhmim) 𓏅𓈖𓏏𓐍𓋉𓐝𓊖
Ipu, Apu 𓇋𓊪𓊖, 𓇋𓊪𓅱𓊖 /jp/, /ipw/ (AE) Alt Egyptian
Shmin/ϣⲙⲓⲛ (B,S) , Khmin/ⲭⲙⲓⲛ (S) , Khmim/ⲭⲙⲓⲙ (S) Coptic
Khmim/ⳉⲙⲓⲙ (xmiːm) Akhmimic Coptic
Chemmis /Χέμμις (Panopolis/ Πανὸς πόλις) Ancient Greek
Khemmis , Chemmis Greek
ʾkhmym/أخميم (ʔæxˈmiːm) Arabic
Khufu (He protects me)
ḫw.f-wj Egyptian
xw(i).f w(i) MDC
Khéōps/ Χέωψ; Soûphis/ Σοῦφις , Sophē/Σοφη ( Alt names) Greek
Chéops Latin
Khoufou French
kʰé.ops (5th BCE Attic), ˈkʰɛ.ops (1st CE Egyptian),ˈxe.ops (4th CE Koine), ˈçe.ops (10th CE Byzantine),
ˈçe.ops (15th CE Constantinopolitan), xuːʔɛf wi , xuːfuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
Maatkare ('Ma'at is the Ka of Re')
mAat-kA-ra MDC
Maakah/ מַעֲכָה Hebrew Biblical
M(o)ōkha/Μ(ο)ωχα, Ma(a)kha/Μα(α)χα Greek
Menkheperre (Thutmose III)
m(i)n-xpr-ra 'Lasting is the Manifestation of Re' MDC
Manya> Manaḫpirya Egyptian hypocoristicon
Menes (he who endures)
mni MDC
mnj Alt Egyptian
menis(e)/ሜኒስ Ge'ez
ma-né-e Akkadian
Mênês Africanus
Menes/Μήνης Greek
mina /مينا Arabic
ma'neʔ New Kingdom
ma'nij > ma'neʔ (Loprieno) Alt pronunciation
Mernaptah ("Beloved of Ptah")
maɾ.nip.'tʰaħ (JPA); Marniptáh (JPA, Romanized) IPA
Meritaten ('beloved of Aten')
mrt-itn MDC
May-ati Akkadian
maya-amana (possibly) Pronounced
Meryamun ("Whom Amun loves", "beloved of Amun")
mry-imn MDC
maʔ.'ja a.'ma.na (JPA), MaꜤya Amána (JPA, Romanized) IPA
Moses (Moshe)
msa/ mosa: (hand birth 'pulled or birth')
mw-sA/ mu-sa: (Son of the nile)
ms-SAi/ mos-shai : born of the bundle of flax
ms-is(w)/ mos-is(u) (Born of reeds) *
ms-H/ mos-eḥ , ms-mHy/ mos-meḥy (Born from flax)
ms-mw/ mos-mu (Born of water)
ms/ mos, msw/ mosu (child) ?
msy/ mosy (child of)
msi (produce, bring forth)
msyt/ mosyt (those who are born)
Ptah-mose (Possibly Moses was a nick name for) Egyptian possibilities
Mosheh /מֹשֶׁה , משֶׁ֑ה "I drew him out of the water"> (masha or mashah 'draw out of water', 'draw out'),
Moüses 'saved from the water' claimed mo 'water' and Uses 'save out of it by'
(Josephus Jewish historian); Moshe (modern); mō/mou "water" + esēs "saved"(Velde,
Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible) Hebrew
meshitihu Biblical?
Moishe Yiddish
Mōšéh Tiberian
Mousha, Moushe /ܡܘܫܐ Syriac
Mōwses/ ⲙⲱⲩⲥⲏⲥ, mwses "The one who is rescued from the water" Copitc
Mōÿsēs /Mωϋσῆς , Mousēs /Μουσῆς , Mōēsēs Μωησής Greek
Mōysās/ⲙⲱⲩ̇ⲥⲏⲥ Coptic/Egyptian Arabic
Mūsā /موسى Arabic
Necho (for the bulls)
n.kAw MDC
Neku, Nechoh, Nikuu Alt
Nəkhós/Νεχώς Α', Nəkhó/Νεχώ Α' Greek
Nikuu , Nikû Akkadian
Nəkō (Modern), Nekō (Tiberian) , Ne̞ko̞ / נְכוֹ Hebrew
Nefer-Hotep
'Beauitful peace'
Nephōtes/Νεφώτης, Nephōt/Νεφωτ Greek
Nefer-Kheperu-Ra
Na-ap-khu-ru-ri-a, Na-ap-khar-ri-ya, Ni-ip-khu-ur-ri-ri-ya, Na-ap-khu-ra-ri-ya Babylonian
Nefertari
nfrt.iri MDC
Naptera Akkadian
Nefertiti ('Beautiful lady has come') 𓏏𓈖𓇳𓇋𓄤𓄤𓄤𓇍𓏏𓏭𓁐
nfr.t ii.ti MDC
nfrt-jj.tj Alt Egyptian
Naftita Akkadian
nofrə-ït/ ⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ ⲉⲓⲧ (ref. Osarnachthis), nafrət ït/ⲛⲁϥⲣⲉⲧ ⲉⲓⲧ Coptic
Nfr tyty/نفر تيتي Arabic (Egyptian)
nāfɪrat̚ iti (ref. Osarnachthis) IPA
Nerva
𓈖𓂋𓂋𓏲𓆇
Neroua/Νερουα Greek
Nerva Latin
(~ref Ishak)
Nitocris ("Neith is excellent")
nt-iqr.ty MDC
Nítokris / Νίτωκρις Greek
Pepi , Pepy
ppy , pjpj MDC
Phios, Phius/φιός Greek
'pʰiapʰ.ia (JPA), Piápia (Romanized, JPA); pɛpiː IPA
Philipos
𓊪𓉔𓇋𓇋𓅱𓃭𓇋𓇋𓅱𓊪𓍯𓋴
Pḥïlïpos/Ⲡϩⲉⲓⲗⲉⲓⲡⲟⲥ Coptic
Philipe
𓊪𓃭𓇋𓇋𓊪𓏲
Pḥltēms/Ⲡϩⲗⲧⲏⲙⲥ , Pḥbs/Ⲡϩⲃⲥ Coptic
Philótimos/Φιλότιμος , Philódemos/Φιλόδημος , Phïbis/Φϊϐις Greek
Philotera
pyrwtrA > pilwtra (Demotic) MDC
Pilutera Budge
Philotéra /Φιλωτέρα Greek
Potipherah, Potiphera ("he whom Ra has given/ gift of the sun")
p-ti-p-rꜥ Demotic
pA-di-pA-ra MDC
po-tee feh'-rah/ פּוֹטִיפֶ֫רַע Hebrew
Petephres/Πετεφρης, Petrephes/Πετρεφης Greek
~ Potiphar (shortened version)
Pewtypr/ פוטיפר
Ptahmose
ptH-ms.i MDC
Táhmašši Akkadian
Ptolemy I (Soter/ The Savior)
ptrmys> ptlmis MDC
𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-m-y-s/, 𓊪𓏏𓂋𓏲𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-r-w-m-y-s/
Ptolemaios/Πτολεμαίος Greek
Ptolemy II (Philadelphus)
ptrwmys > ptlwmis (Demotic) MDC
𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓏲𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-w-m-y-s/ , 𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-m-y-s/
Ptlumis Budge
Ptolemaîos /Πτολεμαῖος Greek
Ptolemy III (Euergetes)
ptwArwys> ptwlmys > ptolmis (Demotic) MDC
Ptulmis Budge
𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-m-y-s/
Ptolemaĩos /Πτολεμαῖος Greek
Ptŏlĕmaeus Latin
Ptolemaios ALT
Ptolemy IV (Philopator)
(Demotic) MDC
𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-m-y-s/
Ptolemys ankhdjet meryaset/ Ptolemaios, living forever, beloved of Isis Full Egyptian
Πτολεμαῖος Φιλοπάτωρ/Ptolemaĩos Philopátōr "Ptolemy, lover of his Father" Greek
Ptolemy V (Epiphanes)
(Demotic) MDC
𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴 /p-t-wA-l-m-y-s/
Ptolemys Ankhdjetmeryptah/ Ptolemaios, living forever, beloved of Ptah Full Egyptian
Πτολεμαῖος Ἐπιφανής Εὐχάριστος/ Ptolemaĩos Epiphanḗs Eucharistos "Ptolemy the Manifest, the Beneficent" Greek
Py (Piye)
py/𓊪𓋹𓇋𓇋 Egyptian
pi/𐦧𐦢 “to live” (Beckerath) Meroitic
phei/ⲫⲉⲓ(B), pēi/ⲡⲏⲓ (S) Coptic
Ramesses, Ramses, Rameses , Ramesse ("Ra the one who gave birth to him/ Ra is the one who bore him")
ra-ms(i)-ss 𓇳𓏺𓄟𓋴𓋴, ra-ms(i)-sw 𓇳𓏺𓄟𓋴𓇓 MDC
ria-maš-šeša Babylonian
ri-a-ma-še-ša Akkadian
Rhaméssēs/ Ῥαμέσσης (Hellenistic), Rhaméstēs/Ῥαμέστης Greek
Ramesses Latin
Ra`məse/ רמסס , Raamses (Biblical), Ra'mses/ רַעְמְסֵס Hebrew
rɑː mɛs suː ; 'ɾi.ʕa.'ma.si.sa (JPA) ; RíꜤamásisa (JPA, Romanized) IPA
Rameses, Ramessu Traditional Pronunciation
Ra'mses, Ra'məse, ˈræməsɛs, ˈræmsɛs, ˈræmsiːz Alt Pronunciation
ref. linkst
~ stp-n-ra : (chosen of Rê, Prenomen)
sā:tapna'ri:ˤa Suggested Pronunciation
šá-te-ep-na-ri-a (El Amarna letters) Akkadian
Remesisumeriamun , Ramesisumeriamun, Ramesses meryamun 'Ra is the one how brings to him beloved one of Amun' ,
'Rê has fashioned him, beloved of Amun 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓇳𓏺𓄟𓏥𓋴𓇓
RꜤ msỉ sw mrỉ Ỉmn , Rˁ sj sw mrj Jmn Alt Egyptian
riːʕ məsiːsə maːj ʔamaːnə/Ri-a-ma-še-ša ma-ai A-man-na Akkadian
(~ ref youtu.be/1dFSTe...)
Ṣāpənat pa'nēaḥ (My provision is god, the living one)
צְפְוַַת פּעְוֵח (nTr the r is dropped וַַת) Hebrew
Sesostris
𓄊𓋴𓂋𓏏𓊃𓈖
s-n(y)-wsr.t MDC
Sésōstris/Σέσωστρις Greek
Sesōstris Latin
Setepenre (chosen of Ra)
stp-n-ra MDC
šá-te-ep-na-ri/e-a Akkadian cuneiform
satepna'riːʕa (Dr. Loprieno); 'sa.tʰipʰ.ni.'ɾi.ʔa (JPA), SátipniríꜤa (JPA, Romanized) IPA
Severus
𓊃𓎺𓏲𓂋𓇋𓇋𓈖𓏏𓏭𓇑, 𓊃𓎺𓅱𓃭𓇋𓇋𓃝𓈖𓏏𓏭𓐍𓂞
Serverus Latin
Seounros/ Σεοὐηροϛ Greek
(~ref Ishak)
Shishak (?) (Meshwesh decent)
𓆷𓆷𓈖𓏘
SSnq MDC
šu-ta , štḫ Alt Egyptian
Shoshenq I, Sheshonk or Sheshonq I ALT Name
su-si-in-qu Cuneiform
šusanqu Akkadian
susinqu Neo-Assyrian
Shīshaq/ שישק [ʃiːʃaq]] Hebrew
Cicunq / ⵛⵉⵛⵓⵏⵇ Tamazight
ʃiʃaq Tiberian
Sousakím /Σουσακίμ < ʃuːʃaq/ שושק, Sesōnkhis/Σεσωγχις (Africanus), Sesonkhōsis /Σεσογχωσις (Eusebius ) Greek
su-si-in-qu (en.wikiversity.org), Shishak, Shishaq, Susac, Shushaq < שושק
(Hebrew, Alexandrian Greek 2nd BC) Alt Pronunciation
Sheshenq Traditional Pronunciation
Shoshenq Fixed Pronunciation
Thermutis (mother of Moses, one who fished him out of the Nile)
Renenutet (some connection between the name Thermuthis and the Egyptian goddess of names
and nursing) Egyptian connection
Bithiah from Biṯyāh, Bityá /בִּתְיָה 'daughter of Yah' 'daughter of god', Bat-Yah 'daughter of YAh'
(wife of Pharaoh) Hebrew
Thermuthis, Tharmuth, Thermutis, Thermouthis (priestess, daughter of Pharaoh)
(Josephus Jewish historian 'Antiquities of the Jew' ) Gnostic
Merris or Merrhoe (Artapanus) Christianity
Asiya/ آسية (Hadith) Arabic
Thutmose : (Born of Thoth)
DHwty-ms MDC
ḏḥwty.ms (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Tahutmes ? Akkadian
Thomas Possibly where the name came from
Tutankhamun 'Living Image of Amun' (Son of Re) 𓇋𓏠𓈖𓏏𓅱𓏏𓋹
*ref Osarnachthis
twt-anx-imn MDC
twt-ꜥnḫ-ı͗mn (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Tōout-onḥ-amoun or tōʷt ɔnh amūn / ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲧ ⲟⲛϩ ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ , Touōt-ōnᵉḥ-amoun/ⲧⲟⲩⲱⲧ ⲱⲛϩ︦ ⲁⲙⲟⲩⲛ Coptic
taˈwaːt ˈʕaːnxu ʔaˈmaːn ; tāwɪt anxā amāna (also sugected orginally) Alt Pronunciation
~ Nebkheperure : 'Lord of the forms of Re' Prenomen
nb-xprw-ra MDC
Nibhururia Akkadian
Nibhurrereya Amarna letters
Titus
tyts /𓍘𓇋𓇋𓍘𓋴 Egyptian
Titus Roman
Vespasien : (Roman Emperor, Who took control of Egypt 69AD)
𓏲𓊃𓊪𓏭𓊃𓇋𓇋𓈖𓊃, 𓏲𓇼𓊪𓊃𓇋𓇋𓈖𓄿𓊃
wspsyn(A)s, wspjsyns MDC
Ouespasianos/ Οὐεσπασιανὀϛ Greek
Vespasianus Latin
wsr-mAat-ra 'he justice of Ra is powerful' (Usermaatre )
𒉿𒀸𒈬𒀀𒊑𒀀/Wa-aš-mu-a-re-a/ Uašmuaria Akkadian
Ὀσυμανδύας /Osumandúas Koine Greek
wəsmuʕəˈɾeːʕə (Late Kingdom); ʔusmaʕˈɾeːʕ (Early Demotic); ʔəsmaɾˈɾeː~ʔəsmanˈɾeː (Middle Demotic) IPA
Usir-ma'āt-rā (traditionally) Pronounced
wsr-mAat-ra stp-n-ra ra-ms.sw mry-imn
'he justice of Ra is powerful, chosen of Ra, Ra has fassioned him, beloved of Amun, ' (Usermaatre Setepenre )
Wa-aš-mu-a-re-a/ Uašmuaria šatepnaria Riamašeša maia-amana Akkadian
Usir-ma'āt-rā, Satep.en-rā, Rā-mes-su, Mery-Amun (traditionally) Pronounced
wnis : (Wenis) 'The one who truly exists'
Oenas, Unis, or Ounas Alt name
Iōannēs / ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ Coptic
Anis / أنيس , Anas/ أنس (name "genial" , "close friend"); Wanas/ ونس Arabic
Unis Pronounced
wsr-nxt (Wesir is strong)
𓊨𓁹𓀭𓈖𓆱𓐍𓏏𓏭𓀭
wsjr-nḫty , wsỉr-nḫt (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Osarnakhtʰis/ Ὀσαρναχθις Greek
Ousirā-nashtā/ⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲉ-ⲛⲁϣⲧⲉ (ref. Osarnachthis) Coptic
xa.f-ra , Kha.ef-ra (Khafra)
ḫꜥ.f-rꜥ
Χεφρήν /Khephrḗn, Κεφρήν /Kephrḗn, Κερφέρης/Kerphérēs, Χαβρύης/Khabrúēs Ancient Greek
Xerxes :
xASAyArwSA 𓆼𓆷𓇌𓄿𓃭𓆷𓄿, 𓐍𓆷𓇌𓃭𓆷, 𓐍𓆷𓄿𓇌𓃭𓆷 MDC
x-š-yar-š-a/𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠(ruling over heroes) Old Persian
aḫ-ši-ia-ar-šu / 𒄴𒅆𒐊𒅈𒋗 > Akšiwaršu /𒀝𒅆𒄿𒈠𒅈𒍪 >Aramaic Babylonian
Axšoreš/ اخشورش Persian
shrayshhē, Xšaya-ṛšā/ חשיארש Aramaic
Achasharash / אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ (Megillah), Achashorosh/ אחשרש (Megillah traditionally read) ,
Ahasuerus / אחשוורוש (Book of Esther) Hebrew
Ksérksns/Ξέρξης, ksérksɛːs 518–465 BC Greek
Khshayarsha Pronounced
yhwAw (Yahweh) 𓇌𓉔𓍯𓅱 , 𓇋𓇋𓉔𓌗𓄿
tA SAsw yhwAw 𓇾𓆷𓇓𓅱𓇌𓉔𓍯𓅱 , 𓇾𓆷𓇓𓅱𓇋𓇋𓉔𓌗𓄿 From
yhwꜣw Alt Egyptian
YHVH/yhwh/ j-h-w-h/𐤄𐤅𐤄𐤉 (Paleo-Hebrew) Phoenician
yah/ ܝܰܗ/ܝܲܗ Classical Syriac
Yōha /ⲒⲰϨⲀ ? Yaō/ⲒⲀⲰ ?, noutə/ⲛⲟⲩⲧⲉ "god" Coptic
Iaō /ΙΑΩ , YAHŌ Greek
Iaoh , Iaho, Jaho Latin Vulgate
y-h-wa-h/ 𐡀𐡄𐡅𐡄 ,YHW/יהו Aramaic
yhwah/yəhōwā/יְהֹוָה ; Ya'ōh (older?) Hebrew
YHVH/יהוה Modern Hebrew
Iehouah (1530, Tyndale's Bible) Early English
/ˈyäˌwā/Yahweh, Yahuwah, Jehovah English
yhua, iːhuːɑ Possibly Pronounced
ytwaw-bar 𓇋𓇋𓏏𓅱𓂝𓏲𓃀𓂝𓂋𓃫𓀃
ʾEṯbaʿal/ אֶתְבַּעַל Biblical Hebrew
tubaʾlu/ 𒌅𒁀𒀪𒇻 Akkadian
Zaphnath-paap-neah (name the Pharaoh gave him 'Savior')
Yôsep יוֹסֵף/Joseph's (birth name) (possible 21st Dynasty) Bible
Dd-pA-nTr-f-anx (god speaks and he lives in (MK) Ṣt-pa-ntr-if-ānāḥ (LK), Zaphenath-pa'aneah /zt-p-nTr-f-anx
(Saith the god 'he liveth') MDC possibilities
צִפְנַת פַּעְנֵחַ /Ṣāfnaṯ Paʿnēaḫ, ṣāpěnat pa'nēaḥ,ṣe(d)-p-nute(r)-ef-onḫ = 'the god speaks, [and] he lives' Hebrew
Psionthomphanékh/Ψονθομφανήχ , Psiomthomphanékh/Ψομθομφανήχ Greek
Psot mpʰānāḥ/ ⲡⲥⲟⲧ ⲙⲫⲉⲛⲉϩ > ⲱⲧⲉ sōte 'to save' > /sA/ 'protection' (possible) Coptic
ref. E.A. Wallis Budge
Other gods Names
(For Egyptian gods names look under netjeru/gods tab and then the gods' given name)
aApp(y): (snake demon) 𓉻𓊪𓊪𓆚
aApf , ˁɜpp, ˁpp, Ꜥꜣpp(j), ipip, jpjp (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ˁpˁp Demotic
Ãapep , Ãpep Budge
abab/ አባብ Amharic
Ápöphis / Ἄποφις, Apopis/Ἄποπις Greek
Apopis Latin
אפפ /App Hebrew
Apʰopʰi /Ⲁⲫⲟⲫⲓ, Apʰōpʰ/Ⲁⲫⲱⲫ (B), apʰōp/Ⲁⲫⲱⲡ (B), Apʰōpʰ /Ⲁⲫⲱⲫ, epēp/ⲉⲡⲏⲡ (B), epēpʰ/ⲉⲡⲏⲫ (S),
epeipʰ/ ⲉⲡⲉⲓⲫ (S), apʰŏpi/ⲁⲫⲟⲡⲓ , apʰipi/ⲁⲫⲓⲡⲓ (ref Martyrdom of Saint George Budge) Coptic
'Abîb Arabic
Apep English
ʕaʀpʰaːpʰ (Early Egyptian), ʕapʰoːpʰ (Late Egyptian) IPA
Apāpy Transliteration
Ꜥaꜣpâpi(j) Alt Pronunciation
Apep Traditional Pronunciation
Apedemak, Apademak : (Meroitic lion god)
Pa-ir-meki, 'the one who protects' Alt Egyptian
iprmk 𓇋𓊪𓂋𓐙𓎡𓊹𓀭 , 𓊪𓁹𓐝𓎡𓇋𓇋𓀮
Astarte
astrt/ 𓂝𓊃𓍘𓇋𓏭𓂋𓍘𓇋𓏏𓆇 Āstiyrtit Egyptian
'(ɜ)ztrt, 'ztjjjrt, 'ztjrt, 'srt, 'zt, 'st, 'ztt >Astat, Asa, Ata
Astártē/Ἀστάρτη Greek
A-sa-sa-ra Minoan
As-dar-tu Akkadian
ʿAṯtar /Athtar Ancient Semitic
ʻṯtr , Ištar Akkadian-Babylonian
Attar, ˁštrh , ˁštrt ? Aramaic
ʻṯtr Old South Arabian
‘Astar , Astr'eyo/ አሰተርእዮ Ethiopic
Athtar South Arabic
Astar Abyssinia
Ashtar Moab
Aṯtar Ugarit
𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚/Athtart or ʻAṭtart, ʻṯtrt ' Ugaritic
𐤕𐤓𐤕𐤔𐤀/ Ashtart , 'štrt, Aštart Phoenician
Ishtar/Ištar Mesopotamia
Ištar/ 𒀭𒈹 Sumerian
Ashtar(t) or Astarte Canaan
עַשְׁתָּרוֹת Ashtarot עַשְׁתָּר֑וֹ
עַשְׁתֹּ֣רֶתAshtoreth עַשְׁתָּר֑וֹת āshtārõwth ????
עשתרת Ashtoret, Ashtarot or "Astartes" Hebrew
ant : (Anat goddess)
𓂝𓈖𓏌𓅱𓍘𓇋𓏏𓆇𓆗, 𓂝𓈖𓍘𓇋𓏏𓆗, 𓂝𓈖𓍿𓏏𓆇𓁐
ʔnt Phoenician
ʔnt ענת Hebrew
‘Anōt, ‘nt Ugaritic
Anath Αναθ Greek
bAk-n-rn.f : (Servant of his name)
wAH-kA-ra ( The enduring one belonging to the ka of Ra) Alt name
/cab'naːcar/ >/cəb'nuːtə/ > Sebennytos /Σεβεννυτος > Bocchoris/ Βόκχορις Greek
Βογ𝜒ορις, Βόκχορις, Βο𝜒ορινις (B) Coptic
baːʀak-vn-'riːnvf Alt pronunciation
bayr: (god Ba'al) meaning 'lord'
𓃀𓂝𓏭𓂋𓁐𓀃, 𓃀𓂝𓏭𓂋𓏺
Baal/ בעל Hebrew
Báal/ Βάαλ Greek
Bēlu/ 𒂗 Akkadian
Bal/ ባል Amharic
Baʿl/ بعل Arabic
astiyrti(t): (goddess Astarte)
𓂝𓊃𓍘𓏭𓂋𓍘𓏏𓆇𓆗
As-dar-tu/ 𒀭𒊍𒁯𒌓 Akkadian
ʻAthtart or ʻAṭtart/ 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚 Ugaritic
Astártē/ Ἀστάρτη Greek
Ashtart or Aštart/ 𐤕𐤓𐤕𐤔𐤀 Phoenician
ʻAštōreṯ/ עשתרת, Ashtarot Hebrew
Uni-Astre/ 𐌖𐌍𐌉 𐌀𐌔𐌕𐌛𐌄 Etruscan Pyrgi Tablets
ꜥ-s-ta-ar-ta(t) Erik Iversen
knm.t : (lion headed serpent god)
khnoume/ Χνουμη Greek
mHyt (Meḥit goddess)
Ma'ḥūʲVt > Mɘ'ḥu:ʔ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Ma-ḫu-ú Akkadian
mkhns/Mχης Greek
mrwrw/ mrwl (Mandulis, God of Nubia) 𓌸𓂋𓅱𓃭𓏥𓀭
Merul or Melul Greek
mānrou/ⲙⲉⲛⲣⲟⲩ Coptic
nw (Nu) 𓏌𓏌𓏌𓇯𓈗𓀭
Nenu, Nunu, Nun Alt
nauni/ⲛⲁⲩⲛⲓ ; noun/ⲛⲟⲩⲛ (abyss; deep)
wnn-nfr(w) : (The Perfect One , Permanent well-being , Title/Epithet of Wesir/Osiris)
(ref JPA ME)
ouənofre /ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲟϥⲣⲉ (S), ouānnavrā or ouānnabrā /ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲛⲁⲃⲣⲉ , onnōphris/ⲟⲛⲛⲱⲫⲣⲓⲥ,
ouenabre/ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲁⲃⲣⲉ (O); Ouənaf/ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲁϥ Coptic
Onoúphrios/ Ὀνούφριος Ancient Greek
Onnōfris, Onnofri , Onnôphris/Οννωϕρις , Onoúfrios/Ονούφριος Greek
ʾabū nufir / ابو نفر , ʾabū nūfir / ابو نوفر , nūfir / نوفير Arabic
Onuphrius Latin
Onofrio Italian
Onufrij/Онуфрий Russian
Onofre Spanish
Onofre Portuguese
Onuphrius > Humphrey English
wɛnɛn nɛfɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
Wenennefer, Wenen-nefer Traditional Pronunciation
Oun-noufr Fixed
Places/Locations
AbDw (Abdju) : (Abydos) 𓍋𓃀𓈋𓊖
Ꜣbḏw Alt Egyptian
ỉbt Demotic
əbōt/ⲉⲃⲱⲧ (S), aboit/(ⲁⲃ)ⲟⲓ(ⲧ), avōt/ⲁⲃⲱⲧ Coptic
Aboudos/ Ἄβυδος Greek
Al-Arabah, Al-Birba, el-Madfuna, Abydos /أبيدوس Arabic
Abedju > Abēdō (MK-LK) > Abudōs (Greek) > Abōt (Coptic d>t) (possible evolution) Pronunciation
AwSAmm : (Jerusalem) 𓄫𓅱𓆷𓄿𓅓𓅓𓈉
Urušalimmi (Jerusalem uru house, salam peace) West Semitic
úrušalim /𒌑𒊒𒊓𒅆 , uršalimu /𒌨𒊓𒇷𒅎𒈬 Akkadian
ʾūrusālim/ أُورُسَالِم Arabic
ʾūrišlem אוּרִשְׁלֶם/ , Jerusalemite ˀwršlmy Aramaic
yərūšəlēm/ יִרוּשְׁלֵם Hebrew
ʾūrišlem /ܐܘܪܫܠܡ Syriac
ʾūrašlamࡏࡅࡓࡀࡔࡋࡀࡌ/ Mandaic
yərūšāláyim /יְרוּשָׁלַיִם , yərūšāláyim𐤉𐤓𐤅𐤔𐤋𐤉𐤌/ Hebrew
yəršəlem 𐤉𐤓𐤔𐤋𐤌/ירשלם/ Proto-Hebrew
yršlm𐤉𐤓𐤔𐤋𐤌/ Phoenician
k-A-n-a-n-a (Canaan) 𓎡𓄿𓈖𓂝𓈖𓂝𓌙𓈉
Knan [Knꜥn] / 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 Phoenician
Kinâḫna [ki-na-aḫ-na]/ 𒆳𒆠𒈾𒄴𒈾 Akkadian
Kənáʿan [Cænä`an]/כְּנַעַן Hebrew
Khanaan/Χανααν Biblical Greek
Khna/Χνᾶ Hecataeus Greek
Kan‘ān / كَنْعَانُ Arabic
Khanaan, Chanaan (B) / Ⲭⲁⲛⲁⲁⲛ Coptic
Canaan Latin
bbr (Babylon, Babylonia) 𓅡𓅡𓃭𓈉 , 𓃀𓃀𓂋𓏤𓈉
bAbArw > bbr
b-a-b-i-ru /Bābiru/ 𐎲𐎠𐎲𐎡𐎽 Old Persian
Bābilim/ 𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠"Gate of God” Akkadian
Babulṓn/Βαβυλών (Babulṓn) Ancient Greek
Pabilōn/ⲡⲁⲃⲓⲗⲱⲛ , Babulōn /Ⲃⲁⲃⲩⲗⲱⲛ Coptic
Bablywn/ بابليون Arabic
bɛbɛr IPA
bHdt : (Behdet, Edfu) 𓄑𓂧𓏏𓊖
Tbō/Ⲧⲃⲱ (S), Atbō/Ⲁⲧⲃⲱ (S), Tbo/Ⲧⲃⲟ (S), Tʰbo/Ⲑⲃⲱ (B), ətbō/ⲉⲧⲃⲟ Coptic
Apollinòpolis/ Απολλινόπολις Ancient Greek
ˈʔedfu/ إدفو Egyptian Arabic
Idfu, Edfou Alt
dmy-n-Hr , Dmỉ-n-Ḥr.w (Damanhur) 'Town of Horu/Horus)
Țemāi en Ḥeru Alt Egyptian
Damanhūr /دمنهور Arabic
(Pi)Timieḥōr/(Ⲡⲓ)ϯⲙⲓⲛ̀ϩⲱⲣ , (P)timənḥōr/(Ⲡ)ⲧⲓⲙⲉⲛϩⲱⲣ Coptic
Hermopolis Mikra/Ἑρμοῦ πόλις μικρά Greek
dbH : (ask for, beg, requisition (from)
(S, A, sA, B, F) tōbḥ/ⲧⲱⲃϩ , (S, F) tōbaḥ/ⲧⲱⲃⲁϩ , (S, A, sA) tbḥ/ⲧⲃϩ , (S) təbḥ/ⲧⲉⲃϩ , (Sa, A) tōbḥ/ⲧⲱⲃϩ, (S, B) tobḥ/ⲧⲟⲃϩ ,
(Sf) taḥb/ⲧⲁϩⲃ , (F) tabaḥ/ⲧⲁⲃⲁϩ (pray, entreat , console) Coptic
Dhshur , Dashur : (royal necropolis located in the desert on the west bank of the Nile )
Dahchur, Tahkⁱour/ⲧⲁϩϭⲟⲩⲣ Coptic
Dahšūr/دهشور Arabic
dɑhˈʃuːɾ Pronunciation
Djeba : (Edfu)
ḎbꜢ Demotic
tbō/Ⲧⲃⲱ (B), atbō/Ⲁⲧⲃⲱ, tbo/Ⲧⲃⲟ (S), tʰbō/Ⲑⲃⲱ (B) Coptic
ˈʔedfu/إدفو Arabic
Djerty : (El-Tod) 𓇥𓂋𓏏𓏭𓊖
Ḏrty Alt Egyptian
aṭ-Ṭūd/ طود Egyptian Arabic
Touphion Ancient Greek
Tuphium Latin
Thouôt, Tuot Coptic
Ddw : (Busiris)
Abu Sir us/ أبو صير بنا Arabic
Boúsiris/Βούσιρις Greek
Bousiri/ⲃⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲓ Coptic
Dnt, Dant : (Tanis)
Djanet (ḏꜤnt) Suggested pronunciation
Sanu Assyrian
Zoan Biblical
ṣōʿan/צֹעַן Hebrew
Ṣāni (Allen), čani (Loprieno), djani/ϫⲁⲛⲓ (B), Ṣāni (Allen),djanē /ϫⲁⲛⲏ (B), Ṣāni (Allen), čaane (Loprieno),
djaanā/ϫⲁⲁⲛⲉ (S) Coptic
Ṣāni /ϫⲁⲛⲓ (B), Ṣāni/ϫⲁⲛⲏ (B), Ṣāni/ϫⲁⲁⲛⲉ (S) < ḏꜤnt (Allen) Evolution
Tánis/ Τάνις Ancient Greek
Tanis Latin
ṣān/ صَان Arabic
(OE, 2500 BCE) ˈcʼuʕnat , (ME,1700 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼuʕnaʔ, (LE, 800 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼøʕnə ,
d͡ʒɑːnɛt (modern Egyptological) (Loprieno) IPA
Edom 𓇋𓀀𓂧𓏲𓅓𓂝𓌙𓈉 jdwmj
jdwmꜥ Demotic
’eḏōm/ אֱדוֹם (red all over) Hebrew
Udumi/𒌑𒁺𒈪, Udumu 𒌑𒁺𒈬 Akkadian
ʾdm/𐤀𐤃𐤌 Edomite Phoenician
Adwm/ܐܕܘܡ Classical Syriac
dāʾim/ادوم Arabic
iduːmɑː (modern Egyptological) IPA
ref. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jdwm%EA%9C%A5
fnxw : (people in Canaan or Syria) or (Phoenician)
po-ni-ki-jo/𐀡𐀛𐀑𐀍 Ancient Mycenaean
Phoiníkē/Φοινίκη Ancient Greek
phoînix/φοῖνιξ Greek
pʰy.niks (1st CE Egyptian) IPA
gbtw, gbt, gbtyw, gbtjw, qbt, qbty, kbt , kbty (Coptos, Modern Qift) 𓎤𓃀𓏏𓏭𓅃𓊖 , 𓎤𓃀𓅂𓊖
gibt , hipt (Coptic) (UE) Alt Egyptian
Kuptios < Aigúptios/Αἰγύπτιος (Ancient Greek), qibṭ connected to the Greek name of the town
Coptos (Κόπτος)
(modern-day Qifṭ; Coptic Kebt and Keft) (possible Connection) Evolution
Coptos , Koptos/Κόπτος Ancient Greek
Coptos Greco-Roman
Kuptios Greek
qubṭ / qibṭ/ قبط (the Copts); Qift, Quft (Modern) Arabic
kubti (B) kuptaion (S) Arabisation of the Coptic
Keft/Ⲕⲉϥⲧ , Kəbtō/ⲕⲉⲃⲧⲱ, kbt/ⲕⲃⲧ ; kubti/ⲕⲩⲃϯ (B) (need ref only found modern) & Kuptaion/ⲔⲨⲠⲦⲀⲒⲞⲚ (S) (modern)
(ref https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Wp/cop/ⲁⲥⲡⲓ_%60ⲛⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ#ⲕⲩⲃϯ) Coptic
Coptus, Coptos , Copto , Copton, (Justinianopolis/ Ἰουστινιανούπολις) Latin
Coptus, Cophtus New Latin
Coptic , Copt (17th centry) English
Gebtiu , Gebtu Traditional pronouciation
gADAtw , gDt : Gaza in Palestine 𓎼𓄿𓍑𓏏𓅱𓈉
Ġazzah [Ghazzah]/ غَزَّة Arabic
Azza/עזה Hebrew
Gesa/gsA/ (Qus) 𓎼𓋴𓐟𓄿𓊖
Qus Arabic
kōs/ⲕⲱⲥ , kos/ⲕⲟⲥ Coptic
Hwt-Hry-ib , ḥwt-ḥrj-jb,(Athribis,Tell Atrib) 𓉗𓏏𓉐𓁷𓄣𓊖
Hwt-tA-Hry-ib 𓉗𓏏𓉐𓇾𓁷𓄣𓊖 Earlier Egyptian
Áthribis/Ἄθριβις Greek
Athribis Latin
(1st CE Egyptian) ˈa.tʰri.bis, (4th CE Koine) ˈa.θri.βis, (10th CE Byzantine) ˈa.θri.vis,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan)ˈa.θri.vis IPA
Hwt-nbw 𓉗𓋞𓃉𓏥 'house of gold'
Hatnoub Modern
Hwt-wArt 𓉗𓏏𓉐𓂾𓏏𓊖 'Great House' (Avaris)
ḥw.t wꜥr.t , Hut-waret Alt Egyptian
Auaris/Αὔαρις , Athyria Greek
Athyria Clement of Alexandria
Ḥaʔat-Wūrat , Ḥaʔət-Waʕrəʔ (2nd millennium BC), Hawara (Modern) IPA
idqArwA (place name)
𓇋𓋴𓏘𓄿𓃭𓏺𓄿𓊖
ꜥ-s -ka-lu-na Erik Iversen
Askalon Asiatic
Ipsambul (Abu Simbel)
Abū Sinbal/أبو سنبل , Abū Simbal/ أبو سمبل Arabic
(ref IDHP: ME A von Sharon La Boda)
ipt 𓇋𓅮𓏏𓉐, 𓇋𓊪𓏏𓊒𓇔𓏏𓈅𓏤 (Luxor)
papə/ⲡⲁⲡⲉ Sahidic Coptic
ta tria kastra/τὰ Τρία Κάστρα, pshomt enkastron/ⲡϣⲟⲙⲧ ⲛ̀ⲕⲁⲥⲧⲣⲟⲛ "three castles"
(Luxor came from) Coptic and Greek
Aphis/Ἀπις , Ophieîon/Ὠφιεῖον Greek
al-ʾuqṣur/الأقصر "the palaces", "the castles" Arabic
irnwtw (place name)
𓇋𓂋𓈖𓏥𓏏𓅱
ꜥ-r-an?-tu Erik Iversen
Orontes Asiatic
iwni , iwni Smi : (Southern Heliopolis)
iwni-mntw (Heliopolis of the Nomad), jwnj Alt Egyptian
ərməntʰ / ⲉⲣⲙⲉⲛⲧ Coptic
Hermonthis/῾Ερμ῀ονθις Koine Greek
Armant / ارمنت Arabic
iwnw : (Heliopolis 'House of Ra', Cairo) 𓉺𓏌𓊖 'The pillars'
Ȧunu Budge
Khere-Ohe (place of combat) (needs ref), Iunu-Shemau 'Souther Iunu'
(merging of Amun, Ra and Waset), ʲwn ALT Egyptian
Niut, No (The city) Other names
njw.t Demotic
Kahire/ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲏ, Kashrōmi/ⲕⲁϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ (place of the sun), ōn/ⲰⲚ (Heliopolis) Coptic
On , Onu, No-Ammon 'City of Amun' Bible
Beth-shemesh from Per-Rā (House of sun), ʔÔn /אֹ֖ן , Ōwn /אֽוֹן, ʔĀwen /אָ֛וֶן Hebrew
Heliopolis /Ἡλίου πόλις or Ἡλιούπολι (City of the Sun renamed) Greeks
Ayn Shams, Ein Shams عين شمس (eye of the sun, sun eye), Kye-roh القاهرة,
al-Qāhirah (Vanquisher or Conqueror) (official name) Arabic
Maṣr /mɑsˤɾ/ مَصر Egyptian Arabic
Kayro/ كايرو Modern Egyptian Arabic
Āwanu , j(w)n.w Alt Pronunciation
ʔa:wnu (OE) < ja:wunaw (OE) Reconstruction
Iunu Traditional Pronunciation
iwrHy (Possibly Jericho)
yərīḥō/יְרִיחוֹ Hebrew
iuːrɑħiː Traditional Pronunciation
kAS : 𓎡𓄿𓈙𓈉 (Nubia 'Kush')
kꜢš (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ỉkš , jkš (Nubian) Demotic
ku-u-š-a-y /Kušāya/𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎠𐎹 Old Persian
kūsi/ 𒆳𒆪𒌑𒋢 Akkadian
(S) əkʲōsh/ⲉϭⲱϣ, (A) əkōsh/ⲉϭⲱϣ , (A) əkoosh/ⲉⲕⲟⲟϣ , (S) əkʲoosh/ⲉϭⲟⲟϣ , (B) ətʰōsh/ⲉⲑⲱϣ (Ethiopian) Coptic
/kuɫuʃ/ or /kuʔuʃ/ (ME) Pronounced
mdnj.t : (Medenit 22nd Nome of UE)
MDnj.t (MK) Alt Egyptian
mdy : (Persia)
mty Demotic
māday/ מָדַי < Paras u Mada/ פרס ומדי Aramaic
(S, B) matoi/ ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲓ, (S, sA) matoï/ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲉⲓ, (sA) mataï/ⲙⲁⲧⲁⲉⲓ, (F) matai/ⲙⲁⲧⲁⲓ (soldier) Coptic
Māda/𐎶𐎠𐎭 Old Persian
Memphis, mn-nfr 𓏠𓈖𓄤𓆑𓂋𓉴𓊖 ('endurance is beautiful')
mem.fi Demotic
mn-nfr MDC
Me-im-pi (Mempi) Cuneiform
Mempi , Mimpi (Černy) Assyrian
Mempi, Me-im-pi /𒈨 𒉿 , Me-im-bi 𒈨 Akkadian
môph , mofe/ מֹף, nôph, nofe / נֹף (Memphis) Hebrew
Ménphis/ Μέμφις , Menphis /Μενφι(ς); Μεμφι̱ς Greek
Mənfi (Amentet Neferet)/ⲙⲉⲛϥⲓ, məfi/ⲙⲉϥⲓ (B), mɛm.fi/ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ (B), Mənf/ⲙⲉⲛϥ (B), Mānfə/Ⲙⲉⲛϥⲉ (S),
menfə/ⲙⲛ̄ϥⲉ, menbe/ⲙⲉⲛⲃⲉ Coptic
Mamfis /ممفيس Egyptian Arabic
mænf, Manf /مَنْف , Mumphas /ممفس Arabic
min.'na.fi (ME&LE); (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ˈmønfə ; Mun-nafir (Lambdin); ˈmem.pʰis (1st centry) IPA
minnafir (Loprieno) , Mennefe Alt Pronunciation
Men-nefer Traditional Pronunciation
Mən-naf(i), Min-nəf(i) Fixed
mrw.t : (Meroë) bArwt 𓅡𓏤𓃭𓏤𓍯𓏏𓊖 , 𓏇𓃭𓇋𓍯𓏏𓊖𓈉 mjrwjwꜣt
mrw.t, mrw Demotic
ˈmɛroʊeɪ/Meroë < bedewi /bəɾəwi/𐦦𐦡𐦷𐦡𐦥𐦢 < medewi /məɾəwi/ 𐦨𐦡𐦷𐦡𐦥𐦢 Meroitic
Meruwi/ مروى, Meruwah/ مرواه Arabic
Meróē/Μερόη Ancient Greek
peroue/ⲡⲉⲣⲟⲩⲉ Coptic
mTn : (Mitanni) 𓅓𓂠𓍿𓈖𓈉
Maryannu, Naharin(a) /Nahrin/ nhrn, Me-ta-ni (Amenemhet) Alt Egyptian
Mi-ta-an-ni, Mi-it-ta-ni Hittite
nbwt : (the isles (of the Aegean)
nāābā/ⲛⲉⲉⲃⲉ (S) Coptic
nii , nyy : (Land of Niya)
Niye, Niy (Thutmose) , Nii (Amarna letters), Nihe (kingdom in Syria) Alt Egyptian
nwbyt : (Kom Ombo)
Onom, nb(y)t (Gardiner) Alt Egyptian
ỈmbꜢ Demotic
embō /ⲉⲙⲃⲱ (B), nbō/ⲛⲃⲱ (S), nbou/ⲛⲃⲟⲩ Coptic
Omboi /Ὄμβοι Ancient Greek
Ambo, Ombi Latin
Kôm Ombô/ كوم أمبو Arabic
pA-yma : (Faiyum) ('Land of the Lake 'Moeris')
Shedet, Shedyt, Shedyt/ Sdyt Alt Egyptian
Pꜣym Demotic
Merwer, She-resy, Sheresi, Medinet Madi (city of the past) Other names
Shedet Pharaonic
ePʰiom/ ̀Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ, Peiom /Ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ ,Piam / ⲡⲓⲁⲙ , Piom / ⲡⲓⲟⲙ Coptic
Payom/ Ⲡⲁⲓⲟⲙ (Sea or lake) [Coptic Proper name, Arsinoë, Arsinoe (Renamed after his sister wife) Ptolemaic
Crocodilopolis, Euergetis Akanthon (Crocodile City) Greek
Arsinóe/Ἀρσινόη Byzantine Greek
Arsinoë in Arcadia Romen
Narmouthis (city of Renenutet) Graeco-Romen Period
al-Fayyūm or El Faiyūm/ الفيوم Arabic
Medinet el- Fayum, Madinat al-Fayyum (City of Faiyum) Previously official Arabic
Fayum, Fayoum English
Faiyum Oasis, Al-Fayoum Oasis, Al Fayyum Oasis Modern
pr-bAst(t) : (House of Bast) 𓉐𓏺𓎯𓏏𓊖
𓎯𓏏𓏏 BꜢs.t(y).t (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Pi-Beseth/ פִּי-בֶסֶת (mouth of loathing), מִּיבֶֿ֫סֶת Hebrew
Boubastis /Βούβαστις; Boubastos /Βούβαστος, Boubastis/ Βούβαστις (Herodotus) Greek
Bobastō /ⲃⲟⲃⲁⲥⲧⲱ Old Coptic
Poubasti/ Ⲡⲟⲩⲃⲁⲥϯ (B), pouasti/Ⲡⲟⲩⲁⲥϯ (B), bouasti/Ⲃⲟⲩⲁⲥϯ (B) Coptic
Tell Basta/ تل بسطة Arabic
pwnt : (Land of Punt) 𓊪𓃹𓈖𓏏𓈉
tA nTr "Land of the God" Alt Egyptian
Artspwnt /ארץ פונט Hebrew
Bunt/بونت Arabic
Pʰouōni/ⲫⲟⲩⲱⲛⲓ ? (B), Pouōnā/ⲡⲟⲩⲱⲛⲉ ? (S) Coptic
pwrsAti , p-l-s-t , p-r-s-t : (Palestine) 𓊪𓏲𓏮𓂋𓏤𓐠𓏤𓍘𓇋𓌙𓈉 , 𓊪𓏲𓂋𓏮𓐠𓍘𓇋𓍑
Palaashud?/𒉺𒆷𒀸𒌓 Akkadian
Palaistínē/ Παλαιστίνη Ancient Greek
Pʰulistieím/Φυλιστιείμ Koine Greek
p'léshet/ פְּלֶשֶׁת , Pəlištīm/פְּלִשְׁתִּים/ Hebrew
Filasṭīn/فلسطين Arabic
Palaestīna Latin
raqdy(t), radyt (That which is built up)𓂋𓏺𓂝𓀨𓏏𓊖 , 𓂋𓂝𓐪𓂧𓇋𓇋𓏏𓊖 : (Alexandria) 𓇋𓃭𓎡𓋴𓂧𓂋𓊃
Raˁ-Ḳāṭit/ rˁ-ḳṭy.t (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Re-kt Demotic
Rakotā/ⲣⲁⲕⲟⲧⲉ (S), Raḳōdah/ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ (B), Alāksandria/ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ Coptic
Rhacotis, Rhakotis/ Ῥακῶτις Ancient Greek
Iskindirya / እስክንድርያ Ethiopic
Alexandria/ Ἀλεξάνδρεια Greek
Eskendereyyah/ اسكندرية, el-Alksinder , Rqwdh/رقوه Egyptian Arabic
Iskandarīyah/ الإسكندرية Arabic
Saïs, ZAy : (capital of the Nome Sȧpi Meḥ) 𓊃𓅭𓇋𓇋𓊖
zAw, sAi, sAwt MDC
Sau, Sau(t) Alt Egyptian
zꜣy Late Egyptian
sai/ ⲤⲀⲒ (S), sa/ ⲤⲀ (B) Coptic
Sáis /Σάϊς Ancient Greek
Sa al-Hagar, San el-Hagar/ صا الحجر Arabic
Saïs Latin
(5th BCE Attic) sá.is, (1st CE Egyptian) ˈsa.is, (4th CE Koine) ˈsa.is, (10th CE Byzantine) ˈsa.is,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan) sa.is IPA
sAwty , sAwt, zAwt, zAwty, zAwi-ti : (Asyut) 'Guardian'𓊃𓅭𓄿𓅱𓏏𓏭𓊖
zꜢwty Alt Egyptian
zAwty , zꜢjw.tj Early Egyptian
Sywṱ , sywt Demotic
Səyáwt, Saut Late Egyptian
Siautu Assyrian
Siowt, Syoout /ⲥⲓⲟⲟⲩⲧ, Siōout/ⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩⲧ Coptic
Asyūṭ/أسيوط Egyptian Arabic
Lykopolis/Λυκόπολις Greek
Sawty, Sauty Transliteration
Syūṭ , Siyūṭ Alt Pronunciation
Shasu/ SAsw (travel, to wander, walk, desert North East of Egypt) 𓆷𓄿𓇓𓅱𓌙𓀀𓏥
*Note Shasu (Semitic-speaking cattle nomads in the Levant from the late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age
"those who move on foot")
šꜣs (to travel, to wander) Root
shas/ ϣⲁⲥ (herd, shepherd) (A); shōs/ϣⲱⲥ (herd, shepherd) (S) Coptic
šāsā/שָׁסָה , šāsas/ שָׁסַס "to plunder" Hebrew
~ tA SAsw yhwA (Yahweh land of the Shasu (tribe of Semitic nomads), near Edom, sugested it's the Israelites.)
𓇾𓆷𓇓𓅱𓇋𓇋𓉔𓍯𓅱 , 𓇾𓆷𓇓𓅱𓇋𓇋𓉔𓌗𓄿 Glyphs
tꜣ šꜣsw yhwꜣ Demotic
sntynHr (Sandanhur) 𓊃𓈖𓏏𓏭𓈋𓈖𓅃𓊖
Sāntienḥōr/ ⲥⲉⲛϯⲛ⳰ϩⲱⲣ Coptic
Sandanhūr/سندنهور Egyptian Arabic
swnw , swnt (Aswan 'the Opener') 𓋴𓃹𓈖𓏏𓊖 , 𓋴𓃹𓈖𓏌𓏲𓌕𓊖
Swenett, Syene (LK?) Alt Egyptian
Sūnnāh/ סונה ; Asvan/: אַסְוָאן Hebrew
Suēnē, Syne/ Συήνη (Assuan formally) Ancient Greek
Assouán/Ασσουάν Greek
Souan/ ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ, Souaan/ ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲁⲛ, Souēn/ⲥⲟⲩⲎⲛ Coptic
ʾAswān/ أسوان , Assuan or Assouan (older names) Egyptian Arabic
Syēnē Latin
(5th BCE Attic) sy.ɛ̌ː.nɛː , (1st CE Egyptian) syˈe̝.ne̝ , (4th CE Koine) syˈi.ni , (10th CE Byzantine) syˈi.ni ,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan) siˈi.ni IPA
tA-n-tS-rrt : (Dendera , Denderah) 𓇾𓈖𓇾𓂋𓂋𓏏𓊖
Tantere , Nikentori or Nitentori 'willow wood' ? (6th nome UE) Alt Egyptian
Tentyra,Téntura/Τέντῠρᾰ Greek
Ta-ynt-netert "She of the devine pillar", Dandarah/ دندرة Modern Arabic
Ⲧtᵉtōrə / Ⲛ︦ⲦⲰⲢⲈ , nitəntōri/ⲛⲓⲧⲉⲛⲧⲱⲣⲓ Coptic
(1st CE Egyptian) ˈten.ty.ra IPA
tA-ra : (Cairo 'land of the sun')
Khere-Ohe/ tA-aHA Old Egyptian
Kahirē/ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲎ (S, B) , Kahi-ra/ ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲁ (land of the sun); Kashrōmi/ⲕⲁϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ (man breaker) Coptic
Kayro/ كايرو (Alexandria) Egyptian Arabic
al-Qāhirah/ القاهرة (the Vanquisher) Arabic
tA-wHt
𓏏𓄿𓌙𓏏𓊖
touḥō /ⲧⲟⲩϩⲱ , ṭaḥa (Ishak) /ⲧⲟⲩϩⲱ (B) Coptic
Tb-nTr : Sebennytos or Sebennytus (capital of Low » er Egypt's twelfth nome)
Tjebnutjer 𓊹𓎀𓃀𓃘𓊖
cab'naːcar, cəb'nuːtə Antonio Loprieno
𒌷𒂟𒉡𒋾 /URUṣab-nu-ti /ṣabnūti/, 𒍝𒉼𒉡𒌋𒋾/ṣa-ban-nu-u-ti /ṣabannūti/ Akkadian
Sebénnytos /Σεβέννυτος Greek
ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲩϯ/čemnouti Coptic
samannūd/سَمَنُّود Arabic
Sebennytus Latin
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˌcabˈnaːcaɾ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˌtʃabˈnaːtaʔ ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˌtʃəβˈnoːtə (Loprieno) IPA
timsqw : Damascus 𓍘𓄟𓈎𓅱𓈉, 𓍘𓄟𓊃𓈎𓅱
T-m-ś-q in Alt Egyptian
Di-maš-qa, 𒁲𒈦𒋡 Dimasqa, 𒁲𒈦𒀸𒄀 Dimàsqì, and 𒁲𒈦𒀸𒋡 Dimàsqa. Amatna Letters
T-m-ś-qin (15th century BC) geographical list of Thutmose III
Imerišú/𒀲𒋙 in Akkadian
Dammaśq/ דמשק Old Aramaic
Dammeśeq/ דַּמֶּשֶׂק Biblical Hebrew
dɪˈmaʃʔ Syrian Arabic
Damascus/دمشق /dəˈmæskəs/ Arabic
Darmsûq/ܕܪܡܣܘܩ Syriac
Damaskós/Δαμασκός Greek
temsqu Common pronunciation
Tni : (you two)
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈcaːnaj , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈtaːnaj , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈtoːn (Loprieno)
Tni , tni : Thinis 𓍿𓈖𓇋𓊖 , 𓏏𓈖𓏭𓌙𓊖
Tin/Ⲧⲓⲛ Coptic
Thinis/ثينيس Arabic
Thinis / Θίνις, This/ Θίς Greek
Tjenu Common pronunciation
tp-iHw : the first of the cows 𓁶𓏤𓃒𓏏𓏥𓊖
pātpēḥ/ⲡⲉⲧⲡⲏϩ , pātpāḥ/ⲡⲉⲧⲡⲉϩ, Tpēh/ⲧⲡⲏϩ
Aṭfīḥ/أطفيح Arabic
tybArys (Tiberius) 𓍘𓇋𓇋𓊸𓃝𓂋𓇋𓇋𓍯
Tiberius Latin
nbyt, Nubet /nwbt (golden) 𓋞𓃀𓇋𓇋𓏏𓊖 (Kom Ombo)
Nubyt, Nubyt Alt Egyptian
Omboi / Ὄμβοι Ancient Greek
kwm 'amubu/ كوم أمبو Arabic
Ambo, Ombi Latin
ǝmbō / Ⲉⲙⲃⲱ Coptic
Ombos Alt
nt : (Thebes 𓊖𓏏𓏺)
n(j)wtkꜣrṯ 𓊖𓂓𓂋𓍿𓊖 < Naúkratis/ Ναύκρατις Alt Egyptian
né-eʾ, ni-iʾAkkadian
Niut-Amun/ niwt-imn (City of Amun) New Kingdom
nō/ נֹא < Nō Āmôn/ נא אמון Hebrew Bible
nā/ⲛⲉ Coptic
pA-iw-rq , p(ꜣ)-jw-rq (Philae) 𓅮𓈏𓂋𓎡𓏏𓊖 , 𓊪𓏭𓈏𓂋𓈎𓊖
p-ꜣlq Demotic
pileqe /piləq/ 𐦧𐦢𐦬𐦡𐦳𐦡 Meroitic
Phílai/Φῐ́λαι , Fíles/ Φίλες Greek
Philae Latin
pilak/ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕ, pilakḥ/ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕϩ Coptic
(5th BCE Attic) pʰí.lai̯ , (1st CE Egyptian) ˈpʰi.lɛ , (4th CE Koine)ˈɸi.lɛ , (10th CE Byzantine)ˈfi.le ,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan) ˈfi.le IPA
wAst : (Waset , Thebes) (city of the Scepter) 𓋆𓏏𓊖
Thēbai /Θῆβαι Ancient Greek
Thēbai Hekatómpyloi /Θῆβαι ἑκατόμπυλοι (Thebes of the Hundred Gates) Greek
xArw (Hurrian) name of a mountain 𓆼𓄿𓃭𓏤𓌙𓀃
ẖl Demotic
ḫur-ru /ḫurw/ 𒄯𒊒 , ḫur-ru-um /ḫurrum/ 𒄯𒊒𒌝 Akkadian
Ḫu-ur-ri/𒄷𒌨𒊑 Hurrian
khel/ⳉⲉⲗ (A), hel/ϩⲉⲗ (F), hal/ϩⲁⲗ (L) Coptic
(Middle Egyptian,1700 BC) ˈχuɾɾaw, (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ˈχøɾɾ (Loprieno) IPA
xnt-min : (Akhmim)
ipw, Apw Alt Egyptian
Shmin/ ϣⲙⲓⲛ Coptic
ʔæxˈmiːm / أخميم Egyptian Arabic
Khemmis, Chemmis, Panopolis Ancient Greek
wAwAT : (Northern Nubia)
wAwAi Alt Egyptian
ōōē Possibly pronouced
ypu : (Jaffa, A port in western Israel)
yāfā/ يَافَا Arabic
Yapu/ 𒅀𒁍Akkadian
Yāfō/ יָפוֹ Hebrew
iːpuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
yrdn : (river Jordan) 𓇌𓏭𓂋𓏺𓂧𓏲𓈖𓄿𓌙𓈉
warādum/𒉿𒊏𒁺𒌝 (to go down to lower ground, to come ashore, to go downhill or downstream) Akkadian
nhra, dywrdnn / ܢܗܪܐ ܕܝܘܪܕܢܢ Classical Syriac
wärädä/ወረደ (fall down, go down, drain off, pour down) Ge'ez
ירד /yreḏ “stream” Aramaic
Nahar ha-Yarden /נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן , Yardēn/ˈjaʁdən/ יַרְדֵּן , < yarad/ יָרַד (descend , flow down, to go down) Hebrew
Iordànes /Ιορδάνης Ancient Greek
Nahr al-Urdunn/ نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ , warada/وَرَدَ (to go down or come upon water) Arabic
y-rʾ-dw-nꜢ Possible Pronunciation
ysriAr(A), ysrir : (Israel) 𓇌𓊃𓏮𓂋𓇋𓄿𓂋𓏺𓌙𓀀𓁐𓏥
SAsw, šꜢsw (those who move on foot, to wonder) from tA SAsw yhwAw 𓇾𓆷𓇓𓅱𓇌𓉔𓍯𓅱 Alt Egyptian
Sir-'-lai Assyrian
Yiś-rā-’êl/ יִשְׂרָאֵל (he that prevails with God) Hebrew
Israḗl/ Ἰσραήλ Ancient Greek
Israel Latin
'iisrayiyl/ إسرائيل Arabic
Words
This
pAy (he of, she of, they of, the, This?), pwy (this, that, these), pA (this, that, the), pw (this these, that, those)
pai/ⲡⲁⲓ (S), pāi/ⲡⲉⲓ (A, F), phai/ⲫⲁⲓ (B) (this) Coptic
tAy (he of, she of, they of, the), twy, tw (this, that, these) tA (this, that, the), tw (this, these, that, those)
tai/ⲧⲁⲓ (S), tāi/ⲧⲉⲓ (A, F), tʰai/ⲑⲁⲓ (B) (this) Coptic
nA (this, that, the), nAy (he of, she of, they of the)
nai/ⲛⲁⲓ (S,B), nāi/ⲛⲉⲓ (A, F), nāāi/ⲛⲉⲉⲓ (A, sA) (this) Coptic
These
nA (these, this, that, the), nAy (he of, she of, they of the), nw (this, these)
nai/ⲛⲁⲓ (S,B)
a
a : (item, piece, arm, hand, forearm)
yadu Proto-Sinaitic
yad Proto-Canaanite
ale/𐦠𐦨𐦡 (the palm off the hand) Meroitic
(S, B) ḥi/ⲏⲓ (pair, couple) Coptic
ʕuːj , duːj (according to the neuere Komparatistik school) (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.),
ʕuːj (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C.), ʕeːj (Late Egyptian 800 B.C.) IPA
ˤj Possible Pronunciation
ā Traditional Pronunciation
aA : (great)
ˤɜ, ꜥꜢ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
riyVʕ (to grow) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
a/ⲁ Archaic Coptic
o /ⲟ, ō /ⲱ , a /ⲁ (great, big) ; oē /ⲟⲓ, aï /ⲁⲉⲓ , e/ⲉ (increase in size, advance in age, great) Old Coptic
(S, B) ayay /ⲁⲓⲁⲓ, (S, B) aai /ⲁⲁⲓ, (F) ayāy /ⲁⲓⲉⲓ , (S, B) oē /ⲟⲓ, (A) aāy /ⲁⲉⲓ, ai/ⲁⲓ
(increase in size, advance in age, great, goodly, honored), (aeō, aw /ⲁⲱ⳰ (great) >from pʰareō //Ⲫⲁⲣⲁⲱ⳰
(S, B) o /ⲟ, (S, B) ō /ⲱ , (S, Sa), ou /ⲟⲩ, (Sa) ow/ⲁⲩ, (F) a /ⲁ (great, archaic) Coptic
ʕaʀ (Old 2500 BCE -Middle Egyptian 1700 BCE), ʕaʔ (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) > ʕoʔ (Late Egyptian),
ɑːʔɑ (modern Egyptological), ʕʔ ; aāy /ⲁⲉⲓ (LK-AC) IPA
aa Traditional Pronunciation
ˤaR (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ā'ah (more accurate)> ah (possible LK more accurate to Coptic) Fixed Pronunciation
~ aAt : great things
* the addition of ⲥ
(S) aāiēs/ⲁⲉⲓⲏⲥ, (S) aēs/ⲁⲏⲥ, (S) aāēs/ⲁⲉⲏⲥ, (A) aāiāis/ⲁⲉⲓⲉⲓⲥ, (A) aāis/ⲁⲉⲓⲥ,
(A) aiāi/ⲁⲓⲉⲓ (greatness, size, quality) Coptic
~ aAw : great (plur)
ōou/Ⲱⲟⲩ, ai/ⲀⲒ , oi/ OⲒ (great, big) (plur) Coptic
~ nA aA : to be great, to be large (LK)
naa/ⲚⲀⲀ (SB), naā/ⲚⲀⲈ (S, F) , nāā/ⲚⲈⲈ Coptic
(ref. https://en.wikiversity.org)
~ aAi : (to be big; to be important; to be great)
aiai/ⲀⲒⲀⲒ, aiāwā/ⲀⲒⲈⲨⲈ, aïāwiā/ⲀⲈⲒⲈⲨⲒⲈ, oi/OⲒ,
aāi/ⲀⲈⲒ (to increase in size; to advance in age; (as masc noun) increase; growth) Coptic
(*ref~ https://en.wikiversity.org)
aA : (donkey, ass)
iaA Alt Egyptian
ꜥꜣ Demotic
âne French
ïō/ⲉⲓⲱ (S, sA), āāïō/ⲉⲉⲓⲱ (S), ïou/ⲉⲓⲟⲩ (S), āou/ⲉⲟⲩ (S), iou/ⲓⲟⲩ (A), iō/ⲓⲱ (S, B, F), iaō/ⲓⲁⲱ (S, B), āō/ⲉⲱ (S, B),
āia/ⲉⲓⲁ (S, A, F), ia/ⲓⲁ (S, B) (Donkey) Coptic
iʕaʀ (reconstructed Old Egyptian), ɑːʔɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ȧ, ā'ah (more accure) Traditional Pronunciation
eȃ possible Pronunciation
~ aAt : (donkey, ass) (female)
ïōouā/ⲉⲓⲱⲟⲩⲉ (S), āoouā/ⲉⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S), āowā/ⲉⲁⲩⲉ (A), āāv/ⲉⲉⲩ (B), āḥāv/ⲉϩⲉⲩ (B) (female) Coptic
~ aAw : (donkeys, asses) (plr)
āoou/ⲉⲟⲟⲩ (S), āōou/ⲉⲱⲟⲩ (S) (plur) Coptic
~ aA n Dww : (ass of the desert)
āia ntoou/ⲉⲓⲁ ⲛⲧⲟⲟⲩ Coptic
aA : (door)
* some Egyptologists have claimed the ꜥ is pronounced like a French r like
ꜥꜣ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
daltā , daltu (door)Akkadian
dal Semitic
daltáyim (Satzinger) (both door-wings) Hebrew
(S, A, sA, B) ro/ⲣⲟ , (Sf) ra/ⲣⲁ , (F) la/ⲗⲁ , (S) ra/ⲣⲁ , (S, B) rā/ⲣⲉ , (F) lā/ⲗⲉ , (S, A, sA, B, O) rō/ⲣⲱ ,
(F) lō/ⲗⲱ (mouth, door, gate) ;(B) ara/ⲁⲣⲁ (door-ring) Coptic
āa (Budge) ALT Pronunciation
aa Traditional Pronunciation
ā'a Fixed Pronunciation
~ aAw: (doors)
(S, A, sA, B) rōou/ⲣⲱⲟⲩ, (A) roou/ⲣⲟⲟⲩ, (F) lōou/ⲗⲱⲟⲩ (mouths, doors, gates) (plur) Coptic
aA : (elder son)
~ Xr-aA (elder son relitive) Egyptian
ẖl-ꜥꜣ (old man, literally “great Syrian”) Demotic
(S, sA) ḥllo/ϩⲗⲗⲟ, (A) khllo/ⳉⲗⲗⲟ , (sA) ḥāllo/ϩⲉⲗⲗⲟ , (B) chello/ϧⲉⲗⲗⲟ , (F) ḥāl(l)a/ϩⲉⲗ(ⲗ)ⲁ,
(F) ḥl(l)a/ϩⲗ(ⲗ)ⲁ (old person) Coptic
~ ẖr-ꜥy (old men, elders) (plr) Demotic
(S) ḥlloi/ϩⲗⲗⲟⲓ , (A) khlla(ā)i/ⳉⲗⲗⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓ , (sA) ḥllai/ϩⲗⲗⲁⲓ , (B) khālloi/ϧⲉⲗⲗⲟⲓ , (F) ḥālloui/ϩⲉⲗⲗⲟⲩⲓ
(old person) (plur) Coptic
aA, aAy : (here, there, younger)
ɑʔɑ, ʕaʀ (Reconstructed Old Egyptian), ʕoʔ (Reconstructed Late Egyptian) IPA
aa, aay Traditional Pronunciation
ā'a, ā'ay Fixed Pronunciation
aAm : (herdsman)
ꜥꜢm Demotic
amā/ⲁⲙⲉ (S), amē/ⲁⲙⲏ (F) Coptic
ꜥaꜢum Alt Pronunciation
aam Traditional Pronunciation
ā'am Fixed Pronunciation
~ aAmw : (herdsmen)
amēv/ⲁⲙⲏⲩ (S), amēwā/ⲁⲙⲏⲩⲉ (S), amēou/ⲁⲙⲏⲟⲩ (Sf), amowï/ⲁⲙⲁⲩⲉⲓ (F) (plr) Coptic
ꜥamꜢu > ꜥamꜢē(w) Alt Pronunciation
aamu Traditional Pronunciation
ā'amu Fixed Pronunciation
aApp : (Apep)
Apʰōpʰ/Ⲁⲫⲱⲫ (B) (giant, < from Apep) Coptic
apep Traditional Pronunciation
ā'apep Fixed Pronunciation
aAt : (linen cloth)
aAyw (linen) Demotic
(S) ïaau/ⲉⲓⲁⲁⲩ, (S) ïō/ⲉⲓⲱ, (S) iō/ⲓⲱ , (B) iav/ⲓⲁⲩ (linen) Coptic
aaf : (squeeze out, to wring out, to press out oil, to strain)
ōfā /ⲱϥⲉ Coptic
ab : (horn) OK)
db (MK)
(B) ḥōp/ϩⲱⲡ, (B) ḥōb/ϩⲱⲃ (horn); təp/ⲧⲉⲡ tap/ⲧⲁⲡ Coptic
abA : (light, glistening)
abera /እበራ, abrehe /ኣብረሀ (light, illuminate) Ethiopic
abwt: (Staff of office)
arvōt /ⲁⲣⲃⲱⲧ (scepter, cane, staff) Coptic
aD : (fat, grease)
ōt/ⲱⲧ (S, B, F), ouōt/ⲟⲩⲱⲧ (S, A) (fat) Coptic
aD : (land farthest from the river edge of the desert)
Ꜥt (side, region, dry land, shore) < Ꜥd (land farthest from the river edge of the desert) Demotic
āat/ⲉⲁⲧ Coptic
aDA, aDAw : guilty
odj/OϪ Coptic
ˤaḏɜV (Peust) Alt Pronunciation
afi : ( fly )
aff (fly, insect) Earlier Egyptian
ꜥf Demotic
ipi ; ꜥffj, ꜥpi (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ḏbb Proto-Semitic
ḏub(V)b (Satzinger) Semitic
ðuṗṗ (fly) (Loprieno AE) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
dubbum/ ḏbb/, zubbu (Loprieno) Akkadian
af/ⲁϥ (S, B), aaf /ⲁⲁϥ (S, B), ab/ⲁⲃ (S, B), āf/ⲉϥ (Sa, A) Coptic
i-zebb Berber
ḏubāb/ ذُباب Arabic
zəbûb/ זְבוּב Hebrew
zvuv/ זְבוּב Modern Israeli Hebrew
ꜥ = ð (O. Rössler) Possible Etymology
'ʕuffvj (Reconstructed Old Egyptian) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
aHa : (stand, stand by, stand erect, raise oneself , stand up, rise up, arise, attend, wait, lifetime)
(S, A, sA) ōḥā/ⲱϩⲉ, (S) oḥā/ⲟϩⲉ, (B) oḥi/ⲟϩⲓ, (Sf, F) ōḥi/ⲱϩⲓ, (F) aḥi/ⲁϩⲓ, (S, A, sA) aḥā/ⲁϩⲉ, (B, F)
oḥi/ⲟϩⲓ (stand, stay, wait) Coptic
aHaw : (lifetime, period, space of time)
ꜥḥꜥ Demotic
aḥā/ⲁϩⲉ (S, A), aḥi/ⲁϩⲓ (B), āḥi/ⲉϩⲓ (F) (length, limit of life); aḥā/ⲁϩⲉ (S, A), aḥi/ⲁϩⲓ (B) (age) Coptic
ɑhɑ IPA
~ aHaw.f : (period of his life)
aḥēf/ⲁϩⲏϥ, ahāf/ⲁⳋⲉϥ (period of his life) Coptic
aHAwty : (warrior)
ꜥḥꜣwtj (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
aHAwty (fighter, warrior, soldier) Middle-Late Egyptian
ḥwt(j) (man, male) Demotic
ḥoount/ϩⲟⲟⲩⲛⲧ Old Coptic
(S) ḥoout/ϩⲟⲟⲩⲧ, (S) āḥoout/ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩⲧ, (S) (ā)iḥoout/(ⲉ)ⲓϩⲟⲟⲩⲧ, (S) ḥāout/ϩⲉⲟⲩⲧ , (S, A) ḥāvt/ϩⲉⲩⲧ , (A, sA) ḥavt/ ϩⲁⲩⲧ ,
(sA) ḥēut/ϩⲏⲩⲧ , (S, B) ḥōout/ϩⲱⲟⲩⲧ , (F) ḥa(o)ut/ϩⲁ(ⲟ)ⲩⲧ, (F) āḥa(o)ut/ⲉϩⲁ(ⲟ)ⲩⲧ ,
(S) ḥout/ϩⲟⲩⲧ (male of men, gods, husband) Coptic
ɑːħɑuːti (modern Egyptological) IPA
ahauti Traditional Pronunciation
ain : (eye)
an Alt Egyptian
ʿaynu Proto-Sinaitic
ʿayn Proto-Canaanite
a'yn/ ዐያነ Ethiopic
ʕayn, ʔil Proto-Afroasiatic Form
ʿayVn Proto-Afro-Asiatic
īnu/ 𒅆 , īn Akkadian
ʿayn/ ዓይን Amharic
ʼāyn Mehri
ʿayn/ عَيْن Arabic
ʿēn/ عين (ʿēn) Egyptian Arabic
għajn Maltes
ʿaynā/ ܥܝܢܐ Classical Syriac
‘ayna Swadaya (Eastern)
‘ayno Turoyo (Western)
ʿaynāעינא/ Judaic
anya (eye) Igbo
a-na-na /ʕaynaya//𒀀𒈾𒈾 Eblaite
ʿyn/ 𐩲𐩺𐩬 Minaean, Qatabanian, Sabaean
ʿäyn/ዐይን, 'äyni /ዓይኒ Ge'ez
ꜥai̯n Semitic
ʿáyin/ עַיִן Hebrew
ʻeyn ,ʻen, ʿn/𐤏𐤍 , ʿyn𐤏𐤉𐤍/ Phoenician
ʿayni/ ዓይኒ Tigriny
ʿyn/ 𐎓𐎊𐎐 Ugaritic
ān (Budges) Pronunciation
akkt : (bread cake backed in ashes)
ākk-t (Budge); Ꜥkkt, Ꜥkk (loaves) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
(S) kⁱaakⁱā/ϭⲁⲁϭⲉ , (S) kⁱakⁱā/ϭⲁϭⲉ, (S) kakā/ ⲕⲁⲕⲉ, (S) kⁱākⁱā/ϭⲉϭⲉ, (S) kⁱookⁱā/ϭⲟⲟϭⲉ , (S) kak/ⲕⲁⲕ (baked loaf, cake) Coptic
kakeis/κακεις , kákais/κάκεις, kakeîs/κακει̂ς (Budge) (Strabo, Jablonski) (A loaf of bread unique to Egypt) Greek
kak/כעכא , kʁk / 𐡊𐡏𐡊𐡀 (cake, loaf) Aramaic
käʔe̞käʔ/כַּעְכָא (Chald), kaʿkā /כַּעְכָּא (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic); káʿaḵ/ כַּעַךְ (ring-shaped cake) Hebrew
ka'ak, kahqa, kʕlk/ كعك ('cake' bread),
kâk/کاک ( a kind of layered pastry, a kind of bread, dry bread, pupil, full moon), kayk / کیک (cake) Persian
kahk/ كحك (small circular biscuit eaten by Egyptians and Sudanese Easter, weddings, holiday feasts) < from Coptic kak/ⲕⲁⲕ ;
kaʿk/ كَعْكٌ (cake, pastry) Arabic
kaʕkɑ(ʔ) /ܟܥܟܐ , kuḵ, kukkā (cake, loaf), kwky, kwkytˀ (small loaf) Akkadian kukku < Sumerian Syriac
* ref Budge, en.wiktionary.org, cal.huc.edu
alw : (child) (Demotic)
ꜥlw (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ʿôlāl/ עוֹלָל Hebrew
alwe/ܥܘܠܐ [ʕullɑ(ʔ)] ] Syriac
alō/ⲁⲗⲱ (S), alou/ⲁⲗⲟⲩ (S), arou/ⲁⲣⲟⲩ (S), ālou/ⲉⲗⲟⲩ (A), alou/ⲁⲗⲟⲩ (A),
allou/ⲁⲗⲗⲟⲩ (B) (pupil (? daughter, maiden) of eye); allou/ⲁⲗⲗⲟⲩ (B) (boy) Coptic
~ alwt : (child) (female) (Demotic)
alou/ⲁⲗⲟⲩ (S) (Female) Coptic
~ alww : (child) (plur) (Demotic)
alooouā/ⲁⲗⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S), alaiā/ⲁⲗⲁⲓⲉ (S), aroouā/ⲁⲣⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S) (plur) Coptic
am : (swallow, breathe in, absorb, know)
āmi/ⲉⲙⲓ, mmi/ⲙⲙⲓ Old Coptic
(Sf) ouōng/ⲟⲩⲱⲛⲅ (swallow, devour, chew); (S, A, sA, B) ōmk/ⲱⲙⲕ, (S, B) āml/ⲉⲙⲕ, (S, B) omk/ⲟⲙⲕ , (S) omāk/ⲟⲙⲉⲕ ,
(A) ⲁⲙⲕ (swallow); (F) āimā, ïmā/ⲉⲓⲙⲉ, (S) āimmā, ïmmā/ⲉⲓⲙⲙⲉ , (A, sA) mmā/ⲙⲙⲉ , (B) āmi/ⲉⲙⲓ ,
(F) imi/ⲓⲙⲓ (know, understand) Coptic
ɑːm (modern Egyptological) IPA
am : (know, experienced)
Ꜥm (know) Demotic
(F) āimā, ïmā/ⲉⲓⲙⲉ, (S) āimmā, ïmmā/ⲉⲓⲙⲙⲉ , (A, sA) mmā/ⲙⲙⲉ , (B) āmi/ⲉⲙⲓ , (F) imi/ⲓⲙⲓ (know, understand) Coptic
ɑːm (modern Egyptological) IPA
amat : (mud, muddy, ground, mud-flat)
ꜥm (clay) Demotic
(S) omā/ⲟⲙⲉ, (S) oomā/ⲟⲟⲙⲉ, (S, Sa, A, sA) amā/ⲁⲙⲉ, (A) aamā/ⲁⲁⲙⲉ, (B) omi/ⲟⲙⲓ, (S) am/ⲁⲙ (clay, mud) Coptic
amam(w) : (mouse, shrew)
umāmu, auch emammu, emāmu Akkadian
āum-āam Afrasian
āmim /ⲉⲙⲓⲙ Coptic
amAw : (kind of medical plant)
ámi/ἄμι , ámmi/ἄμμῐ Greek
ami Latin
amm : (brain)
miya Uzbek
mouḥ/מוֹחַ (brain) Hebrew
myaló/μυαλό (mind) Greek
animo (mind) Latin
(S, A, sA) māāwā / ⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉ, (S, A, sA) māwā/ⲙⲉⲩⲉ , (S) māāv/ⲙⲉⲉⲩ , (A) māouē/ⲙⲉⲟⲩⲉ, (B, O) māwi/ⲙⲉⲩⲓ,
(F) mēoui/ⲙⲏⲟⲩⲓ, (F) mēēoui/ⲙⲏⲏⲟⲩⲓ, (F) māāwï/ⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉⲓ (thought, mind, think) Coptic
amr : (baker)
ꜥmr Demotic
amrē/ ⲁⲙⲣⲏ, ēmrē/ⲏⲙⲣⲏ (S), amrā/ⲁⲙⲣⲉ (S, B), amlē/ⲁⲙⲗⲏ (F) (baker) Coptic
amre (Greco-Bohairic), amra (Reconstructed traditional Bohairic) (IPA? needs ref) Alt Pronunciation
an : (beautiful of face, pleasant man, pleasing, be kind, beautiful)
ahnahē- ahnē Coptic
ånåy /ⲁ⳰ⲛⲁⲓ (goodness, kindness, pleasant, kind); an/ⲁⲛ (beauty) Coptic
an nfr : (to be goood)
nanou/ⲚⲀⲚOⲨ (to be good) Coptic
ant : (nail (of finger or toe)
(S) āinā/ⲉⲓⲛⲉ, (S) inā/ⲓⲛⲉ, (B) ini/ⲓⲛⲓ (thumb, great toe) Coptic
ant : (pick, ax)
(S) āinā/ⲉⲓⲛⲉ, (B) ini/ⲓⲛⲓ (carpenter's axe, adze) Coptic
anx : (life) 𓂝𓈖𓐍
ꜥnḫ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
anx 𓂝𓈖𓐍𓏜 (Late Kingdom), aAnx, anxy (Ptolemaic) Demotic
ꜥnḫy 𓂝𓈖𓐍𓏭𓋹 , ꜥnš 𓂝𓈖𓈙𓋹 (Late Period) Greco-Roman Period
Σα Roman period
anaqhe/ ኣናቅሐ (give life) Ethiopic
ǎnósh, enósh,enós /אנוש (human, man, person, mortal), ansh (anshá) (man, mankind) (Lesley) Hebrew
anäqaqa/ አነቃቃ (give life, motivate) Amharic
ōnkh, awnkh /ⲱⲛϧ Old Coptic
ōnᵉḥ /ⲱⲛϩ︦, ōnᵉḥ /ⲱⲛϩ︦ (S, sA, F), ōnaḥ /ⲱⲛⲁϩ (Sf, F), ōnkh /ⲱⲛⳉ (A), ōōnḥ /ⲱⲱⲛϩ (sA), ōnkh, awnkh /ⲱⲛϧ (B),
ōnkh /ⲟⲛϧ (B), on(a)ḥ /ⲟⲛ(ⲁ)ϩ (S, Sf), ankh /ⲁⲛⳉ (A), anḥ /ⲁⲛϩ (Sa, sA), aanḥ /ⲁⲁⲛϩ (sA), onkh/ ⲟⲛϧ (B), anaḥ /ⲁⲛⲁϩ,
an(ā)ḥ /ⲁⲛ(ⲉ)ϩ (F) (live), ōnkhōn/ⲱⲛϧⲱⲛ ; ōʾkh/ⲱⲳϧ (P) ;
ansh/ⲁⲛϣ - spʰransh/ⲥⲫⲣⲁⲛϣ (soothsayer) - [sS pr anx 'scribe of the house of life'] (Černý) Coptic
ˈʕaːnaχ (OE 2500 BC- ME 1700 BC) , ˈʕoːnəχ (LE 800 BC), ɑːnx (modern Egyptological), Ꜥā́nVḫ IPA
ꜥonch, ˤaná:ḫ , ꜥanaḫ , ‘ônkh Alt Pronunciation
ankh (English), ānkh (more accurate) Traditional Pronunciation
ānkh , ānakh Fix
~ anx wDA snb : (Life, prosperity and health)
ꜥnḫ wḏꜢ snb / Be alive, strong, and healthy Gardiner
dedōkasin autōi oi tʰeoi ugieian nikēn kratos kai ta all agatʰ[a...]
ΔΕΔΩΚΑΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΟΙ ΘΕΟΙ ΥΓΙΕΙΑΝ ΝΙΚΗΝ ΚΡΑΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΑ ΑΛΛ ΑΓΑΘ[Α…] Greek >
...The gods and goddesses have given him victory, and power, and life, and strength,
and health [A.U.S.], and every beautiful thing of every kind
whatsoever... /nTrw qnw xt anx wDA snb biA r xt nbw nfr Aw snw Egyptian
ref. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankh_wedja_seneb
~ sanx : (make live)
saansh/ⲥⲁⲁⲛϣ (S), sansh/ⲥⲁⲛϣ (S), sankh/ⲥⲁⲛⲭ (S), sankhē/ⲥⲁⲛⳉ (A), saankhē/ⲥⲁⲁⲛⳉ (A), khē/ⲥⲁⲛⲟⲩⳉ (A),
sanasht/ⲥⲁⲛⲁϣⲧ (A), sanakhēt/ⲥⲁⲛⲁⳉⲧ (A), sanāsh/ⲥⲁⲛⲉϣ (sA), shansh/ϣⲁⲛϣ (B),
shanāvsh/ϣⲁⲛⲉⲩϣ (B), shanāvsht/ϣⲁⲛⲉⲩϣⲧ (B), shanāsh/ϣⲁⲛⲉϣ (B), shēnsh/ϣⲏⲛϣ (F),
shānsh/ϣⲉⲛϣ (F), saansh/ⲥⲁⲁⲛϣ (S),shansh/ⲥⲁⲛϣ (S), shanoush/ϣⲁⲛⲟⲩϣ (B),
shanāsh/ϣⲁⲛⲉϣ (B), shānāsh/ϣⲉⲛⲉϣ (B), sanoush/ⲥⲁⲛⲟⲩϣ (F), sanoush/ⲥⲁⲛⲟⲩϣ (S, sA),
sanosh/ⲥⲁⲛⲟϣ (S), shanoush/ϣⲁⲛⲟⲩϣ (B, F) (make live, be alive, nourished,
well fed , nourish, rear, tend), (S, A, sA, B, F) cōnt/ⲥⲱⲛⲧ , (S, sA) sōōnt/ⲥⲱⲱⲛⲧ , (S) snt/ⲥᵉⲛ︦ⲧ ,
(S, B) sānt/ⲥⲉⲛⲧ , (S, B) sont/ⲥⲟⲛⲧ , (S) soont/ⲥⲟⲟⲛⲧ , (A) sant/ⲥⲁⲛⲧ ,
(S) sont/ⲥⲟⲛⲧ (be created , found, create) Coptic
sáꜥnaḫ , sáʾªnš IPA
~ am n anx : (tree of life)
Etz Ḥayyim /ﬠץ החיים (tree of life) Hebrew
pieshshēn entā epōnkh /ⲡⲓϣ⳰ϣⲏⲛ ⲛ⳰ⲧⲉ ⲡ⳰ⲱⲛϧ (tree of life) (B),
shshēn entā pōnḥ/ϣϣⲏⲛ ⲛ⳰ⲧⲉ ⲡⲱⲛϩ (tree of life) (S) Coptic
Shajarat al-Kholoud/ شجرة الخلود (Tree of Immortality) Arabic
anx : (oath, swear)
anash/ ⲁⲛⲁϣ (S,B), anakh /ⲁⲛⲁⳉ (A), anāsh /ⲁⲛⲉϣ (F), anēsh/ ⲁⲛⲏϣ (F) (oath) ;
ōrk/ⲱⲣⲕ (S, B), ōrkā/ⲱⲣⲕⲉ (S, sA), ōl(ā)k/ⲱⲗ(ⲉ)ⲕ (F) , ōrk/ⲱⲣⲕ (S, sA),
ark/ⲁⲣⲕ (Sa) (swear, oath, invoke person) < orkos/ορκος (oath), orkismos/ορκισμος (oath swearing) Coptic
orkos/ορκος (oath), orkismos/ορκισμος (oath swearing) Greek
'anaḫ-u > 'nḫ /ʕa'na𝛘/ > ⲀⲚⲀϢ /ʔa'naš/ (Loprieno) IPA
ˤa'ná:ḫ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ anxw : (oaths)
anowsh, ꜥiněwḫ/ⲁⲛⲁⲩϣ (S, B, F), anēush, ꜥinēwḫ/ⲁⲛⲏⲩϣ (F), er-ānash /ⲉⲣⲁⲛⲁϣ (B),
ep-anash/ⲣ︦ⲁⲛⲁϣ (S) (to swear), ti-anash /ϯⲁⲛⲁϣ (B) (to give an oath) Coptic
'anaḫu-u > 'nḫ.w /ʕa'na𝛘w/ > /ʕa'naw𝛘/ >ⲀⲚⲀⲨϢ /ʔa'nawš/ (Loprieno) IPA
ˤa'ná:ḫw (Loprieno), ꜥiněwḫ/ꜥinēwḫ Alt Pronunciation
apSAy(t) , apSwt : (Beetle, Grasshopper)
ꜤpšꜢy (beetle) Demotic
āpshā/ ⲉⲡϣⲉ Old Coptic
hipeushih ִ/חִפּוּשׁיח Hebrew
aq : (intimate friend)
ahāēk ? (needs ref) Coptic
aq , aqw : enter (into)
Ꜥqw (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
aq Late Egyptian
ɑːk (modern Egyptological) IPA
aqw : (loaves, provisions, food, income, revenue)
aq (bread, income) Demotic
(S) oāik/ⲟⲉⲓⲕ, (A, sA, F) aāik/ⲁⲉⲓⲕ, (Sf, F) aik/ⲁⲓⲕ, (B) ōik/ⲱⲓⲕ, (bread, loaf) Coptic
oɪ̯k, ɑːkuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
ˤaqwuw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
aqu Traditional Pronunciation
ar : (lion)
ảrw/ 𐎀𐎗𐎆 Ugaritic
ari/ אֲרִי , ʾaryē/אַרְיֵה Hebrew
arq : (corner, bend, angle)
ꜥrq (leg joint?) Late Egyptian
ꜣlg , ꜥlq Demotic
alodj/ⲁⲗⲟϫ (B), aloq/ⲁⲗⲟϭ (S) (thigh); alok /ⲁⲗⲟⲕ (B) (corner, angle);
ōlk /ⲱⲗⲕ (S, A, sA, B), (ā)lk/(ⲉ)ⲗⲕ (S, B), olk/ⲟⲗⲕ (S, B) (become or be bent) ;
õlk/ⲱⲗⲕ (become, be bent, be distorted) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈʕaːlaqʼ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈʕaːlaqʼ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈʕoːləqʼ IPA
~ arqw : (corner, bend, angle) (plr)
alōdj/ⲁⲗⲱϫ (knees, arms, shoulders) Coptic
~ arqw : (leg joint)
aloč/ⲁⲗⲟϫ (B), alok/ⲁⲗⲟⲕ (B), aloc/ⲁⲗⲟϭ (S), alok/ⲁⲗⲟⲕ (S) Coptic
arq : (swear)
ōrk /ⲱⲣⲕ (S, B), ōrkā/ ⲱⲣⲕⲉ (S, sA), ōl(ā)k/ ⲱⲗ(ⲉ)ⲕ (F), ark/ ⲁⲣⲕ (Sa) (to swear, to give and oath) Coptic
arqy : (last day of the month)
(S, B) alkā/ⲁⲗⲕⲉ, (S, B) alkē/ⲁⲗⲕⲏ (last day of the month) Coptic
arSn : (lentils)
adshm/ עדש׳ם Hebrew
arshin/ⲁⲣϣⲓⲛ (S, B, Sa, F, M, S), ārshin/ⲉⲣϣⲓⲛ (Sa), ārshan/ⲉⲣϣⲁⲛ (Sa, S) (lentils) Coptic
fakós /φακός (lentil bean) Greek
art : (hinder part, hindquarter)
(ār-t) goat, gazelle, ibex, ram 'horned animal' (suggests alt def) Budge
ïoul/ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲗ (S, A, B, F), āāioul/ⲉⲉⲓⲟⲩⲗ (S, A), ïāoul/ⲉⲓⲉⲟⲩⲗ (S), ioul/ⲓⲟⲩⲗ (S), āoul/ⲉⲟⲩⲗ (B) (hart, hind) Coptic
ail/ אַיָל (ram) Hebrew
'arl/ أﻳٴڷ ? Arabic
hāyeli /ሀየል Ge'ez
arw : (perhaps)
arāou/ⲁⲣⲉⲟⲩ Old Coptic
arēw/ⲁⲣⲏⲩ (S), ḥarēw/ϩⲁⲣⲏⲩ (S), ārēw/ⲉⲣⲏⲩ (Sa), arēou/ⲁⲣⲏⲟⲩ (B), alēou/ⲁⲗⲏⲟⲩ (F) (if, perhaps) Coptic
aS : (summon, call, call for)
ꜥš (to call) Demotic
(S, A, sA, B, F) ōsh/ⲱϣ, (S, B) āsh/ⲉϣ, (B) sh/ϣ , (S, B) osh/ⲟϣ,
(B, Sa, sA, S, A, F) ash/ⲁϣ (cry, announce, sound); oāish/oⲉⲓϣ (S), ōish/ⲱⲓϣ (B) (cry, call) Coptic
aS-wby : (On who recites on behalf of)
ashāben /ⲁϣⲉⲃⲉⲛ Coptic
aSA : (lizard)
(B) ashira/ⲁϣⲓⲣⲁ (chameleon, lizard (Černý) Coptic
aSA : (many, numerous, much, plentiful)
ꜥšr (to be rich) Hebrew
ashēï/ⲁϣⲏⲉⲓ Old Coptic
ashai /ⲁϣⲁⲓ (S, B), ashï/ⲁϣⲉⲓ (A), ashāï/ⲁϣⲉⲉⲓ (sA, F), ashəïtə/ⲁϣⲉⲉⲓⲧⲉ (A), ashaï/ⲁϣⲁⲉⲓ (NH),
osh/ⲟϣ (S, B), ash/ⲁϣ (A, F) (become many, multiply, multitude); ashai /ⲁϣⲁⲓ (amount, multitude);
ashē/ⲁϣⲏ (number, multitude) Coptic
ašai > ʕiˈʃiʀ, ˤi'šiR (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ aSAt : (many, numerous)
(S, sA) ashē/ⲁϣⲏ, (B) ashā/ⲁϣⲉ , (F) ashēi/ⲁϣⲏⲓ, ashïtā/ⲁϣⲉⲓⲧⲉ (Multitude) Coptic
~ saSA : (to multiply, to make numerous)
SaS , SaSa , SSa (make many, praise) Demotic
(S) šoušo/ϣⲟⲩϣⲟ, (S) šōš/ ϣⲱϣ , (A) šašo/ ϣⲁϣⲟ, (B, F, L, S, A) šoušou/ ϣⲟⲩϣⲟⲩ (boast, pride) Coptic
Černý 259, Crum 604, Copticdic Ref
at : (limb, member, (of body)
* awt (limbs, members) Evolution
ēou/ⲏⲟⲩ (limbs, members) Old Egyptian
at : (room, chamber, house)
ꜥwy, ꜥt (room) Coptic
aḥo/ⲁϩⲟ (S, B), aḥou/ⲁϩⲟⲩ (S), āḥo/ⲉϩⲟ (A), aḥa/ⲁϩⲁ (F) aḥor/ⲁϩⲟⲣ (B) (treasury, store house, treasure);
ḥu /ϩⲱ, ḥaour /ϩⲁⲟⲱⲣ, ēi /ⲏⲓ (B), ēei/ⲏⲉⲓ (S, A, sA) (house, home) Coptic
at sbA : (School)
at nt sbAw (Loprieno) Alt Egyptian
ꜥt sbꜣ Demotic
anzēb /ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃ (B), ansēbā/ⲁⲛⲥⲏⲃⲉ (S), anzēbā/ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃⲉ (S), ansēb/ⲁⲛⲥⲏⲃ (S), anzēb/ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃ (S),
ansēbn/ⲁⲛⲥⲏⲃⲛ (S), ansēbān/ⲁⲛⲥⲏⲃⲉⲛ (S), ansibā/ⲁⲛⲥⲩⲃⲉ (F), anzābā/ⲁⲛⲍⲉⲃⲉ (F) (school) Coptic
awAi : (harvest)
ꜥwꜢy (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
wyꜥ (farmer) Demotic
(ꜥa)wǎꜢ(jaw) Alt Pronunciation
awy : (arms, pair)
ēy /ⲏⲓ (pair, couple) Coptic
ax : (brazier)
(S, B) as/ⲁϣ , (A) ākh/ⲉⳉ, (sA, F) āsh/ⲉϣ (who, what?) Coptic
axi : (raise up, hang (men), suspend, shift away)
ꜥḫj (to hang up) Demotic
ïshā/ⲉⲓϣⲉ (S, sA), ïkhe /ⲉⲓⳉⲉ (A), ishi/ⲓϣⲓ (B, F), asht/ⲁϣⲧ (S), āsht/ⲉϣⲧ (S, sA, F), ākhet/ⲉⳉⲧ (A), āsh/ⲉϣ (B),
asht/ⲁϣⲧ (S), ash/ⲁϣ (B, F), ashā/ⲁϣⲉ (S), akhe/ⲁⳉⲉ (A), ashi/ⲁϣⲓ (B), āshi/ⲉϣⲓ (F),
oshā/ⲟϣⲉ (NH) (hang, suspend, be hung, depend) Coptic
A
Ab : (fingernail)
ib (finger-nail, claw) (Crum) Alt Egyptian
Abd : (month)
Ꜣbṭ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
jbt, ibt Demotic
yarḥā (month) Syriac
əbot /ⲉⲃⲟⲧ (S), əbat /ⲉⲃⲁⲧ (A, sA), abot /ⲁⲃⲟⲧ (B), əbat /ⲉⲃⲁⲧ (F), abat /ⲁⲃⲁⲧ (F) Coptic
(ʔa.ba.da) abt/أَبَدَ (eternity, eternal duration no end to its existence), lasting, permanent, to stay, to linger);
abad/ابد (eternity, perpetuity) Arabic
(OE 2500 B.C) /ʀaˈbatʼ/ ; (ME 1700 B.C) /ʀaˈbatʼ/ ; (LE 800 B.E.) /ʔəˈβatʼ/ , /ʔəˈβøtʼʔ/ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ Abdw : (months)
əbatə/ⲉⲃⲁⲧⲉ (S), əbətə/ⲉⲃⲉⲧⲉ (S), əbēt/ⲉⲃⲏⲧ (B), abēt/ⲁⲃⲏⲧ (B), ⲁⲃⲁⲧⲓ/abati (F) Coptic
(Old Egyptian 2500 B.C) /ʀaˈbuːtʼaw/ , /ʀaˈbutʼw; (ME 1700 B.C) /ʀaˈbutʼw/, /ʀaˈbuːtʼaw/;
(LE 800 B.E.) /ʔəˈβøtʼʔ/ , /ʔəˈβeːtʼ/ (Loprieno), e'bote Alt Pronunciation
~ ibd n hrw : (full month 'month of days')
əbot nḥoou /ⲉⲃⲟⲧ ⲛϩⲟⲟⲩ Coptic
Abt : (family)
the /t/ was not pronounced later on Note
ʾab/ أَب > ʾabū (ancestor, forefather, father) Arabic
ebi (family) Yoruba
Abw : (elephant 𓍋𓃀𓅱𓃰 , Elephantine 𓍋𓃀𓃰𓅱𓎶𓈉 , ivory 𓍋𓃀𓅱𓌟 )
Ab (fingernail), Ꜣbw Alt Egyptian
yb (ivory, Elephantine) Demotic
pꜢ-Ꜣb(w) (The elephant) Late Egyptian
eḷu Proto-Berber
pirl (elephant) Proto-Semitic
leb (elephant) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
ʾelbi (needs ref) Tangale, Mukulu
laḫpaš/ 𒆷𒄴𒉺𒀸 “ivory” Hittite
pīru/𒁉𒊒𒌝 , pīlu/ 𒉿𒄿𒇻 (elephant) Akkadian
e-re-pa/𐀁𐀩𐀞 (elephant), e-re-pa-to/𐀁𐀩𐀞𐀵 (elephant, Ivory) Mycenaean Greek
pīlā/ ܦܝܠܐ (elephant) Aramaic
pʿił/փիղ (elephant) Old Armenian
pīl/پیل (elephant) Persian
pīlu/ पीलु (elephant) Sanskrit
íbha/ इभ (Elephant, Elephantine, ivory) Hindi
ʔabot (ivory) Tigre
shenháv/ שֶׁנהָב (Ivory) < shén/שֵׁן (tooth) Hebrew
(ə)iēb/(Ⲉ)ⲓⲏⲃ (Elephantine) Coptic
eléphas /ἐλέφας (elephant, ivory), elephantos/ἐλέφαντος (elephant, ivory) Ancient Greek
ebur (ivory, figuratively an elephant) , elephans (elephant) Latin
ebor Medieval
ivorie, ivoire (Old) French
ivorie (ivory) Middle English
/ʀuːbaw/ (OE 2500BC) > /ʀuːbaw/ (ME 1700BC) > /juːbəʔ/ (MLE 1350BC) > /ˈjeːβ/ (LE 800BC) ,
/ɑbuː/ (modern Egyptological) (Elephant, ivory) (Loprieno) IPA
abu Common Pronunciation
Abyn : (poor, wretched (person)
(S, A, B, F) ābiēn/ⲉⲃⲓⲏⲛ , (A) ḥbbiēn/ϩⲃⲃⲓⲏⲛ (poor, wretched person, miserble) Coptic
eb-yone'/אֶבְיוֹן (in want, needy, poor, poor man) Coptic
Ad : (be savage, be aggressive, be angry, attack, anger, rage)
Ꜣty Late Kingdom
ɑd (modern Egyptological) IPA
Afa : (glutton, gluttony, greedily)
(B) af-djir/ⲁϥ-ϫⲓⲣ (greedy of shameful gain) Coptic
AHt : (field)
(S, A) yōḥā /ⲉⲓⲱϩⲉ, (S, A) iōḥā/ⲓⲱϩⲉ, (B, F) ioḥi/ ⲓⲟϩⲓ, ioḥā/ ⲓⲟϩⲉ (M) , (F) iōḥi/ⲓⲱϩⲓ, (S) yāḥ/ⲉⲓⲉϩ , (S) yōḥ/ⲉⲓⲱϩ,
(B) iaḥ/ⲓⲁϩ , yaḥi/ ⲓⲁϩⲓ (field) Coptic
AnDyw : (cakes of soup)
ouhosm mn owwandjir /ⲟⲩϩⲟⲥⲙ︦ ⲙⲛ︦ ⲟⲩⲁⲛϫⲓⲣ (soda and soup) Coptic
Apd : (duck, bird)
jpd Alt Egyptian
waw/uph (fowl) Proto-Canaanite
bata [equivalent consonants p for b and d for t] (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
ɑpɛd (modern Egyptological) IPA
Arf : (rest, repose)
aräfä /አረፈ (rest, sleep, die) Amharic
ōrf /ⲱⲣϥ Coptic
As : (hurry, flow fast, hasten, overtake, quickly)
ỉꜢs (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ys (hasten) Demotic
Asr, wsir : (god Osiris)
Ast : (goddess Isis)
At : (moment, instant in the twinkling of an eye)
(O) oti/ⲟⲧⲓ, (O) atā/ⲁⲧⲉ (moment) Old Coptic
(S) ḥotā/ϩⲟⲧⲉ, (A, sA) ḥatā/ϩⲁⲧⲉ, (B) ḥoti/ϩⲟϯ (moment) Coptic
Atp : (load (a ship), overburden
(S, sA) ōtp/ⲱⲧⲡ , (B) ōbt/ⲱⲃⲧ , (Sa) atp/ⲁⲧⲡ , (B) opt/ⲟⲡⲧ , (S) otp/ⲟⲧⲡ , (Sa) atp/ⲁⲧⲡ , (S, B) otp/ⲟⲧⲡ , (sA) atp/ⲁⲧⲡ ,
(B) opt/ⲟⲡⲧ , (F) apt/ⲁⲡⲧ (be laden, load) Coptic
ATt : (bed)
Aty.t Alt Egyptian
'athath/أثاث (ʔa.θaːθ) (furniture) Arabic
Aw , Awi : (length, space, long (of time)
ɜwj (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ꜥw (to be wide, to be long) Demotic
aro/𐦠𐦫𐦣 (long (time), olden times, perpetuate) Meroitic
B) ōou/ⲱⲟⲩ (be long); (S, A, B, F) ah /ⲁ , (B) owi, av/ⲁⲩ (of distance, of height, depth, of weight, of number, of time) Coptic
ɑuːi (modern Egyptological) IPA
* (ref. https://en.wikiversity.org)
~ iAw :
av/ⲀⲨ ; avis/ⲀⲨⲒⲤ , avāis/ⲀⲨⲈⲒⲤ (+ sw) (imperative) Coptic
Ax(w) : (spirit, to become a spirit, dead, glorious dead, splendid, transfiguration)
ȧakhu Budge
apaḥtə /ⲁⲡⲁⳍⲧⲉ (? needs ref ) Old Coptic
~ (i)Ax : (demon, lower god, spirit, ghost)
ỉḫy (spirit, demon) Demotic
ikh, ich /ⲓϧ (B), pikh, pich/ⲡⲓϧ (B), iḥ/ⲓϩ (demon) Coptic
bikh/ بخ , pikh (word used to frighten each other 'demon') Egyptian Arabic
Axt : (horizon)
ash/ⲁϣ (horizon) , (S, sA) āishə/ⲉⲓϣⲉ , (A) āikhə ⲉⲓⳉⲉ , (B) ishi/ⲓϣⲓ , (S) asht/ⲁϣⲧ , (S, sA, F) əsht/ⲉϣⲧ , (A) əkht/ⲉⳉⲧ, (B) əsh/ⲉϣ,
(S) asht/ⲁϣⲧ , (B, F) ash/ⲁϣ , (S) ashə/ⲁϣⲉ , (A) akhə/ⲁⳉⲉ , (B) ashi/ⲁϣⲓ (hung, suspend) Coptic
Axt : (flame)
ash/ⲁϣ (furnace, oven) Coptic
Axt : (Inundation-season, flood season)
ꜣḫ.t Demotic
jꜣḫ (to be inundated) (Diacritic) ALT Egyptian
(S) koiaḥk/ⲕⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ, (S) kiaḥk/ⲕⲓⲁϩⲕ, (S) khoiaḥk/ⲭⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ, (S) khiaḥk/ⲭⲓⲁϩⲕ, (S) khoiak/ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ, (S) khoiakh/ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲭ,
(S) khaiak/ⲭⲁⲓⲁⲕ, (S) khoiakf/ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕϥ , (A) kaiak/ⲕⲁⲓⲁⲕ , (B) khoiak/ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ, (F) kiakh/ⲕⲓⲁⲭ, (F) khiak/ⲭⲓⲁⲕ (F) Coptic
khoiak/Χοιακ Greek
~ 1st Axt
DHwty "Thoth" 𓏏𓅝𓏭𓅆𓎱𓇳 (11 September and 10 October) (NK)
Tekh/ tx Edfu
Tekhi/ txi Ramesseum
Tekhy/txi 𓏏𓐍𓏊 "To be drunk" Old Kingdom
txi 𓏏𓐍𓏭𓎱 "He of the plumb-bob" epithet of Thoth shemu , Tekh Middle Kingdom
Tout Latin
thoth/ΘΟΘ, thóth/Θώθ Greek
(B, S) Tʰōout/Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ , (S) Tʰoout/Ⲑⲟⲟⲩⲧ, (S) TʰōTʰ/ⲑⲱⲑ, (S) Tʰoot/ⲑⲟⲟⲧ, (S) TʰoTʰ/ⲑⲟⲑ,
TʰaouTʰ/ⲑⲁⲟⲩⲑ (F), Tʰavth/ⲑⲁⲩⲇ (F) (DHwty Thoth God of wisdom and Science) Coptic
Tout/ⲑⲟⲑ Modern Coptic
Tūt / توت Arabic
~ 2nd Axt
pA-n-inp, pA-n-ip.t, pA-n-ipAt "The one of Karnak" 𓇋𓊪𓏏𓊒𓉐 (October 11 and November 9) (NK)
𓊪𓈖𓇋𓊪𓏏𓉐 p(Ꜣ)-n-jpt Allen
ptH, Ptah 𓊪𓏏𓎛 Budge
Ptah Menx Edfu
Ptah (ptH-rs-anb.f) Ramesseum
Menkhet/ mnxt "clothing" 𓏠𓈖𓐍𓏏𓋲 Old Kingdom
Menkhet/ mnxt "clothing" 𓏠𓈖𓐍𓏏𓋲 , Menhet/ mnht ? Middle Kingdom
pA-n-inp, Pa-n-ip.t, pA-n-ipAt New Kingdom
pꜢ-n-Ỉp.t (Paophi) Demotic
Baba Latin
Phaophi/ Φαωφί/Φαῶφι Greek
(B) Paopi/Ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲓ , (B) Paōpi/ⲡⲁⲱⲡⲓ, (B) Paop/ⲡⲁⲟⲡ, (B) Paopēi/ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲏⲓ (S) Paōpə/Ⲡⲁⲱⲡⲉ , (S) Paopə/Ⲡⲁⲟⲡⲉ ,
(S) Poopə/ⲡⲟⲟⲡⲉ, (S) Paapə/ⲡⲁⲁⲡⲉ, (S, F) Paapi/ⲡⲁⲁⲡⲓ Coptic
Baba/ Ⲡⲁⲡⲉ? Modern Coptic
Bābah /بابه Arabic
~ 3rd Axt
Hwt-Hr(w) "Hathor" 𓉡 (November 10 and December 9 ) (NK)
𓉗𓏏𓉐𓁷𓂋𓆗 ḥwt-ḥr(w) Allen
Hut-Horu Ramesseum
Xnt Hwt-Hrw "Voyage of Hathor" Old Kingdom
Xnt Hwt-Hr(w) "Voyage of Hathor" Middle Kingdom
Ḥ.t-Ḥr Demotic
Hatour Latin
Atʰyr /Ἀθύρ, ΑΟΤΡ/ Aotr Greek
Atʰōr /Ⲁⲑⲱⲣ (B, S), Athōr/ⲁⲑⲱⲣ (S, B) , Ḥatʰor/Ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ (B, S), Ḥatʰōl/ϩⲁⲑⲱⲗ (F), Ḥətʰōl/ϩⲉⲑⲱⲗ (F),
Ḥatʰol/ϩⲁⲑⲟⲗ (F), Ḥatol/ϩⲁⲧⲟⲗ (F) (Hathor goddess of Love) Coptic
Hator/Ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ Modern Coptic
Hātūr/ هاتور Arabic
~ 4th Axt
kA-Hr-kA "Ka Upon Ka" 𓂓𓁷𓂓𓎱 (December 10 and January 8) (NK)
Sekhmet 𓌂𓐍𓏏 (Budge) Alt Egyptian
𓂓𓁷𓏺𓂓 kꜢ-ḥr-kꜢ Allen
Kehek Edfu
Pakhet/ Paxt Ramesseum
ku-’-iḫ-ku Cuneiform
kA-Hr-kA (soul upon soul) Old Kingdom
nHb-kAw (Apportioner of kas), kA-Hr-kA Middle Kingdom
KꜢ-ḥr-kꜢ Demotic
Choiak Latin
Khoiak /Χοιάκ, Khoiak/Χοίακ Greek
(B) Kʰoiak/Ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ (S) Koiak/Ⲕⲟⲓⲁⲕ, (S) Kiaḥk/Ⲕⲓⲁϩⲕ, (S) koiaḥk/Ⲕⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ, (S) Khiaḥk/ⲭⲓⲁϩⲕ, (S) khoikh/ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲭ,
(S) Khaiak/ⲭⲁⲓⲁⲕ, (A) kaiak/ⲕⲁⲓⲁⲕ, (B) Kʰoiak /ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ , (F) Kiakh/ⲕⲓⲁⲭ,
(F) Khiak/ⲭⲓⲁⲕ < Ka Ha Ka < kA-Hr-kA (Apis Bull) Coptic
Kiyahk / كيهك Arabic
ku-’-iḫ-ku (en.wikiversity.org) Alt Pronunciation
ka-her-ka Traditional Pronunciation
ka-ḥōrᵘ-ka Fixed Pronunciation
Axy : (be honoured)
ahkhē ? Coptic
Axw : (to be effective, to be bright, effective things, Spirit)
ỉy<h̯>.w (The Book of Two Ways) (akh spirit) Demotic
ekh /ⲏⳉ (spells : Ptolemaic texts) Coptic
Axw : (worthy of, faithful, devoted to, of benefit)
axyōs /ⲁⲝⲓⲟⲥ Coptic
Ayr : (antelope, deer)
iyr , iAywyr ALT Egyptian
Ail ? Demotic
h₁el Proto-Indo-European
ailu Assyrian
ʾayl/ 𐤀𐤉𐤋 ( ram) Phoenician
ʾayl/𐎀𐎊𐎍 Ugaritic
ayyalu/𒁰𒈦 Akkadian
ʾayyal (stag, hart) Proto-Semitic
ʾaylā/ איל Aramaic
ʾaylā/ܐܰܝܠܳܐ (stag, hart (male deer) Classical Syriac
ʾayyál,/אַיָּל (stag), ʾáyyil/אַיִל (ram) Hebrew
hayyal/ሀየል (ibex) Ge'ez
ʾyl/ 𐩱𐩺𐩡 Old South Arabian
ïəoul/ⲈⲒⲈⲞⲨⲖ (S), ïoul/ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲗ (S, B, A, F), əïoul/ⲉⲉⲓⲟⲩⲗ (S, A) , ioul/ⲓⲟⲩⲗ(S), əoul/ⲉⲟⲩⲗ (B) (stag, hart, hind) Coptic
ʾayyal/ أَيَّل ,ʾuyyal أُيَّل ,ʾayyil/أَيِّل , ʾiyyal/إِيَّل (hart stag deer)Arabic
b
bA : (soul)
bꜣ Alt Egyptian
b(y) Demotic
b/ 𐦦 , ba (aspect of man) Meroitic
bai /ⲃⲁⲓ (spirits); bai /ⲃⲁⲓ (S, B), fai /ϥⲁⲓ (S, B), bow /ⲃⲁⲩ (B) (bird); baïēth (soul-heart); ōbahē ? Coptic
(Old Egyptian 2500 BE) biʀ , (Middle Egyptian 1700 BE) biʀ , (Late Egyptian 800 BE) βej IPA
ba Traditional Pronunciation
biA , bawk (Gardiner) Alt Pronunciation
bA : (servant)
bꜣ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
abdu (servant , slave) Akkadian
ˁăḇeḏ / ˁbd, ˁaḇdā/ ˁbdˀ Aramaic
ebed/עָ֫בֶד (servant, slave) Hebrew
bōk/ⲃⲱⲕ (B, F) (servant, slave) Coptic
bara Hausa
barda , bardadārī (slave), bandaka (henchman, (loyal) servant, vassal) Old Persian
bandak/bandag Middle Persian
banda New Persian
'abd,ʕabd/ عَبْد (slave, serf, servant) Arabic
bɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ba Traditional Pronunciation
~ bAt : (female servant)
ⲃⲱⲕⲓ (B) (female servant) Coptic
~ bAw : (servants)
ⲉⲃⲓⲁⲓⲕ (B) (servants) Coptic
bA : (ram)
Banebdjedet/ bA-nb-Ddt /Ba of the lord of djed 'The Ram of Mendes'
𓃝𓎟𓊽𓊽𓏏𓊖, b(Ꜣ)-nb-Dt(.t) (Demotic) Egyptian
b-ꜤꜢ-(n)-p.t (ram, 'great ram of heaven'), by-Ꜥ-(n)-p.t , b-(n)-p.t (epithet of Amun) Demotic
bĩ (goat) Baŋgi
baphe metous/βαφη μητȢς, βαφὴ μήτεος> Taufe der Weisheit, "Baptism of Wisdom"
(Templars were Gnostics) Greek
baampā/ⲃⲁⲁⲙⲡⲉ (S, A), bampā /ⲃⲁⲙⲡⲉ (S, A), baāmpi/ⲃⲁⲉⲙⲡⲓ (B), bampi/ⲃⲁⲙⲡⲓ (F), bapi/ⲃⲁⲡⲓ (F),
baamp/ⲃⲁⲁⲙⲡ (S) bap/ⲃⲁⲡ (F) (goat) ; (B) barēit /ⲃⲁⲣⲏⲓⲧ, (F) barit/ⲃⲁⲣⲓⲧ, baampe/ⲃⲁⲁⲙⲡⲉ (he goat) Coptic
Baphomet, Baphometh, Baffometi, Bafometz (Occitan) Medieval Latin
bAA : (puplil) (of eye)
vål/bal/ⲃⲁⲗ (eye) (S); epʰōmi emvål/epʰōmi embal/ⲫ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲙ̀ⲃⲁⲗ (puiple of the eye) Coptic
~ bAbA : hole, orbit (eye)
bal/ⲃⲁⲗ (eye) (S); epʰōmi embal/ⲫ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲙ̀ⲃⲁⲗ (puiple of the eye) Coptic
~ bAbAw : hole, socket of eye, hiding place
bal/ⲃⲁⲗ (eye) (S); epʰōmi embal/ⲫ̀ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲙ̀ⲃⲁⲗ (puiple of the eye) Coptic
bAbA : (hole)
(S, A, B, F) bēb/ⲃⲏⲃ (cave, hole, den, nest) Coptic
bib/בִּיב (gutter, drain, duct, channle, sewer) Hebrew
bābu (Vergote) (Gate entry) Akkadian
bib/ بيــب (canal, water pipe or stream through which water comes out of a tank) Arabic
bib-ā/ ܒܝܒܐ (canal), buby-ā/ ܒܘܒܝܐ (canal) Syriac
bāb /باب (door, dig a hole in the ground) Arabic
bAdt : (Ladle, dipper)
buAdu, būdu Akkadian Old
buAd (spoon dipper) Afrasian
bAH : ( phallus, penis)
bꜣḥ (Diacritic) ALT Egyptian
b(Vʔ)uḥ (? needs ref) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
būḥ ( phallus; genitalia) (? needs ref) Semitic
baHu (in) front, ahead) (? needs ref) Central Chadic
baḥ/ⲃⲁϩ (S), faḥ/ϥⲁϩ (S) (penis) Coptic
bɑħ (modern Egyptological) IPA
bah Traditional Pronunciation
~ m bAH , m-bAH : (before, in front of, in the presence of (a king or god)
m.bꜣḥ Demotic
em-maḥ /ⲙ̀ⲙⲁϩ (before) (b>m) Coptic
ɛm bɑħ (modern Egyptological) (ref Loprieno) IPA
em bah Traditional Pronunciation
~ imy bAH (who is in the presence, who existed aforetime, ancestor)
imi bɑħ (modern Egyptological) IPA
bai : (rib of a palm leaf) (Late Egyptian)
ba/ⲃⲁ (S), baā/ⲃⲁⲉ (S, A, sA), baï/ⲃⲁⲉⲓ (S, F), boi/ⲃⲟⲓ (S), bai/ⲃⲁⲓ (B), bāi/ⲃⲉⲓ (F), bāāi/ⲃⲉⲉⲓ (F)
(date palm branch) Coptic
bAk : (to bless)
baw-rak' (barak) / בָּרַך (blessed) Hebrew
bra/በረአ Ethiopic
barak / بارك Arabic
be̞rekh, brikh/ ܒܪܟ (בְּרֵךְ) Aramaic
bAk : (servant (M)
bk (servant) Demotic
bōk /ⲃⲱⲕ (B, F), bok/Βοκ (servant, slave) Coptic
bu-(uk) (servant) Cuneiform
baːʀak , baꜢik (Older Egyptian 2500 BC), ˈbaːʀak (ME 1700 BC), ˈbaːʔək (Medio-Late Egyptian 1350 B.C),
ˈβoːʔək (LE 800 BC) (Hoch, Černý, βoːʔək (Early Demotic), βoːk (Late Demotic) IPA
bak, bu-(uk) (en.wikiversity.org) Traditional Pronunciation
~ bAkt : (servant (F)
bōki(t) /ⲃⲱⲕⲓ(ⲧ) (B) (female servant, slave) Coptic
baꜢāka (Older Egyptian) IPA
~ bAkw : (servants (plr)
ābiaik/ⲉⲃⲓⲁⲓⲕ (B), baiaik/ⲃⲁⲓⲁⲓⲕ (servants, slaves) Coptic
baꜢỉk-ū, bayỉ-ū IPA
~ iri bAk : (serve)
ārbōk/ⲉⲣⲃⲱⲕ , ār/ⲉⲣ (serve, labor) Coptic
bAk : (work, work (for someone), pay taxes, carry out (task), enslave, cultivate (land), interest)
bikā /ⲃⲓⲕⲉ (wage, salary) Old Coptic
bākhā/ⲃⲉⲭⲉ (B), bākā/ⲃⲉⲕⲉ (S, A, sA), bākē/ⲃⲉⲕⲏ (F) Coptic
baːʀak , baꜢik (Older Egyptian 2500 BC), ˈbaːʀak (ME 1700 BC), ˈbaːʔək (Medio-Late Egyptian 1350 B.C),
ˈβoːʔək (LE 800 BC) (Hoch, Černý, βoːʔək (Early Demotic), βoːk (Late Demotic) IPA
bak Traditional Pronunciation
~ bAkt (female form)
bāākā/ⲃⲉⲉⲕⲉ (S), ⲃⲏⲕⲉ (S) (wage, salary) Coptic
bỉꜢk-ỉ.t, bỉyk-ỉ.t, bỉk-ỉ.t Alt Pronunciation
~ bAk (receive a salary)
dji bākhē/ϫⲓ ⲃⲉⲭⲏ (B) (receive a salary) Coptic
~ bAkw (works, taxes, tribute, interests)
bꜢk-y.t (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
(S) bākēvā/ⲃⲉⲕⲏⲩⲉ, (S) bākāāvā/ⲃⲉⲕⲉⲉⲩⲉ, (S) bākāvā/ⲃⲉⲕⲉⲩⲉ, (A) bākēouā/ⲃⲉⲕⲏⲟⲩⲉ,
(B) bākhēoui/ⲃⲉⲭⲏⲟⲩⲓ ,
(F) bākavā/ⲃⲉⲕⲁⲩⲉ, (F) bākavi/ⲃⲉⲕⲁⲩⲓ (wages, salaries) Coptic
bAk : (be pregnant)
bAkt Alt Egyptian
boki/ⲃⲟⲕⲓ (B) (conceive a child), emboki(t)/ⲙ ⳰ⲃⲟⲕⲓ(ⲧ) (B) (pregnant) Coptic
bakꜢa.t, bākỉꜢa.t Alt Pronunciation
bak Traditional Pronunciation
bAkA, bAkAyt : (settlement, district, place, region)
bkt (city) Demotic
waki, wāki (Ishak)/ⲃⲁⲕⲓ (B) (city, town), waki(t)/ⲃⲁⲕⲓ(ⲧ) (B) (city, town, homeland) Coptic
bAkt (old, flask)
bîkos/βῖκος (second declension vase with handles, amphora) Greek
(5th BCE Attic) bîː.kos , (1st CE Egyptian) bi.kos , (4th CE Koine) ˈβi.kos , (10th CE Byzantine),
ˈvi.kos/ , (15th CE Constantinopolitan)ˈvi.kos IPA
bAr : (blind)
bl (blind) Demotic
bllā/ⲃⲗⲗⲉ (S, A, sA), bāllā/ⲃⲉⲗⲗⲉ (B), bāllē/ⲃⲉⲗⲗⲏ (F) (blind person, blind) Coptic
bely-iꜣ (Vycichl) Alt Pronunciation
bAry : (boat, barge) 𓃀𓅮𓄿𓏭𓂋𓏺𓇌𓊛
br (A kind of Ship) Demotic
baarā/ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (S) "small boat" Coptic
βᾶρις Greek
bAs : (jar, vase)
bs (object of metal, probably vase) Demotic
bas/ⲃⲁⲥ (ustensile de bronze) Coptic
bAst(t) : (Bastet goddess)
bat (henna)
kwpr Alt Egyptian
kpr Ugaritic
ḥinnā حِنَّاء Arabic
qwpr Demotic
kopher כֹּ֫פֶר, kuphr כּוֺפֶר Hebrew
kuphra כּוּפְרָא Aramaic
kinna κίννα Greek
khōpr/Ϧⲱⲡⲣ , kōpr/ⲕⲱⲡⲣ , khōpr/ⲭⲱⲡⲣ Coptic
ref. http://www.hennabysienna.com/henna-in-the-ancient-world.html
bAt : (bush, wisp (of corn), Cyperus papyrus)
b (bush) Demotic
bu-u Cuneiform
bō/ⲃⲱ (S, sA, B, F), bou/ⲃⲟⲩ (A) (tree where its fruit specified) Coptic
bu-u (en.wikiversity.org) Alt Pronunciation
bAyr , [bꜣjr ] (barque, type of fish)
byr, bAjr Alt Egyptian
br Demotic
bâris/βᾶρις (flat-bottomed boat) Ancient Greek
baarā/ ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ Coptic
bāris Latin
barca Late Latin
barque Middle French
bāris Latin
embarquer (go into barquer)
(5th BCE Attic) bâː.ris , (1st CE Egyptian)ˈba.ris , (4th CE Koine) ˈβa.ris , (10th CE Byzantine)ˈva.ris ,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan)ˈva.ris IPA
bAyt, bAyt(i), bt, bT : (house, clan family)
bayt Proto-Semitic
bītu, bētu [É]/ 𒂍 Akkadian
bt/ 𐎁𐎚 Ugaritic
bet Ge'ez
bet, bit Phoenician
bet/ ቤት Amharic
beyt, bêt Mehri
bayt-āʼ/ bytˀ ܒܝܬܐ (house, structure, place), byt/ܒܝܬ (a structure ,place, area) ,
bytˀ/ܒܝܬ (ˀnšy bytˀ, ˀnš bytˀ ) (members of a household, wife), byt , byntˀ (dwelling, house) Aramaic
bayt/ بَيْتبَيْت Arabic
bēt / بيت Egyptian Arabic
bejt Maltese
bēṯa /ביתא Lishana Deni
bēṯā, bayṯā/ בֵּיתָא, בַּיְתָא , báyiṯ/ בַּיִת , báyiṯ, bêṯ Hebrew
bīt /ࡁࡉࡕ Mandaic
byt 𐩨𐩺𐩩/ Epigraphic South Arabian
bēṯā, bayt-ā / ܒܝܬܐ Syriac
byt /𐤁𐤉𐤕 , bt /𐤁𐤕 Phoenician
bDA : (jar)
blD (sherd) Demotic
(S, A) bldjā/ⲃⲗϫⲉ, (S) blldjā/ⲃⲗⲗϫⲉ, (B) bāldj/ⲃⲉⲗϫ, (F) bēldjā/ⲃⲏⲗϫⲉ, (F) bēldji/ⲃⲏⲗϫⲓ
(earthenware, pottery) Coptic
bddw-kA : (watermellon)
abtuhym / אבטּחים, tbtyh/ תבטיח Hebrew
battieh Egyptian Arabic
batikh/ بطيخ Arabic
bdt : (emmer)
𓇣𓏏𓏭𓌽 bty, bt (possibly Demotic) Alt Egyptian
bt Demotic
bōtā/ⲃⲱⲧⲉ (S), bōti/ⲃⲱϯ (B), boti/ⲃⲟϯ (B) Coptic
bH : (forced labour)
b(ar)H (pack animal) Alt Egyptian
(S) barōḥ/ⲃⲁⲣⲱϩ, farōḥ/ϥⲁⲣⲱϩ (transport animal) Coptic
bHst : (female calf)
(S, A) baḥsā/ⲃⲁϩⲥⲉ , (B) baḥsi/ⲃⲁϩⲥⲓ , (F) bāḥsi/ⲃⲉϩⲥⲓ (heifer) Coptic
biA : (metal, iron, bronze)
vå-rōt/barōt/ⲃⲁⲣⲱⲧ (S, A, B, F), vå-rot/barot/ⲃⲁⲣⲟⲧ (S, A, B, F) (bronze,brass) Coptic
~ biA n pt : ( iron , metal of heaven)
bnpy Demotic
bānipi/ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ, pānipā/ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ Old Coptic
bānipā /ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ (S), binibā/ⲃⲓⲛⲓⲃⲉ (S), pinipā/ⲡⲓⲛⲓⲡⲉ (S), banipā/ⲃⲁⲛⲓⲡⲉ (S), panip/ⲡⲁⲛⲓⲡ (S),
banipā/ⲃⲁⲛⲓⲡⲉ (A), bānipi/ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲡⲓ (B, F), pānipā/ⲡⲉⲛⲓⲡⲉ (F),
binipi/ⲃⲓⲛⲓⲡⲓ (F) (iron, metal, chains, fetters, sword) Coptic
βenipə (ref Loprieno) IPA
b(i)k : (falcon)
bjk Alt Egyptian
bk (falcon) Demotic
bēkʲ/ⲃⲏϭ (S), bākʲ/ⲃⲉϭ (S), bkʲ/ⲃϭ (S), bēdj/ⲃⲏϫ (B), bādji/ⲃⲉϫⲓ (B), bēkʲ/ⲃⲏϭ (F), bikʲ/ⲃⲓϭ (F), bidj/ⲃⲓϫ Coptic
bin : (evil, bad)
bjn Demotic
bayan (to be bad; to be angry; to lie) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
bōn/ⲃⲱⲛ, bōnā /ⲃⲱⲛⲉ Old Coptic
bōn /ⲃⲱⲛ (evil eye)(B), balbōn/ⲃⲁⲗⲃⲱⲛ (evil eye)(A,B); bōōnā /ⲃⲱⲱⲛⲉ (S) (evil-hearted),
bōōnā/ⲃⲱⲱⲛⲉ (S), bouounā/ⲃⲟⲩⲟⲩⲛⲉ (A), bōōn /ⲃⲱⲱⲛ (S, F) (bad), boonā /ⲃⲟⲟⲛⲉ (S, A), boni /ⲃⲟⲛⲓ
(B), baanā /ⲃⲁⲁⲛⲉ (Sf), bani /ⲃⲁⲛⲓ (F) (evil, misfortune); (S, A, B, F) ābiēn/ⲉⲃⲓⲏⲛ ,
(A) ḥbbiēn/ϩⲃⲃⲓⲏⲛ (poor, wretched person, miserable); əbiēn/ⲈⲂⲒⲎⲚ - (ebyon/ אֶבְיוֹן) Coptic
by/ בי (need, empty, sorrow), aby/ אֶבְי (need), abywn/אֶבְיוֹן (poor, needy, poor, beggar) Ancient Hebrew
᾽ebyôn/אֶבְיוֹן (in want, needy, chiefly poor, needy person, subject to oppression and abuse)
(Bible) < ᾽ebyūn Hebrew
Zebulûn /Σαβουλων Greek
ˈbaːjin (Old Egyptian), ˈbaːjin (Middle Egyptian), ˈbaːʔən (Medio-Late Egyptian),
ˈβoːʔən (Late Egyptian) (ref Loprieno); ban , baʔn (more accurate) (Pre-Coptic) (J.P.A.) IPA
bin Traditional Pronunciation
bāʲin (Loprieno), ban (Allen), (ě)b'ū́ně > ěbyū́nū́ > ᾽ebyôn/אֶבְיוֹן (Albright) Alt Pronunciation
~ bint: (badness, evil)
᾽abynt/ 𐎀𐎁𐎊𐎐𐎉? (wretchedness, misery) (fem) Ugaritic
báʔnat > boonā/ⲃⲟⲟⲛⲉ (S) (Allen), boni/ⲃⲟⲛⲓ (B), bani/ⲃⲁⲛⲓ (evil, misfortune) Coptic
binet Traditional Pronunciation
báɜnat (Loprieno), (ě)b Alt Pronunciation
~ irt bin , (or possibly even) bin irt: (evil eyes)
ban-iərə/ⲃⲁⲛ-ⲓⲉⲓⲣⲉ (malicious 'evil of eye') (S?), ïərboonə/ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲃⲟⲟⲛⲉ (evil eye) Coptic
~ nDm bin : (bad smell)
stibōōn/ⲥϯⲃⲱⲱⲛ (S), stʰobōōn/ⲥⲑⲟⲓⲃⲱⲱⲛ (B) (bad smell , stench) Coptic
bit : (honey)
brt Early Egyptian
póruat “bee” El Molo
ỉby, jbj Demotic
ābïō/ⲉⲃïⲱ (S, B, F), ābiou/ⲉⲃⲓⲟⲩ (A), ābiā/ⲉⲃⲓⲉ (S), ābioouā/ⲉⲃⲓⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S) Coptic
biːt IPA
bity : (bee)
afy (bee) Alt Egyptian
by, ỉby , jby Demotic
bʰey “bee” Proto-Indo-European
ንብ/nibi Amharic
ንህቢ/nəhbi Tigrinya
apis Latin
ape Italian
bite Latvian
bitė Lithuanian
biatā/ ⲃⲓⲁⲧⲉ (S) (bee) < ⲉⲃⲓⲁⲧⲉ (S) (beekeeper) Coptic
(OE 2500 B.C.E.) biˈjat , (ME 1700 B.C.E.) biˈjaʔ, (LE, 800 B.C.E.) βəˈjaʔ (ref Loprieno) IPA
~ afy-n-bit : honey bee
ꜥf (n) ỉby Demotic
nābiō/ ⲛⲉⲃⲓⲱ (S, A, B) (honey fly, bee) Coptic
bity : (King of Lower Egypt = 'bee'; "wealth, affluence" (Kahl)
bjtj , bit Alt Egyptian
bi-ia Cuneiform
nābiō/ ⲛⲉⲃⲓⲱ (S, A, B) (honey fly, bee) Coptic
biti (modern Egyptological) IPA
bkA : (lock of hair)
(S) fō/ϥⲱ, (S) bō/ⲃⲱ, (S) ouō/ⲟⲩⲱ , (S, Sa, sA, B) fōā/ϥⲱⲉ , (A) fouā/ϥⲟⲩⲉ , (sA) bōā/ⲃⲱⲉ ,
(B, F) fōi/ϥⲱⲓ , (F) bōōi/ⲃⲱⲱⲓ (hair) Coptic
bkA : (morning, tomorrow)
bōqer/בוקר (tomorrow) Hebrew
bɛkɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
bndw : (sash, wrap)
ʔa-bə-ne-te Late Kingdom
bni : (swallow)
bēni /ⲃⲏⲛⲓ, bēnā ⲃ/ⲏⲛⲉ Coptic
bn : (bird)
bng Alt Egyptian
bank /ⲃⲁⲛⲕ (a bird (named in magical text with hawk and pelican) Coptic
bnr , bni : (date palm, sweet, pleasant)
bn (date); bny, bnry, bnrt (dates); bny.t (date plam) Alt Egyptian
bnjt, bn, bne, bny; bint (date plam-tree) Demotic
baanir/baaner (pleasant) Proto-Nubian
pənti/ⲠⲈⲚⲦⲒ (date fruit) Old Nubian
benti (Dongolawi), betti (Kenouzi), fetti (Fadičča) (date) Nubian
apənti/ⲁⲡⲉⲛⲧⲓ < binə/ⲃⲩⲛⲉ , bēni/ⲃⲏⲛⲓ (Coptic) Nubian-Coptic
fénti (date fruit) Mahas
aḇēna (date), ḇēnāwen (dates); taḇēnawt (date plam), tḇȩnawēn (date plams) Berber
téheni (date) Tuareg
bᵉnnə/ⲃⲛ︦ⲛⲉ (S, A, sA) (date palm tree, date fruit); bəni/ⲃⲉⲛⲓ (B), bēni/ⲃⲏⲛⲓ (F), bēn(n)i/ⲃⲏⲛ(ⲛ)ⲓ (F),
bn/ⲃⲛ (S), bən/ⲃⲉⲛ (NH), bənnə /ⲃⲉⲛⲛⲉ , (F) b(ə)nnə/Ⲃ(Ⲉ)ⲚⲚⲈ (date palm tree) Coptic
(OE 2500 B.C) biˈniɾ, (ME 1700 B.C.) biˈnij , (LE 800 B.C.) βəˈneʔ (ref Loprieno) IPA
~ bnr Sw : (dried dates)
bnshoouā/ⲃⲛϣⲟⲟⲩⲉ (dreied dates) Coptic
bnt , bint : (harp)
bynt, bʲn.t Demotic
boinā/ⲃⲟⲓⲛⲉ (S), ouōini/ⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ (B) Coptic
ˈbaʲnVt (Loprieno) (Old Egyptian), ˈbajnVʔ (Middle Egyptian), ˈβajnə (Late Egyptian),
binɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
binet Traditional Pronunciation
bnw : (phoenix, heron)
bwnA, bnn ? Alt Egyptian
bānana ? Alt Pronunciation
banē /ⲃⲁⲛⲏ (S) Coptic
bangau (heron) Indonesian
vano (heron) Malagasy
balshūm Egyptian Arabic
bɛnuː (modern Egyptological) bānana (ref Loprieno) IPA
benu Traditional Pronunciation
bnwt : (grindstone, millstone)
bnyt Alt Egyptian
ebnīyet > ewnīyet > ewnī Evolution
br : (two eyes, eyes, see ) bnr : (eyeballs)
brr Alt Egyptian
bl (eye) Demotic
wal, wāl (Ishak)/ⲃⲁⲗ (B), bal/ⲃⲁⲗ (S), bāl/ⲃⲉⲗ (A, sA, F) (eye) Coptic
br : (outside)
bnr Alt Egyptian
bl Late Egyptian
r-bnr > ābol/ⲉⲃⲟⲗ (outside), n-bnr > nbol/ⲛⲃⲟⲗ, m-bnr > mbol/ⲙⲃⲟⲗ (outer, on outside, outwards,
outside, without), Hr-bnr > ḥibol/ϩⲓⲃⲟⲗ, ḥibal/ϩⲓⲃⲁⲗ Evolution
(S, B) ābol/ⲉⲃⲟⲗ, (S, B) bol/ⲃⲟⲗ , (A, F) bal/ⲃⲁⲗ (outisde) Coptic
br : (seagoing vessel, cargo boat)
bār Alt Pronunciation
baris/βαρις (heavy, waterlogged, saturnine, hefty, stodgy, labored) Greek
brbr : (to cast out, to wreck, to overturn)
bārbōr /ⲃⲉⲣⲃⲱⲣ Coptic
brbr : (to dig)
bolbl /ⲃⲟⲗⲃⲗ (to dig up) Coptic
bra: (basket)
bir /ⲃⲓⲣ, bairi /ⲃⲁⲓⲣⲓ Coptic
brg: (to force open a door)
fōrg /ⲫⲱⲣϫ Coptic
brt: (ask for peace)
b(A)r(A)ti Alt Egyptian
bs, bsA : (God Bes)
BAstt , bAst : (Goddess Bastet)
bs : (introduce (someone into), install, initiate (into), enter, bring in (a state of affairs), reveal (a secret)
~ bs.t : you have been introdued (F)
buztVʲ > best (ref Loprieno) IPA
bsn : (gypsum)
sang/ سنگ (stone) Persian
(S) basnkⁱ/ⲃⲁⲥⲛϭ, (S) basānkⁱ/ⲃⲁⲥⲉⲛϭ, (S) basnēkⁱ/ⲃⲁⲥⲛⲏϭ, (S) basēkⁱ/ⲃⲁⲥⲏϭ, (S) basin, basig/ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲅ,
(A) basinkⁱ/ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲛϭ (tin) Coptic
bsnt : (smith, etching needle)
* from the title Hry bsnt (temple of Ptah)
bsnṱ (smith) Demotic
TAi bsnt (metal worker) Alt Egyptian
bt : (grave) (Demotic)
bē/ⲃⲏ (S, B) (grave) Coptic
βe IPA
btA : (wrong, crime)
btw (crime), bty (abomination, crime) Alt Egyptian
(S) botā/ⲃⲟⲧⲉ, (A, sA) batā/ⲃⲁⲧⲉ, (B) boti/ⲃⲟϯ, (F) bati/ⲃⲁϯ (hateful thing, abomination) Coptic
bw : (place)
ab /እብ (place) Ethiopic
kou/ⲕⲟⲩ (A), khō/ⲭⲱ (B), kō/ⲕⲱ (kw) (place) (ref J.P.A.) Coptic
bwir : (do not)
* NOTE b>min Coptic
bu ȧr (negative) Budge
bn-pw (Černy) (negative) Demotic
emparə/ⲙ⳰ⲡⲁⲣⲉ (B), mnarə/ⲙⲛⲁⲣⲉ (B) , mərə/ⲙⲉⲣⲉ (S, M ,F), empa/ⲙ⳰ⲡⲁ (B), ma/ⲙⲁ (S, A),
marə/ⲙⲁⲣⲉ (S, A, sA), mələ/ⲙⲉⲗⲉ (F), mə/ⲙⲉ (S, F), mna/ⲙⲛⲁ (B) (prefix negative aorist) Coptic
~ bwirt : (has not yet happened)
bw ỉr.tw (Černy) Demotic
empatə/ⲙ⳰ⲡⲁⲧⲉ (S, A, sA, B, F), mpaptə/ⲙⲡⲁⲡⲧⲉ (B) Coptic
bw nb : (everyone, everything)
ⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ / rō-mi ni-vān (B?) Coptic
bwpw , b(w)p(w): (negative)
bupu (negative) Budge
bn-pw (Černy) (negative) Demotic
empə/ⲙ⳰ⲡⲉ (b>m) (S, A, sA, B, F), mp/ⲙⲡ (S, A, sA, B, F) (negative) Coptic
bxn (a hard stone)
básanos/βάσᾰνος (gold touchstone, stone which is rubbed on gold to ascertain its authenticity by leaving
a yellow streak) Greek
(5th BCE Attic) bá.sa.nos , (1st CE Egyptian) ˈba.sa.nos , (4th CE Koine)ˈβa.sa.nos,
(10th CE Byzantine)ˈva.sa.nos , (15th CE Constantinopolitan)ˈva.sa.nos (ref Loprieno) IPA
d
d , id , dt : (hand)
yad Proto-Semitic
idu (arm) Akkadian
ʾəǧ/ እጅ Amharic
yad/ يَد Arabic
ʾīd/ ايد Egyptian Arabic
id Maltese
ʾīḏā/ ܐܝܕܐ Aramaic Syriac
yəḏā/ יְדָא , yaḏ יַד/ Aramaic Hebrew
ʾəd/ እድ (ʿid) Ge'ez
yāḏ/ יָד Hebrew
yd/ 𐩺𐩵 Old South Arabian
yd / 𐩺𐩵 Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabanian
yd /𐤉𐤃 Phoenician
ʾəde/ እዴ Tigre
ʾid/ ኢድ Tigrinya
yd/𐎊𐎄 Ugaritic
kʲidj/ϭⲓϫ (S, A, sA, F), djidj/ϫⲓϫ (B), djidjḥ/ϫⲓϫϩ (F), toot/ⲧⲟⲟⲧ (L, S, A), tot/ⲧⲟⲧ (B), taat/ⲧⲁⲁⲧ (F, L, M; S?);
tōrā/ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (hand) Coptic
dỉ Possible Pronunciation
~ d.f (his hand)
totf/ⲧⲟⲧϥ (B), taatf/ⲧⲁⲁⲧϥ (F), tootf/ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ (S, L,A) (Satzinger) Coptic
č̣ártəf > ṭáˀtəf IPA
~ d.w (hands)
djāvdj/ϫⲉⲩϫ (F), djāoudj/ϫⲉⲟⲩϫ (F), djāoudjḥ/ϫⲉⲟⲩϫϩ (F), djāouḥdj/ϫⲉⲟⲩϩϫ (F) Coptic
db : (horn, big animal, horned animal )
* d became t and b became p in Coptic but sometimes retained the sound
dab (big animal) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
dabû / 𒁕𒁍𒌑 (bear) Akkadian
dubb/ دُبّ (bear) Arabic
debbie (bear) Maltese
debbāʾ/ ܕܒܐ (bear) Aramaic Syriac
debā/ דבא (bear) Aramaic Hebrew
dōḇ/ דוב / דב (bear) Hebrew
db/ 𐎄𐎁 (bear) Ugaritic
tap or tab/ⲧⲁⲡ (S, B), təp/ⲧⲉⲡ (Sf, A, sA, F), tēp/ⲧⲏⲡ (F) (horn) Coptic
ꜥib (South), dib (North) ; dib (horn) (Loprieno) IPA
deb Traditional Pronunciation
dab/dəb/dēb > tab/teb (MK) > tap (LK); dəb (UE)(OK) , dab (LE)(OK-MK+) Possible Pronunciation
dbn : (weight of copper or gold (23.7 grams MK) (91 grams NK), weight (of balance, divided into 10 qdt)
'dbn; dī:ban (Loprieno) Alt pronunciation
ti-ba-an Akkadian
didrakhmon/διδραχμον Greek
deben Transliteration
dbAt : ( sarcophagus, coffin, funerary chest or coffer, tomb)
DbAt (robing - room, sarcophagus), Drwt (sarcophagus), DbAwt (outer coffin) Alt Egyptian
taibā/ⲧⲁⲓⲃⲉ (S, Sa, Sf), tēēbā/ⲧⲏⲏⲃⲉ (S, Sa, Sf), tēbā/ⲧⲏⲃⲉ (S, Sa, Sf), tābi/ⲧⲉⲃⲓ (S), tāābā/ⲧⲉⲉⲃⲉ (A), taibi/ⲧⲁⲓⲃⲓ (B),
tōbi/ⲧⲱⲃⲓ (B), tʰēbi/ⲑⲏⲃⲓ (B), tʰābi/ⲑⲉⲃⲓ (B), tābi/ⲧⲉⲃⲉ (F) (chest, coffin, pouch) Coptic
di : (give)
dyi Demotic?
ti /ϯ (S, A, sA, B, F), ta/ⲦⲀ (S, F, Sf), ti/ⲧⲓ (S, F), tiəi/ϯⲉⲓ (S), təi/ⲧⲉⲓ (S, F), tə/ⲧⲉ (A, F), taa/ⲦⲀⲀ (S) (to give), to/ⲦO (S),
toē /ⲦOⲒ (B), toyā /ⲦOⲒⲈ (L), təiə /ⲦⲈⲒⲈ (A), təiəi/ⲧⲉⲓⲉⲓ (F), tēi/ⲧⲏⲓ (B), tō/ⲧⲱ (S), toəiə/ⲧⲟⲉⲓⲉ (sA) (give, pay) Coptic
de/𐦷𐦡 (give offering) d/𐦷 , da Meroitic
te/τε, tai/ται ( Amortaios/Ἀμορταιος/Ỉmn-ỉ.ỉr-dỉ-s name), τει ( Hasphorteis/Ἁσφορτεις/Ḥr-š=f-ỉ.ỉr-dỉ-s) Greek
di Traditional Pronunciation
di:j > diʔ (1,000 BCE) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ dit : given
d(w)t Alt Egyptian
təət/ⲧⲉⲉⲧ (A, sA), ⲧⲏⲓⲧ (B), ⲧⲉⲓⲧ (F), ⲧⲁⲓⲧ (F) (give) Coptic
~ rdi : (to give, put, place, appoint, send (letter), cause, permit)
rdj > Ꜣgj/ ỉdj > dꜢj , djj (Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow) (give) Evolution
rdj ; rd , rta , rṭ (LK) Alt Egyptian
uruddu (Calice) (add) Akkadian
dj , tj (Černy) (give) Demotic
ti /ϯ (S, A, sA, B, F), ta/ⲦⲀ (S, F, Sf), ti/ⲧⲓ (S, F), tiəi/ϯⲉⲓ (S), təi/ⲧⲉⲓ (S, F), tə/ⲧⲉ (A, F), taa/ⲦⲀⲀ (S) (to give),
to/ⲦO (S), toē /ⲦOⲒ (B), toyā /ⲦOⲒⲈ (L), təiə /ⲦⲈⲒⲈ (A), təiəi/ⲧⲉⲓⲉⲓ (F), tēi/ⲧⲏⲓ (B), tō/ⲧⲱ (S),
toəiə/ⲧⲟⲉⲓⲉ (sA) (give, pay) ; refti /ⲣⲉϥϯ CopticCoptic
ʾaṭa/ عـطـﻰ (to give) Egyptian Arabic
~ dit wn irt : instruct, inform, 'cause (the) eye (of somebody) to open)
tounāiat/ⲧⲟⲩⲛⲉⲓⲁⲧ (make the eyes to open) Coptic
~ rdi.n.f n.k sn : (He has given them to you.) (MK)
rDy.n.f n.k sn (He has given to you) Old Kingdom
di.n.f st n.k (He has given to you) Middle-Late Kingdom
dyw st n.k (Has given them to you) Late Kingdom
* Four Thousand Years of Evolution: On a Law of Historical Change in Ancient Egyptian Leo Depuydt
~ wab rdi : (to give/ to cause + pure/ clean)
dj.t wꜥb Demotic
(sA, B) toubo/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ, (S) tbbo/ⲧⲃⲃⲟ, (A) tbouo/ⲧⲃⲟⲩⲟ, (F) tāb(b)o/ⲧⲉⲃ(ⲃ)ⲟ, (F) tāb(b)a/ⲧⲉⲃ(ⲃ)ⲁ,
(F, sA) touba/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲁ, (S) tbbā/ⲧⲃⲃⲉ, (B) toubā/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲉ, (F) tibba/ⲧⲩⲃⲃⲁ, (A) tboua/ⲧⲃⲟⲩⲁ,
(S) tbbēw/ⲧⲃⲃⲏⲩ, (A) tbbouaeit/ⲧⲃⲃⲟⲩⲁⲉⲓⲧ, (sA) touba(ā)it/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓⲧ,
(sA) toubēw/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲏⲩ , (B) toubēout/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲧ, (F) tābēout/ⲧⲉⲃⲏⲟⲩⲧ,
(F) tibbēout/ⲧⲩⲃⲃⲏⲟⲩⲧ, (F) tābēi/ⲧⲉⲃⲏⲩ (become, be pure, make pure, purify) Coptic
~ rDi (to give, to provide)
ty Demotic
ti/ϯ Coptic
(OE 2500 BCE) (ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit , (ME 1700 BCE) (ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ , (Amarna LE 1350 BCE) (ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔə ,
(LE 800 BCE) ˈtʼiːʔ , (modern Egyptological) rɛd͡ʒi (ref Loprieno) IPA
di : (here)
ti, ty Demotic
(S, B) tai/ⲧⲁⲓ (here, hence) Coptic
di(w) : (5 , five) (M)
dij Old Nubian
dimy Malagasy
dīʲaw, dī́jaw (Callender) , jifdáw (ref Loprieno) ˈdiːjaw IPA
di(u) Traditional Pronunciation
tou /ϯⲟⲩ (S, A, sA, F) , et-yoo /ⲧ⳰ⲓⲟⲩ (B) , [abv. ⲉ︦] (male) Coptic
~ di(w) : (five)
tiā /ϯⲉ (S, A, sA, F), towwi / ϯⲟⲩⲓ , ti/ϯ (S, A), ti/ϯ (S, A), et-iā/ⲧ⳰ⲓⲉ (female) Coptic
dī́jat (Callender) , jifdáw (ref Loprieno) IPA
dqr(w) : (fruit, fruit-tree)
tigā/ϯϭⲉ (Peust) (Fruit) Coptic
dmi , dmy : (port, village, town, own, quarter (of town), abode, vicinity, quay) 𓂧𓏇𓇋𓈇𓏤
tmj (town, village) Demotic
(S, A, sA) tmā/ϯⲙⲉ, (S) timā/ⲧⲓⲙⲉ , (B, F) timi /ϯⲙⲓ, (B, F) timi/ⲧⲓⲙⲓ (village) Coptic
Tam Heet < ptimā hēt/ⲡϯⲙⲉ ϧⲏⲧ) (North) Coptic
dɛmi (modern Egyptological) IPA
~ dmytyw (inhabitants of the port) : Damietta
dmyt (port) Alt Egyptian
tamiati/ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ Coptic
tamiáthis/Ταμιάθις (Hellenistic period) Greek
Dumyāṭ/ دمياط Arabic
Damietta Delta
Dimyât Modern
domˈjɑːtˤ (ref Loprieno) IPA
dng : (pygmy)
denk /ድንክ Amharic
deng Traditional Pronunciation
dni(t) : (share, portion, part)
toā /ⲧⲟⲉ (S), toiā/ⲧⲟⲓⲉ (S), ta(ā)/ⲧⲁ(ⲉ) (S), to/ⲧⲟ (S), taiā/ⲧⲁⲓⲉ (Sa, A, sA), taāiā/ⲧⲁⲉⲓⲉ (A), toi/ⲧⲟⲓ (B), tōi/ⲧⲱⲓ (B),
taāi/ⲧⲁⲉⲓ (F), taai/ⲧⲁⲁⲓ (Sf, F) (part, share) Coptic
deni(t) Traditional Pronunciation
danʲut (ref Loprieno) IPA
danā(t), donā(t) (UE) (S); doni(t) (LE) (B) Fix
dp , dpt : (taste)
dpyt 𓂧𓊪𓇋𓇋𓏌𓏏 (Budge) Alt Egytpian
tipi/ϯⲡⲓ (B, F), tipə/ϯⲡⲉ (S, A, sA, L), djitipə/ϫⲓϯⲡⲉ (taste) Coptic
diːpVt (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE), diːpVʔ (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE), diːpə (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) ,
dɛpɛt (modern Egyptological) * V stands for suspected unknown vowel (ref Loprieno) IPA
dep , depet Traditional Pronunciation
dpt : (ship)
dVːput (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE), dVːpuʔ (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE), dVːpə (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) ,
dɛpɛt (modern Egyptological) *V stands for suspected unknown vowel (ref Loprieno) IPA
depet Traditional Pronunciation
~ dp.wt.f : (his board)
dVpwVːtif (ref Loprieno) IPA
dpt : (loans, kidney?)
(OE 2500 BCE) ˈtʼiːpVt ; (ME 1700 BCE) ˈtʼiːpVʔ ; (Amarna LE 1350 BCE) ˈtʼiːpa ;
(LE 800 BCE) ˈtʼiːpə ; (modern Egyptological) dɛpɛt (ref Loprieno) IPA
dqw : (powder, flour)
daqqu Akkadian
däq/דַק (thin, fine, slim, lean, slender, flimsy) Hebrew
dSr : (red, flamingo)
dSrt (crane) ? Alt Egyptian
ṭšr (red w/ yellow) Schenkel
edrēšet < edšēret ; bsharōsh < bashsharōsh , badsharōsh < badrashrōsh < badtrashrōsh (Worrell) Evolution
tōrsh/ⲧⲱⲣϣ (S, A), tʰōrsh/ⲑⲱⲣϣ (B), tosh/ ⲧⲟⲣϣ (be red); trosh/ⲧⲣⲟϣ, (flamingo); ātēshi/ⲉⲧⲏϣⲓ (B),
ātāshi/ⲉⲧⲉϣⲓ (B) (crane); throš/ⲑⲣⲟϣ (B), tōrš/ⲧⲱⲣϣ (A)Coptic
basharōsh/ بَشاروش (flamingo) Egyptian Arabic
ˈtʼaːʃiɾ (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE), ˈtʼaːɾiʃ (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), ˈtʼoːɾəʃ (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) (Adjective);
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈtʼuːʃVɾ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈtʼuːʃVʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈtʼeːʃə (noun)
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) tʼaˈʃaɾ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) tʼaˈɾaʃ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) tʼəˈɾaʃ
(ref Loprieno) IPA
djeshret Traditional Pronunciation
dSr : (red, reddening, redness, turning red)
edrēšet < edšēret ;
bsharōsh < bashsharōsh , badsharōsh < badrashrōsh < badtrashrōsh < pāt-tʰrāshrōsh / ⲡⲉⲧ-ⲑⲣⲉϣⲣⲱϣ
(Worrell) Evolution
(B) ātēshi/ⲉⲧⲏϣⲓ (rust (blight), mildew); (S, A) tōrsh/ⲧⲱⲣϣ, (B) tʰōrsh/ⲑⲱⲣϣ, trosh/ⲧⲣⲟϣ (be red);
tshrā/ⲧϣⲣⲉ (grow red); troshr(ā)sh/ⲧⲣⲟϣⲣ(ⲉ)ϣ (become red, be red, redness); trosh/ⲧⲣⲟϣ (be red);
tshrā/ⲧϣⲣⲉ (grow red); trāshrōsh/ⲧⲣⲉϣⲣⲱϣ (red) ; pāt-tʰrāshrōsh / ⲡⲉⲧ-ⲑⲣⲉϣⲣⲱϣ (that which is red) Coptic
erusibe, erysivi/ερυσιβη (mildew) Greek
dɛʃɛr (modern Egyptological), ʔtshre (Crum) IPA
deshret Traditional Pronunciation
~ dSrt : (red pot, red crown, red lands)
ātēshi/ⲉⲧⲏϣⲓ (B), ātāshi/ⲉⲧⲉϣⲓ (crane, rust, mildew), edrēšet, edšēret Coptic
edrēšet < edšēret IPA
~ dSrw : (blood)
dSr : (desert, red land)
désert French
(S, A, sA) dja(ā)ï/ϫⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓⲉ, (S) djaā/ϫⲁⲉ, (Sf, F) dja(i)ē/ϫⲁ(ⲓ)ⲏ (desert) Coptic
dɛʃrɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
dåshrat , tōrš (Schenkel, Cerny, Westendorf) Other Pronunciations
deshret Traditional Pronunciation
dSr : (grains)
dišarru (wild grown cerals) Akkadian
dmitiw , dmytyw : (inhabitants of a port) 𓂧𓏇𓇋𓈅𓏤 Damietta
dmyt (port) Egyptian
tamiati / ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ (CED, Cerny 354) Coptic
Tamiátʰis/Ταμιάθις Greek
Damietta/
دمياط Arabic
Dimwit Alt Name
Damietta Delta
dwA : (praise, worship)
dwꜣ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
duSa Proto-Austronesian
duha Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
dua Proto-Sunda-Sulawesi
dāti/দাতি Sanskrit
düa/দোৱা (dʊa IPA) (blessings, prayer) Assamese
doğa/ доға (dʊ̞ˈʁɑ IPA) (prayer) Bashkir
doga (prayer) Turkmem
àddu'ā̀ (prayer) < al-duʿā/ اَلْدُعَاء Arabic (the prayer) Hausa
duā/दुआ (prayer, supplication, wish, blessing, salutation, curse) Hindi
doa (a prayer) Indonesian
do'â/ دعا (prayer, blessing, benediction) Persian
duʾo/ дуъо (prayer, blessing, benediction) (Persian) Tajik
do'a / du'a দো'আ (Muslim) Bengali
duğa/ дұға (prayer) Kazakh
duba/дуба (prayer) Kyrgyz
duo (prayer) (Persian) Uzbek
dua (prayer) Turkish
du'ā/ دعا (call, prayer, invocation, supplication, request, plea, good wishes, imprecation, curse) Urdu
du'a, duʿāʾ, duAa' /دُعَاء (duˈʕæːʔ , doowa (archaic) IPA) (call, prayer, invocation, supplication, request, plea, good
wishes, imprecation, curse) ; daAa/ د َعى (pray) Egyptian Arabic
(S, A, sA, F, Sa) tōbḥ/ ⲧⲱⲃϩ, (B) ṭōbḥ/ ⲧⲱⲃϩ, (S, F) tōbaḥ/ⲧⲱⲃⲁϩ, (S, A, sA) tbḥ/ⲧⲃϩ , (S) tābḥ/ⲧⲉⲃϩ ,
(B) ṭobḥ/ⲧⲟⲃϩ, (S) tobḥ/ⲧⲟⲃϩ, (Sf) taḥb/ⲧⲁϩⲃ , (F) tabaḥ/ⲧⲁⲃⲁϩ (prayer, entreat, console) ;
(S, F) tōbaḥ//ⲧⲱⲃⲁϩ (prayer) Coptic
duːɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
dua Traditional Pronunciation
~ dwAw : (praise, worship) (plur)
adʿiyah/ أدْعِيَة (ʔædˈʕijæ IPA) (invocation, is an act of supplication) (plur) Arabic
dwAt : (Underworld)
twꜢ.t Demotic
tē /ⲧⲏ Old Coptic
tēi/ⲧⲏⲓ, tō/ⲧⲱ (Underworld) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE)ˈtʼuwʀat , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈtʼuwʀaʔ , (Medio-Late Egyptian,1350 BCE)ˈtʼuːʔəʔ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) tʼeːʔ (ref Loprieno) IPA
dwAyt , dwAt , dwA : (Morning)
dwAw Middle Kingdom
(B) to-owwi /ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ, (S) toouā /ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ, (S) toowwi /ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ, (Sa) towā /ⲧⲁⲩⲉ, (Sf, sA) ḥtowā/ϩⲧⲁⲩⲉ, (A, sA) ḥitowā/ϩⲓⲧⲁⲩⲉ,
(S) ḥtoouā /ϩⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ, (S) ḥtoou /ϩⲧⲟⲟⲩ (dawn, morning) Coptic
ṭuwat /ጤት Amharic
~ nfr dwAyt (good of morning ) Egyptian
na-nā a-to-owwi ⲛⲁⲛⲉ 'ⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ (good morning) Coptic
dwn : (stretch out (legs, hands), stretch (bow), straighten (knees)
da:wan (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ṭwl Semitic
tōoun/ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ Coptic
dy : (here, there)
ð (this) Semitic
d , id , dt : (hand)
yad Proto-Semitic
idu (arm) Akkadian
ʾəǧ/ እጅ Amharic
yad/ يَد Arabic
ʾīd/ ايد Egyptian Arabic
id Maltese
ʾīḏā/ ܐܝܕܐ Aramaic Syriac
yəḏā/ יְדָא , yaḏ יַד/ Aramaic Hebrew
ʾəd/ እድ (ʿid) Ge'ez
yāḏ/ יָד Hebrew
yd/ 𐩺𐩵 Old South Arabian
yd / 𐩺𐩵 Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabanian
yd /𐤉𐤃 Phoenician
ʾəde/ እዴ Tigre
ʾid/ ኢድ Tigrinya
yd/𐎊𐎄 Ugaritic
kʲidj/ϭⲓϫ (S, A, sA, F), djidj/ϫⲓϫ (B), djidjḥ/ϫⲓϫϩ (F), toot/ⲧⲟⲟⲧ (L, S, A), tot/ⲧⲟⲧ (B), taat/ⲧⲁⲁⲧ (F, L, M; S?);
tōrā/ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (hand) Coptic
dỉ Possible Pronunciation
~ d.f (his hand)
totf/ⲧⲟⲧϥ (B), taatf/ⲧⲁⲁⲧϥ (F), tootf/ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ (S, L,A) (Satzinger) Coptic
č̣ártəf > ṭáˀtəf IPA
~ d.w (hands)
djāvdj/ϫⲉⲩϫ (F), djāoudj/ϫⲉⲟⲩϫ (F), djāoudjḥ/ϫⲉⲟⲩϫϩ (F), djāouḥdj/ϫⲉⲟⲩϩϫ (F) Coptic
db : (horn, big animal, horned animal )
* d became t and b became p in Coptic but sometimes retained the sound
dab (big animal) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
dabû / 𒁕𒁍𒌑 (bear) Akkadian
dubb/ دُبّ (bear) Arabic
debbie (bear) Maltese
debbāʾ/ ܕܒܐ (bear) Aramaic Syriac
debā/ דבא (bear) Aramaic Hebrew
dōḇ/ דוב / דב (bear) Hebrew
db/ 𐎄𐎁 (bear) Ugaritic
tap or tab/ⲧⲁⲡ (S, B), təp/ⲧⲉⲡ (Sf, A, sA, F), tēp/ⲧⲏⲡ (F) (horn) Coptic
ꜥib (South), dib (North) ; dib (horn) (Loprieno) IPA
deb Traditional Pronunciation
dab/dəb/dēb > tab/teb (MK) > tap (LK); dəb (UE)(OK) , dab (LE)(OK-MK+) Possible Pronunciation
dbn : (weight of copper or gold (23.7 grams MK) (91 grams NK), weight (of balance, divided into 10 qdt)
'dbn; dī:ban (Loprieno) Alt pronunciation
ti-ba-an Akkadian
didrakhmon/διδραχμον Greek
deben Transliteration
dbAt : ( sarcophagus, coffin, funerary chest or coffer, tomb)
DbAt (robing - room, sarcophagus), Drwt (sarcophagus), DbAwt (outer coffin) Alt Egyptian
taibā/ⲧⲁⲓⲃⲉ (S, Sa, Sf), tēēbā/ⲧⲏⲏⲃⲉ (S, Sa, Sf), tēbā/ⲧⲏⲃⲉ (S, Sa, Sf), tābi/ⲧⲉⲃⲓ (S), tāābā/ⲧⲉⲉⲃⲉ (A), taibi/ⲧⲁⲓⲃⲓ (B),
tōbi/ⲧⲱⲃⲓ (B), tʰēbi/ⲑⲏⲃⲓ (B), tʰābi/ⲑⲉⲃⲓ (B), tābi/ⲧⲉⲃⲉ (F) (chest, coffin, pouch) Coptic
di : (give)
dyi Demotic?
ti /ϯ (S, A, sA, B, F), ta/ⲦⲀ (S, F, Sf), ti/ⲧⲓ (S, F), tiəi/ϯⲉⲓ (S), təi/ⲧⲉⲓ (S, F), tə/ⲧⲉ (A, F), taa/ⲦⲀⲀ (S) (to give), to/ⲦO (S),
toē /ⲦOⲒ (B), toyā /ⲦOⲒⲈ (L), təiə /ⲦⲈⲒⲈ (A), təiəi/ⲧⲉⲓⲉⲓ (F), tēi/ⲧⲏⲓ (B), tō/ⲧⲱ (S), toəiə/ⲧⲟⲉⲓⲉ (sA) (give, pay) Coptic
de/𐦷𐦡 (give offering) d/𐦷 , da Meroitic
te/τε, tai/ται ( Amortaios/Ἀμορταιος/Ỉmn-ỉ.ỉr-dỉ-s name), τει ( Hasphorteis/Ἁσφορτεις/Ḥr-š=f-ỉ.ỉr-dỉ-s) Greek
di Traditional Pronunciation
di:j > diʔ (1,000 BCE) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ dit : given
d(w)t Alt Egyptian
təət/ⲧⲉⲉⲧ (A, sA), ⲧⲏⲓⲧ (B), ⲧⲉⲓⲧ (F), ⲧⲁⲓⲧ (F) (give) Coptic
~ rdi : (to give, put, place, appoint, send (letter), cause, permit)
rdj > Ꜣgj/ ỉdj > dꜢj , djj (Adolf Erman and Hermann Grapow) (give) Evolution
rdj ; rd , rta , rṭ (LK) Alt Egyptian
uruddu (Calice) (add) Akkadian
dj , tj (Černy) (give) Demotic
ti /ϯ (S, A, sA, B, F), ta/ⲦⲀ (S, F, Sf), ti/ⲧⲓ (S, F), tiəi/ϯⲉⲓ (S), təi/ⲧⲉⲓ (S, F), tə/ⲧⲉ (A, F), taa/ⲦⲀⲀ (S) (to give),
to/ⲦO (S), toē /ⲦOⲒ (B), toyā /ⲦOⲒⲈ (L), təiə /ⲦⲈⲒⲈ (A), təiəi/ⲧⲉⲓⲉⲓ (F), tēi/ⲧⲏⲓ (B), tō/ⲧⲱ (S),
toəiə/ⲧⲟⲉⲓⲉ (sA) (give, pay) ; refti /ⲣⲉϥϯ CopticCoptic
ʾaṭa/ عـطـﻰ (to give) Egyptian Arabic
~ dit wn irt : instruct, inform, 'cause (the) eye (of somebody) to open)
tounāiat/ⲧⲟⲩⲛⲉⲓⲁⲧ (make the eyes to open) Coptic
~ rdi.n.f n.k sn : (He has given them to you.) (MK)
rDy.n.f n.k sn (He has given to you) Old Kingdom
di.n.f st n.k (He has given to you) Middle-Late Kingdom
dyw st n.k (Has given them to you) Late Kingdom
* Four Thousand Years of Evolution: On a Law of Historical Change in Ancient Egyptian Leo Depuydt
~ wab rdi : (to give/ to cause + pure/ clean)
dj.t wꜥb Demotic
(sA, B) toubo/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ, (S) tbbo/ⲧⲃⲃⲟ, (A) tbouo/ⲧⲃⲟⲩⲟ, (F) tāb(b)o/ⲧⲉⲃ(ⲃ)ⲟ, (F) tāb(b)a/ⲧⲉⲃ(ⲃ)ⲁ,
(F, sA) touba/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲁ, (S) tbbā/ⲧⲃⲃⲉ, (B) toubā/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲉ, (F) tibba/ⲧⲩⲃⲃⲁ, (A) tboua/ⲧⲃⲟⲩⲁ,
(S) tbbēw/ⲧⲃⲃⲏⲩ, (A) tbbouaeit/ⲧⲃⲃⲟⲩⲁⲉⲓⲧ, (sA) touba(ā)it/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓⲧ,
(sA) toubēw/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲏⲩ , (B) toubēout/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲏⲟⲩⲧ, (F) tābēout/ⲧⲉⲃⲏⲟⲩⲧ,
(F) tibbēout/ⲧⲩⲃⲃⲏⲟⲩⲧ, (F) tābēi/ⲧⲉⲃⲏⲩ (become, be pure, make pure, purify) Coptic
~ rDi (to give, to provide)
ty Demotic
ti/ϯ Coptic
(OE 2500 BCE) (ɾV)ˈcʼiːjit , (ME 1700 BCE) (ɾV)ˈtʼiːjiʔ , (Amarna LE 1350 BCE) (ɾə)ˈtʼiːʔə ,
(LE 800 BCE) ˈtʼiːʔ , (modern Egyptological) rɛd͡ʒi (ref Loprieno) IPA
di : (here)
ti, ty Demotic
(S, B) tai/ⲧⲁⲓ (here, hence) Coptic
di(w) : (5 , five) (M)
dij Old Nubian
dimy Malagasy
dīʲaw, dī́jaw (Callender) , jifdáw (ref Loprieno) ˈdiːjaw IPA
di(u) Traditional Pronunciation
tou /ϯⲟⲩ (S, A, sA, F) , et-yoo /ⲧ⳰ⲓⲟⲩ (B) , [abv. ⲉ︦] (male) Coptic
~ di(w) : (five)
tiā /ϯⲉ (S, A, sA, F), towwi / ϯⲟⲩⲓ , ti/ϯ (S, A), ti/ϯ (S, A), et-iā/ⲧ⳰ⲓⲉ (female) Coptic
dī́jat (Callender) , jifdáw (ref Loprieno) IPA
dqr(w) : (fruit, fruit-tree)
tigā/ϯϭⲉ (Peust) (Fruit) Coptic
dmi , dmy : (port, village, town, own, quarter (of town), abode, vicinity, quay) 𓂧𓏇𓇋𓈇𓏤
tmj (town, village) Demotic
(S, A, sA) tmā/ϯⲙⲉ, (S) timā/ⲧⲓⲙⲉ , (B, F) timi /ϯⲙⲓ, (B, F) timi/ⲧⲓⲙⲓ (village) Coptic
Tam Heet < ptimā hēt/ⲡϯⲙⲉ ϧⲏⲧ) (North) Coptic
dɛmi (modern Egyptological) IPA
~ dmytyw (inhabitants of the port) : Damietta
dmyt (port) Alt Egyptian
tamiati/ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ Coptic
tamiáthis/Ταμιάθις (Hellenistic period) Greek
Dumyāṭ/ دمياط Arabic
Damietta Delta
Dimyât Modern
domˈjɑːtˤ (ref Loprieno) IPA
dng : (pygmy)
denk /ድንክ Amharic
deng Traditional Pronunciation
dni(t) : (share, portion, part)
toā /ⲧⲟⲉ (S), toiā/ⲧⲟⲓⲉ (S), ta(ā)/ⲧⲁ(ⲉ) (S), to/ⲧⲟ (S), taiā/ⲧⲁⲓⲉ (Sa, A, sA), taāiā/ⲧⲁⲉⲓⲉ (A), toi/ⲧⲟⲓ (B), tōi/ⲧⲱⲓ (B),
taāi/ⲧⲁⲉⲓ (F), taai/ⲧⲁⲁⲓ (Sf, F) (part, share) Coptic
deni(t) Traditional Pronunciation
danʲut (ref Loprieno) IPA
danā(t), donā(t) (UE) (S); doni(t) (LE) (B) Fix
dp , dpt : (taste)
dpyt 𓂧𓊪𓇋𓇋𓏌𓏏 (Budge) Alt Egytpian
tipi/ϯⲡⲓ (B, F), tipə/ϯⲡⲉ (S, A, sA, L), djitipə/ϫⲓϯⲡⲉ (taste) Coptic
diːpVt (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE), diːpVʔ (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE), diːpə (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) ,
dɛpɛt (modern Egyptological) * V stands for suspected unknown vowel (ref Loprieno) IPA
dep , depet Traditional Pronunciation
dpt : (ship)
dVːput (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE), dVːpuʔ (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE), dVːpə (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) ,
dɛpɛt (modern Egyptological) *V stands for suspected unknown vowel (ref Loprieno) IPA
depet Traditional Pronunciation
~ dp.wt.f : (his board)
dVpwVːtif (ref Loprieno) IPA
dpt : (loans, kidney?)
(OE 2500 BCE) ˈtʼiːpVt ; (ME 1700 BCE) ˈtʼiːpVʔ ; (Amarna LE 1350 BCE) ˈtʼiːpa ;
(LE 800 BCE) ˈtʼiːpə ; (modern Egyptological) dɛpɛt (ref Loprieno) IPA
dqw : (powder, flour)
daqqu Akkadian
däq/דַק (thin, fine, slim, lean, slender, flimsy) Hebrew
dSr : (red, flamingo)
dSrt (crane) ? Alt Egyptian
ṭšr (red w/ yellow) Schenkel
edrēšet < edšēret ; bsharōsh < bashsharōsh , badsharōsh < badrashrōsh < badtrashrōsh (Worrell) Evolution
tōrsh/ⲧⲱⲣϣ (S, A), tʰōrsh/ⲑⲱⲣϣ (B), tosh/ ⲧⲟⲣϣ (be red); trosh/ⲧⲣⲟϣ, (flamingo); ātēshi/ⲉⲧⲏϣⲓ (B),
ātāshi/ⲉⲧⲉϣⲓ (B) (crane); throš/ⲑⲣⲟϣ (B), tōrš/ⲧⲱⲣϣ (A)Coptic
basharōsh/ بَشاروش (flamingo) Egyptian Arabic
ˈtʼaːʃiɾ (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE), ˈtʼaːɾiʃ (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), ˈtʼoːɾəʃ (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) (Adjective);
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈtʼuːʃVɾ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈtʼuːʃVʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ˈtʼeːʃə (noun)
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) tʼaˈʃaɾ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) tʼaˈɾaʃ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) tʼəˈɾaʃ
(ref Loprieno) IPA
djeshret Traditional Pronunciation
dSr : (red, reddening, redness, turning red)
edrēšet < edšēret ;
bsharōsh < bashsharōsh , badsharōsh < badrashrōsh < badtrashrōsh < pāt-tʰrāshrōsh / ⲡⲉⲧ-ⲑⲣⲉϣⲣⲱϣ
(Worrell) Evolution
(B) ātēshi/ⲉⲧⲏϣⲓ (rust (blight), mildew); (S, A) tōrsh/ⲧⲱⲣϣ, (B) tʰōrsh/ⲑⲱⲣϣ, trosh/ⲧⲣⲟϣ (be red);
tshrā/ⲧϣⲣⲉ (grow red); troshr(ā)sh/ⲧⲣⲟϣⲣ(ⲉ)ϣ (become red, be red, redness); trosh/ⲧⲣⲟϣ (be red);
tshrā/ⲧϣⲣⲉ (grow red); trāshrōsh/ⲧⲣⲉϣⲣⲱϣ (red) ; pāt-tʰrāshrōsh / ⲡⲉⲧ-ⲑⲣⲉϣⲣⲱϣ (that which is red) Coptic
erusibe, erysivi/ερυσιβη (mildew) Greek
dɛʃɛr (modern Egyptological), ʔtshre (Crum) IPA
deshret Traditional Pronunciation
~ dSrt : (red pot, red crown, red lands)
ātēshi/ⲉⲧⲏϣⲓ (B), ātāshi/ⲉⲧⲉϣⲓ (crane, rust, mildew), edrēšet, edšēret Coptic
edrēšet < edšēret IPA
~ dSrw : (blood)
dSr : (desert, red land)
désert French
(S, A, sA) dja(ā)ï/ϫⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓⲉ, (S) djaā/ϫⲁⲉ, (Sf, F) dja(i)ē/ϫⲁ(ⲓ)ⲏ (desert) Coptic
dɛʃrɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
dåshrat , tōrš (Schenkel, Cerny, Westendorf) Other Pronunciations
deshret Traditional Pronunciation
dSr : (grains)
dišarru (wild grown cerals) Akkadian
dmitiw , dmytyw : (inhabitants of a port) 𓂧𓏇𓇋𓈅𓏤 Damietta
dmyt (port) Egyptian
tamiati / ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ (CED, Cerny 354) Coptic
Tamiátʰis/Ταμιάθις Greek
Damietta/
دمياط Arabic
Dimwit Alt Name
Damietta Delta
dwA : (praise, worship)
dwꜣ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
duSa Proto-Austronesian
duha Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
dua Proto-Sunda-Sulawesi
dāti/দাতি Sanskrit
düa/দোৱা (dʊa IPA) (blessings, prayer) Assamese
doğa/ доға (dʊ̞ˈʁɑ IPA) (prayer) Bashkir
doga (prayer) Turkmem
àddu'ā̀ (prayer) < al-duʿā/ اَلْدُعَاء Arabic (the prayer) Hausa
duā/दुआ (prayer, supplication, wish, blessing, salutation, curse) Hindi
doa (a prayer) Indonesian
do'â/ دعا (prayer, blessing, benediction) Persian
duʾo/ дуъо (prayer, blessing, benediction) (Persian) Tajik
do'a / du'a দো'আ (Muslim) Bengali
duğa/ дұға (prayer) Kazakh
duba/дуба (prayer) Kyrgyz
duo (prayer) (Persian) Uzbek
dua (prayer) Turkish
du'ā/ دعا (call, prayer, invocation, supplication, request, plea, good wishes, imprecation, curse) Urdu
du'a, duʿāʾ, duAa' /دُعَاء (duˈʕæːʔ , doowa (archaic) IPA) (call, prayer, invocation, supplication, request, plea, good
wishes, imprecation, curse) ; daAa/ د َعى (pray) Egyptian Arabic
(S, A, sA, F, Sa) tōbḥ/ ⲧⲱⲃϩ, (B) ṭōbḥ/ ⲧⲱⲃϩ, (S, F) tōbaḥ/ⲧⲱⲃⲁϩ, (S, A, sA) tbḥ/ⲧⲃϩ , (S) tābḥ/ⲧⲉⲃϩ ,
(B) ṭobḥ/ⲧⲟⲃϩ, (S) tobḥ/ⲧⲟⲃϩ, (Sf) taḥb/ⲧⲁϩⲃ , (F) tabaḥ/ⲧⲁⲃⲁϩ (prayer, entreat, console) ;
(S, F) tōbaḥ//ⲧⲱⲃⲁϩ (prayer) Coptic
duːɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
dua Traditional Pronunciation
~ dwAw : (praise, worship) (plur)
adʿiyah/ أدْعِيَة (ʔædˈʕijæ IPA) (invocation, is an act of supplication) (plur) Arabic
dwAt : (Underworld)
twꜢ.t Demotic
tē /ⲧⲏ Old Coptic
tēi/ⲧⲏⲓ, tō/ⲧⲱ (Underworld) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE)ˈtʼuwʀat , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈtʼuwʀaʔ , (Medio-Late Egyptian,1350 BCE)ˈtʼuːʔəʔ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) tʼeːʔ (ref Loprieno) IPA
dwAyt , dwAt , dwA : (Morning)
dwAw Middle Kingdom
(B) to-owwi /ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ, (S) toouā /ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ, (S) toowwi /ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ, (Sa) towā /ⲧⲁⲩⲉ, (Sf, sA) ḥtowā/ϩⲧⲁⲩⲉ, (A, sA) ḥitowā/ϩⲓⲧⲁⲩⲉ,
(S) ḥtoouā /ϩⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ, (S) ḥtoou /ϩⲧⲟⲟⲩ (dawn, morning) Coptic
ṭuwat /ጤት Amharic
~ nfr dwAyt (good of morning ) Egyptian
na-nā a-to-owwi ⲛⲁⲛⲉ 'ⲁⲧⲟⲟⲩⲓ (good morning) Coptic
dwn : (stretch out (legs, hands), stretch (bow), straighten (knees)
da:wan (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ṭwl Semitic
tōoun/ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ Coptic
dy : (here, there)
ð (this) Semitic
D
DA : (to be sound, healthy)
(S, B, F) ougai/ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ, (S) oudjhai/ⲟⲩϫϩⲁⲓ, (Sa) ougēi/ⲟⲩϫⲏⲓ, (Sa) ougiāi/ⲟⲩϫⲓⲉⲓ, (A, F) ougāi/ⲟⲩϫⲉⲓ,
(A, sA, F) ougāāi/ⲟⲩϫⲉⲉⲓ, (A) ougāitā/ⲟⲩϫⲉⲓⲧⲉ, (NH) oudjaāi/ⲟⲩϫⲁⲉⲓ, (S, B, F) ouodj/ⲟⲩⲟϫ,
(A, sA, F) owwadj/ⲟⲩⲁϫ (be whole, safe, sound ) Coptic
Dab : (coal, black)
djbb(ā)s/ϫⲃⲃ(ⲉ)ⲥ (S), djābbās/ϫⲉⲃⲃⲉⲥ (S), djābbs/ϫⲉⲃⲃⲥ (S), dj(ā)bs/ϫ(ⲉ)ⲃⲥ (S), djnēbs/ϫⲛⲏⲃⲥ (S), djēbs/ϫⲏⲃⲥ (S),
djēibes/ϫⲏⲓⲃⲉⲥ (S), dja(ā)ibes/ϫⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓⲃⲉⲥ (S), djbbās/ϫⲃⲃⲉⲥ (A), djābs/ϫⲉⲃⲥ (B), djēbbās/ϫⲏⲃⲃⲉⲥ (S) Coptic
DADA , ḏꜣḏꜣ : (head, skull) 𓍑𓄿𓍑𓄿𓁶
ḏꜣḏꜣnwt Middle Egyptian
DADA 𓍑𓄿𓍑𓄿𓁶 (head) Late Egyptian
DD, ḏꜣḏꜣ Demotic
gulgullu skull, head) (AEP J.P.A. p63) Akkadian
gulgaltā/ גּוּלְגַּלְתָּא skull, head) Aramaic
gulgṓleṯ/גולגולת \ גֻּלְגֹּלֶת (skull, head) Biblical Hebrew
jumjuma/ جُمْجُمَة (skull) Arabic
djō/ϫⲱ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA, B, F) čō,djō/ϫⲱ (head); čou,djou/ϫⲟⲩ ; (S, sA, B, F) djōdj/ϫⲱϫ, (S, sA, B, F)
(B) djadj/ϫⲁϫ (head, capital, chief) (Crum, Marcion) Coptic
tête French
(OE, 2500 BCE) ˈcʼaʀcʼaʀ , (ME, 1700 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼaʀt͡ʃʼaʀ , (Medio-LE, 1350 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼaːt͡ʃʼəʔ,
(LE, 800 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼoːt͡ʃʼ, (modern Egyptological) d͡ʒɑd͡ʒɑ (Vycichl, 334) (ref Loprieno) IPA
djadja Traditional Pronunciation
DADAw : (jar, pot)
shoshou/ϣⲟϣⲟⲩ (S, B), shashou/ϣⲁϣⲟⲩ (S, sA, F), shosho/ϣⲟϣⲟ (S) (pot, Jar) Coptic
DAf : to burn
ḏf Demotic
čōf/ϫⲱϥ (B), čouf/ϫⲟⲩϥ (S) Coptic
(OE 2500 BCE) ˈcʼaːʀaf , (ME 1700 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼaːʀaf , (LE 800 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼoːʔəf (ref Loprieno) IPA
DAi : (to cross over, to ferry (one across), cross the sky
dꜢy (djǎy) Middle Egyptian
dy Demotic
djoi/ϫⲟⲓ (S, B), djoāi/ϫⲟⲉⲓ (S), djāi/ϫⲁⲓ (A, sA, F), djaāi/ϫⲁⲉⲓ (Sa, A, sA) Coptic
djǎy Alternative Pronunciation
djay Traditional Pronunciation
~DAiw : (plur)
eādjēv/ⲉϫⲏⲩ (S, sA, F), ādjēou/ⲉϫⲏⲟⲩ (B) (plur) Coptic
adjēw Alternative Pronunciation
DAmAa : (papyrus, a roll of papyrus, a sheet of calculations, book, volume, document)
(S, F) djōōmə /ϫⲱⲱⲙⲉ, (S, sA, F) djōmə/ϫⲱⲙⲉ, (A) djououmə/ϫⲟⲩⲟⲩⲙⲉ, (A) djoumə/ϫⲟⲩⲙⲉ, (B) djōm/ϫⲱⲙ ,
(F) djōōmi/ϫⲱⲱⲙⲓ, (F) djōi/ϫⲱⲙⲓ, (F) djoomə/ϫⲟⲟⲙⲉ, (F) djomə/ϫⲟⲙⲉ
(sheet, roll of papyrus, written document, book, (rarely parchment) bundle) Coptic
Dar : (to seek out)
Da Alt Egyptian
čoule, djoulə/ϫⲟⲩⲗⲉ (A) cōl/ϭⲱⲗ (B), čole, djolə/ϫⲟⲗⲉ (F), čōle, djōlə/ϫⲱⲗⲉ (S) (collect, harvest, gather) Coptic
DArt : (scorpion)
Dart > DAl(t), Dlt, Drt, Dri, [ḏꜣr.t, ḏr.t] (scorpion) : Demotic
chlē/ϭⲗⲏ (B) (scorpion) Coptic
~ pA-DrwAt [ḏꜣr.t, ḏr.t]c(Scorpio Zodiac) Egyptian
~ pA-DAlt , pA-DAl [ḏꜣl.t, ḏl.t] (Scorpio Zodiac) : Demotic
~ chlē/ϭⲗⲏ (B) (Scorpio Zodiac) Coptic
DAwf : (papyrus)
(S) djoouf /ϫⲟⲟⲩϥ, (B) chomf /ϭⲟⲙϥ, (B) chonf /ϭⲟⲛϥ Coptic
DAy : (large river boat)
Dj (boat, ship) Demotic
(S, B) djoi/ϫⲟⲓ , (S) djoāi/ϫⲟⲉⲓ , (A, sA, F) djai/ϫⲁⲓ , (Sa, A, sA) djaāi/ϫⲁⲉⲓ (ship, boat)
Dba : (10,000 , ten thousand)
tba/ⲧⲃⲁ (S, A, sA), etʰba/ⲑ⳰ⲃⲁ (B), tbā/ⲧⲃⲉ (F) Coptic
baʕ IPA
ḏubáꜥ (Callender) , ḏ˘báꜥ (Loprieno) , ḏa'baˤ Alt pronunciation
Dba : (finger, thumb, toe, digit (one twentyeigth cubit), 10,000 (numeral)
(S, F) tēēbā/ⲧⲏⲏⲃⲉ, (S, sA) tēbā/ⲧⲏⲃⲉ, (S) tābā/ⲧⲉⲃⲉ, (S, A) tibā/ϯⲃⲉ, (A) tiïbā/ϯⲉⲓⲃⲉ, (B) tēb/ⲧⲏⲃ,
(F) tāābā/ⲧⲉⲉⲃⲉ (finger, thumb, toe,) Coptic
ṣbʾā/ ܨܒܥܐ Syriac
étsba,etsbá /אֶצבַּע (finger, forefinger, toe, digit) Hebrew
ʾätsəbaʾəə/አጽባዕት Ethiopic
'iṣbaꜥ / إصبع (finger, digit, key) Arabic
Dbawt : (signet, seal)
(S) tōōbe/ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ, (S) toobe/ⲧⲟⲟⲃⲉ, (S) tobe/ⲧⲟⲃⲉ, (S) toob/ⲧⲟⲟⲃ, (B) tōb/ⲧⲱⲃ, (B) tōp/ ⲧⲱⲡ, (B) tob/ⲧⲟⲃ,
(B) top/ⲧⲟⲡ, (B) tēb/ⲧⲏⲃ, (B) teb/ⲧⲉⲃ, (B) tēb/ⲧⲏⲡ, (F) tōbi/ⲧⲱⲃⲓ, (F) taab/ⲧⲁⲁⲃ, (F) taabe/ ⲧⲁⲁⲃⲉ,
(A) toube/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲉ, (Sa, A, sA, F) tab/ⲧⲁⲃ, (Sa, F) tabe/ⲧⲁⲃⲉ Coptic
ḏa:baˤ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Dbt : (brick)
Dbt> dbt Evolution
tb, tby Demotic
tōōbā /ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ (S), tōōbi/ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲓ (Sf), tōbi, ṭūb (Allen)/ⲧⲱⲃⲓ (Sf, B), ṭūb (Allen), tōbā/ⲧⲱⲃⲉ (brick, adobe) (S, A),
tobi/ ⲧⲟⲃⲓ (B) Coptic
tūbe, ṭūbah/ طوبة , at-tub < al-tub (the brick) Arabic
Dd : (to say, recite, speak)
Dt Demotic
djō /ϫⲱ , dji/ϫⲓ , ādji/ⲉϫⲓ Old Coptic
djou /ϫⲟⲩ (to say); gō or djō /ϫⲱ (S, sA, B, F), dje /ϪⲈ (S, A, sA, B, F), gōō /ϪⲞⲞ (S,sA),
(A, sA) gou or djou/ϫⲟⲩ, (S, A, F, A, sA) dji/ϫⲓ , (F) dj/ϫ, (S) djit/ϫⲓⲧ, (A) djāi/ϫⲉⲓ, (sA, B) go/ϫⲟ ,
(B) got/ϫⲟⲧ, (F) ga(a)/ϫⲁ(ⲁ), (S, sA) gat/ϫⲁⲧ; adji/ⲁϫⲓ (imperative) (S, A, sA, F), ādji/ⲉϫⲓ (A, sA),
ādjāi/ⲉϫⲉⲓ (imperative) (A), adjā/ⲁϫⲉ (imperative) (S, B, F), adjo/ⲁϫⲟ (B) , adjot/ⲁϫⲟⲧ (B) (imperative),
(say, speak, tell) Coptic
dit (state, tell, said, utter, speak, say, declare) French
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) cʼaːtʼ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) t͡ʃʼaːʔ ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) t͡ʃʼoːʔ (ref Loprieno) IPA
ɟaːd , ɟed (Loprieno), ʲa'ḏid (claims to be something like yᵈād Coptic seams to counter this theory) Alt Pronunciation
djed, djōd (more accurate) Traditional Pronunciation
~ Dd.f : (to say it)
Dt.f Late Kingdom
d͡ʒɛdəf (modern Egyptological) IPA
djᵉoᵉtf ,gᵉoᵉtf/ϫⲟ︦ⲧ︦Ϥ Coptic
~ s.Dd : (speak, tell, relate, recount, talk (of), (in) speaking (to)
sḏy (to speak, to tell) Demotic
sadji /ⲥⲁϫⲓ (B) (word, speak); shadjā/ϣⲁϫⲉ (S), shādjā/ϣⲉϫⲉ (Sa, A, sA), sādjā/ⲥⲉϫⲉ (sA),
sādji/ⲥⲉϫⲓ (F) (speak, say); sh(ə)dj/ϣ(ⲉ)ϫ (S) (saying, word, affair) Coptic
sɛd͡ʒɛd (modern Egyptological) IPA
sedjed Traditional Pronunciation
~ sDd.f : (He talked)
af sadji/ⲁϥⲥⲁϫⲓ Coptic
sedj.ef Traditional Pronunciation
~ s.Dd.t : (description, tale (Loprieno)
shadjə/ϣⲁϫⲉ (S), shədji/ϣⲉϫⲓ (Sa, A, sA, AL, F), sadji /ⲥⲁϫⲓ (B), sādjā/ⲥⲉϫⲉ (sA),
sādji/ⲥⲉϫⲓ (F) (speak, say) Coptic
súḏḏit (Loprieno) IPA
~ s.Dd.w : (tales)
saḏdiw > sɘḏ'dej (1,000 BCE) (Loprieno) IPA
shdjēi/ϣϫⲏⲓ (common talk, gossip) Coptic
~ pA Dd.f : (he says)
pədja.f/ⲠⲈϪⲀ.Ϥ (he says) Coptic
Dd : (stability, enduring , pillar)
𐦷𐦷/ dd, dada (holy pillar) Meroitic
(B) djōt/ϫⲱⲧ (pillar); (S, F) touōt/ⲧⲟⲩⲱⲧ, (B) tʰouōt/ⲑⲟⲩⲱⲧ (pillar, idol, shrine) Coptic
dʒɛd Traditional Pronunciation
Ddft : any crawling legless animal; snake, serpent, worm
četfe/ϫⲉⲧϥⲉ (A) , catfi/ϭⲁⲧϥⲓ (B), četfi/ ϫⲉⲧϥⲓ (F), čatfe/ϫⲁⲧϥⲉ (S) Coptic
Dd-mdw : (Magical words to be said)
ḏd-mdw.w (Takács) Alt Egyptian
nam-du-ú (Amarna Letters), naꜢ-mdŭ́w < m͝dŭ́ww. ͝ w (J.Osing) Cuneiform
djəmtow, djəmtav /ϫⲉ-ⲙⲧⲁⲩ ('to recite magic' wizardry, magic) Coptic
cʼaːtʼ maˈtʼuww (OE 2500 BCE)ˌ t͡ʃʼaːʔ maˈtʼuww (ME 1700 BCE),
t͡ʃʼəməˈtʼøww (LE 800 BCE), d͡ʒɛd mɛduː (modern Egyptological) (ref Loprieno) IPA
Ddn : (Angry) (OK)
qdn (MK)
qanaṭa/قنط (angry? ,despair) Arabic
DfDf : (drop, fall drop by drop)
tftf (lets fall 'rain water' possibly spit) Alt Egyptian
TfTf Greco-Rom Egyptian
(B) pʰoftāf /ⲑⲟϥⲧⲉϥ (let drop, let fall, drip ) Coptic
tiftuf/ טפטף (drip, drizzle) Hebrew
DH : (a metal (tin, lead, iron)
Djaḥlə/ϫⲁϩⲗⲉ : a (metal?) object Coptic
DHDH : (destroy)
(S) Djaḥdjḥ/ϫⲁϩϫϩ, (B) Djaḥdjəḥ/ϫⲁϩϫⲉϩ, (S, B) djaḥdj/ϫⲁϩϫ, (S) djaḥkⁱ/ϫⲁϩϭ , (S, B) djadjḥ/ϫⲁϫϩ ,
(B) djaldjəḥ/ϫⲁⲗϫⲉϩ? , (S) kⁱaḥdjḥ/ϭⲁϩϫϩ, (S) kⁱaḥkⁱ(ə)ḥ/ϭⲁϩϭ(ⲉ)ϩ, (S) kⁱoḥkⁱ(ə)ḥ/ϭⲟϩϭ(ⲉ)ϩ,
(S) kⁱaḥkⁱ/ϭⲁϩϭ, (S) kⁱoḥkⁱ/ϭⲟϩϭ, (S) djəḥdjōḥ/ϫⲉϩϫⲱϩ (strike, hammer, beat (metal), gnash (teeth) Coptic
DHwty/ Thoth : (god)
Dma : (book, papyrus leaf, role of papyrus)
ḏmꜥ Demotic
(B) djōme /ϫⲱⲙ, (S, F) djōōmā/ϫⲱⲱⲙⲉ , (S, sA, F) djōmā/ϫⲱⲙⲉ , (A) djououmā/ϫⲟⲩⲟⲩⲙⲉ, (A) djoumā/ϫⲟⲩⲙⲉ ,
(F) djōōmi/ϫⲱⲱⲙⲓ, (F) djōmi/ϫⲱⲙⲓ, (F) djoomā/ϫⲟⲟⲙⲉ, (F) djomā/ϫⲟⲙⲉ (sheet, roll of papyrus, written
document, book) Coptic
DpH : (apple)
tppwḥ (possibly Late Kingdom) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
tap'pu:ḥ (Loprieno), tchepeḥ (Budge) Alt Pronunciation
ta-pu'-akh/ תַּפּ֫וּחַ, tappuaḦ Hebrew
tuffaḦ /تفاحة Arabic
dj(ā)mpāḥ /ϫ(ⲉ)ⲙⲡⲉϩ (S), dj(ā)mpēḥ /ϫ(ⲉ)ⲙⲡⲏϩ (S), djḥpēḥ/ϫⲉⲡⲏϩ (S), djēpāḥ/ϫⲏⲡⲉϩ (S), djipāḥ/ϫⲓⲡⲉϩ (S),
djōpāḥ/ϫⲱⲡⲉϩ (S), djmpēḥ/ϫⲙⲡⲏϩ (A), djpēḥ/ϫⲡⲏϩ (A), djāmpʰāḥ/ϫⲉⲙⲫⲉϩ (B), djimpāḥ/ϫⲓⲙⲡⲉϩ (F),
djāpāḥ/ϫⲉⲡⲉϩ (F) Coptic
Dr : (in, since, before, untill, at an end, as; break through (with spear)
(n-)ḏr.(ṱ) (with, from, through) Demotic
(S, A) arēdj/ⲁⲣⲏϫ, (S, A) arēēdj/ⲁⲣⲏⲏϫ, (B) avrēdj, avrētj/ⲁⲩⲣⲏϫ, (S) alog/ⲁⲗⲟϫ, (limit, end ) Coptic
DrDry (strange) , DrDri (stranger) , DrDr (strange)
tchertcher (foreign) (Budge), ḏ(Ꜣ)ḏ(Ꜣ) (Gardiner) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ḏḏy Demotic
djadjā/ϫⲁϫⲉ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA) djadjā/ϫⲁϫⲉ , (B) djadji/ϫⲁϫⲓ , (F) djādji/ϫⲉϫⲓ (enemy) Coptic
DD, D(A)D(A) (hostile, enemy) Greco-Romen
Dri : strong (of staff), strongly , courageous, champion
gwri , garhyt Alt Egyptian
(S, A) djōōrə/ϫⲱⲱⲣⲉ , (A, sA) djōrə/ϫⲱⲣⲉ , (B, F) djōri/ϫⲱⲣⲓ , (S) djər/ϫⲉⲣ , (S) djoor/ϫⲟⲟⲣ , (A) djoorə/ϫⲟⲟⲣⲉ,
(A) djō(ō)rə/ϫⲱ(ⲱ)ⲣⲉ , (B) djor/ϫⲟⲣ, (B) djori/ϫⲟⲣⲓ , (F) dja(a)r/ϫⲁ(ⲁ)ⲣ ,
(S, B, F) djar/ϫⲁⲣ , djarḥēt/ϫⲁⲣϩⲏⲧ (be strong, hard, bold) Coptic
Dt : (forever)
ťetta Budge
/d͡ʒɛt/ (modern Egyptological) IPA
djet Traditional Pronunciation
Dt : (oil tree, olive)
ḏjṱ (olive tree) Demotic
ztm/ 𐎇𐎚 Ugaritic
zt/ 𐤆𐤕 Phoenician
zētā /זֵיתָא Galilean Aramaic
zaytā/ ܙܝܬܐSyriac Aramaic
zay'-yith /זַ֫יִת (olive) Hebrew
zäyt/ዘይት (olive oil) Amharic
zaytūn/زَيْتُون (olive), , زَيْت (zayt, “oil, olive oil”) , zayt/ زَيْت (oil, olive oil) Arabic
(S) djoāit /ϫⲟⲉⲓⲧ, (S, Sa, A) djaāit/ϫⲁⲉⲓⲧ, (sA, F) djait/ϫⲁⲓⲧ , (B) djōit/ϫⲱⲓⲧ , (S, A, F) djit/ϫⲓⲧ (olive tree, it's fruit) Coptic
Dt, DAt : (hand)
Drt Alt Egyptian
𓂧𓏏𓏺 Hieroglyphics
trt Demotic
ḏrt/ 𐎏𐎗𐎚 Ugaritic
zartå/ ܙܪܬܐ (span of hand, fist, hand) Classical Syriac
tōrā/ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (S, A), tōri/ⲧⲱⲣⲓ (Sf, B, F), tōrāi/ⲧⲱⲣⲉⲓ (Sf, F), torā/ⲧⲟⲣⲉ (S), tolā/ⲧⲟⲗⲉ (Sf), tōli/ⲧⲱⲗⲓ (F), toli/ⲧⲟⲗⲓ
(F), tori/ⲧⲟⲣⲓ (F), tdjig, djidj/ϫⲓϫ (hand) Coptic
zereṯ/ זֶרֶת (little finger, pinky, a span of a unitie of measurement) Hebrew
ˈcʼaːɾat (P-OK), ˈtʼaːɾat (EMK), ˈtʼaːɾa (NK), ˈtʼoːɾa (LNK 1200-1000 BCE), ˈtʼoːɾə (LNK 1200 BCE),
ˈdoːɾə (1300-1400 CE),ˈtori (1858-1940 CE), tōri/ⲧⲱⲣⲓ (Coptic) (ref Loprieno) Evolution
ḏārat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
tōre (Late Kingdom), tōret or djōret (possibly Middle Kingdom) Fix Pronunciation
~ Drt : (hand)
ˈtoːɾǝ/ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (S); tōre/ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (B) (t became silent) (hand) Coptic
~ Drt.k (your hand) Egyptian
toʔtk/ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲕ (r reduced to mute glottal) Coptic
~ Drwt (hands) Egyptian
ḏꜢwt (Handful) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ḏárw-t (possible) Pronunciation
~ Drt.k (your hand) Egyptian
tootᵉk/ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲕ︦ Coptic
ḏártak (possible) Pronunciation
~ Drt tw.f (his hands) Egyptian
tootᵉf/ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ︦ Coptic
~ Drt.f (his hand) Egyptian
ˈcʼaːɾatVf (P-OK), ˈcʼaɾtVf (prehistoric-OK), ˈtʼaɾtVf (EMK+), ˈtʼaʔtVf (MK) , ˈtʼaʔtəf (NK),
ˈtʼoʔtəf (700-450 BCE), ˈdoʔdəf (1300-1400 CE), ˈtotef (1858-1940 CE),
totf/ⲧⲟⲧϥ (Coptic) (ref Loprieno) Evolution
Dt : (sanke, cobra )
tcht Late Kingdom
cato (python) (Sharman) Proto-Bantu
chatu , jatu (python, large snake) (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
shato (python) (Sharman) KiShona-Bantu
to/ⲧⲟ ? Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈcʼajtuw , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼajtuw , (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼajtəʔ ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) t͡ʃʼajt (ref Loprieno) IPA
dz(t) /dʒ(t) , ts(t) /tʃ(t) Alt Pronunciation
djet Traditional Pronunciation
Dw : (mountain, hill)
tw (mountain, desert) Demotic
šadū Akkadian
gheb-ool, gvūl /גְּבוּל (border, boundary, territory) Arabic
jabal/ جبل (mountain) Arabic
toou/ⲧⲟⲟⲩ Old Coptic
toou/ⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S) , toouā/ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S), tow/ⲧⲁⲩ (Sf, A, sA, F) , tōou/ⲧⲱⲟⲩ (B) (mountain, desert) Coptic
Dwt , mDwt : (20, twenty)
mḏwtj, ḏwtj, ḏbꜥty (?) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
DAwt 𓍑𓄿𓏲𓏏, Dbati 𓎆𓎆, DAwyti 𓍑𓄿𓊛𓏲𓏭𓍘𓇋, Ddyitwytw 𓆓𓂧𓇍𓇋𓏏𓂻𓏲𓏭𓏏𓏲 , mDwty, ḏwtʲ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
djouōt/ϫⲟⲩⲱⲧ (S, A, F), djōt/ϫⲱⲧ (B), djout/ϫⲟⲩⲧ (S, Sa, A, sA, F), djowōt/ϫⲁⲩⲱⲧ (S), djōt/ϫⲱⲧ (S), djot/ϫⲟⲧ( S, F) Coptic
ḏawātaʲ , ḏubā́ꜥataj (Callender) , (mu)ḏawā́taj (ref Loprieno) IPA
djewt Traditional Pronunciation
~ mDwtt : 20 (female) Egyptian
mḏwtj, ḏwtj, ḏbꜥty (?) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
djouōtā/ϫⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉ (female) (S, sA, F), djououōtā/ϫⲟⲩⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉ (female) (S, sA) Coptic
dyw , diiw : (50 , fifty)
taïou/ⲧⲁⲉⲓⲟⲩ (S, sA, B), taiou/ ⲧⲁïⲟⲩ, tāvi/ⲧⲉⲃⲓ (B), tāiouā/ⲧⲉⲓⲟⲩⲉ (A); tabi/TⲀⲂⲒ Coptic
diːuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
diʲaw , díjwu (Callender), díjjaw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
dyu Traditional Pronunciation
DA : (to be sound, healthy)
(S, B, F) ougai/ⲟⲩϫⲁⲓ, (S) oudjhai/ⲟⲩϫϩⲁⲓ, (Sa) ougēi/ⲟⲩϫⲏⲓ, (Sa) ougiāi/ⲟⲩϫⲓⲉⲓ, (A, F) ougāi/ⲟⲩϫⲉⲓ,
(A, sA, F) ougāāi/ⲟⲩϫⲉⲉⲓ, (A) ougāitā/ⲟⲩϫⲉⲓⲧⲉ, (NH) oudjaāi/ⲟⲩϫⲁⲉⲓ, (S, B, F) ouodj/ⲟⲩⲟϫ,
(A, sA, F) owwadj/ⲟⲩⲁϫ (be whole, safe, sound ) Coptic
Dab : (coal, black)
djbb(ā)s/ϫⲃⲃ(ⲉ)ⲥ (S), djābbās/ϫⲉⲃⲃⲉⲥ (S), djābbs/ϫⲉⲃⲃⲥ (S), dj(ā)bs/ϫ(ⲉ)ⲃⲥ (S), djnēbs/ϫⲛⲏⲃⲥ (S), djēbs/ϫⲏⲃⲥ (S),
djēibes/ϫⲏⲓⲃⲉⲥ (S), dja(ā)ibes/ϫⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓⲃⲉⲥ (S), djbbās/ϫⲃⲃⲉⲥ (A), djābs/ϫⲉⲃⲥ (B), djēbbās/ϫⲏⲃⲃⲉⲥ (S) Coptic
DADA , ḏꜣḏꜣ : (head, skull) 𓍑𓄿𓍑𓄿𓁶
ḏꜣḏꜣnwt Middle Egyptian
DADA 𓍑𓄿𓍑𓄿𓁶 (head) Late Egyptian
DD, ḏꜣḏꜣ Demotic
gulgullu skull, head) (AEP J.P.A. p63) Akkadian
gulgaltā/ גּוּלְגַּלְתָּא skull, head) Aramaic
gulgṓleṯ/גולגולת \ גֻּלְגֹּלֶת (skull, head) Biblical Hebrew
jumjuma/ جُمْجُمَة (skull) Arabic
djō/ϫⲱ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA, B, F) čō,djō/ϫⲱ (head); čou,djou/ϫⲟⲩ ; (S, sA, B, F) djōdj/ϫⲱϫ, (S, sA, B, F)
(B) djadj/ϫⲁϫ (head, capital, chief) (Crum, Marcion) Coptic
tête French
(OE, 2500 BCE) ˈcʼaʀcʼaʀ , (ME, 1700 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼaʀt͡ʃʼaʀ , (Medio-LE, 1350 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼaːt͡ʃʼəʔ,
(LE, 800 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼoːt͡ʃʼ, (modern Egyptological) d͡ʒɑd͡ʒɑ (Vycichl, 334) (ref Loprieno) IPA
djadja Traditional Pronunciation
DADAw : (jar, pot)
shoshou/ϣⲟϣⲟⲩ (S, B), shashou/ϣⲁϣⲟⲩ (S, sA, F), shosho/ϣⲟϣⲟ (S) (pot, Jar) Coptic
DAf : to burn
ḏf Demotic
čōf/ϫⲱϥ (B), čouf/ϫⲟⲩϥ (S) Coptic
(OE 2500 BCE) ˈcʼaːʀaf , (ME 1700 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼaːʀaf , (LE 800 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼoːʔəf (ref Loprieno) IPA
DAi : (to cross over, to ferry (one across), cross the sky
dꜢy (djǎy) Middle Egyptian
dy Demotic
djoi/ϫⲟⲓ (S, B), djoāi/ϫⲟⲉⲓ (S), djāi/ϫⲁⲓ (A, sA, F), djaāi/ϫⲁⲉⲓ (Sa, A, sA) Coptic
djǎy Alternative Pronunciation
djay Traditional Pronunciation
~DAiw : (plur)
eādjēv/ⲉϫⲏⲩ (S, sA, F), ādjēou/ⲉϫⲏⲟⲩ (B) (plur) Coptic
adjēw Alternative Pronunciation
DAmAa : (papyrus, a roll of papyrus, a sheet of calculations, book, volume, document)
(S, F) djōōmə /ϫⲱⲱⲙⲉ, (S, sA, F) djōmə/ϫⲱⲙⲉ, (A) djououmə/ϫⲟⲩⲟⲩⲙⲉ, (A) djoumə/ϫⲟⲩⲙⲉ, (B) djōm/ϫⲱⲙ ,
(F) djōōmi/ϫⲱⲱⲙⲓ, (F) djōi/ϫⲱⲙⲓ, (F) djoomə/ϫⲟⲟⲙⲉ, (F) djomə/ϫⲟⲙⲉ
(sheet, roll of papyrus, written document, book, (rarely parchment) bundle) Coptic
Dar : (to seek out)
Da Alt Egyptian
čoule, djoulə/ϫⲟⲩⲗⲉ (A) cōl/ϭⲱⲗ (B), čole, djolə/ϫⲟⲗⲉ (F), čōle, djōlə/ϫⲱⲗⲉ (S) (collect, harvest, gather) Coptic
DArt : (scorpion)
Dart > DAl(t), Dlt, Drt, Dri, [ḏꜣr.t, ḏr.t] (scorpion) : Demotic
chlē/ϭⲗⲏ (B) (scorpion) Coptic
~ pA-DrwAt [ḏꜣr.t, ḏr.t]c(Scorpio Zodiac) Egyptian
~ pA-DAlt , pA-DAl [ḏꜣl.t, ḏl.t] (Scorpio Zodiac) : Demotic
~ chlē/ϭⲗⲏ (B) (Scorpio Zodiac) Coptic
DAwf : (papyrus)
(S) djoouf /ϫⲟⲟⲩϥ, (B) chomf /ϭⲟⲙϥ, (B) chonf /ϭⲟⲛϥ Coptic
DAy : (large river boat)
Dj (boat, ship) Demotic
(S, B) djoi/ϫⲟⲓ , (S) djoāi/ϫⲟⲉⲓ , (A, sA, F) djai/ϫⲁⲓ , (Sa, A, sA) djaāi/ϫⲁⲉⲓ (ship, boat)
Dba : (10,000 , ten thousand)
tba/ⲧⲃⲁ (S, A, sA), etʰba/ⲑ⳰ⲃⲁ (B), tbā/ⲧⲃⲉ (F) Coptic
baʕ IPA
ḏubáꜥ (Callender) , ḏ˘báꜥ (Loprieno) , ḏa'baˤ Alt pronunciation
Dba : (finger, thumb, toe, digit (one twentyeigth cubit), 10,000 (numeral)
(S, F) tēēbā/ⲧⲏⲏⲃⲉ, (S, sA) tēbā/ⲧⲏⲃⲉ, (S) tābā/ⲧⲉⲃⲉ, (S, A) tibā/ϯⲃⲉ, (A) tiïbā/ϯⲉⲓⲃⲉ, (B) tēb/ⲧⲏⲃ,
(F) tāābā/ⲧⲉⲉⲃⲉ (finger, thumb, toe,) Coptic
ṣbʾā/ ܨܒܥܐ Syriac
étsba,etsbá /אֶצבַּע (finger, forefinger, toe, digit) Hebrew
ʾätsəbaʾəə/አጽባዕት Ethiopic
'iṣbaꜥ / إصبع (finger, digit, key) Arabic
Dbawt : (signet, seal)
(S) tōōbe/ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ, (S) toobe/ⲧⲟⲟⲃⲉ, (S) tobe/ⲧⲟⲃⲉ, (S) toob/ⲧⲟⲟⲃ, (B) tōb/ⲧⲱⲃ, (B) tōp/ ⲧⲱⲡ, (B) tob/ⲧⲟⲃ,
(B) top/ⲧⲟⲡ, (B) tēb/ⲧⲏⲃ, (B) teb/ⲧⲉⲃ, (B) tēb/ⲧⲏⲡ, (F) tōbi/ⲧⲱⲃⲓ, (F) taab/ⲧⲁⲁⲃ, (F) taabe/ ⲧⲁⲁⲃⲉ,
(A) toube/ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲉ, (Sa, A, sA, F) tab/ⲧⲁⲃ, (Sa, F) tabe/ⲧⲁⲃⲉ Coptic
ḏa:baˤ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Dbt : (brick)
Dbt> dbt Evolution
tb, tby Demotic
tōōbā /ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲉ (S), tōōbi/ⲧⲱⲱⲃⲓ (Sf), tōbi, ṭūb (Allen)/ⲧⲱⲃⲓ (Sf, B), ṭūb (Allen), tōbā/ⲧⲱⲃⲉ (brick, adobe) (S, A),
tobi/ ⲧⲟⲃⲓ (B) Coptic
tūbe, ṭūbah/ طوبة , at-tub < al-tub (the brick) Arabic
Dd : (to say, recite, speak)
Dt Demotic
djō /ϫⲱ , dji/ϫⲓ , ādji/ⲉϫⲓ Old Coptic
djou /ϫⲟⲩ (to say); gō or djō /ϫⲱ (S, sA, B, F), dje /ϪⲈ (S, A, sA, B, F), gōō /ϪⲞⲞ (S,sA),
(A, sA) gou or djou/ϫⲟⲩ, (S, A, F, A, sA) dji/ϫⲓ , (F) dj/ϫ, (S) djit/ϫⲓⲧ, (A) djāi/ϫⲉⲓ, (sA, B) go/ϫⲟ ,
(B) got/ϫⲟⲧ, (F) ga(a)/ϫⲁ(ⲁ), (S, sA) gat/ϫⲁⲧ; adji/ⲁϫⲓ (imperative) (S, A, sA, F), ādji/ⲉϫⲓ (A, sA),
ādjāi/ⲉϫⲉⲓ (imperative) (A), adjā/ⲁϫⲉ (imperative) (S, B, F), adjo/ⲁϫⲟ (B) , adjot/ⲁϫⲟⲧ (B) (imperative),
(say, speak, tell) Coptic
dit (state, tell, said, utter, speak, say, declare) French
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) cʼaːtʼ , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) t͡ʃʼaːʔ ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) t͡ʃʼoːʔ (ref Loprieno) IPA
ɟaːd , ɟed (Loprieno), ʲa'ḏid (claims to be something like yᵈād Coptic seams to counter this theory) Alt Pronunciation
djed, djōd (more accurate) Traditional Pronunciation
~ Dd.f : (to say it)
Dt.f Late Kingdom
d͡ʒɛdəf (modern Egyptological) IPA
djᵉoᵉtf ,gᵉoᵉtf/ϫⲟ︦ⲧ︦Ϥ Coptic
~ s.Dd : (speak, tell, relate, recount, talk (of), (in) speaking (to)
sḏy (to speak, to tell) Demotic
sadji /ⲥⲁϫⲓ (B) (word, speak); shadjā/ϣⲁϫⲉ (S), shādjā/ϣⲉϫⲉ (Sa, A, sA), sādjā/ⲥⲉϫⲉ (sA),
sādji/ⲥⲉϫⲓ (F) (speak, say); sh(ə)dj/ϣ(ⲉ)ϫ (S) (saying, word, affair) Coptic
sɛd͡ʒɛd (modern Egyptological) IPA
sedjed Traditional Pronunciation
~ sDd.f : (He talked)
af sadji/ⲁϥⲥⲁϫⲓ Coptic
sedj.ef Traditional Pronunciation
~ s.Dd.t : (description, tale (Loprieno)
shadjə/ϣⲁϫⲉ (S), shədji/ϣⲉϫⲓ (Sa, A, sA, AL, F), sadji /ⲥⲁϫⲓ (B), sādjā/ⲥⲉϫⲉ (sA),
sādji/ⲥⲉϫⲓ (F) (speak, say) Coptic
súḏḏit (Loprieno) IPA
~ s.Dd.w : (tales)
saḏdiw > sɘḏ'dej (1,000 BCE) (Loprieno) IPA
shdjēi/ϣϫⲏⲓ (common talk, gossip) Coptic
~ pA Dd.f : (he says)
pədja.f/ⲠⲈϪⲀ.Ϥ (he says) Coptic
Dd : (stability, enduring , pillar)
𐦷𐦷/ dd, dada (holy pillar) Meroitic
(B) djōt/ϫⲱⲧ (pillar); (S, F) touōt/ⲧⲟⲩⲱⲧ, (B) tʰouōt/ⲑⲟⲩⲱⲧ (pillar, idol, shrine) Coptic
dʒɛd Traditional Pronunciation
Ddft : any crawling legless animal; snake, serpent, worm
četfe/ϫⲉⲧϥⲉ (A) , catfi/ϭⲁⲧϥⲓ (B), četfi/ ϫⲉⲧϥⲓ (F), čatfe/ϫⲁⲧϥⲉ (S) Coptic
Dd-mdw : (Magical words to be said)
ḏd-mdw.w (Takács) Alt Egyptian
nam-du-ú (Amarna Letters), naꜢ-mdŭ́w < m͝dŭ́ww. ͝ w (J.Osing) Cuneiform
djəmtow, djəmtav /ϫⲉ-ⲙⲧⲁⲩ ('to recite magic' wizardry, magic) Coptic
cʼaːtʼ maˈtʼuww (OE 2500 BCE)ˌ t͡ʃʼaːʔ maˈtʼuww (ME 1700 BCE),
t͡ʃʼəməˈtʼøww (LE 800 BCE), d͡ʒɛd mɛduː (modern Egyptological) (ref Loprieno) IPA
Ddn : (Angry) (OK)
qdn (MK)
qanaṭa/قنط (angry? ,despair) Arabic
DfDf : (drop, fall drop by drop)
tftf (lets fall 'rain water' possibly spit) Alt Egyptian
TfTf Greco-Rom Egyptian
(B) pʰoftāf /ⲑⲟϥⲧⲉϥ (let drop, let fall, drip ) Coptic
tiftuf/ טפטף (drip, drizzle) Hebrew
DH : (a metal (tin, lead, iron)
Djaḥlə/ϫⲁϩⲗⲉ : a (metal?) object Coptic
DHDH : (destroy)
(S) Djaḥdjḥ/ϫⲁϩϫϩ, (B) Djaḥdjəḥ/ϫⲁϩϫⲉϩ, (S, B) djaḥdj/ϫⲁϩϫ, (S) djaḥkⁱ/ϫⲁϩϭ , (S, B) djadjḥ/ϫⲁϫϩ ,
(B) djaldjəḥ/ϫⲁⲗϫⲉϩ? , (S) kⁱaḥdjḥ/ϭⲁϩϫϩ, (S) kⁱaḥkⁱ(ə)ḥ/ϭⲁϩϭ(ⲉ)ϩ, (S) kⁱoḥkⁱ(ə)ḥ/ϭⲟϩϭ(ⲉ)ϩ,
(S) kⁱaḥkⁱ/ϭⲁϩϭ, (S) kⁱoḥkⁱ/ϭⲟϩϭ, (S) djəḥdjōḥ/ϫⲉϩϫⲱϩ (strike, hammer, beat (metal), gnash (teeth) Coptic
DHwty/ Thoth : (god)
Dma : (book, papyrus leaf, role of papyrus)
ḏmꜥ Demotic
(B) djōme /ϫⲱⲙ, (S, F) djōōmā/ϫⲱⲱⲙⲉ , (S, sA, F) djōmā/ϫⲱⲙⲉ , (A) djououmā/ϫⲟⲩⲟⲩⲙⲉ, (A) djoumā/ϫⲟⲩⲙⲉ ,
(F) djōōmi/ϫⲱⲱⲙⲓ, (F) djōmi/ϫⲱⲙⲓ, (F) djoomā/ϫⲟⲟⲙⲉ, (F) djomā/ϫⲟⲙⲉ (sheet, roll of papyrus, written
document, book) Coptic
DpH : (apple)
tppwḥ (possibly Late Kingdom) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
tap'pu:ḥ (Loprieno), tchepeḥ (Budge) Alt Pronunciation
ta-pu'-akh/ תַּפּ֫וּחַ, tappuaḦ Hebrew
tuffaḦ /تفاحة Arabic
dj(ā)mpāḥ /ϫ(ⲉ)ⲙⲡⲉϩ (S), dj(ā)mpēḥ /ϫ(ⲉ)ⲙⲡⲏϩ (S), djḥpēḥ/ϫⲉⲡⲏϩ (S), djēpāḥ/ϫⲏⲡⲉϩ (S), djipāḥ/ϫⲓⲡⲉϩ (S),
djōpāḥ/ϫⲱⲡⲉϩ (S), djmpēḥ/ϫⲙⲡⲏϩ (A), djpēḥ/ϫⲡⲏϩ (A), djāmpʰāḥ/ϫⲉⲙⲫⲉϩ (B), djimpāḥ/ϫⲓⲙⲡⲉϩ (F),
djāpāḥ/ϫⲉⲡⲉϩ (F) Coptic
Dr : (in, since, before, untill, at an end, as; break through (with spear)
(n-)ḏr.(ṱ) (with, from, through) Demotic
(S, A) arēdj/ⲁⲣⲏϫ, (S, A) arēēdj/ⲁⲣⲏⲏϫ, (B) avrēdj, avrētj/ⲁⲩⲣⲏϫ, (S) alog/ⲁⲗⲟϫ, (limit, end ) Coptic
DrDry (strange) , DrDri (stranger) , DrDr (strange)
tchertcher (foreign) (Budge), ḏ(Ꜣ)ḏ(Ꜣ) (Gardiner) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ḏḏy Demotic
djadjā/ϫⲁϫⲉ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA) djadjā/ϫⲁϫⲉ , (B) djadji/ϫⲁϫⲓ , (F) djādji/ϫⲉϫⲓ (enemy) Coptic
DD, D(A)D(A) (hostile, enemy) Greco-Romen
Dri : strong (of staff), strongly , courageous, champion
gwri , garhyt Alt Egyptian
(S, A) djōōrə/ϫⲱⲱⲣⲉ , (A, sA) djōrə/ϫⲱⲣⲉ , (B, F) djōri/ϫⲱⲣⲓ , (S) djər/ϫⲉⲣ , (S) djoor/ϫⲟⲟⲣ , (A) djoorə/ϫⲟⲟⲣⲉ,
(A) djō(ō)rə/ϫⲱ(ⲱ)ⲣⲉ , (B) djor/ϫⲟⲣ, (B) djori/ϫⲟⲣⲓ , (F) dja(a)r/ϫⲁ(ⲁ)ⲣ ,
(S, B, F) djar/ϫⲁⲣ , djarḥēt/ϫⲁⲣϩⲏⲧ (be strong, hard, bold) Coptic
Dt : (forever)
ťetta Budge
/d͡ʒɛt/ (modern Egyptological) IPA
djet Traditional Pronunciation
Dt : (oil tree, olive)
ḏjṱ (olive tree) Demotic
ztm/ 𐎇𐎚 Ugaritic
zt/ 𐤆𐤕 Phoenician
zētā /זֵיתָא Galilean Aramaic
zaytā/ ܙܝܬܐSyriac Aramaic
zay'-yith /זַ֫יִת (olive) Hebrew
zäyt/ዘይት (olive oil) Amharic
zaytūn/زَيْتُون (olive), , زَيْت (zayt, “oil, olive oil”) , zayt/ زَيْت (oil, olive oil) Arabic
(S) djoāit /ϫⲟⲉⲓⲧ, (S, Sa, A) djaāit/ϫⲁⲉⲓⲧ, (sA, F) djait/ϫⲁⲓⲧ , (B) djōit/ϫⲱⲓⲧ , (S, A, F) djit/ϫⲓⲧ (olive tree, it's fruit) Coptic
Dt, DAt : (hand)
Drt Alt Egyptian
𓂧𓏏𓏺 Hieroglyphics
trt Demotic
ḏrt/ 𐎏𐎗𐎚 Ugaritic
zartå/ ܙܪܬܐ (span of hand, fist, hand) Classical Syriac
tōrā/ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (S, A), tōri/ⲧⲱⲣⲓ (Sf, B, F), tōrāi/ⲧⲱⲣⲉⲓ (Sf, F), torā/ⲧⲟⲣⲉ (S), tolā/ⲧⲟⲗⲉ (Sf), tōli/ⲧⲱⲗⲓ (F), toli/ⲧⲟⲗⲓ
(F), tori/ⲧⲟⲣⲓ (F), tdjig, djidj/ϫⲓϫ (hand) Coptic
zereṯ/ זֶרֶת (little finger, pinky, a span of a unitie of measurement) Hebrew
ˈcʼaːɾat (P-OK), ˈtʼaːɾat (EMK), ˈtʼaːɾa (NK), ˈtʼoːɾa (LNK 1200-1000 BCE), ˈtʼoːɾə (LNK 1200 BCE),
ˈdoːɾə (1300-1400 CE),ˈtori (1858-1940 CE), tōri/ⲧⲱⲣⲓ (Coptic) (ref Loprieno) Evolution
ḏārat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
tōre (Late Kingdom), tōret or djōret (possibly Middle Kingdom) Fix Pronunciation
~ Drt : (hand)
ˈtoːɾǝ/ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (S); tōre/ⲧⲱⲣⲉ (B) (t became silent) (hand) Coptic
~ Drt.k (your hand) Egyptian
toʔtk/ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲕ (r reduced to mute glottal) Coptic
~ Drwt (hands) Egyptian
ḏꜢwt (Handful) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ḏárw-t (possible) Pronunciation
~ Drt.k (your hand) Egyptian
tootᵉk/ⲧⲟⲟⲧⲕ︦ Coptic
ḏártak (possible) Pronunciation
~ Drt tw.f (his hands) Egyptian
tootᵉf/ ⲧⲟⲟⲧϥ︦ Coptic
~ Drt.f (his hand) Egyptian
ˈcʼaːɾatVf (P-OK), ˈcʼaɾtVf (prehistoric-OK), ˈtʼaɾtVf (EMK+), ˈtʼaʔtVf (MK) , ˈtʼaʔtəf (NK),
ˈtʼoʔtəf (700-450 BCE), ˈdoʔdəf (1300-1400 CE), ˈtotef (1858-1940 CE),
totf/ⲧⲟⲧϥ (Coptic) (ref Loprieno) Evolution
Dt : (sanke, cobra )
tcht Late Kingdom
cato (python) (Sharman) Proto-Bantu
chatu , jatu (python, large snake) (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
shato (python) (Sharman) KiShona-Bantu
to/ⲧⲟ ? Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈcʼajtuw , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼajtuw , (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BCE) ˈt͡ʃʼajtəʔ ,
(Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) t͡ʃʼajt (ref Loprieno) IPA
dz(t) /dʒ(t) , ts(t) /tʃ(t) Alt Pronunciation
djet Traditional Pronunciation
Dw : (mountain, hill)
tw (mountain, desert) Demotic
šadū Akkadian
gheb-ool, gvūl /גְּבוּל (border, boundary, territory) Arabic
jabal/ جبل (mountain) Arabic
toou/ⲧⲟⲟⲩ Old Coptic
toou/ⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S) , toouā/ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S), tow/ⲧⲁⲩ (Sf, A, sA, F) , tōou/ⲧⲱⲟⲩ (B) (mountain, desert) Coptic
Dwt , mDwt : (20, twenty)
mḏwtj, ḏwtj, ḏbꜥty (?) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
DAwt 𓍑𓄿𓏲𓏏, Dbati 𓎆𓎆, DAwyti 𓍑𓄿𓊛𓏲𓏭𓍘𓇋, Ddyitwytw 𓆓𓂧𓇍𓇋𓏏𓂻𓏲𓏭𓏏𓏲 , mDwty, ḏwtʲ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
djouōt/ϫⲟⲩⲱⲧ (S, A, F), djōt/ϫⲱⲧ (B), djout/ϫⲟⲩⲧ (S, Sa, A, sA, F), djowōt/ϫⲁⲩⲱⲧ (S), djōt/ϫⲱⲧ (S), djot/ϫⲟⲧ( S, F) Coptic
ḏawātaʲ , ḏubā́ꜥataj (Callender) , (mu)ḏawā́taj (ref Loprieno) IPA
djewt Traditional Pronunciation
~ mDwtt : 20 (female) Egyptian
mḏwtj, ḏwtj, ḏbꜥty (?) (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
djouōtā/ϫⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉ (female) (S, sA, F), djououōtā/ϫⲟⲩⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉ (female) (S, sA) Coptic
dyw , diiw : (50 , fifty)
taïou/ⲧⲁⲉⲓⲟⲩ (S, sA, B), taiou/ ⲧⲁïⲟⲩ, tāvi/ⲧⲉⲃⲓ (B), tāiouā/ⲧⲉⲓⲟⲩⲉ (A); tabi/TⲀⲂⲒ Coptic
diːuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
diʲaw , díjwu (Callender), díjjaw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
dyu Traditional Pronunciation
f
.f : (he, him, his, it, its) 3rd sg. m 𓆑
p /ⲡ, pē/ ⲡⲓ Old Coptic
f /ϥ, ef /ϥ⳰ , fā /ϥⲉ, af /ⲁϥ (B, L, F, S), pā /ⲡⲉ (S, sA, F), of/ⲟϥ (B, F) , pē/ ⲡⲓ (S, A, B, F),
p /ⲡ (S, A, sA, B, F) pʰ /ⲫ (B) (he) Coptic
ʔɛf (modern Egyptological) IPA
af , ef (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
.ef Traditional Pronunciation
~ di.f/ di.ef (He gave) Egyptian
ⲁϥϯ/ aaf-ti Coptic
~ .fi , fy (he, him, his, it, its) (dual ending)
.fj Alt Egyptian
ʔɛfi (modern Egyptological) IPA
.efi Traditional Pronunciation
fAi , fA : (raise, lift up, carry, support, weigh, present, deliver (taxes, tribute)
bai/ⲃⲁ , bi/ⲃⲓ Old Coptic
fi/ϥⲓ (S, A, sA, B, F), fəi/ϥⲉⲓ (S), bi/ⲃⲓ (sA, F), fi/ϥⲓ (S, A, sA, B, F), fit/ϥⲓⲧ (S, A, sA, B, F),
bit/ⲃⲓⲧ (sA), fēi/ϥⲏⲩ (S), fai/ϥⲁⲓ (S, A, B), bai/ⲃⲁⲓ (S, sA, F), faāi/ϥⲁⲉⲓ (A, F),
baāi/ⲃⲁⲉⲓ (F) (bear, carry, take), fai/ϥⲁⲓ (carry, raise, raising, take) Coptic
fAk : (be bald)
fkṱ (priestly title 'the bald one') Demotic
fdw : (4 , four (M)
ifdw, jfdw , ʲfdw ALT Egyptian
ifdǎw Middle Egyptian
rbaʕ Prot-Semitic
erba /𒐉 Akkadian
fadik, fadíg Beja
eftōou ϥ⳰ⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S, B), ftow/ϥⲧⲁⲩ (A, sA), btoou/ⲃⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S), ftoou /ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S,B), ef-to-oo /ϥ⳰ⲧⲟⲟⲩ,
btoou/ⲃⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S), ftow/ϥⲧⲁⲩ (A, sA) [abv.ⲇ︦ ] (male) Coptic
petwor (p shifted from f) Proto High Germanic
fiwar Old Saxon
fiuwer Old Frisian
ʲifdaw, j˘fdáw (Callender) , jaf'daw (from ifdw 'four corners or sides') jifdáw (ref Loprieno) IPA
~ fdt : (four (F)
ifdt , jfdt ALT Egyptian
ftoā /ϥⲧⲟⲉ (S, A, sA), eftō /ϥ⳰ⲧⲟ (S, sA, B), bto/ⲃⲧⲟ (S), bta/ⲃⲧⲁ (F), eftou /ϥ⳰ⲧⲟⲩ (S, A, sA, B),
ftoou/ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S), ftāv/ϥⲧⲉⲩ (S), ftā/ϥⲧⲉ (B), ftow/ϥⲧⲁⲩ (F) bta/ⲃⲧⲁ (F), bto/ⲃⲧⲟ (S) (female) Coptic
j˘fdát (Callender) , jifdáw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
fi : (hair)
(S) fō/ϥⲱ, (S) bō/ⲃⲱ, (S) ouō /ⲟⲩⲱ, (S, Sa, sA, B) fōā/ϥⲱⲉ, (A) fouā/ϥⲟⲩⲉ, (sA) bōā/ⲃⲱⲉ, (B, F) fōi/ϥⲱⲓ, (F) bōï/ⲃⲱⲉⲓ(?),
(F) bōōi/ⲃⲱⲱⲓ, (F) fōou/ϥⲱⲟⲩ, (F) fouō/ϥⲟⲩⲱ , (NH) fouḥā/ϥⲟⲩϩⲉ (hair) Coptic
fnT : (worm)
(S, A) fnt/ϥⲛⲧ, (S) bnt/ⲃⲛⲧ, (S, B) fānt/ϥⲉⲛⲧ, (S) ouānt/ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲧ, (Sf, F) bānt/ⲃⲉⲛⲧ, (F) bnt/ⲃⲛⲧ (worm) Coptic
(OE, 2500 B.C.E.) ˈfincuw, (ME, 1700 B.C.E.) ˈfintuw , (Medio-LE, 1350 B.C.E.) ˈfintaʔ,
(LE 800 B.C.E.) fent (ref Loprieno) IPA
.f : (he, him, his, it, its) 3rd sg. m 𓆑
p /ⲡ, pē/ ⲡⲓ Old Coptic
f /ϥ, ef /ϥ⳰ , fā /ϥⲉ, af /ⲁϥ (B, L, F, S), pā /ⲡⲉ (S, sA, F), of/ⲟϥ (B, F) , pē/ ⲡⲓ (S, A, B, F),
p /ⲡ (S, A, sA, B, F) pʰ /ⲫ (B) (he) Coptic
ʔɛf (modern Egyptological) IPA
af , ef (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
.ef Traditional Pronunciation
~ di.f/ di.ef (He gave) Egyptian
ⲁϥϯ/ aaf-ti Coptic
~ .fi , fy (he, him, his, it, its) (dual ending)
.fj Alt Egyptian
ʔɛfi (modern Egyptological) IPA
.efi Traditional Pronunciation
fAi , fA : (raise, lift up, carry, support, weigh, present, deliver (taxes, tribute)
bai/ⲃⲁ , bi/ⲃⲓ Old Coptic
fi/ϥⲓ (S, A, sA, B, F), fəi/ϥⲉⲓ (S), bi/ⲃⲓ (sA, F), fi/ϥⲓ (S, A, sA, B, F), fit/ϥⲓⲧ (S, A, sA, B, F),
bit/ⲃⲓⲧ (sA), fēi/ϥⲏⲩ (S), fai/ϥⲁⲓ (S, A, B), bai/ⲃⲁⲓ (S, sA, F), faāi/ϥⲁⲉⲓ (A, F),
baāi/ⲃⲁⲉⲓ (F) (bear, carry, take), fai/ϥⲁⲓ (carry, raise, raising, take) Coptic
fAk : (be bald)
fkṱ (priestly title 'the bald one') Demotic
fdw : (4 , four (M)
ifdw, jfdw , ʲfdw ALT Egyptian
ifdǎw Middle Egyptian
rbaʕ Prot-Semitic
erba /𒐉 Akkadian
fadik, fadíg Beja
eftōou ϥ⳰ⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S, B), ftow/ϥⲧⲁⲩ (A, sA), btoou/ⲃⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S), ftoou /ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S,B), ef-to-oo /ϥ⳰ⲧⲟⲟⲩ,
btoou/ⲃⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S), ftow/ϥⲧⲁⲩ (A, sA) [abv.ⲇ︦ ] (male) Coptic
petwor (p shifted from f) Proto High Germanic
fiwar Old Saxon
fiuwer Old Frisian
ʲifdaw, j˘fdáw (Callender) , jaf'daw (from ifdw 'four corners or sides') jifdáw (ref Loprieno) IPA
~ fdt : (four (F)
ifdt , jfdt ALT Egyptian
ftoā /ϥⲧⲟⲉ (S, A, sA), eftō /ϥ⳰ⲧⲟ (S, sA, B), bto/ⲃⲧⲟ (S), bta/ⲃⲧⲁ (F), eftou /ϥ⳰ⲧⲟⲩ (S, A, sA, B),
ftoou/ϥⲧⲟⲟⲩ (S), ftāv/ϥⲧⲉⲩ (S), ftā/ϥⲧⲉ (B), ftow/ϥⲧⲁⲩ (F) bta/ⲃⲧⲁ (F), bto/ⲃⲧⲟ (S) (female) Coptic
j˘fdát (Callender) , jifdáw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
fi : (hair)
(S) fō/ϥⲱ, (S) bō/ⲃⲱ, (S) ouō /ⲟⲩⲱ, (S, Sa, sA, B) fōā/ϥⲱⲉ, (A) fouā/ϥⲟⲩⲉ, (sA) bōā/ⲃⲱⲉ, (B, F) fōi/ϥⲱⲓ, (F) bōï/ⲃⲱⲉⲓ(?),
(F) bōōi/ⲃⲱⲱⲓ, (F) fōou/ϥⲱⲟⲩ, (F) fouō/ϥⲟⲩⲱ , (NH) fouḥā/ϥⲟⲩϩⲉ (hair) Coptic
fnT : (worm)
(S, A) fnt/ϥⲛⲧ, (S) bnt/ⲃⲛⲧ, (S, B) fānt/ϥⲉⲛⲧ, (S) ouānt/ⲟⲩⲉⲛⲧ, (Sf, F) bānt/ⲃⲉⲛⲧ, (F) bnt/ⲃⲛⲧ (worm) Coptic
(OE, 2500 B.C.E.) ˈfincuw, (ME, 1700 B.C.E.) ˈfintuw , (Medio-LE, 1350 B.C.E.) ˈfintaʔ,
(LE 800 B.C.E.) fent (ref Loprieno) IPA
g
gAb : (arm, part of body)
(S) kʲboi/ϭⲃⲟⲓ, (S) kʲboā/ϭⲃⲟⲉ, (Sa) kʲfoï/ϭϥⲟⲉⲓ, (A, sA) kʲba(ā)i/ϭⲃⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓ, (B) gpʰoi/ϫⲫⲟⲓ,
(F) kʲbai/ϭⲃⲁⲓ (arm of man, leg of beast ) Coptic
gAHs (Gazelle, Antelope)
gaḥes (Gazelle, Antelope) Budge
gadu Akkadian
(S) kⁱḥos/ϭϩⲟⲥ, (S) kⁱoḥs/ϭⲟϩⲥ, (S) gḥos/ϫϩⲟⲥ, (S) shqos/ϣϭⲟⲥ, (S) shgḥos/ϣϫϩⲟⲥ, (S) shos/ϣϫⲟⲥ, (A) khas/ⲭⲁⲥ ,
(F) kⁱḥas/ϭϩⲁⲥ , (S) kⁱoḥsā/ϭⲟϩⲥⲉ, (S) kⁱaḥsā/ϭⲁϩⲥⲉ , (B) kⁱaḥsi/ϭⲁϩⲥⲓ (Gazelle) Coptic
gAmyt : (hen)
kⁱaimā/ ϭⲁⲓⲙⲉ (hen, domestic fowl) Coptic
gAS : (reed, rush)
gS Demotic
(S, B) kash/ⲕⲁϣ, (A, F, B) kāsh/ⲕⲉϣ (reed, stalk, pen) Coptic
gAw: (be narrow, constricted, languish, lack, be lacking)
gāꜢaw Demotic
djou/ϫⲟⲩ Old Coptic
kⁱōou/ϭⲱⲟⲩ (S), kⁱōu/ϭⲱⲩ (sA), kⁱoou/ϭⲟⲟⲩ (S), kⁱēv/ϭⲏⲩ (S, A, sA), kⁱēou/ϭⲏⲟⲩ (S, A, sA), djēou/ϫⲏⲟⲩ (B) (be narrow);
kⁱō/ϭⲱ (S, sA, F), kō/ⲕⲱ (S), kⁱou/ϭⲟⲩ (A, sA), kⁱōōt/ϭⲱⲱⲧ (F), kⁱāāt/ϭⲉⲉⲧ (S, A, sA),
kⁱēēt/ϭⲏⲏⲧ (S, F) (continue, persist, desist, stop) Coptic
ga:Riw (ref Loprieno) IPA
gbgb, gbgA, gAbgw : (crow)
qbq Alt Egyptian
ꜣbq , ꜥbq Demotic
kʷakʷa/ኳኳ (raven) Ge'ez
kʷakʷ/ኳኵ (kwakwǝ) ("crow, raven") Tigrinya
ghurab/غراب Arabic
arb/ערב Aramaic
aurb/עורב Hebrew
avok/ⲁⲃⲟⲕ (S), awok/ⲁⲃⲟⲕ (B), ˀawōk/ⲁⲃⲱⲕ, abōk /Ⲁ⳰ⲃⲱⲕ (S, F), awōk /Ⲁ⳰ⲃⲱⲕ (B), eavoki /Ⲁ⳰ⲃⲟⲕⲓ,
bai(p) /ⲃⲁⲓ(ⲡ) (raven, crow); aboki(n)/ⲁⲃⲟⲕⲓ(ⲛ) (crow) Coptic
~ gbgbw, gbgAw, gAbgw : (crows)
abokā/ⲁⲃⲟⲕⲉ (S), aboki/ⲁⲃⲟⲕⲓ (B), abookā/ⲁⲃⲟⲟⲕⲉ (S), abakā/ⲁⲃⲁⲕⲉ (A), abaaki/ⲁⲃⲁⲁⲕⲓ (F),
abook/ⲁⲃⲟⲟⲕ (raven, crow) Coptic
gbtu : (Koptos city)
Kāft /Ⲕⲉϥⲧ Coptic
Κόπτος /Coptos or Koptos Greek
Qift /قفط Arabic
gbyr : (left) (Demotic)
(S, F) ḥbour/ϩⲃⲟⲩⲣ, (sA) kⁱbour/ϭⲃⲟⲩⲣ, (A) kⁱbir/ϭⲃⲓⲣ (left hand), kbir/ⲕⲃⲓⲣ (P) (left hand, the left) Coptic
gf, gAf : (small monkey)
gȧf Budge
gjf ALT Egyptian
g'f , g'f.t (F) Old Egyptian
gwf Middle Egyptian
gꜢf 19th Dynasty
lukólgkhsi/λυκόλυγξ < wns-kwf (name) Greek
kof/קוֹף (monkey), kuf/קו״ף (Semitic) (monkey, ape); ko̞p/ ףק (ref. needed); qpym/קפים, qwpym/קופים Hebrew
qardan/قرد (monkey) Arabic
gmgm : (smash (boxes), tear up (books), break (of trees)
(S) kⁱomkⁱ(ə)m/ϭⲟⲙϭ(ⲉ)ⲙ, (A) kⁱamkⁱmə/ϭⲁⲙϭⲙⲉ, (sA, F) kⁱamkⁱm/ϭⲁⲙϭⲙ, (B) khomkhəm/ϫⲟⲙϫⲉⲙ,
(F) kⁱamkⁱē,/ϭⲁⲙϭⲏⲙ, (sA) kⁱamkⁱm/ϭⲁⲙϭⲙ , (S, A, sA) kⁱmkⁱōm/ϭⲙϭⲱⲙ , (B) khəmkhōm/ϫⲉⲙϫⲱⲙ (touch, grope) Coptic
gmi : (find, look for, use (one's hand), be able to (do something), control (land)
gm (find) Demotic
kʲinə/ϭⲓⲛⲉ (S, A, sA, F), djimi/ϫⲓⲙⲓ (B), kʲimi/ϭⲓⲙⲓ (F), kʲini/ϭⲓⲛⲓ (F) , djini/ϫⲓⲛⲓ (F), kʲn/ϭⲛ (S, A, sA, F, Sf), kⁱān/ϭⲉⲛ (S, F),
kn/ⲕⲛ (S), kⁱin/ϭⲓⲛ(S), djəm/ϫⲉⲙ (B), djin/ϫⲓⲛ (F), kʲnt/ϭⲛⲧ (S, A, sA), kʲənt/ϭⲉⲛⲧ (S, F), knt/ⲕⲛⲧ (S),
kʲēnt/ϭⲏⲛⲧ (S), gn/ⲅⲛ (S), djəm/ϫⲉⲙ (B), kʲēt/ϭⲏⲧ (F), djint/ϫⲓⲛⲧ (F), kʲn/ϭⲛ (F), kʲēn/ϭⲏⲛ (F) (find);
kʲomkⁱəm/ϭⲟⲙϭⲉⲙ , djomdjəm/ϫⲟⲙϫⲉⲙ (to find, to use one's hand) Coptic
kʰom/ϰομ- (Meeks) Greek
ɡɛmi (modern Egyptological); kʲinə (UE, S); gī:mi ('to find') (ref Loprieno) IPA
gemi Traditional Pronunciation
~ gmi.i, gmi.n.i (I found)
A-i-kʲinə/ Ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉ (from A-i-kʲinə əm-p-a-eioːt/Ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉ ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲉⲓⲱⲧ 'I found my father.') Coptic
~ gmt , gmj.t (find)
ˈkʼiːmit (P-OK), ˈkʼiːmiʔ (LMK) , ˈkʼiːma (NK), ˈkʼiːmə (LK 1200 BCE), ˈkʲʼiːmə (LP after 400 BCE),
ˈt͡ʃʼiːmə (RP-E Coptic), ˈd͡ʒiːmə (1300-1400 CE), ˈɟiːmə (1400 CE),ˈd͡ʒimi (1858-1940 CE),
jimi/ϫⲓⲙⲓ (Coptic) (ref Loprieno) Evolution
gī:mi(t) ('to find') (ref Loprieno) IPA
djimi/ϫⲓⲙⲓ Coptic
gnn : (become soft or weak)
kⁱnon/ϭⲛⲟⲛ (S, B), kⁱnan/ϭⲛⲁⲛ (Sf, F), kⁱēn/ϭⲏⲛ (S, A, F), kⁱhon/ϭⲟⲛ (S), kⁱan/ϭⲁⲛ (sA), djēn/ϫⲏⲛ (B),
kⁱnēout/ϭⲛⲏⲟⲩⲧ (B) (be soft, smooth, weak ) Coptic
(OE, 2500 B.C.E.) kʼaˈnan, (ME, 1700 B.C.E.) kʼaˈnan, (LE, 800 B.C.E.) kʼəˈnan,
(modern Egyptological) ɡɛnɛn (ref Loprieno) IPA
gns : (act of violence)
kⁱons, chons/ϭⲟⲛⲥ (S, A), kⁱans/ϭⲁⲛⲥ (A, sA, F), kⁱaans/ϭⲁⲁⲛⲥ (sA), djons/ϫⲟⲛⲥ (B),
dja(n)s/ϫⲁ(ⲛ)ⲥ (F) (might, violence) Coptic
gr : (to be silent, be mute, quiet, still, cease, desist)
kⁱō/ϭⲱ (stop, be silent) Coptic
grg : (found (a land), establish (a house), people (a place), furnish (waste lands with veg), settle (crown on king),
provide (for), set in order, be ready, put one's trust (in), make preparation, hunter)
(S, sA) kⁱōrkⁱ/ϭⲱⲣϭ, (B) gōrg/ϫⲱⲣϫ, (F) garg/ϫⲁⲣϫ , (S) kⁱorkⁱ/ϭⲟⲣϭ , (sA) kⁱarkⁱ/ϭⲁⲣϭ , (B, f) gorg/ϫⲟⲣϫ,
(S) kⁱolkⁱ/ϭⲟⲗϭ ; (S, A, sA) kⁱōrkⁱ/ϭⲱⲣϭ (hunt, waylay, snare, provide, prepare, preparation,
equipment, inhabit, settle, live, foundation, habitation) Coptic
grg : (lie, falsehood)
glk (lie) Demotic
(S) kⁱol/ϭⲟⲗ , (Sf, A, sA, F) kⁱal/ϭⲁⲗ (lie, liar) Coptic
ɡɛrɛɡ (modern Egyptological) IPA
gereg Traditional Pronunciation
grgt : (dowry)
qrēqā, chrēchā/ϭⲣⲏϭⲉ (S), qrēdji, chrēdji/ϭⲣⲏϫⲓ (B), qrēqi, chrēchi/ϭⲣⲏϭⲓ (F) (dowry) Coptic
ga'rū:gat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
(Old Egyptian, 2500 B.C.E.) kʼaˈɾuːkʼ(V)t, (Middle Egyptian,1700 B.C.E.) kʼaˈɾuːkʼ(V)ʔ,
(Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 B.C.E.) kʼəˈɾuːkʼaʔ, (Late Egyptian, 800 B.C.E.) kʼəˈɾeːkʼə (ref Loprieno) IPA
grH: (night)
gwrH? Demotic
grḥ; garḥ, gerḥ (Budge); qrH, knH, knHw 𓎡𓈖𓎛𓅱𓇰 Alt Egyptian
gōrḥ/ϫⲱⲣϩ, gōrᵉḥ/ϫⲱⲣϩ︦ ? Old Coptic
kⁱōrḥ/ϭⲱⲣϩ (S, sA, F), kōrḥ/ⲕⲱⲣϩ (S), kⁱōraḥ/ϭⲱⲣⲁϩ (S), gōrḥ/ϫⲱⲣϩ (B), èdjōrḥ/ⲉ̀ϫⲱⲣϩ (B) (night);
e'gōrh /'ⲉϫⲱⲣϩ, (S) kōrḥ /ⲕⲱⲣϩ, kⁱōrᵉḥ /ϭⲱⲣϩ︦, (B) gōrḥ /ϫⲱⲣϩ, (B) egōrḥ /ⲉϫⲱⲣϩ,
gōrḥ /ϫⲱⲣϩ (good night); kⁱōrḥ(p)/ϭⲱⲣϩ(ⲡ) (night, dark, darkness) Coptic
ɡɛrɛħ (modern Egyptological) IPA
gereh, ḳereḥ (more accurate) Traditional Pronunciation
ḳōraḥ Fix
~ ref (DOTEL KA)
~ nofri e-gōrḥ /nfr grH
nofri e-gōrḥ/ⲛⲟϥⲣⲓ 'ⲉϫⲱⲣϩ (S) Coptic
gr-ni-pt : (pigeon)
gr (bird) + nj (of) + pt (sky) Evolution
garp-t (dove, pigeon) Budge
grmp (pigeon) Demotic
(S) kⁱroompā/ϭⲣⲟⲟⲙⲡⲉ, (S) kⁱārompā/ϭⲉⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ , (A, sA, F) kⁱrampā/ϭⲣⲁⲙⲡⲉ , (A) kⁱraampā/ϭⲣⲁⲁⲙⲡⲉ ,
(F) kⁱārampā/ϭⲉⲣⲁⲙⲡⲉ, (F) djrampi/ϫⲣⲁⲙⲡⲓ , (NH) kⁱrompā/ϭⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ (Dove), (B) kⁱrompi/ϭⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ (dove, pigeon) Coptic
gs : (side, border (of land), half )
gisā/ גִיסָא Hebrew
(S) kⁱos/ϭⲟⲥ , (Sa, F) kⁱas/ϭⲁⲥ , (S) kas/ⲕⲁⲥ , (B) gos/ϫⲟⲥ, (S, F) kⁱis/ϭⲓⲥ , (S) kⁱās/ϭⲉⲥ , (sA) ks/ⲕⲥ ,
(B) djās/ϫⲉⲥ (half) Coptic
(OE 2500 BC) kʼas ; (ME 1700 BC) kʼas ; (Amarna-period LE 1350 BC) kʼas ; (LE 800 BC) kʼas (ref Loprieno) IPA
gs : (Embalmed)
kās /ⲕⲉⲥ Coptic
gs tp : (migraine head) "half head "or "anoint head"
hēmikrania (migraine "half skull"); emikránion/ἡμικράνιον (pain on one side of the head or face; migraine.) Greek
humekranion/ϩⲩⲙⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛⲓⲟⲛ (S) (migraine); shndjudj/ϣⲛϫⲱϫ (S) (headache) Coptic
hemicranie (migraine "half skull") Latin
hemicrania (migraine "half skull") Late Latin
gsty : (scribe's palette, scribe's vessel, ink vessel)
gstj Alt Egyptian
ke-set Late Kingdom
gst Demotic
kst/𐤊𐤎𐤕 (כסת ) Old Hebrew
késet, keh'-seth /קֶסֶת (qeceth) (scribe's palette, inkstand, inkwell ) Hebrew
qasute/ቀሱት (a waterpot, water vesse) Ethiopic
kⁱast/ϭⲁⲥⲧ, khost/ϭⲟⲥⲧ (mesure) Coptic
ˈkʼastVj (OE, 2500-ME, 1700 BCE), kʼast (LE, 800 BCE), ɡɛsti (modern Egyptological) (ref Loprieno) IPA
gesti Traditional Pronunciation
gwA: (pull tight, be choked)
gāwaꜢ Demotic
kⁱōou /ϬⲰOⲨ (S), djuoun /ϪⲰOⲨⲚ (B) (to push off) Coptic
gAb : (arm, part of body)
(S) kʲboi/ϭⲃⲟⲓ, (S) kʲboā/ϭⲃⲟⲉ, (Sa) kʲfoï/ϭϥⲟⲉⲓ, (A, sA) kʲba(ā)i/ϭⲃⲁ(ⲉ)ⲓ, (B) gpʰoi/ϫⲫⲟⲓ,
(F) kʲbai/ϭⲃⲁⲓ (arm of man, leg of beast ) Coptic
gAHs (Gazelle, Antelope)
gaḥes (Gazelle, Antelope) Budge
gadu Akkadian
(S) kⁱḥos/ϭϩⲟⲥ, (S) kⁱoḥs/ϭⲟϩⲥ, (S) gḥos/ϫϩⲟⲥ, (S) shqos/ϣϭⲟⲥ, (S) shgḥos/ϣϫϩⲟⲥ, (S) shos/ϣϫⲟⲥ, (A) khas/ⲭⲁⲥ ,
(F) kⁱḥas/ϭϩⲁⲥ , (S) kⁱoḥsā/ϭⲟϩⲥⲉ, (S) kⁱaḥsā/ϭⲁϩⲥⲉ , (B) kⁱaḥsi/ϭⲁϩⲥⲓ (Gazelle) Coptic
gAmyt : (hen)
kⁱaimā/ ϭⲁⲓⲙⲉ (hen, domestic fowl) Coptic
gAS : (reed, rush)
gS Demotic
(S, B) kash/ⲕⲁϣ, (A, F, B) kāsh/ⲕⲉϣ (reed, stalk, pen) Coptic
gAw: (be narrow, constricted, languish, lack, be lacking)
gāꜢaw Demotic
djou/ϫⲟⲩ Old Coptic
kⁱōou/ϭⲱⲟⲩ (S), kⁱōu/ϭⲱⲩ (sA), kⁱoou/ϭⲟⲟⲩ (S), kⁱēv/ϭⲏⲩ (S, A, sA), kⁱēou/ϭⲏⲟⲩ (S, A, sA), djēou/ϫⲏⲟⲩ (B) (be narrow);
kⁱō/ϭⲱ (S, sA, F), kō/ⲕⲱ (S), kⁱou/ϭⲟⲩ (A, sA), kⁱōōt/ϭⲱⲱⲧ (F), kⁱāāt/ϭⲉⲉⲧ (S, A, sA),
kⁱēēt/ϭⲏⲏⲧ (S, F) (continue, persist, desist, stop) Coptic
ga:Riw (ref Loprieno) IPA
gbgb, gbgA, gAbgw : (crow)
qbq Alt Egyptian
ꜣbq , ꜥbq Demotic
kʷakʷa/ኳኳ (raven) Ge'ez
kʷakʷ/ኳኵ (kwakwǝ) ("crow, raven") Tigrinya
ghurab/غراب Arabic
arb/ערב Aramaic
aurb/עורב Hebrew
avok/ⲁⲃⲟⲕ (S), awok/ⲁⲃⲟⲕ (B), ˀawōk/ⲁⲃⲱⲕ, abōk /Ⲁ⳰ⲃⲱⲕ (S, F), awōk /Ⲁ⳰ⲃⲱⲕ (B), eavoki /Ⲁ⳰ⲃⲟⲕⲓ,
bai(p) /ⲃⲁⲓ(ⲡ) (raven, crow); aboki(n)/ⲁⲃⲟⲕⲓ(ⲛ) (crow) Coptic
~ gbgbw, gbgAw, gAbgw : (crows)
abokā/ⲁⲃⲟⲕⲉ (S), aboki/ⲁⲃⲟⲕⲓ (B), abookā/ⲁⲃⲟⲟⲕⲉ (S), abakā/ⲁⲃⲁⲕⲉ (A), abaaki/ⲁⲃⲁⲁⲕⲓ (F),
abook/ⲁⲃⲟⲟⲕ (raven, crow) Coptic
gbtu : (Koptos city)
Kāft /Ⲕⲉϥⲧ Coptic
Κόπτος /Coptos or Koptos Greek
Qift /قفط Arabic
gbyr : (left) (Demotic)
(S, F) ḥbour/ϩⲃⲟⲩⲣ, (sA) kⁱbour/ϭⲃⲟⲩⲣ, (A) kⁱbir/ϭⲃⲓⲣ (left hand), kbir/ⲕⲃⲓⲣ (P) (left hand, the left) Coptic
gf, gAf : (small monkey)
gȧf Budge
gjf ALT Egyptian
g'f , g'f.t (F) Old Egyptian
gwf Middle Egyptian
gꜢf 19th Dynasty
lukólgkhsi/λυκόλυγξ < wns-kwf (name) Greek
kof/קוֹף (monkey), kuf/קו״ף (Semitic) (monkey, ape); ko̞p/ ףק (ref. needed); qpym/קפים, qwpym/קופים Hebrew
qardan/قرد (monkey) Arabic
gmgm : (smash (boxes), tear up (books), break (of trees)
(S) kⁱomkⁱ(ə)m/ϭⲟⲙϭ(ⲉ)ⲙ, (A) kⁱamkⁱmə/ϭⲁⲙϭⲙⲉ, (sA, F) kⁱamkⁱm/ϭⲁⲙϭⲙ, (B) khomkhəm/ϫⲟⲙϫⲉⲙ,
(F) kⁱamkⁱē,/ϭⲁⲙϭⲏⲙ, (sA) kⁱamkⁱm/ϭⲁⲙϭⲙ , (S, A, sA) kⁱmkⁱōm/ϭⲙϭⲱⲙ , (B) khəmkhōm/ϫⲉⲙϫⲱⲙ (touch, grope) Coptic
gmi : (find, look for, use (one's hand), be able to (do something), control (land)
gm (find) Demotic
kʲinə/ϭⲓⲛⲉ (S, A, sA, F), djimi/ϫⲓⲙⲓ (B), kʲimi/ϭⲓⲙⲓ (F), kʲini/ϭⲓⲛⲓ (F) , djini/ϫⲓⲛⲓ (F), kʲn/ϭⲛ (S, A, sA, F, Sf), kⁱān/ϭⲉⲛ (S, F),
kn/ⲕⲛ (S), kⁱin/ϭⲓⲛ(S), djəm/ϫⲉⲙ (B), djin/ϫⲓⲛ (F), kʲnt/ϭⲛⲧ (S, A, sA), kʲənt/ϭⲉⲛⲧ (S, F), knt/ⲕⲛⲧ (S),
kʲēnt/ϭⲏⲛⲧ (S), gn/ⲅⲛ (S), djəm/ϫⲉⲙ (B), kʲēt/ϭⲏⲧ (F), djint/ϫⲓⲛⲧ (F), kʲn/ϭⲛ (F), kʲēn/ϭⲏⲛ (F) (find);
kʲomkⁱəm/ϭⲟⲙϭⲉⲙ , djomdjəm/ϫⲟⲙϫⲉⲙ (to find, to use one's hand) Coptic
kʰom/ϰομ- (Meeks) Greek
ɡɛmi (modern Egyptological); kʲinə (UE, S); gī:mi ('to find') (ref Loprieno) IPA
gemi Traditional Pronunciation
~ gmi.i, gmi.n.i (I found)
A-i-kʲinə/ Ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉ (from A-i-kʲinə əm-p-a-eioːt/Ⲁⲓϭⲓⲛⲉ ⲙ̀ⲡⲁⲉⲓⲱⲧ 'I found my father.') Coptic
~ gmt , gmj.t (find)
ˈkʼiːmit (P-OK), ˈkʼiːmiʔ (LMK) , ˈkʼiːma (NK), ˈkʼiːmə (LK 1200 BCE), ˈkʲʼiːmə (LP after 400 BCE),
ˈt͡ʃʼiːmə (RP-E Coptic), ˈd͡ʒiːmə (1300-1400 CE), ˈɟiːmə (1400 CE),ˈd͡ʒimi (1858-1940 CE),
jimi/ϫⲓⲙⲓ (Coptic) (ref Loprieno) Evolution
gī:mi(t) ('to find') (ref Loprieno) IPA
djimi/ϫⲓⲙⲓ Coptic
gnn : (become soft or weak)
kⁱnon/ϭⲛⲟⲛ (S, B), kⁱnan/ϭⲛⲁⲛ (Sf, F), kⁱēn/ϭⲏⲛ (S, A, F), kⁱhon/ϭⲟⲛ (S), kⁱan/ϭⲁⲛ (sA), djēn/ϫⲏⲛ (B),
kⁱnēout/ϭⲛⲏⲟⲩⲧ (B) (be soft, smooth, weak ) Coptic
(OE, 2500 B.C.E.) kʼaˈnan, (ME, 1700 B.C.E.) kʼaˈnan, (LE, 800 B.C.E.) kʼəˈnan,
(modern Egyptological) ɡɛnɛn (ref Loprieno) IPA
gns : (act of violence)
kⁱons, chons/ϭⲟⲛⲥ (S, A), kⁱans/ϭⲁⲛⲥ (A, sA, F), kⁱaans/ϭⲁⲁⲛⲥ (sA), djons/ϫⲟⲛⲥ (B),
dja(n)s/ϫⲁ(ⲛ)ⲥ (F) (might, violence) Coptic
gr : (to be silent, be mute, quiet, still, cease, desist)
kⁱō/ϭⲱ (stop, be silent) Coptic
grg : (found (a land), establish (a house), people (a place), furnish (waste lands with veg), settle (crown on king),
provide (for), set in order, be ready, put one's trust (in), make preparation, hunter)
(S, sA) kⁱōrkⁱ/ϭⲱⲣϭ, (B) gōrg/ϫⲱⲣϫ, (F) garg/ϫⲁⲣϫ , (S) kⁱorkⁱ/ϭⲟⲣϭ , (sA) kⁱarkⁱ/ϭⲁⲣϭ , (B, f) gorg/ϫⲟⲣϫ,
(S) kⁱolkⁱ/ϭⲟⲗϭ ; (S, A, sA) kⁱōrkⁱ/ϭⲱⲣϭ (hunt, waylay, snare, provide, prepare, preparation,
equipment, inhabit, settle, live, foundation, habitation) Coptic
grg : (lie, falsehood)
glk (lie) Demotic
(S) kⁱol/ϭⲟⲗ , (Sf, A, sA, F) kⁱal/ϭⲁⲗ (lie, liar) Coptic
ɡɛrɛɡ (modern Egyptological) IPA
gereg Traditional Pronunciation
grgt : (dowry)
qrēqā, chrēchā/ϭⲣⲏϭⲉ (S), qrēdji, chrēdji/ϭⲣⲏϫⲓ (B), qrēqi, chrēchi/ϭⲣⲏϭⲓ (F) (dowry) Coptic
ga'rū:gat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
(Old Egyptian, 2500 B.C.E.) kʼaˈɾuːkʼ(V)t, (Middle Egyptian,1700 B.C.E.) kʼaˈɾuːkʼ(V)ʔ,
(Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 B.C.E.) kʼəˈɾuːkʼaʔ, (Late Egyptian, 800 B.C.E.) kʼəˈɾeːkʼə (ref Loprieno) IPA
grH: (night)
gwrH? Demotic
grḥ; garḥ, gerḥ (Budge); qrH, knH, knHw 𓎡𓈖𓎛𓅱𓇰 Alt Egyptian
gōrḥ/ϫⲱⲣϩ, gōrᵉḥ/ϫⲱⲣϩ︦ ? Old Coptic
kⁱōrḥ/ϭⲱⲣϩ (S, sA, F), kōrḥ/ⲕⲱⲣϩ (S), kⁱōraḥ/ϭⲱⲣⲁϩ (S), gōrḥ/ϫⲱⲣϩ (B), èdjōrḥ/ⲉ̀ϫⲱⲣϩ (B) (night);
e'gōrh /'ⲉϫⲱⲣϩ, (S) kōrḥ /ⲕⲱⲣϩ, kⁱōrᵉḥ /ϭⲱⲣϩ︦, (B) gōrḥ /ϫⲱⲣϩ, (B) egōrḥ /ⲉϫⲱⲣϩ,
gōrḥ /ϫⲱⲣϩ (good night); kⁱōrḥ(p)/ϭⲱⲣϩ(ⲡ) (night, dark, darkness) Coptic
ɡɛrɛħ (modern Egyptological) IPA
gereh, ḳereḥ (more accurate) Traditional Pronunciation
ḳōraḥ Fix
~ ref (DOTEL KA)
~ nofri e-gōrḥ /nfr grH
nofri e-gōrḥ/ⲛⲟϥⲣⲓ 'ⲉϫⲱⲣϩ (S) Coptic
gr-ni-pt : (pigeon)
gr (bird) + nj (of) + pt (sky) Evolution
garp-t (dove, pigeon) Budge
grmp (pigeon) Demotic
(S) kⁱroompā/ϭⲣⲟⲟⲙⲡⲉ, (S) kⁱārompā/ϭⲉⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ , (A, sA, F) kⁱrampā/ϭⲣⲁⲙⲡⲉ , (A) kⁱraampā/ϭⲣⲁⲁⲙⲡⲉ ,
(F) kⁱārampā/ϭⲉⲣⲁⲙⲡⲉ, (F) djrampi/ϫⲣⲁⲙⲡⲓ , (NH) kⁱrompā/ϭⲣⲟⲙⲡⲉ (Dove), (B) kⁱrompi/ϭⲣⲟⲙⲡⲓ (dove, pigeon) Coptic
gs : (side, border (of land), half )
gisā/ גִיסָא Hebrew
(S) kⁱos/ϭⲟⲥ , (Sa, F) kⁱas/ϭⲁⲥ , (S) kas/ⲕⲁⲥ , (B) gos/ϫⲟⲥ, (S, F) kⁱis/ϭⲓⲥ , (S) kⁱās/ϭⲉⲥ , (sA) ks/ⲕⲥ ,
(B) djās/ϫⲉⲥ (half) Coptic
(OE 2500 BC) kʼas ; (ME 1700 BC) kʼas ; (Amarna-period LE 1350 BC) kʼas ; (LE 800 BC) kʼas (ref Loprieno) IPA
gs : (Embalmed)
kās /ⲕⲉⲥ Coptic
gs tp : (migraine head) "half head "or "anoint head"
hēmikrania (migraine "half skull"); emikránion/ἡμικράνιον (pain on one side of the head or face; migraine.) Greek
humekranion/ϩⲩⲙⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛⲓⲟⲛ (S) (migraine); shndjudj/ϣⲛϫⲱϫ (S) (headache) Coptic
hemicranie (migraine "half skull") Latin
hemicrania (migraine "half skull") Late Latin
gsty : (scribe's palette, scribe's vessel, ink vessel)
gstj Alt Egyptian
ke-set Late Kingdom
gst Demotic
kst/𐤊𐤎𐤕 (כסת ) Old Hebrew
késet, keh'-seth /קֶסֶת (qeceth) (scribe's palette, inkstand, inkwell ) Hebrew
qasute/ቀሱት (a waterpot, water vesse) Ethiopic
kⁱast/ϭⲁⲥⲧ, khost/ϭⲟⲥⲧ (mesure) Coptic
ˈkʼastVj (OE, 2500-ME, 1700 BCE), kʼast (LE, 800 BCE), ɡɛsti (modern Egyptological) (ref Loprieno) IPA
gesti Traditional Pronunciation
gwA: (pull tight, be choked)
gāwaꜢ Demotic
kⁱōou /ϬⲰOⲨ (S), djuoun /ϪⲰOⲨⲚ (B) (to push off) Coptic
h
hAb : (send (someone, something), send for)
hꜢb (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
hb Demotic
(S) ḥōb/ϩⲱⲃ , (B) ḥōv/ϩⲱⲃ , (S) ḥab/ϩⲁⲃ (send) Coptic
hɑb (modern Egyptological) IPA
hAi : (descend (intransitive) to fall, to drop (intransitive) to come, to walk, to charge upon, to fall upon (an enemy)
həi/ϩⲉⲓ (B), hə/ϩⲉ (S) (husband) Coptic
(OE, 2500 BCE) ˈhiʀjit , (ME, 1700 BCE) ˈhiʀjiʔ , (Medio-LE, 1350 BCE) ˈheʔjaʔ , (LE, 800 BCE) ˈheʔjə (ref Loprieno) IPA
hAy, HA, HAi, hi : (Husband)
hi Alt Egyptian
hy Demotic
(S, B) hai /ϩⲁⲓ , (A, F) hāi/ϩⲉⲓ , (sA) hāāi/ϩⲉⲉⲓ (husband); hoout/ϩⲟⲟⲩⲧ , havt/ϩⲁⲩⲧ ,
hout /ϩⲟⲩⲧ (male, husband, wild man or plant); haāi /ϩⲁⲉⲓ (husband) Coptic
~ redi em hy/ rdi m hy (take a husband for a women) Egyptian
tshi hai /ϭⲓϩⲁⲓ (B) , dji hai /ϫⲓϩⲁⲓ (S) (take a husband (for women) Coptic
hAb : (sending, errand)
hb (matter) Demotic
hōb/ϩⲱⲃ Old Copitc
(S, A, sA, B, F) hōb/ϩⲱⲃ, (S, sA, F) hōf/ϩⲱϥ, (S) ōf/ⲱϥ, (S, F) hof/ϩⲟϥ, (F) ob/ⲟⲃ, (F) hōbi/ϩⲱⲃⲓ, (F) obi/ⲟⲃⲓ,
(F) obbi/ⲟⲃⲃⲓ, (B) həb/ϩⲉⲃ (thing, work, matter, event) Coptic
~ hAbw : (plural)
hbny , hbnj : (ebony)
hbyny Demotic
ʾaḇnūsāʾ/ ܐܒܢܘܣܐ Classical Syriac
hovnéh/ הָבְנֶה Hebrew
ebenos/ ἔβενος, ebénē/ἐβένη Greek
ⲉⲃⲉⲛⲟⲥ/ebenos (S,B) Coptic
hebenus, ebenus Latin
abnūs/𐭠𐭡𐭭𐭥𐭮 , ʾpnws Middle Persian
ébèbe French
(5th BCE Attic) é.be.nos , (1st CE Egyptian) ˈe.be.nos , (4th CE Koine)ˈe.βe.nos ,
(10th CE Byzantine) ˈe.ve.nos , (15th CE Constantinopolitan) ˈe.ve.nos (ref Loprieno) IPA
hby : (ibis) 𓉔𓃀𓏭𓅞
hb Demotic
hbw 𓉔𓃀𓏲𓆃 Alt Egyptian
hibōē /ϩⲓⲃⲱⲓ (S, F), həbōē /ϩⲉⲃⲱⲓ (S), hibowwi /ϩⲓⲃⲟⲩⲓ (S), hbowwi /ϩⲃⲟⲩⲓ (S), habiowwi/ϩⲁⲃⲓⲟⲩⲓ (S),
hifouē /ϩⲓϥⲟⲩⲓ (B), hbowwi /ϩⲃⲟⲩⲓ (B), hipowwi /ϩⲓⲡⲟⲩⲓ (B), hip/ϩⲓⲡ (B), he/ϩⲉ (S), hb/ϩⲃ (S) (Ibis) Coptic
ībis Latin
îbis/ἶβῐς (Ibis) Greek
(5th BCE Attic) îː.bis , (1st CE Egyptian)ˈi.bis , (4th CE Koine) ˈi.βis m ,
(10th CE Byzantine) ˈi.vis , (15th CE Constantinopolitan) i.vis Greek IPA
/ˈhibjaw/ → /ˈhijbaw/ → /ˈhiːbəʔ/ → /ˈhiːp/ (ref Loprieno) IPA
hibuy or hebuy (S) Possible correction
hmhm : (roar (bull, roar)
(S, Sf, sA) hmhm/ϩⲙϩⲙ, (A) hmhā/ϩⲙϩⲙⲉ, (Sf, F) hēmhām/ϩⲏⲙϩⲉⲙ,
(B) hāmhām/ ϩⲉⲙϩⲉⲙ (roar, neigh, of lion, of horse, of demon, of man) Coptic
hmw : (jar, pot, hin measure 1/2 liter)
hnw Alt Egyptian
ḫi-na (jar) Akkadian Cuneiform
(S, B) hin/ϩⲓⲛ , (S) āin/ⲉⲓⲛ (vessel, cup, so liquid measure) Coptic
הׅין Hebrew
'hiːnaw (ref Loprieno) IPA
hinew (possible) Pronunciation
hnw : (praise (of god or king)
haw/hallu Proto-Sinaitic
haw/hillul Proto-Canaanite
hp : (law)
hp (aw, justice, right) Demotic
hap/ϩⲁⲡ Old Coptic
(S, B) hap/ϩⲁⲡ , (S) hop/ϩⲟⲡ , (A, sA, F) hāp/ϩⲉⲡ , (sA) āp/ⲉⲡ (judgement, inquest) Coptic
hrp : (sink under, drown, be immersed, suppress (one's desires), downhearted)
hurᵉp /ϩⲱⲣⲛ︦ Coptic
hrp : (peace, pleasantness)
hirē/ϩⲓⲣⲏ (peace) Coptic
~ hrw : (be pleased, satisfied, content, be quiet, at peace)
hirē/ϩⲓⲣⲏ (peace) Coptic
hrw : (day, day time)
hrw (day) Demotic
hrw(w) 𓉔𓂋𓏲𓇳𓏺 (alt Egyptian) > (hAwt?) 𓉔𓄿𓏲𓏏𓇳𓏺, 𓉔𓏯𓏏𓇳
(hắr\ w ͝ w > hắꜢ\ w ͝ w > hắw> oou /ϩⲟⲟⲩ (S, sA, F) (Ref. Junge);
hrww/harwuw/>/ϩⲟⲟⲩ/hoʔw (ref Loprieno) Evolution
hroou /ϩⲣⲟⲟⲩ, ə-hroou /'ⲉϩⲣⲟⲟⲩ (S), hoou /ϩⲟⲟⲩ (S, sA, F), əhoou /ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ (B), hōouə /ϩⲱⲟⲩⲉ (A),
ḥoouə/ϩⲟⲟⲩⲉ (Sa, A, sA), ḥa(o)u / ϩⲁ(ⲟ)ⲩ (F), ḥaa(o)u /ϩⲁⲁ(ⲟ)ⲩ (Sf, F), ḥou /ϩⲟⲩ (S, A, F) Coptic
jour French
haru-u > hrww /harwuw/ ϩⲟⲟⲩ /hoʔw/ (Loprieno) Evolution
'harwuw (ref Loprieno) IPA
hǎws Alt Pronunciation
~ wa hrw : a day (one day)
w'-hɜw Late Kingdom
ou-ho-ou /ⲞⲨ-ϩⲟⲟⲩ (a day) Coptic
~ hrw nfr : good day
nofri ə-ho-ou /ⲛⲟϥⲣⲓ 'ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ, āhooün (good day) Coptic
~ hrw(w) , hrw.w : days (plur)
𓉔𓄿𓂋𓏲𓇳𓏺𓏪 hā\ r ͝ w > aḥrəw /ⲀϨⲢⲈⲨ (ref. Junge) Demotic
ḥrəw /ϨⲢⲈⲨ (A, sA) Coptic
haruu-u > hrw.w /ha'ruww/ ϩⲢⲈⲨ /hrew/ (ref Loprieno) Evolution
harǔwaw to harěw ha'ruww (Loprieno) Alternative Pronunciation
~ pA hrw : today
n pꜢ hrw Demotic
ⲡⲟⲟⲩ (ⲡϩⲟⲟⲩ) (today) Coptic
hAb : (send (someone, something), send for)
hꜢb (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
hb Demotic
(S) ḥōb/ϩⲱⲃ , (B) ḥōv/ϩⲱⲃ , (S) ḥab/ϩⲁⲃ (send) Coptic
hɑb (modern Egyptological) IPA
hAi : (descend (intransitive) to fall, to drop (intransitive) to come, to walk, to charge upon, to fall upon (an enemy)
həi/ϩⲉⲓ (B), hə/ϩⲉ (S) (husband) Coptic
(OE, 2500 BCE) ˈhiʀjit , (ME, 1700 BCE) ˈhiʀjiʔ , (Medio-LE, 1350 BCE) ˈheʔjaʔ , (LE, 800 BCE) ˈheʔjə (ref Loprieno) IPA
hAy, HA, HAi, hi : (Husband)
hi Alt Egyptian
hy Demotic
(S, B) hai /ϩⲁⲓ , (A, F) hāi/ϩⲉⲓ , (sA) hāāi/ϩⲉⲉⲓ (husband); hoout/ϩⲟⲟⲩⲧ , havt/ϩⲁⲩⲧ ,
hout /ϩⲟⲩⲧ (male, husband, wild man or plant); haāi /ϩⲁⲉⲓ (husband) Coptic
~ redi em hy/ rdi m hy (take a husband for a women) Egyptian
tshi hai /ϭⲓϩⲁⲓ (B) , dji hai /ϫⲓϩⲁⲓ (S) (take a husband (for women) Coptic
hAb : (sending, errand)
hb (matter) Demotic
hōb/ϩⲱⲃ Old Copitc
(S, A, sA, B, F) hōb/ϩⲱⲃ, (S, sA, F) hōf/ϩⲱϥ, (S) ōf/ⲱϥ, (S, F) hof/ϩⲟϥ, (F) ob/ⲟⲃ, (F) hōbi/ϩⲱⲃⲓ, (F) obi/ⲟⲃⲓ,
(F) obbi/ⲟⲃⲃⲓ, (B) həb/ϩⲉⲃ (thing, work, matter, event) Coptic
~ hAbw : (plural)
hbny , hbnj : (ebony)
hbyny Demotic
ʾaḇnūsāʾ/ ܐܒܢܘܣܐ Classical Syriac
hovnéh/ הָבְנֶה Hebrew
ebenos/ ἔβενος, ebénē/ἐβένη Greek
ⲉⲃⲉⲛⲟⲥ/ebenos (S,B) Coptic
hebenus, ebenus Latin
abnūs/𐭠𐭡𐭭𐭥𐭮 , ʾpnws Middle Persian
ébèbe French
(5th BCE Attic) é.be.nos , (1st CE Egyptian) ˈe.be.nos , (4th CE Koine)ˈe.βe.nos ,
(10th CE Byzantine) ˈe.ve.nos , (15th CE Constantinopolitan) ˈe.ve.nos (ref Loprieno) IPA
hby : (ibis) 𓉔𓃀𓏭𓅞
hb Demotic
hbw 𓉔𓃀𓏲𓆃 Alt Egyptian
hibōē /ϩⲓⲃⲱⲓ (S, F), həbōē /ϩⲉⲃⲱⲓ (S), hibowwi /ϩⲓⲃⲟⲩⲓ (S), hbowwi /ϩⲃⲟⲩⲓ (S), habiowwi/ϩⲁⲃⲓⲟⲩⲓ (S),
hifouē /ϩⲓϥⲟⲩⲓ (B), hbowwi /ϩⲃⲟⲩⲓ (B), hipowwi /ϩⲓⲡⲟⲩⲓ (B), hip/ϩⲓⲡ (B), he/ϩⲉ (S), hb/ϩⲃ (S) (Ibis) Coptic
ībis Latin
îbis/ἶβῐς (Ibis) Greek
(5th BCE Attic) îː.bis , (1st CE Egyptian)ˈi.bis , (4th CE Koine) ˈi.βis m ,
(10th CE Byzantine) ˈi.vis , (15th CE Constantinopolitan) i.vis Greek IPA
/ˈhibjaw/ → /ˈhijbaw/ → /ˈhiːbəʔ/ → /ˈhiːp/ (ref Loprieno) IPA
hibuy or hebuy (S) Possible correction
hmhm : (roar (bull, roar)
(S, Sf, sA) hmhm/ϩⲙϩⲙ, (A) hmhā/ϩⲙϩⲙⲉ, (Sf, F) hēmhām/ϩⲏⲙϩⲉⲙ,
(B) hāmhām/ ϩⲉⲙϩⲉⲙ (roar, neigh, of lion, of horse, of demon, of man) Coptic
hmw : (jar, pot, hin measure 1/2 liter)
hnw Alt Egyptian
ḫi-na (jar) Akkadian Cuneiform
(S, B) hin/ϩⲓⲛ , (S) āin/ⲉⲓⲛ (vessel, cup, so liquid measure) Coptic
הׅין Hebrew
'hiːnaw (ref Loprieno) IPA
hinew (possible) Pronunciation
hnw : (praise (of god or king)
haw/hallu Proto-Sinaitic
haw/hillul Proto-Canaanite
hp : (law)
hp (aw, justice, right) Demotic
hap/ϩⲁⲡ Old Coptic
(S, B) hap/ϩⲁⲡ , (S) hop/ϩⲟⲡ , (A, sA, F) hāp/ϩⲉⲡ , (sA) āp/ⲉⲡ (judgement, inquest) Coptic
hrp : (sink under, drown, be immersed, suppress (one's desires), downhearted)
hurᵉp /ϩⲱⲣⲛ︦ Coptic
hrp : (peace, pleasantness)
hirē/ϩⲓⲣⲏ (peace) Coptic
~ hrw : (be pleased, satisfied, content, be quiet, at peace)
hirē/ϩⲓⲣⲏ (peace) Coptic
hrw : (day, day time)
hrw (day) Demotic
hrw(w) 𓉔𓂋𓏲𓇳𓏺 (alt Egyptian) > (hAwt?) 𓉔𓄿𓏲𓏏𓇳𓏺, 𓉔𓏯𓏏𓇳
(hắr\ w ͝ w > hắꜢ\ w ͝ w > hắw> oou /ϩⲟⲟⲩ (S, sA, F) (Ref. Junge);
hrww/harwuw/>/ϩⲟⲟⲩ/hoʔw (ref Loprieno) Evolution
hroou /ϩⲣⲟⲟⲩ, ə-hroou /'ⲉϩⲣⲟⲟⲩ (S), hoou /ϩⲟⲟⲩ (S, sA, F), əhoou /ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ (B), hōouə /ϩⲱⲟⲩⲉ (A),
ḥoouə/ϩⲟⲟⲩⲉ (Sa, A, sA), ḥa(o)u / ϩⲁ(ⲟ)ⲩ (F), ḥaa(o)u /ϩⲁⲁ(ⲟ)ⲩ (Sf, F), ḥou /ϩⲟⲩ (S, A, F) Coptic
jour French
haru-u > hrww /harwuw/ ϩⲟⲟⲩ /hoʔw/ (Loprieno) Evolution
'harwuw (ref Loprieno) IPA
hǎws Alt Pronunciation
~ wa hrw : a day (one day)
w'-hɜw Late Kingdom
ou-ho-ou /ⲞⲨ-ϩⲟⲟⲩ (a day) Coptic
~ hrw nfr : good day
nofri ə-ho-ou /ⲛⲟϥⲣⲓ 'ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ, āhooün (good day) Coptic
~ hrw(w) , hrw.w : days (plur)
𓉔𓄿𓂋𓏲𓇳𓏺𓏪 hā\ r ͝ w > aḥrəw /ⲀϨⲢⲈⲨ (ref. Junge) Demotic
ḥrəw /ϨⲢⲈⲨ (A, sA) Coptic
haruu-u > hrw.w /ha'ruww/ ϩⲢⲈⲨ /hrew/ (ref Loprieno) Evolution
harǔwaw to harěw ha'ruww (Loprieno) Alternative Pronunciation
~ pA hrw : today
n pꜢ hrw Demotic
ⲡⲟⲟⲩ (ⲡϩⲟⲟⲩ) (today) Coptic
H
HA : (would that!)
Hwy (would that!), ḥa (Budge) HA, HA A, Hwi A Alt Egyptian
ḥꜢ (Satzinger) Old-Middle Egyptian
ḥl (Satzinger) Late Egyptian
ħɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ha, ḥah (more accurate) Traditional Pronunciation
HAg : (be glad)
ḥꜢg (Satzinger) (to be glad) Old- Middle Egyptian
ḥlg (Satzinger) (to be glad) Late Egyptian
ḥlk (sweet) Demotic
(S) ḥloq/ϩⲗⲟϭ , (A, sA, F) ḥlaq/ϩⲗⲁϭ, (Sa) ḥlak/ϩⲗⲁⲕ , (B) ḥlog/ϩⲗⲟϫ , (Sf) ḥallādj/ϩⲁⲗⲗⲉϫ , (A, sA, F) ḥalq/ϩⲁⲗϭ ,
(sA, F) ḥalāq/ϩⲁⲗⲉϭ , (B) ḥolg/ϩⲟⲗϫ , (F) ḥalg/ϩⲁⲗϫ , (S, sA) ḥalq/ϩⲁⲗϭ , (sA) ḥlq/ϩⲗϭ (be sweet, take delight) Coptic
ḥalu/حلو (sweet) Arabic
HA-ib : (want, grief, sorrow)
(S, Sf, A, sA) ḥēbā/ϩⲏⲃⲉ , (S, Sf) ḥēēbā/ϩⲏⲏⲃⲉ , (S) ḥēibā/ϩⲏⲓⲃⲉ , (A) ēbā/ⲏⲃⲉ , (B, F) ḥēbi/ϩⲏⲃⲓ, (B, F) ḥēibi/ϩⲏⲓⲃⲓ ,
(B) chēbi/ϧⲏⲃⲓ, (B) chēibi/ϧⲏⲓⲃⲓ (grief, mourning) Coptic
HAp : ( to conceal, to hide)
ḥp Demotic
ḥōp/ϩⲱⲡ Coptic
(OE, 2500 BCE) ˈħaːʀap , (ME, 1700 BCE) ˈħaːʀap , (LE, 800 BCE) ˈħoːʔəp (ref Loprieno) IPA
Hapi : (God Hapy)
Hapy (name of the Nile , inundation) 𓎛𓂝𓊪𓈘, 𓎛𓂝𓊪𓏭𓈘𓈗
ḥꜥpj Alt Egyptian
ḥōpi/ϩⲱⲡⲓ Coptic
ħɑːpi (ref Loprieno) IPA
HAt : (front, beginning (of region), foremost, front part, forehead, forepart, prow (of ship), vanguard (of army)
ḥɜ.t ALT Egyptian
ḥ(.t), ḥꜢ.t Demotic
ḫu-ú > ḫe-e Akkadian
eḥēt/ⲉϩⲏⲧ Old Coptic
ḥēt/ ϩⲏⲧ (S, A, sA, B), ḥē, ha /ϩⲏ (S, B, F), ḥiē/ϩⲓⲏ (S), eḥē/ⲉϩⲏ (S, sA), ḥi/ϩⲓ (A), eḥi/ⲉϩⲓ (A), eḥiei/ⲉϩⲓⲉⲓ (A),
ḥi/ϩⲓ (A, sA), eḥēt/ⲉϩⲏⲧ (S) (fore part, beginning) ; ḥouït/ϩⲟⲩⲉⲓⲧ (S, F), ḥouit/ϩⲟⲩⲓⲧ (sA, B, F, O) (first, beginning) Coptic
ˈħuːʀit (OE 2500 BCE), ˈħuːʀiʔ (ME 1700 BCE), ˈħeːʔə (LE 800 BCE), ħɑt (modern Egyptological) (ref Loprieno) IPA
ḥuRi:t > ḥe (Loprieno); ḫi-e (en.wikiversity.org) Alt Pronunciation
hat Traditional Pronunciation
~ HAt a : (beginning, the first part)
ḥouïtā /ϩⲟⲩⲉⲓⲧⲉ (S), ḥouitā/ ϩⲟⲩⲓⲧⲉ (S, A, sA), ḥouiti/ϩⲟⲩⲓϯ (B, F) (Female) (first, beginning) ? Coptic
ḥu'Ri:tij (Loprieno), ḥɜ.tʲ IPA
hat a, ḥat ā (more accurate) Traditional Pronunciation
~ HAwt : (front, beginning (of region), foremost, front part, forehead, forepart, prow (of ship), vanguard (of army) (plural)
ḥouatā /ϩⲟⲩⲁⲧⲉ (S), ḥouati /ϩⲟⲩⲁϯ (B), ḥouāti /ϩⲟⲩⲉϯ (F) (first, beginning) Coptic
HAty : (Heart)
ḥꜢṱ (heart) Demotic
ḥtē /ϩⲧⲏ , ḥēt /ϩⲏⲧ, ḥtā /ϩⲧⲉ Old Coptic
ḥēt /ϩⲏⲧ (S, A, sA, B, F), ḥtē /ϩⲧⲏ (S, A, sA, F), ḥtᵉʰē /ϩⲑⲏ (B),
eḥtē /ⲉϩⲧⲏ (B), ēt/ ⲏⲧ (A), ḥtēi /ϨⲦⲎⲒ (heart, mind) Coptic
hati Malay
~ iay-HAty : to cool, to gratify the mind, to be appeased
iat ib Alt Egyptian
āiō ḥēt/ⲉⲓⲱ ϩⲏⲧ (S,B) Coptic
HAw : (to be naked, take off clothes, to strip naked, undress)
(S) ḥēu /ϩⲏⲩ, kaḥēu /ⲕⲁϩⲏⲩ Coptic
HAy(t) : (rain, flood water, storm)
HAiw (Budge) Alt Egyptian
hou /ϩⲟⲩ, hoou /ϩⲟⲟⲩ, hou /ϩⲱⲟⲩ Coptic
HAy(t) : (flooded land, field canal) ME
ḥaꜢǎyat or ḥǎꜢyat Alternative Pronunciation
ḥoi /ϩⲟⲓ (S) Coptic
~ HAywt : (plur)
ḥaꜢyǐwat Alternative Pronunciation
ḥieewā /ϩⲓⲉⲉⲩ(ⲉ) (S) (plur) Coptic
Hb : (festival, celebrate)
ḥb (feast) Demotic
HAb (festival) Alt Egyptian
(S, B) ḥop/ϩⲟⲡ , (S) ḥoop/ϩⲟⲟⲡ , (sA, S) ḥap/ϩⲁⲡ, (F) ḥaap/ϩⲁⲁⲡ (feast, marriage feast, bride-chamber);
ḥōb/ϨⲰⲂ? (S, A, sA, B, F) (event) Coptic
(OE, 2500 BCE) ħaˈʀab , (ME, 1700 BCE) ħaˈʀab, (Medio-LE, 1350 BCE) ˈħiːbaʔ , (LE, 800 BCE) ħap (ref Loprieno) IPA
~ HAbi : to celebrate a festival
(OE, 2500 BCE) ˈħiʀbit , (ME, 1700 BCE) ˈħiʀbiʔ, (Medio-LateE, 1350 BCE) ˈħiːbaʔ ,
(LE, 800 BCE) ˈħiːβə (ref Loprieno) IPA
Hb : (mourn)
ḥēbe/ϩⲏⲃⲉ (S, Sf, A, sA), ḥēēbe/ϩⲏⲏⲃⲉ (S, Sf), ḥēibe/ϩⲏⲓⲃⲉ (S), ēbe/ⲏⲃⲉ (A), ḥēbi/ϩⲏⲃⲓ (B, F), ḥēibi/ϩⲏⲓⲃⲓ (B, F),
khēbi/ϧⲏⲃⲓ (B), khēibi /ϧⲏⲓⲃⲓ (B) Coptic
Hbs : (clothe, be clothed, don (garment), furnish (house), hide, cover up, garment, clothes, clothing, cloth, covering)
Hbswt (cloth) Alt Egyptian
ḥbs (garment) Demotic
(S, A, sA) ḥboos/ϩⲃⲟⲟⲥ , (S, B) ḥbos/ϩⲃⲟⲥ, (S, B) ḥbōs/ϩⲃⲱⲥ , (Sa, sA, F) ḥbas/ϩⲃⲁⲥ (covering, garment, linen) Coptic
ħɛbɛs (modern Egyptological) IPA
hebes Traditional Pronunciation
~ Hbsw (clothing plural)
Hbswt (clothing?) Alt Egyptian
(S, A, F) ϩⲃⲱⲱⲥ , (B, F) ϩⲃⲱⲥ , (B) ⲉϩⲃⲱⲥ (Plur : covering, garment, linen) Coptic
HD : (white, bright)
hedj Budge
ḥč̣ Schenkel
'ḥwa:ra:/ܚܘܵܪܵܐ ,'ḥwo:ro: /ܚܘܳܪܳܐ < 'ḥwr/ ܚܘܪ Syriac
häch'a /ሀጫ (white) Ethiopic
hvid Danish
'abyd /أبيض Arabic
ḥat /ϩⲁⲧ (S) (B), ḥatā /ϩⲁⲧⲉ (S), ḥaatā /ϩⲁⲁⲧⲉ (S), ḥaat /ϩⲁⲁⲧ (S), ḥēt /ϩⲏⲧ, ḥāt /ϩⲉⲧ (white); wauopsh /ⳣⲟⲡϣ (white) Coptic
Verb (infinitive): (OE, 2500 B.C.E.) /ħaːcʼ/ , (ME, 1700 B.C.E.) /ħaːtʼ/, (LE, 800 B.C.E.) /ħoːtʼ/;
Verb (stative, state or condition): (OE 2500 B.C.E.) ˈħuːcʼaw, (ME 1700 B.C.E.) ˈħuːtʼaw,
(LE 800 B.C.E.) ħeːtʼ (ref Loprieno) IPA
hebes ; HuDD-[i] (verbal *HiDaDD- or *HaaDeD) (Sami Paldanius) Alt Pronunciation
hedj Traditional Pronunciation
ḥadj Fix
~ sHD : (to illuminate, to lighten up, to throw light on, to clear up, to explain)
caḥte /ⲥⲁϩⲧⲉ Coptic
HD : (silver)
ḥt (silver, money) Demotic
hõbe Estonian
hõpõ Võro
(S) ḥatā/ϩⲁⲧⲉ, (S) ḥaatā/ϩⲁⲁⲧⲉ, (S) ḥaat/ϩⲁⲁⲧ , (silver) ; (Sa, F) ḥēt/ϩⲏⲧ , (S, B) ḥat/ϩⲁⲧ ,
(Sa, A, sA, F) ḥāt/ϩⲉⲧ (silver, coin, money) Coptic
(OE, 2500 BCE) ħicʼ , (ME, 1700 BCE) ħitʼ , (LE, 800 BCE) ħetʼ (ref Loprieno) IPA
hedj Traditional Pronunciation
HD-dHty : ( tin 'White lead')
khas-it , 𓂓𓊃𓏭?; khasi-ta 𓂓𓊃𓏭𓇾? (tin) Alt Egyptian
kastIra / कस्तीर (tin) Sanskrit
kassíteron/ κασσίτερον (tin, 'literally the metal or earth from the land of the Kassi') (tin) Ancient Greek
kassiteros /κασσίτερος , khattíteros/ϰαττίτερος ; kassiteroV (Homer Iliad) (tin) Greek
qəsdīrā/ קְסֵטִירָא (tin) Aramaic
kas’dim , K-S-D (needs source?) (tin) Hebrew
qasdayr, kas-deer /قصدير (tin) Arabic
kasitērə/ⲕⲁⲥⲓⲧⲏⲣⲉ, kasitērən/ⲕⲁⲥⲓⲧⲏⲣⲉⲛ, kasitērn/ⲕⲁⲥⲓⲧⲏⲣⲛ (S) (tin) Coptic
HDw : (Onion)
mḏl (onion) Demotic
ēdji /ⲏϫⲓ (B), ētshe /ⲏϭⲉ (S) (leek, onion?); mˈdjōl/ⲙϫⲱⲗ (S, B), mdjōr/ⲙϫⲱⲣ (S), āmdjōl/ⲉⲙϫⲱⲗ (S, B),
mdjoul/ⲙϫⲟⲩⲗ (B) (onion); ḥtit/ϩϯⲧ (S, B), ḥtit/ϩⲧⲓⲧ (S, B), djol/ϫⲟⲗ (onion), āmdjōl ḥāut/ⲉⲙϫⲱⲗ ϩⲉⲩⲧ (wild onion) Coptic
būṣlā/ בּוּצְלָא ; bwsˤla/ בוצלא (onion) Aramaic
baṣal (onion) Proto-West Semitic
bāṣāl/ בָּצָל (onion) Hebrew
baṣal/ بصل (onion) Arabic
HfA(w) : (snake)
Hf Demotic
ḥfꜢw Middle Kingdom
(S, B) ḥof /ϩⲟϥ , (S) ḥob /ϩⲟⲃ, (S) ḥop /ϩⲟⲡ, (S) ḥōb /ϩⲱⲃ , (A, sA, F) ḥaf /ϩⲁϥ Coptic
ḥafʀaw > ϩⲟϥ /hof/ , ħɛfɑuː (modern Egyptological) (ref Loprieno) IPA
ḥafɜaw (Loprieno), hǎf(Ꜣaw) Alt Pronunciation
hefau Traditional Pronunciation
~ HfAwt : (snakes) (female)
ḥfō /ϩϥⲱ (S, B), ḥbō /ϩⲃⲱ (S, sA, F), ḥbou /ϩⲃⲟⲩ (A) Coptic
ḥafꜢāw(at) IPA
~ HfAyw : (snakes) (plur)
ḥboui /ϨⲂOⲨⲒ (S , B) Coptic
hafꜢǎwaw IPA
Hfn : (100,000 , hundred thousand)
shā ensho /ϣⲉ ⲛ⳰ϣⲟ Coptic
HH : (forever, eternity, million ,cyclical eternity
ḥḥ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ḥaḥ/ϩⲁϩ (many, much) Coptic
ħɛħ (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.) (ref Loprieno) IPA
ḥāḥ , ḥaḥ (Callender, Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ nHH : belonging to a million (years)
~ nde (million) Igbo
~ nêtsaḥ/ נֵצַח (eternity) Hebrew
~ ˈnijħaħ (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.), ˈnijħaħ (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C.), ˈneʔħəħ (Late Egyptian 800 B.C.) IPA
~ ənəḥ/ⲉⲛⲉϩ (S, B, F), ənəḥə/ⲉⲛⲉϩⲉ (S), ənēḥə/ⲉⲛⲏϩⲉ (S, F), anēḥə/ⲁⲛⲏϩⲉ (A, sA, L)
(Eternity); ənəḥ/ⲉⲛⲉϩ (eternal, forever, eternally) Coptic
HkA : (Magic, spells, sorcery)
hik /ϩⲓⲕ (S, A, sA, B, F) (magic) Coptic
kišpū/𒆠𒅖𒁍 (sorcery) Akkadian
~ HkA(w): (Magic, spells)
ḥik /ϩⲓⲕ (S, A, sA, B, F) , ḥako /ϩⲁⲕⲟ (S), akō /ⲁⲕⲱ (B) (magic, spells) Coptic
HkAw, HkAy : (magician)
ḥqꜢw Middle Egyptian
ḥako /ϩⲁⲕⲟ (S, sA), ḥaka /ϩⲁⲕⲁ (Sf), ḥago /ϩⲁⲅⲟ (S), akhō /ⲁⲭⲱ (B), akō/ⲀⲔⲰ (B), eakhō /ⲁ́ⲭⲱ (magician, wizard) Coptic
ḥakꜢǎ(w) Alt Pronunciation
~ HkAyw : (magicians)
akhōowwi /ⲁⲭⲱⲟⲩⲓ (B) (Magicians, wizards) Coptic
ḥakꜢǎwaw Alt Pronunciation
Hqr : (be hungry, hunger)
HqA ? Alt Egyptian
(S, A, sA, B) ḥko/ϩⲕⲟ , (S, B) āḥko/ⲉϩⲕⲟ, (F) ḥka/ϩⲕⲁ, (F) ḥika/ϩⲓⲕⲁ , (S) ḥkaït/ϩⲕⲁⲉⲓⲧ, (S) ḥkoït/ϩⲕⲟⲉⲓⲧ , (S) ḥokr/ϩⲟⲕⲣ ,
(A, sA) ḥkāāt/ϩⲕⲉⲉⲧ , (sA) ḥït/ϩⲕⲉⲓⲧ , (B) ḥokār/ϩⲟⲕⲉⲣ , (F) ḥakāl/ϩⲁⲕⲉⲗ (to hunger) Coptic
(OE, 2500 BCE) ħaˈqʼaɾ , (ME, 1700 BCE) ħaˈqʼaʔ , (LE, 800 BCE) ħəˈqʼaʔ (ref Loprieno) IPA
ḥaḳár (possible) Pronunciation
ḥqor Fix
HmAt : (salt)
ḥmou/ϩⲙⲟⲩ (S, A, B), ḥemou/ϩⲉⲙⲟⲩ (F) Coptic
намак Tajik
hal'-as/ ἅλας Greek
mlḥā/ܡܠܚܐ Syriac
milh /ملح Arabic
meh'-lakh /מֶלַח, מֶ֫לַח Hebrew
HmD : (vinegar)
ḥmsch/ḥmṣ/𐎈𐎎𐎕(vinegar) Ugaritic
ḫal/𒂁𒄬 (pot, earthen container for storing liquids) Sumerian
ḫabāṣu, ḫamāṣu/𒄩𒁀𒍮 (to be cheerful, to be elated from alcohol); ḫallu/𒂁𒄬 (vinegar) Akkadian
ḥāmiḍ/ حامض (sour), ḥamuḍa/ حَمُضَ (to ferment, go sour) Arabic
ḥmˁ /ܚܡܥ (to ferment , to leaven , to mix) Classical Syriac
ḥamútza/ חמוצא (sour (having an acid, sharp or tangy taste); ḥallā/ חָלָא (vinegar) Aramaic
ḥṓmets, ħaːˈmeːsˤ (biblical)/ חֹמֶץ (vinegar), ḥamūts/ חומץ (sour) Hebrew
ḥᵉmdj /ϩⲙ︦ϫ , (S, A, sA, F) ḥmdj/ϩⲙϫ , (S, B, F) ḥəmdj/ϩⲉⲙϫ , (S, F) ḥēmdj/ϩⲏⲙϫ (vinegar); (S) ḥmodj/ϩⲙⲟϫ ,
(S, B) ḥomdj/ϩⲟⲙϫ , (S) ḥomēdj/ϩⲟⲙⲏϫ, (Sa) ḥamdj/ϩⲁⲙϫ , (Sf) ḥamēdj/ϩⲁⲙⲏϫ (become, be sour) Coptic
Hms(i): (dell in, sit, sit down, seat (someone)
ḥms Demotic
ḥmoos /ϩⲙⲟⲟⲥ (F), ḥemsi /ϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ (B), ḥmest/ ϩⲙⲉⲥⲧ (A), ḥmes/ϩⲙⲉⲥ (A), ḥmast/ϩⲙⲁⲥⲧ (A), ḥmost/ϩⲙⲟⲥⲧ (A),
ḥmas/ϩⲙⲁⲥ (F), ḥmaas/ϩⲙⲁⲁⲥ (F), ḥemas/ϩⲉⲙⲁⲥ (F). hmest/ϩⲙⲉⲥⲧ (L), hmes/ϩⲙⲉⲥ (L), hmast/ϩⲙⲁⲥⲧ (L),
hmas/ϩⲙⲁⲥ (L), hmaas/ϩⲙⲁⲁⲥ (L), ḥmoos/ ϩⲙⲟⲟⲥ (S) (to sit, dwell) Coptic
(OE 2500 BCE) ˈħimsit , (ME 1700 BCE) ˈħimsiʔ , (Amarna-period LE 1350 BCE) ˈħemsa ,
(LE 800 BCE)ˈħemsə (ref Loprieno) IPA
ḥemōs(i) Fix
Hm : (servant , 'priest')
ḫl Demotic
khn / 𐤊𐤄𐤍 (priest) Phoenician
khnt/ 𐎋𐎅𐎐𐎚 (priest) Ugaritic
ḫu-ru , ḫr (slave) Syrian
kāhדnā/ כָּהֲנָא Aramaic
kōhēn/ כֹּהֵן Hebrew
ḥᵉm /ϩⲙ︦; (S, A, sA, B, F) ḥam/ϩⲁⲙ , (S) ḥm/ϩⲙ , (B) am/ⲁⲙ (craftsman); (S, sA) ḥal/ϩⲁⲗ, (A) khāl/ⳉⲉⲗ ,
(F) ḥāl/ϩⲉⲗ (servant, slave) Coptic
kāhin/كَاهِن Arabic
ħɛm (Modern Egyptological) IPA
hem, ḥem Traditional Pronunciation
~ Hm nTr : (priest , prophet 'servant of god')
annata/ant/𐦠𐦩𐦴 (priest) Meroitic
ḥam'naṯar (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ḥont/ϩⲟⲛⲧ (priest) Coptic
(OE, 2500 BC) ˈħamˌnacaɾ, (ME, 1700 BC) ˈħamˌnataʔ, (LE, 800 BC)ˈħannətə (ref Loprieno) IPA
~ Hmw : (servants)
ḥmēv/ϩⲙⲏⲩ, ḥmāv/ϩⲙⲉⲩ (craftsman) (plur) Coptic
~~ Hmt : (wife, woman, servant)nfr
ḥijam ḥjmt /ḥijmat/ > ḥiːmə/ϩⲓⲙⲉ Evolution
Hmt (wife) Demotic
khnt/𐎋𐎅𐎐𐎚 Ugaritic
khnt / 𐤊𐤄𐤍𐤕 (priestess) Phoenician
kohénet/ כוהנת , כֹּהֶנֶת (wife or duaghter of cohen/ priest) Hebrew
ḥimā /ϩⲓⲙⲉ (wife/women) Old Coptic
ḥimi /ϩⲓⲙⲓ (B), ḥim / ϩⲓⲙ (S), ḥēm /ϩⲏⲙ (F), himə/ⳋⲓⲙⲉ, ḥimə , himè (Amentet Neferet)/ϩⲓⲙⲉ (S, A, sA) (wife/women)
; ḥiomi/ϨⲒⲞⲘⲒ (women) Coptic
haenim/ ها َنـِم (lady) Egyptian Arabic
ħijmat, 'ħi.matʰ (JPA) (OE); ħi.ma(tʰ) (JPA) (ME); 'ħi.ma (JPA) (LE); ḥiʲmat (Loprieno), ḥym.t (Vycichl);
ħɛmɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
hemet, ḥemet Traditional Pronunciation
ḥimāt Fix
~ rdi m Hmt : marry (for women) Egyptian
tshi es ḥimi /ϭⲓⲥ⳰ϩⲓⲙⲓ (B), dji ᵉs ḥimi /ϫⲓⲥ︦ϩⲓⲙⲉ (S) (to take a wife, to marry) Coptic
redi em hemet Traditional Pronunciation
~ Hmwt : (wives, women) Egyptian
ḥiʲamwat (Loprieno), ħiˈjamwat Alt Pronunciation
**woman (ⲥⲁ + ϩⲓⲙⲉ)
ḥyome / ϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ (S), ḥyame/ ϩⲓⲁⲙⲉ (A, sA), ḥyaame /ϩⲓⲁⲁⲙⲉ, (A), ḥyomi/ϩⲓⲟⲙⲓ (B), ḥyami/ϩⲓⲁⲙⲓ (F),
sḥyame /ⲥϩⲓⲁⲙⲉ (women) (A), sḥyome / ⲥϩⲓⲟⲙⲉ (women, wife) (NH) Coptic
~ st-Hmt : (women , wife)
st-Hmt (pronounced zɛt ħɛmɛt IPA) (women) (ME) > s-ḥmt (woman) (Demotic) >
sḥimi/ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ (Coptic) **woman (ⲥⲁ + ϩⲓⲙⲉ) Evolution
Hmt (wife), s-Hm.t (women, female) Demotic
(S, A, sA), seimā/ⲥⲉⲓⲙⲉ (S), sḥe/ⲥϩⲉ (S), sḥimi/ⲥϩⲓⲙⲓ (B, F) sḥimā /ⲥϩⲓⲙⲉ (woman, wife,
female (animal) Coptic
~ tA st-Hmt : (the women , the wife)
ⲧⲥϩⲓⲙⲉ : (the women) Coptic
Hmsi , Hmsy : (sit, sit down, dwell (in), seat (someone)
ḥms Demotic
(S, F) ḥmoos /ϩⲙⲟⲟⲥ , (A, sA) ḥmest /ϩⲙⲉⲥⲧ, (A, sA) ḥmast /ϩⲙⲁⲥⲧ, (A, sA) ḥmes /ϩⲙⲉⲥ , (A) ḥmost /ϩⲙⲟⲥⲧ,
(sA, F) ḥma(a)s /ϩⲙⲁ(ⲁ)ⲥ, (F) ḥemas /ϩⲉⲙⲁⲥ , (B) ḥemsi /ϩⲉⲙⲥⲓ (sit, remain, dwell) Coptic
Hmt : (copper)
halcumã (possibly connection) Aromanian
ḥomt/ϩⲟⲙⲧ Old Coptic
(S) ḥomᵉnt/ϩⲟⲙⲛ︦ⲧ, (Sa, Sf, sA, F) ḥamnt/ϩⲁⲙⲛⲧ, (S) ḥom(ā)t/ϩⲟⲙ(ⲉ)ⲧ, (Sa, A, F) ḥamt/ϩⲁⲙⲧ, (B) ḥomt/ϩⲟⲙⲧ,
(F) ḥamāt/ϩⲁⲙⲉⲧ (copper, bronze) Coptic
ħɛmɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
hemet Traditional Pronunciation
ḥomāt Fix
Hmt : (cow)
* possibly etymogly cream and butter from cow
ḫimˀat (cream, curd, butter) (ref. Bloch) Proto-word
karʾa (butter) Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Challa
ḥemˀâ / khem-AH/ חֶמְאָה (cream, curd, butter) (ref. Bloch) Hebrew
ḥmˀh (curd), ḥeˀwtāˀ (butter) (Syr Akkadian) (ref. Bloch) Aramaic
ḫmat (curd, butter) (ref. Bloch) Ugaritic
ḥámi (butter) (ref. Bloch) Modern Soth Arabian
ḫimētu, ḫimātu (ghee, butter) (ref. Bloch) Akkadian
Hmww : (craftsman)
ḥam/ϩⲁⲙ (S, A, sA, B, F), ḥm/ϩⲙ (S), am/ⲁⲙ (B), hom/ϩⲟⲙ (B) (shoemaker) Coptic
~ Hmwt (craftsmen) Egyptian
~ ḥmēv/ϩⲙⲏⲩ (S), ḥmev/ϩⲙⲉⲩ (S) Coptic
Hmt : (copper)
homᵉnt/ ϩⲟⲙⲛ︦ⲧ, homt /ϩⲟⲙⲧ Coptic
Hmt-ra : (spell)
ḥmār /ϩⲙⲏⲣ Coptic
Hmw : (40 , forty)
ḥme/ ϩⲙⲉ (S, A, sA, B), ehmā /ϩ⳰ⲙⲉ, ḥmē/ϩⲙⲏ (Sf), ḥm/ϩⲙ (B) Coptic
hamaw , ḥ˘mí (?) (Callender) , ḥ˘méw (Loprieno) (ref Loprieno) IPA
Hmw : (craft, build, produce, make (as a craft),
(S, A, sA, B, F) ḥam ϩⲁⲙ, (S) ḥm ϩⲙ, (B) am ⲁⲙ Coptic
~ Hmww: (craft, form, fashion, craftsman, expert, carpenter)
ḥmēu ϩⲙⲏⲩ, ḥmeu/ḥmev ϩⲙⲉⲩ Coptic
~ Hmwt : (female, craftsmen, art, craft)
~ Hmt : (skill, craft (of sculptor)
Hn, sHn : (command, govern, provide)
hōn /ϩⲱⲛ (S, sA, F), ḥnan/ϩⲛⲁⲛ (Sa), khēnan/ⳉⲛⲁⲛ (A), ḥōne/ϩⲱⲛⲉ (sA) , ḥn/ϩⲛ (S), ḥon/ϩⲟⲛ (S), ḥēn/ϩⲏⲛ (S, sA, F),
khēn/ ⳉⲏⲛ (A) (bid, command), saḥne/ⲥⲁϩⲛⲉ (S, A, sA), seḥni/ⲥⲉϩⲛⲓ (B) (provide, supply, mostly) Coptic
siḥVntV (ref Loprieno) IPA
Hna : (and, with)
Hna, possible Ha? Demotic
ỉrm (together, with) Early Egyptian
jrm Late Egyptian
gara /ጋራ (together), ena /እና (and) Ethiopic
ḥn/ϩⲛ (in, at, with, within) (S) , khn/ϧⲛ , ḥen/ϩⲉⲛ , ḥl[ħəl]/ⳍⲗ (and, with, or) Old Coptic
eḥoun/ ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ (S, A,F) (inside, inward); ḥn/ϩⲛ (S, sA, F), khēn/ⳉⲛ (A), khen/ϧⲉⲛ (B), ḥin/ϩⲓⲛ (F), ḥe/ϩⲉ (F),
ḥē/ϩⲏ (F), ḥen/ϩⲉⲛ (F) (in, at, on, of time, by, with); avō/ⲁⲩⲱ (S) (and) ;
ḥi/ϩⲓ (on, at, in , concerning, with, from, out of, under, in time of, at time of, and, or); aḥan/ⲁϩⲁⲛ ,
aḥān/ⲁϩⲉⲛ(together with, and) Coptic
ḥāna , 'ḥena , ħəl (nominal state), ħɛnɑː (modern Egyptological) (ref Loprieno) IPA
(Hna ipd nb.t /together with all fowl) > ⳍ̣ⲗⲟⲡⲧⲛⲓⲃ (Old Coptic Manuscript) (Love Innovative SaSiRE) Reconstruction
Hnk : (offering, present something with something, offer, make an offering, to be burdened with, present)
hōnk/ ϩⲱⲛⲕ (S) "consecrate, appoint" Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ˈħaːnak , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ˈħaːnak , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE)ˈħoːnək IPA
henek Traditional Pronunciation
~ Hnkw : (diplomatic gifts)
Hnkt , Hnqt : (Beer)
ḥḳt (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
nHH NK
ḥnq, ḥnqe, ḥnqy, ḥq Demotic
nāḫu (lard?) Akkadian
ḥnkā /ϨⲚⲔⲈ (S), ḥāmki/ ϩⲉⲙⲕⲓ (B) Coptic
ħɛnkɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
henqet Traditional Pronunciation
Hnkw : (armed retainers)
ḫa-na-ku-u-ka Cuneiform
hanikim or hanika(y)w Alt Pronunciation
heneku Traditional Pronunciation
Hnw : (canal)
ḥoi /ϩⲟⲓ (S) (canal, ditch), ḥone /ϩⲱⲛⲉ (S) , ḥoni /ϩⲱⲛⲓ (canal) Coptic
Hnw : (jar)
ḥi:naw>ḥV'new (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ḫi-na Akkadian
ḥna(a)v/ ϩⲛⲁ(ⲁ)ⲩ (S), ḥnaou/ ϩⲛⲁⲟⲩ (S), ḥno(o)u/ϩⲛⲟ(ⲟ)ⲩ (S), ḥna(o)we/ ϩⲛⲁ(ⲟ)ⲩⲉ (A), ḥno/ϩⲛⲟ (S, A), ḥnō/ϩⲛⲱ (S, A),
ḥne/ϩⲛⲉ (A), ḥne(e)v/ ϩⲛⲉ(ⲉ)ⲩ (F), ḥeneou/ϩⲉⲛⲉⲟⲩ (F), ḥnēou/ϩⲛⲏⲟⲩ (F), ḥee(o)u/ϩⲉⲉ(ⲟ)ⲩ (F) (jar, pot, vessale) Coptic
Hpt : (embrace, armful, cover)
HAp (to cover over, to hidem to conceal, to envelop, to shroud) Root word
ḥōp ϩⲱⲡ Root word in Coptic
ḥotp/ Ϩⲟⲧⲡ (S) (B) (joined, enclose), ḥopt/Ϩⲟⲡⲧ (S) (b) (joined, enclosed),
ḥutn /Ϩⲱⲧⲡ (S) (B) , ḥetn /Ϩⲉⲧⲡ (join, attune, be reconciled, sink) Coptic
HApt 𓇉𓄿𓊪𓏏𓂘 Budge
ḥapit Fix
HqA : (ruler)
ḥḳꜢ, ḥqꜢ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ḥik/ϩⲓⲕ [GE by Champollion] Coptic
hersker (ruler) Norwegian
hökmdar Azerbaijani
ħɛkɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
~ HqAt : (Ruler) (female)
pr-āa(t) Demotic
ħɛkɑt (modern Egyptological) IPA
heqat Traditional Pronunciation
~HqA HAst (‘ruler of a foreign land’, a foreign ruler generally, one of the Hyksos)
ḥqꜣ ḫꜣst (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Huksṓs/ Ὑκσώς , Huxṓs/Ὑξώς Ancient Greek
ħɛkɑ xɑsɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
heqa-khaset
Hqr : (be hungry, hungry man, hungry)
ḥa'qar (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ḥko/ϩⲕⲟ (S, A, sA, B), eko/ⲉϩⲕⲟ (S, B), ḥka/ϩⲕⲁ (F), ḥika/ϩⲓⲕⲁ (F), ḥkaeit/ϩⲕⲁⲉⲓⲧ (S), ḥkoeit/ϩⲕⲟⲉⲓⲧ (S),
ḥokr/ϩⲟⲕⲣ (S), ḥkeet/ϩⲕⲉⲉⲧ (A, sA), ḥkeit/ϩⲕⲉⲓⲧ (sA), ḥoker/ϩⲟⲕⲉⲣ (B), ḥakel/ϩⲁⲕⲉⲗ (F) Coptic
ħɛkɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
heker, heqer Traditional Pronunciation
Hr(w) : (falcon)
Ḫa-a-ra (Eagle), Ḫu-u-ru/Ḫūru (H.D. Baker) Assyrian
h₃érō (Eagle) Proto-Indo-European
ḫa-a-ra-aš, /hāras/ 𒄩𒀀𒊏𒀸 (Eagle) Hittite
órnīs /ὄρνῑς, órnīx/ ὄρνῑξ (Eagle) Ancient Greek
ōros/Ὡρος Greek
ḥor/ϩⲟⲣ Coptic
orao (Eagle) Croatian
Örn (Eagle) Icelandic
eriros (Eagle) Celtic
erer (Eagle) Breton
er (Eagle) Cornish
irar Old Irish > ilar (Eagle) Middle Irish
arô (Eagle) Germanic
ḥāru (possible needs ref) IPA
her(u) Traditional Pronunciation
Hr : (distant one)
(S, Sf, F) əḥrai/ⲉϩⲣⲁⲓ , (Sa) aḥrai/ⲁϩⲣⲁⲓ , (Sa, A, sA, O) aḥrē(ə)i/ⲁϩⲣⲏ(ⲉ)ⲓ , (Sa, sA) aḥrē/ⲁϩⲣⲏ , (Sa) aḥrə/ⲁϩⲣⲉ ,
(B, F) əḥrēi/ⲉϩⲣⲏⲓ, (F) əḥlēi/ⲉϩⲗⲏⲓ, (F) ḥlēi/ϩⲗⲏⲓ, (S, NH) əḥraï/ⲉϩⲣⲁⲉⲓ (to above, upward) ; (S) ouə/ⲟⲩⲉ ,
(Sf) ouē/ⲟⲩⲏ , (A, sA) ouïə/ⲟⲩⲉⲓⲉ , (sA) ouiə/ⲟⲩⲓⲉ , (B) ouï/ⲟⲩⲉⲓ , (F) ouē(ē)i/ⲟⲩⲏ(ⲏ)ⲓ , (S, sA) ouē(ē)u/ⲟⲩⲏ(ⲏ)ⲩ ,
(A, B, F) ouēou/ⲟⲩⲏⲟⲩ (be distant, far-reaching) Coptic
ḥōr , ḥār (Paul D. LeBlanc) Alt Pronunciation
Hr : (upon, in, at, from, on account of, concerning, through, and, having on it, because, on, up, face, sight)
ḥr (ḥ͝ ˀ > ϩⲓ) Evolution
ḥắr (face), ḥer (upon) Old Kingdom
x̣al Afroas
hor (beginning, before, first, opposite, in front of, ), hore, ee hore (front), hore (first, before), hórai (first) Somali
hoore nden (head) (http://www.ibamba.net/pular/manual.pdf) Pulaar
'al Semitic
ḫara Babalonian
ꜥala/على (sometimes ḥ becomes ꜥ) Arabic
ḥo/ϩⲟ (S), ḥa/ϩⲁ , ḥra/ϩⲣⲁ , khra/ϧⲣⲁ (face, side, edge) ḥra /ϩⲣⲁ (face), ḥi /ϩⲓ (on, at, in, with, under, out of) Old Coptic
ḥra /ϩⲣⲁ (S, B), eḥra /ϩ⳰ⲣⲁ (S), ḥō /Ϩⲟ (S,A, B) (face); ḥi /Ϩⲓ (B) (upon);
ḥrai /ϩⲣⲁⲓ (in, at upon, from) ; ḥrēi , ɛh-rāj (ref?) /ϩⲣⲏⲓ, eəḥrēi /ⲉ⳰ϩⲣⲏⲓ (on), ḥi /ϩⲓ (S, A, sA, B, F),
əḥi/ ⲉϩⲓ (Sf, B, F), ēḥi/ⲏϩⲓ (A, B), ḥə/ϩⲉ (S), ḥiōō/ϩⲓⲱⲱ (S, A, sA, F) ḥiō/ϩⲓⲱ (S), ḥiōt/ϩⲓⲱⲧ (S),
əḥiōō/ⲉϩⲓⲱⲱ (Sf), ḥioo/ϩⲓⲟⲟ (A), ḥiōt/ϩⲓⲱⲧ (B), ḥiōōt/ϩⲓⲱⲱⲧ (F) (on, at, in, with, under, out of, and, at time of, presence of);
ḥo/ϩⲟ (S, A, sA, B), ḥa/ϩⲁ (S, Sf, A, sA, F), ḥō/ϩⲱ (S, A), ḥra/ϩⲣⲁ (S, B), ḥre/ϩⲣⲉ (A, sA, B, F),
ḥle/ϩⲗⲉ (F) (face, side, edge) Coptic
ḥar-u (Proto-Egyptian) > /ḥar/ > ϨⲞ /hoʔ/ (ref Loprieno) Evolution
ħɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
ḥar (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ Hr n : (face of)
āḥra/ⲉϩⲣⲁ Old Coptic
(S) eḥrn/ⲉϩⲣⲛ, (A, sA) aḥrn/ⲁϩⲣⲛ, (B) āḥrān/ⲉϩⲣⲉⲛ, (S, B) āḥra/ⲉϩⲣⲁ , (A) aḥrā/ⲁϩⲣⲉ, (F) āḥlā/ⲉϩⲗⲉ ,
(F) āḥrā/ⲉϩⲣⲉ (toward face of, to, among) Coptic
~ Hr.nw > Hr inn : (our face)
ḥran/ϩⲣⲁⲛ, ḥrəï/ϨⲢⲈⲈⲒ (our face) Coptic
~ Hr.f : (his face)
ḥraf/ϨⲢⲀϤ , ḥrai/ϩⲣⲁⲓ Coptic
ḥar-i.f (Proto-Egyptian)> /ḥa'rif/ > ϨⲢⲀϤ /hraf/ (Loprieno) Evolution
ḥaríʲ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ḥ ︦ \ rắf Possible Pronunciation
~ Hr.i : (my face)
ḥrai/ ϨⲢⲀⲒ (my face) Coptic
~ Hr.k : (yourself, your attention)
ḥōōk/ ϩⲱⲱⲕ (yourself) Coptic
~ Hr.k : (your face) (M)
ḥrak/ ϩⲢⲀⲕ , ḥrək/ ϩⲢⲈⲕ (your face) Coptic
~ Hr.t : (your face) (F)
ḥrə/ ϨⲢⲈ (your face) Coptic
~ Hr-mrw : (on shore/riverbank)
(B) ḥimēr/ ϩⲓⲙⲏⲣ (Beyond, other side) Coptic
~ r Hry : (master, chief)
ōēri/ⲱⲏⲣⲓ , bēri/ⲃⲏⲣⲓ (chief) Coptic
er ḥery Traditional Pronunciation
~ wn-Hr : ('opening of the face' , to see, to reveal)
(S, A, sA, B, F) ouōnḥ/ⲟⲩⲱⲛϩ, (sA) ouōnəḥ/ⲟⲩⲱⲛⲉϩ , (S, F) ouōnaḥ/ⲟⲩⲱⲛⲁϩ , (S) ouənḥ/ⲟⲩⲉⲛϩ ,
(Sa) ouanəḥ/ⲟⲩⲁⲛⲉϩ , (S, B) ouonḥ/ⲟⲩⲟⲛϩ , (A, sA, F, Sa) ouanḥ/ⲟⲩⲁⲛϩ , (F) ouan(a)ḥ/ⲟⲩⲁⲛ(ⲁ)ϩ ,
(sA) ounēḥ/ⲟⲩⲛⲏϩ (reveal, be revealed, appear, show, make clear) Coptic
ouó̱nh (Amentet Neferet) Alt Pronunciation
HrH : (to guard, to watch over)
ḥrḥ Gardiner
ḥereḥ Budge
(S) ḥarāḥ/ ϩⲁⲣⲉϩ , (S, B) arāḥ/ⲁⲣⲉϩ , (S, A) ḥarēḥā/ϩⲁⲣⲏϩⲉ, (S, A) ārāḥ/ⲉⲣⲉϩ, (S, A) ārēḥ/ⲉⲣⲏϩ , (A, sA) arēḥ/ⲁⲣⲏϩ ,
(A) ārēḥā/ⲉⲣⲏϩⲧⲉ, (A) arēḥtā/ⲁⲣⲏϩⲧⲉ , (F) alāḥ/ⲁⲗⲉϩ (keep guard) Coptic
ḥarriḥaw, ḥarriḥa.t (Vycichl) (possible Old Egyptian) Alt Pronunciation
Hri : (fly into the sky)
ḥl (to fly) Demotic
(S, A, sA, B, F) ḥōl/ϩⲱⲗ , (S, A, B, F) ḥēl/ϩⲏⲗ (fly, go) Coptic
ħɛri (modern Egyptological) IPA
heri Traditional Pronunciation
~ hꜥleṱ (bird) < ḥl (to fly) Demotic
(S, A, sA, B, F) ḥalēt/ϩⲁⲗⲏⲧ , (A) alēt/ⲁⲗⲏⲧ (flying creature, bird) Coptic
~ hꜥleṱ (bird) < ḥl (to fly) Demotic
Hr-ib : (in the middle, midst of)
ḥrēbi/ϩⲣⲏⲃⲓ (B); ḥrābi/ϩⲣⲉⲃⲓ (B) (Hwt-Hr-ib); ḥraiḥēt/ϩⲣⲁⲓϩⲏⲧ (resides in, in the midst of) Coptic
ḫiribi (Hwt-Hr-ib) Assyrian
(Ά)θρῖβις/Hwt-Hr-ib) Greek
Hr(y) : (above , who, which is over, upon, upper, which is upon)
ḥry Demotic
ḥrēy /ϩⲣⲏⲉⲓ , ḥrēy /ϩⲣⲏⲓ , ḥi /ϩⲓ Old Coptic
(S) ḥray/ ϩⲣⲁⲓ , (A, sA) ḥrēy /ϩⲣⲏⲉⲓ , (sA, B) ḥrēy /ϩⲣⲏⲓ , (F) ḥlēï/ ḥlē(e)y ϩⲗⲏ(ⲉ)ⲓ , (S, A, B) ḥre /ϩⲣⲉ ,
(Sa) ḥrē /ϩⲣⲏ, (upper part, above), ḥi /ϩⲓ (S, A, sA, B, F), eḥi/ ⲉϩⲓ (Sf, B, F), ēḥi/ⲏϩⲓ (A, B), ḥe/ϩⲉ (S),
ḥiōō/ϩⲓⲱⲱ (S, A, sA, F) ḥiō/ϩⲓⲱ (S), ḥiōt/ϩⲓⲱⲧ (S), eḥiōō/ⲉϩⲓⲱⲱ (Sf), ḥioo/ϩⲓⲟⲟ (A), ḥiōt/ϩⲓⲱⲧ (B),
ḥiōōt/ϩⲓⲱⲱⲧ (F) (on, at, in, with, under, out of, and, at time of, presence of); āḥraï/ⲉϩⲣⲁï (Upwards) Coptic
ri/ρι, phri/φρι- Ancient Greek
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ħaˈɾij , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ħaˈɾij , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ħəˈɾej (Loprieno) IPA
Hr(y) : (to inspire dread or terror; to be(come) awesome or terrible, to dread, to anticipate)
ḥl Demotic
ḥōl/ϩⲱⲗ Coptic
Hr, Hrw: (Horus god)
HrHr : (guard)
ḥrḥ (to protect) Demotic
ḥarāḥ /ϩⲁⲣⲉϩ (S), harēhā/ϩⲁⲣⲏϩⲉ (S), ārāḥ/ⲉⲣⲉϩ (S, A), ārēḥ/ⲉⲣⲏϩ (S, A), arēḥ/ⲁⲣⲏϩ (A, L), aleh/ⲁⲗⲉϩ (F) (gaurd);
areḥ/ⲁⲣⲉϩ (S, B) (keep, guard, watch), areḥ/ⲁⲣⲉϩ (B) (study, learn) Coptic
Hrrt : (flower, blossom)
* since the 18th Dynasty
ḥrrj , ḥrry (flower) Demotic
lulā Proto-Albanian
lule Albanian
(S, A, sA) ḥrārā/ϩⲣⲏⲣⲉ , (B) ḥrēri/ϩⲣⲏⲣⲓ, (B) āḥrēri/ⲉϩⲣⲏⲣⲓ , (F) ḥlēli/ϩⲗⲏⲗⲓ, (F) ḥrēli/ϩⲣⲏⲗⲓ, (F) ḥlēri/ϩⲗⲏⲣⲓ ? (flower) Coptic
leírion/ λείριον Ancient Greek
leiríon/λειρίον Koine-Greek
louloúdi/λουλούδι Greek
līlium Latin
lily English
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ħaˈɾuːɾat , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) ħaˈɾuːɾaʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE) ħəˈɾeːɾə IPA
Hrt : (Heaven)
ḥrou/ϩⲣⲟⲩ, ḥōou/ϩⲱⲟⲩ, ḥou/ϩⲟⲩ (sky heaven) Coptic
Hrw, Hrt : (upward); Xrw (downward)
ḥrēāi/ϩⲣⲏⲉⲓ, ḥrēi/ϩⲣⲏⲓ Old Coptic
(S) ḥrai/ϩⲣⲁⲓ, (S) āḥrai/ⲉϩⲣⲁⲓ (upward, downward); (A, sA) ḥrēāi/ϩⲣⲏⲉⲓ, (sA, B) ḥrēi/ϩⲣⲏⲓ, (F) ḥlē(ā)i/ϩⲗⲏ(ⲉ)ⲓ,
(S, A, B) ḥrā/ϩⲣⲉ, (Sa) ḥrē/ϩⲣⲏ (upper part); (S) ḥrai/ϩⲣⲁⲓ , (A) khrēi/ⳉⲣⲏⲓ , (sA) ḥrēi/ϩⲣⲏⲓ, (sA) ḥrēāi/ϩⲣⲏⲉⲓ, (B) khrēi/ϧⲣⲏⲓ,
(F) ḥlēi/ϩⲗⲏⲓ (lower part) Coptic
Hs : (break, smash)
Hāšaḇ Hebrew
Hasaba Arabic
ḥeseb Transliteration
ḥasab Fix
Hsb : (count, calculat)
ḥ-š-b/ܚܫܒ (to think, to count, to calculate) Classical Syriac
ḥasaba /حَسَبَ (calculated, comput, count), ḥasb /حسب (calculated, comput, count) (m) Arabic
ḥāšaḇ/ חָשַׁב (to think) Hebrew
Hsbw: (things taxed, assessments, count)
Hesabiwa (be counted, be numbered, assessments) Kiswahili
Hsmn : (natron)
(S) ḥosm/ϩⲟⲥⲙ, (S) ḥosēm/ϩⲟⲥⲏⲙ, (S) ḥosmā/ϩⲟⲥⲙⲉ, (B) ḥosām/ϩⲟⲥⲉⲙ, (S, F) ḥasm/ϩⲁⲥⲙ, (S, Sf) ḥōsām/ϩⲱⲥⲉⲙ Coptic
Hsy, Hsi, Hsw, Hst: (sing, song)
ḥōs /ϩⲱⲥ (S,sA, B) (song, sing, make music, hymn, acclamation); ḥōs e /ϩⲱⲥ ⲉ⳰, Coptic
Hsy , Hsi : (praise)
ḥōs/ϩⲰⲤ (praise); ḥasie/ϩⲁⲥⲓⲉ (S, sA), ḥaseie/ϩⲁⲥⲉⲓⲉ (S), ḥasiē/ϩⲁⲥⲓⲏ (S), esie/ⲉⲥⲓⲉ (B) (praised person) Coptic
ḥasʲiw > ḥɘs'ʲeʔ Alt Pronunciation
Htm : (perish, be destroyed)
ḥōn/ϩⲱⲛ (destory?) Coptic
ḥatama, ḥadm /هدم (demolition, destruction) Arabic
Htp : (peace, be at peace, become calmn, be pleased, contentment, satisfaction, be gracious, pardon, offering, sacrifice, RIP rest in peace, rest in tomb, dwell, satify, make content, pacify, occupy (throne) assume (tutelary)
𓊵𓏏𓊪𓅱𓏜/Htpw , 𓊵𓏏𓊪𓏲𓏜/Htpw - should actually be written as Hwtp [ḥōtp], and Coptic backs this up (Budge) Other Egyptian
hotib / האָטיב (fine) Yiddish
ḥat /ϩⲁⲧ (B, F), ḥotp/ϩⲟⲧⲡ (S), ḥatp/ ϩⲁⲧⲡ (S), ḥot/ϩⲟⲧ (S), ḥat/ϩⲁⲧ (S), ōtʰ/ⲱⲑ
atp/ⲁⲧⲡ (S) (Hotep based off the Coptic month Paremhat/pA-n-imn-Htpw 'the one of Amen-Hotep' );
ḥōtp/ϩⲱⲧⲡ (S, A, sA, B, F), ḥōptᵉ/ϩⲱⲧⲡ︦ , ḥātp/ϩⲉⲧⲡ (S, B), ḥotp/ϩⲟⲧⲡ (S, B), ḥopt/ϩⲟⲡⲧ (S, B), ḥotp/ϩⲟⲧⲡ (S, B),
ḥatp/ϩⲁⲧⲡ (sA) (join, attune, be reconciled, sink (sun, stars); ḥatp/ϩⲁⲧⲡ, ḥotp/ϩⲟⲧⲡ (be content) Coptic
Hutuapo (Always be in a state of peace wherever you are) (ref. http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
ḫatpi Babylonian
hetp / Ἑτπ, ótʰ/ ώθ (based off of Coptic month Paremhat), atop/ατοπ < Εμονατοπ πα Πιριτ,
ōtʰ/ωθ < Αμενωθ πα Φαρατ < imn-ḥtp sA pa-rt Greek
ˈħaːtip (Old Egyptian, 2500-Middle Egyptian,1700 BCE), hátap (New Kingdom),
ˈħoːtəp (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE), ħɛtɛp, ħotɛp (modern Egyptological) (Loprieno) IPA
outhe < Imouthes/ii-m-Htp (Africanus), hatpi < Amanahatpi/imn-Htp (Akkadian), hotp < Parmhotp/ⲡⲁⲣⲙϩⲟⲧⲡ (UE, S),
ôtʰ < Pʰamānôtʰ/ⲫⲁⲙⲉⲛⲱⲑ (LE, B, Greek) Alt Pronunciation
hetep, ḥotep, ḥetep (Budge) Traditional Pronunciation
Hotep (pronounced ḥōtᵉp) fix
~ Htpw : (peace, contentment, satisfaction)
Hutuapo (Always be in a state of peace wherever you are)
(ref. http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
~ Htp.T : (May you be staified (F) Egyptian
ḥVt'piṯ > ḥɘt'peʔ (1,000 BCE) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ sHtp : propitate, please, pacify, satisfy (employees), provide (for temple), make gracious Egyptian
saḩ'tip (pacify) > sḩtep (1,000 BCE) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
Htp : altar
* /t/ has said to not been pronouced by somewhere around MK to LK and possibly moslty a silent letter in Egytpian words
/Htp/ would have only had /Hp/ consonants pronounced, then with missing vowls added back in from Coptic you
get ḥəpʰā. Notes
ərpʰā/ⲉⲣⲫⲉⲓ (altar) Coptic
Htp : (set sun)
ḥōtp/ ϩⲱⲧⲡ (S, A, sA, B, F), ḥōpt/ ϩⲱⲡⲧ (S, F), ḥetp/ ϩⲉⲧⲡ (S, B), ḥotp /ϩⲟⲧⲡ (S, B), ḥōpt /ϩⲟⲡⲧ (S, B),
ḥatp/ ϩⲁⲧⲡ (sA) (join, attune, be reconciled, sink (sun, stars), hōᵉP /ϩⲱⲡ̄ (be hidden, hide) Coptic
Htr(i) : (Pare of horses, team, steeds, chariot, span (of horses), horses, chariotry)
Htr (team of horses, horse) Demotic
(S, A) ḥto/ϩⲧⲟ, (S, A) ḥtō/ϩⲧⲱ, (S) āḥto/ⲉϩⲧⲟ, (B) ḥtʰo/ϩⲑⲟ , (F) (ā)ḥta/(ⲉ)ϩⲧⲁ , (A) ḥtā/ϩⲧⲉ (horse) Coptic
ḥanṭūr/ حَنْطُور Arabic
ħɛtri (modern Egyptological) IPA
hetri Traditional Pronunciation
~Htrt ?: (mare)
(S) ḥtōrā/ϩⲧⲱⲣⲉ, (S) ḥtoorā/ϩⲧⲟⲟⲣⲉ , (sA) ḥtōrē/ϩⲧⲱⲣⲏ, (sA) ḥtorē/ϩⲧⲟⲣⲏ , (B) (ā)ḥtʰri/(ⲉ)ϩⲑⲟⲣⲓ ,
(F) (ā)ḥta(a)ri/(ⲉ)ϩⲧⲁ(ⲁ)ⲣⲓ (female horse, mare) Coptic
~ Htrw : (horses, chariot)
(ⲉ) ḥtōr/ϩⲑⲱⲣ (horses) (S, F) (ā)ḥtōōr /(ⲉ)ϩⲧⲱⲱⲣ , (S) ḥtōōrā/(ⲉ)ϩⲧⲱⲱⲣⲉ, (S, A, F) ḥtōr/ϩⲧⲱⲣ ,
(S, A, F) ḥtʰōr/ϩⲑⲱⲣ, (B) ḥtʰor/ϩⲑⲟⲣ , (A) ḥtoirāwā/ϩⲧⲟⲩⲣⲉⲩⲉ, ehtōr /ⲉϩⲑⲱⲣ (horses) Coptic
Htr(y) : bind together, be contracted (medical), to yoke, pair, to join together, to unite, tie together; to be friends or allies,
to be twins, to marry? (Budge)
ḥotpə /ϩⲟⲧⲣⲉ , ḥōtᵉp/ϩⲱⲧⲣ︦ , (S, A, sA, B, F) ḥōtp/ϩⲱⲧⲡ, (S, F) ḥōpt/ϩⲱⲡⲧ, (S, B) ḥətp/ϩⲉⲧⲡ,
(S,B) ḥopt/ϩⲟⲡⲧ, (S, B) ḥotp/ϩⲟⲧⲡ, (sA) ḥatp/ϩⲁⲧⲡ (join, attune, be reconciled, sink);
ḥatpə/ϩⲁⲧⲡⲉ, ḥatpəu/ϩⲁⲧⲣⲉⲩ , atʰpēu/ⲁⲑⲣⲏⲩ (twins) Coptic
HTt : (hyena)
(S) ḥo(ā)itā /ϩⲟ(ⲉ)ⲓⲧⲉ, (Sa) ḥaitā/ϩⲁⲓⲧⲉ, (B) ḥōiti/ϩⲱⲓϯ, (F) ḥāiti/ϩⲉⲓϯ (hyena) Coptic
HTTt, HTT, HtA : (armpit)
go/ϫⲟ (S), acho/ⲁϭⲟ (B) Coptic
ḥaṯ'ṯat , ⲁϭⲟ/ʔa'coʔ/ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ḥetjtjet Traditional Pronunciation
Hty : (fearsome)
ḥotā /ϩⲟⲧⲉ (S), , ϩⲁⲧⲉ (Sf, A, sA), ϩⲁϯⲉ (sA), ϩⲟϯ (B), ϩⲁϯ (F) (fear) Coptic
HwA : (foul, offensive, rot, putrefy, smell offensive, spoil (enjoyment)
ḥw (be putrid, bad) Demotic
ḥaou/ϩⲁⲟⲩ Old Coptic
(S) ḥoou/ϩⲟⲟⲩ , (A, sA, F) ḥav/ϩⲁⲩ , (B) ḥōou/ϩⲱⲟⲩ , (F) ḥaou/ϩⲁⲟⲩ (be putrid, so bad, wicked) Coptic
HwAAt : (putrefaction)
ḥāwaꜢ Demotic
ḥoou/ϨOOⲨ (S) , ḥōou/ϨⲰOⲨ (B) (to be rotten, be putrid, so bad, wicked) Coptic
Hwi : (strike, beat, press (grapes), overflow, rain)
(S, A, sA, B) kōlḥ/ⲕⲱⲗϩ , (S) klḥ/ⲕⲗϩ , (S) kolḥ/ⲕⲟⲗϩ , (A, sA) kalḥ/ⲕⲁⲗϩ (strike, knock) Coptic
Hwr(w)ti : (vision, phantom)
ḥortef /ϩⲟⲣⲧϥ (B) Coptic
Phasma/ φασμα, Phantasma/ φαντασμα Greek
Hwt , Hwti (first, foremost)
ḥouïtā /ϩⲟⲩⲉⲓⲧⲉ (S), ḥouitā/ ϩⲟⲩⲓⲧⲉ (S, A, sA), ḥouiti/ϩⲟⲩⲓϯ (B, F) (Female) (first, beginning) Coptic
Hwt : (temple, chapel, house)
ḥwt Demotic
ḫat Assyrian
koot (house) Kalenjiin
ko Baŋgi
ḥō /ϩⲱ (B), ḥaour /ϩⲁⲟⲱⲣ, ḥou/ϩⲟⲩ (B), ăy, ēi /ⲏⲓ (B), ēï/ⲏⲉⲓ (S, A, sA) (house, home); atʰ/ⲁⲑ , at/ⲁⲧ (from names) Coptic
ath/ἀθ Greek
hytte (cottage, hut) Norwegian
hut (cabin, cottage, hut) Dutch
hutte (hut) Frisian
Hütte (cabin, cottage, hut) German
ˈħaːwit (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE),ˈħaːwiʔ (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), ˈħoː(wə), ħa(wə), ħə(wə)
(Late Egyptian 800 BCE)ħuːt (modern Egyptological) IPA
hut, (more correct) ḥut Traditional Pronunciation
~ Hwt-nTr : (temple 'house of god')
ḥt-ntr Demotic
ḥānūṯā/ חָנוּתָא Aramaic
ḥeneete/ϩⲉⲛⲉⲉⲧⲉ (S); ḥeneetē/ϩⲉⲛⲉⲉⲧⲏ , ḥenete/ϩⲉⲛⲉⲧⲉ, ḥenēte/ϩⲉⲛⲏⲧⲉ, ḥenētē/ϩⲉⲛⲏⲧⲏ,
ḥēnete/ϩⲏⲛⲉⲧⲉ, ḥēnēte/ϩⲏⲛⲏⲧⲉ, ḥēnēēte/ϩⲏⲛⲏⲏⲧⲉ, ḥenetē/ϩⲉⲛⲉⲧⲏ, (monastery) Coptic
heikhál/הֵיכָל (Palace, holy temple) (possibly related 'house of god/El'?) Hebrew
al-hanāda/الْهَنَادَة (Coptic monastery in Egypt) Arabic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) ħawitˈnaːcaɾ ; (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) ħawiʔˈnaːtaʔ ;
(Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ħa(wə)ˈnoːtə , ħə(wə)ˈnoːtə IPA
~ Hwwt : (houses)
ḥou/ ϩⲟⲩ (plr) (A,B,F) (houses, homes); ēou/ⲏⲟⲩ (A,B,F) (huse, household, family) (plr) Coptic
~ nb-Hwt : (lord of the house)
(B) nebēi/ⲛⲉⲃⲏⲓ , (S) nepēi/ⲛⲉⲡⲏⲓ (Lord of the house) Coptic
Hwt-Hr: (Hathor)
Hwt-kA-ptH : (Egypt 'Temple of the soul of Ptah' ) 𓉗𓏏𓉐𓂓𓏤𓊪𓏏𓎛𓀭
*Ptah's Temple Memphis
ḥwt-kȝ-ptḥ (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
Aiguptiyos/ai-ku-pe-ti-jo/ 𐁁𐀓𐀠𐀴𐀍 Linear B
ḥqkpt/𐎈𐎖𐎋𐎔𐎚 Ugaritic
ḫikuptaḫ/ 𒄭𒆪𒌒𒋫𒀪 , ḫi-ku-up-ta-aḫ 𒄴𒆪𒌒𒋫𒄴?Akkadian
Hut-ka-ptah / חות-קה-פתח Hebrew
gəbṣ́/ ግብፅ , gbTS'/ግብጽ Geʽez Amharic
aiguption/ⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲛ, kuptaion/ⲕⲩⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲛ (Egypt) Coptic
Aigyptos /Αἴγυπτος > Strabo suggested came from Aigaiou huptiōs Aἰγαίου ὑπτίως (below the Aegean) Ancient Greek
a-ku-pi-ti-yoa-ku-pi-ti-yo> Amarna Hikuptah from the name Hwt-kA-ptah (house of the ka of Ptah) Greek form
Aigypton /ΑΙΓΥΠΤΟΝ , Aigyptoi /ΑΙΓΥΠΤΩΙ (Egyptians) Alt Greek
Aigýptios /Αἰγύπτος Greek
a3-ku-pi-ti-jo , ai-ku-pi-ti-jo/ 𐁁𐀓𐀠𐀴𐀍 (Egyptian , from a man's name) Mycenaean Greek
aiguption/ⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲛ , kuptaion/ⲕⲩⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲛ (Egyptian) Greek into Coptic
qubṭ/ قبط >from Arabic qubṭī> Coptic gyptios> Greek aigýpti, aigýptios > Greek Linear B tables a-ku-pi-ti-yo Evolution
Aegyptus Latin
ai-yá-kúp/ ไอยคุปต์ Thai
Ægypt, Ægipt, Aegipt Archaic English
Egypt English
(5th BCE Attic) ǎi̯.ɡyp.tos , (1st CE Egyptian)ˈɛ.ɡyp.tos, (4th CE Koine)ˈɛ.ʝyp.tos ,
(10th CE Byzantine)ˈe.ʝyp.tos, (15th CE Constantinopolitan) ˈe.ʝip.tos IPA
ħəjˌkuʔpəˈtaħ < ħajiʔˌkuʀpiˈtaħ < ħawitˌkuʀpiˈtaħ (reconstructed) Alt Pronunciation
Ḥut-ka-Ptaḥ Traditional Pronunciation
i
.i : (me, I, my) 1st sg. (Suffixed pronouns)
ỉ Demotic
i (me, my) Proto-Semitic
i , yi (me, my) Proto-Afroasiatic
i, -ya Akkadian
äy /ይ Amharic T
i Beja
i (I, me, my) (Ari) Omitic
i, yi (my) Cushitic
i (me, my) Chadic
i (me, my) Semtic
inu, nnu, iw (my) Berber
iyi Kabyle
o Dahalo-general
-î/ ִ י Hebrew
- ́ya (after vowel), -i (after con) (my nomial) Egyptian Arabic
i/ ⲓ, ēy/ⲏⲓ, ei /ⲓ⳰ (me, I, my), e/ⲉ (me, thee), a/ⲁ Coptic
aʲ , (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) aj, (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) aj, (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE)
(in certain phonetic environments) ʔ ; (usually) silent, but preserves root-final t , ɾ that would otherwise be lost;
ʔi (modern Egyptological) , aʲ (AEVP) IPA
i, ē (more accurate), ȧ (Budge) Traditional Pronunciation
i, iA : (Oh! O!, say, utterance)
ō /ⲱ , ēi/ⲏⲓ (O!) Old Coptic
iAbti, iAbty : (the East)
ỉꜢbṱ (eastern, east) ; p(r) ỉꜢbṱ (the East) > pāiābt/ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ Demotic
(S) yabt, ïəbt/ⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ, (S) əïbt/ⲉⲉⲓⲃⲧ, (S) ïbt/ⲉⲓⲃⲧ, (S) ïēbt/ⲉⲓⲏⲃⲧ, (S) iēft/ⲓⲏϥⲧ, (S) əəbt/ⲉⲉⲃⲧ, (S) əïbtə/ⲉⲉⲓⲃⲧⲉ,
(S) ïəbtə/ⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧⲉ, (S) əəftə/ⲉⲉϥⲧⲉ, (S) ēïēbïtē/ⲏⲉⲓⲏⲃⲉⲓⲧⲏ, (A) ïbt/ⲉⲓⲃⲧ, (sA) ïbtə/ⲉⲓⲃⲧⲉ, (B) əyvt/ⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ,
(B) ˀayabt/ⲓⲉⲃⲧ, (F) iēft/ⲓⲏϥⲧ, (F) aiēbt/ⲁⲓⲏⲃⲧ (the East) Coptic
iAdt : dew, pouring rain
jꜤtꜢ.t, jt.t (Černy) Demotic
(S, A) ïōtə / ⲉⲓⲱⲧⲉ, (B, F) iōti/ⲓⲱϯ (dew, honey as dew, manna as dew) Coptic
iai : (wash)
ỉꜤj (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
(S,A) əiō/ⲉⲓⲱ, (S, sA) əiouə/ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲉ, (B) iōi/ⲓⲱⲓ, (B) iō/ⲓⲱ, (F) iōōi/ⲓⲱⲱⲓ , (NH) əiōə/ⲉⲓⲱⲉ, (S, A, sA) əia/ⲉⲓⲁ ,
(S, B) ia/ⲓⲁ , (S, A) ïaa/ⲉⲓⲁⲁ , (F) ïā/ⲓⲉⲉ , (S) əiē/ⲉⲓⲏ , (B) iōou/ⲓⲱⲟⲩ (wash) Coptic
iaH: (mood god)
iaH: (moon)
ȧāḥ Budge
jꜥḥ Demotic
war(i)ḫ (moon) (Satzinger) Proto Semitic
warḫu/ 𒌗 , ꜥaRH̱u Akkadian
wär/ ወር Amharic
yarħā’ܝܪܚܐ / Aramaic Syriac
yarḥā (month) Syriac
yarħā’ירחא / Aramaic Hebrew
ywε Baŋgi
wärḫ/ወርኅ, werḧi/ ወርሒ Ge'ez
yareaḥ /ירח, yārēaḥ, irk / יָרֵחַ Hebrew
𐤉𐤓 /yrḥ (moon) Phoenician
wärḥi/ ወርሒ Tigrinya
yrḫ/ 𐎊𐎗𐎃 Ugaritic
ōḥ /ⲱϩ Old Coptic
yoḥ, ioḥ /ⲓⲟϩ (B), ooḥ /ⲟⲟϩ (S, A), oḥ /ⲟϩ (S), ōḥ /ⲱϩ (S), aaḥ /ⲁⲁϩ (F), aḥ /ⲁϩ (F) Coptic
iɑːħ (modern Egyptological); (Old Egyptian 2500 BCE) /jaˈʕaħ/, (Middle Egyptian 1700 BCE) /jaˈʕaħ/, (Late Egyptian
800 BCE) /ʔəˈjaħ/ (modern Egyptological) /iɑːħ/ IPA
iah Traditional Pronunciation
jā́ꜤVḥ (Satzinger) Alt Pronunciation
iAqt : (vegetables, leeks)
jɜq Alt Egytian
warq (leaf) Semetic
(S) ēkⁱā/ⲏϭⲉ , (B) ēdji/ⲏϫⲓ , (F) ēli/ⲏⲅⲓ (?) (leek) Coptic
juʀqat Alt Pronunciation
ian : (baboon)
jꜥn (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ꜥnr Earlier Egyptian
ỉꜥny, ꜥꜥn(y) Demotic
ana/ⲁⲛⲁ (baboon) Old Coptic
ēn /ⲏⲛ (S), ān/ⲉⲛ (B) (baboon, ape) Coptic
iany Demotic
~ iant : (baboon, female)
ēnā /ⲏⲛⲉ (S, NH), qapi/ϭⲁⲡⲓ (A) Coptic
iar, ar : (mount up, ascend, extend, penetrate, to rise, climb)
āal ? Late Kingdom
Ꜥrj (to rise up) (Herman); ȧāi (to approach, go upto, to ascend, to rise, to reachup, to exalt), ȧār
(to approach, to ascend (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
āar, āal (to ascend), ār (to come or go up to some one or something, to ascend) (Budge) Alt Egyptian
(S) alā/ⲁⲗⲉ , (B) alēi/ⲁⲗⲏⲓ , (F) alē/ⲁⲗⲏ , (S) alo/ⲁⲗⲟ , (S) alēw/ⲁⲗⲏⲩ (mount, go up, go on, board);
(S, A, sA, F) ōl/ⲱⲗ , (B) ōli/ⲱⲗⲓ , (B) āl/ⲉⲗ , (S, B, sA) ol/ⲟⲗ , (Sf, A, sA, F, S) al/ⲁⲗ (hold, contain, enclose) Coptic
Ꜥli̯ (High) Semitic
alá/עָלָה (ʔ)aˈla) (To ascend, rise, go up; to move from a point to a higher point.) Hebrew
iArrt : (grape, grapes)
irrt, jrrt Alt Egyptian
aloli /ⲁⲗⲟⲗⲓ (B), āloolā /ⲉⲗⲟⲟⲗⲉ (S), ālaalā/ⲉⲗⲁⲁⲗⲉ (A), ālalā/ⲉⲗⲁⲗⲉ (sA), alaali/ⲁⲗⲁⲁⲗⲓ (F),
alali/ⲁⲗⲁⲗⲓ (F), ālaali/ⲉⲗⲁⲁⲗⲓ (F), ilali/ⲓⲗⲁⲗⲓ (F), ālāl/ⲉⲗⲉⲗ (S), lāl/ⲗⲉⲗ (S), lāāl/ⲗⲉⲉⲗ (S), lil /ⲗⲓⲗ (S),
ālal/ⲉⲗⲁⲗ (A), al/ⲁⲗ (B), āl/ⲉⲗ (B), lālā/ⲗⲉⲗⲉ (B) (grapes, grapevine) Coptic
iɑrɛrɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
iareret Traditional Pronunciation
ȧroret Fix
iAt : (mound, ruin)
Ꜣty Late Kingdom
iAt : (back, spine (of man, animal)
ỉꜢt Alt Egyptian
iAt Early- Middle Kingdom
At , Ati New Kingdom
At , Ati, iAt Late Kingdom
Adt , iAdt Greco-Romen
iAw : (adoration)
ōou/ⲱⲟⲩ , āoou /ⲉⲟⲟⲩ Old Coptic
ōou/ⲱⲟⲩ (B), āoou /ⲉⲟⲟⲩ (S), āav/ⲉⲁⲩ (A, sA, F) (Honor, glory) Coptic
iɑuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
iau Traditional Pronunciation
~ iAwt : (hail)
iAw (praised is) Demotic
Awy Alt Egyptian
āouōt/ⲉⲟⲩⲱⲧ, āwōt/ⲉⲩⲱⲧ Old Coptic
~ iAwt.f : (hail to him)
āouōtf/ⲉⲟⲩⲱⲧϥ Coptic
iAwi : (be aged, attain old age)
ay-ay /ⲁⲓⲁⲓ (growth, ageing, maturation) Coptic
iAxt : (water plant)
(S) aḥr/ⲁϩⲣ, (S) aḥrā/ⲁϩⲣⲉ, (B) achi/ⲁϧⲓ, (B) akhi/ⲁⲭⲓ (marsh herbage, sedge) Coptic
aäħe̞wo̞a /אַחְוָא 𐡀𐡇𐡅𐡀 Aramaic
aw'-khoo/אָ֫חוּ (marsh grass , reeds, rushes) Hebrew
akhei/αχει Greek
iAywr : (type of animal for meat, possibly a stag)
ʾayyāla or ʾayyōla Alt Pronunciation
ʾa=yu=--r (Wen) Hoch
ʾa₂=ya=ra¹ (PN) A-ia-lu , ʾAyl Hoch
Ꜣywr Demotic
ayyalu (stag) Akkadian
ailu Assyrian
Ayl/איל (Ram) Phoenician
ʾayyəlā /ܐܝܠܐ Syriac
ảylm Ugaritic
häyälə hayyal / ሀየል ? Ethiopic
ʾayyalum Amorite
ayla /אילא Aramaic
ayyal/אַיָּל 'ah-yawl' (stag), 'ayil/אַיִל 'ah'-yil' (ram) Hebrew
ʾayyil, ʾiyyal, ʾuyyal /أيل (deer) Arabic
ïoul/ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲗ (S, A, B, F) (hart, hind 'quarters') Coptic
ib : (heart, mind, understanding, intelligence, will, desire, mood, wish)
jb Alt Egyptian
ib 𓇋𓃀𓄣 Old Kingdom
iwbw (possible) New Kingdom
(ỉ)b Demotic
libbu 𒊮, libb; libbum (nominal), ibbam (accusative forms), ibbim (genitove); libbi, libb-u (Vycichl) Akkadian
lb/𐎍𐎁 Ugaritic
li-bù /libbu(m)/ 𒇷𒅤 Eblaite
ləb /ልብ, libb (Ge'ez) Amharic
ləbi /ልቢ Tigrinya
ləb/ ልብ Tigre
ibi Assyrian
lib Proto-Afro-Asiatic
lib(a)b, libb Proto-Semitic
libb Semitic
lb/𐤋𐤁 Phoenician
lebb-āʼ Aramaic
libbā/ ܠܒܐ , lëbā (Syriac) Aramaic
libbā/ לִבָּא (Hebrew) Aramaic
obi Igbo
lēḇ לֵב/, lëḇāḇ/ לֵבָב Hebrew
ib/ ῖβ < (Άθρῖβις/Hwt-Hr-ib) Greek
lb/ 𐩡𐩨 , lbb/ 𐩡𐩨𐩨 (palm-heart) (Sabaean) Old South Arabian
lb/ 𐩡𐩨 Minaean Old South Arabian
lubb/ لُبّ , qalb Arabic
(ə)bi/(ⲉ)ⲃⲓ (B); (ē)bi/(ⲏ)ⲃⲓ (B) (from Atʰrēbi/Ⲁⲑⲣⲏⲃⲓ/Hwt-Hr-ib); ᵉb/ⲃ︦ (mind); jib/ ⲉⲡ (LC?) (heart) Coptic
ʲib (Old Egyptian), ʲib(Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), ʔep (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE),
ib (modern Egyptological) (Loprieno) IPA
ỉlb (bassed off of minb (ax) (Vycichl); yibb-u/a, yib [j-b < PAA *libb-, *lubb- (OS)/ *li3b- (Ehret)
(Sami Paldanius) Alt Pronunciation
ib , ȧb (Budge) Traditional Pronunciation
~ iat ib : to cool, to gratify the mind, to be appeased
ȧāi-ȧb Budge
ȧāi-ḥa-t Alt Egyptian
āiō ḥēt/ⲉⲓⲱ ϩⲏⲧ (S,B) Coptic
ibH : (tooth)
(S) obḥə/ⲟⲃϩⲉ, (S) obḥ/ⲟⲃϩ , (A) abḥə/ⲁⲃϩⲉ , (S) abaḥ/ⲁⲃⲁϩ , (S) abḥ/ⲁⲃϩ (tooth) Coptic
ibi : (to thirst )
Abi (to thirst) Alt Egyptian
(S, A, sA) ïbə/ⲉⲓⲃⲉ, (B) ˀiwi/ⲓⲃⲓ , (F) ibi/ⲓⲃⲓ , (S) ōbə/ⲟⲃⲉ , (A, sA) abə/ⲁⲃⲉ , (B) obi/ⲟⲃⲓ , (F) abi/ⲁⲃⲓ (thirst) Coptic
ibpAt(w) : (to parish, destroy, go astray)
abed /אָבַד (to parish) Hebrew
a-ba-da-at Phoenician
abâtu Assyrian
abātu (parish, destroy) Akkadian
ʾaḇaḏ/ ܐܒܕ (parish, destroy) Syriac
ʾabada / أبد (run away, to roam in the wilderness, to run wild, to shy away) Arabic
ảbd Ugaritic
ʾa₂=ba₂=ti₂ ʾabbádtī (An.) (Hoch) Alt pronunciation
ibr : (stallion) 𓇋𓊸𓅡𓂋𓏤𓃗
ʾabira / ʾ=bi=ra, ʾabirāya (stallion, studhorse) Hoch
ʾa₂=bi=--r=ya (An.) Hoch
ʾbry Ḫatti
ỉbr/𐎛𐎁𐎗 (bull) Ugaritic
ʾabbī́r /אַדִיר (Mighty of stallions) Hebrew
ibsA : (mint)
absōn/ⲁⲃⲥⲱⲛ (B), owson/ⲁⲩⲥⲟⲛ (B) (wild mint) Coptic
id : (boy, youth)
ˀād (Demotic?) Alt Egyptian
ỉꜢd Faulkner
ld Late Egypitan
wld Semtic
yād Egyptian Arabic
alou/ⲁⲗⲟⲩ (S,B,F) (youth, maiden, servant) Coptic
idmi : (red linen) 𓇋𓂧𓏇𓅆𓏠
jdmj Alt Egyptian
ʔe-tûn Late Kingdom
(ʔa-)dVm (red, blood) Afroasiatic Form
dVm Proto-Afroasiatic Form
dîm- , dâm- (blood) Proto-Afroasiatic
dam- (blood) (Gonga) Omotic
dîm- , dâm- (red) Cushitic
d-m- (blood) West Chadic
dm , dǝma (blood) Assyrian
idammen (blood) Berber
othónē/ὀθόνη Ancient Greek
othóni/οθόνη Greek
'ēṭûn/ אֵט֥וּן (red linen, fine linen, thread), dom/ דָּם (blood) Hebrew
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) jVˈtʼuːmVj , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) jVˈtʼuːmVj , (Late Egyptian, 800 BC)ʔəˈtʼeːm IPA
'ədūme < 'ədōme < 'ədāme Possible Etymology
ʲV'dU:mV (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
idn , jdn : (ear)
auḏn/ʾuðn, id (ear) Proto-Semitic
uznu Akkadian
ozen/ אֹזֶן Hebrew
ezen/ አዘን Ge'ez
ʾuḏun or uḏn/ أُذُن or أُذْن (ear) Arabic
id.t : (womb, vulva, uterus)
ḥem-t, ȧtȧ (Budge) Alt Egyptian
ootā/ⲟⲟⲧⲉ (S), otā/ⲟⲧⲉ (S), atā/ⲁⲧⲉ (A), oti/ⲟϯ (B), ōti/ⲱⲧⲓ (F), totā/ⲧⲟⲧⲉ (S) (womb) Coptic
iwf , jwf : (meat)
if Old Egyptian
əf/ⲉϥ (A, L) , af/ⲁϥ (S,B) aaf/ⲁⲁϥ (F,S) (meat) Coptic
igr , igrt , gr : (but, also)
ajurn/أجرن (because) Arabic
igS : (Ethiopian)
jgS, Ỉgš, kꜣš 𓎡𓄿𓈙𓈉 (Kush) Alt Egyptian
Ỉkš , jkš Demotic
ku-u-š-a-y /Kušāya/𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎠𐎹 Old Persian
kūsi/ 𒆳𒆪𒌑𒋢 Akkadian
əkʲōsh /ⲉϭⲱϣ (S), əkōsh /ⲉϭⲱϣ (A), ətʰāōsh/ ⲉⲑⲱϣ (B), əōsh /ϭⲱϣ (Ethiopian) Coptic
Aitʰiopʰia/Αἰθιοπία Later Greek
kûš/ כּוּשׁ Biblical Hebrew
habaš/ حبش (Abyssinian) Arabic
Æthiopian Archaic
~ igSw : (Ethiopians)(plur)
ethauš/ⲉⲑⲁⲩϣ (Ethiopians)(plur) Coptic
~ igSt : (Ethiopia)(female)
əkʲosə/ⲉϭⲟϣⲉ (S), əkooshə/ⲉϭⲟⲟϣⲉ (S) ətʰāoshi/ⲉⲑⲟϣⲓ (B) (Ethiopian)(female) Coptic
~ pA-igS : (That Ethiopia)
* the ig is removed
Pecōs/Πέκως: Greek
Pəćōš/Ⲡⲉϭⲱϣ Coptic
~ref https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Aegyptia_Demotica
iH , iHi : (bull, ox, cow) (m)
ʲḥʲ Alt Egyptian
eəḥə /ⲉ⳰ϩⲉ (S, A, B), aḥē/ ⲁϩⲏ (F) (ox, cow); āḥōou/ⲉϩⲱⲟⲩ, āoou/ⲉⲟⲟⲩ, āḥāv/ⲉϩⲉⲩ (cow) Coptic
jaḥi-u > ʲa'ḥiʲ > ⲉϩⲉ /ʔə;heʔ/ (Loprieno) IPA
~ iHt : (cow) (f)
eəḥə /ⲉ⳰ϩⲉ (S, A, B), aḥē/ ⲁϩⲏ (F), əḥə/ⲉϩⲉ (ox, cow) Coptic
~ iHw : (cows) (plr)
əḥoou /ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ (S), əḥēu /ⲉϩⲏⲩ (S), əḥəu /ⲉϩⲉⲩ (S, A, B), əḥow /ⲉϩⲁⲩ (sA),
eəḥōou /ⲉ⳰ϩⲱⲟⲩ (B), əḥəou /ⲉϩⲉⲟⲩ (B), aḥow /ⲁϩⲁⲩ (F), ēḥaou /ⲏϩⲁⲟⲩ (F) (plr) (cow) Coptic
jaḥiu-u > ʲa'ḥiww > ⲉϩⲉⲩ /ʔə'hew/ (Loprieno) IPA
ii : (come)
jy, ỉy (Come) Demotic
āḥoun/ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ Old Coptic
āi /ⲉⲓ (S) (come, coming, go), ow/ⲁⲩ (S), owā/ⲁⲩⲉ (S), owāi/ⲁⲩⲉⲓ (S, sA), owāāi/ⲁⲩⲉⲉⲓ (A), owāis/ⲁⲩⲉⲓⲥ (sA),
aouāi/ⲁⲟⲩⲉⲓ (F) (come!, give, bring hither ); (S, B) ābol/ⲉⲃⲟⲗ, (A, sA) abal/ⲁⲃⲁⲗ,
(F) ābal/ⲉⲃⲁⲗ (out, forth, outward, coming, going, bringing, loosing, throwing, opening, sprouting, pouring, crying);
(S, F) āḥoun/ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ, (A) akhoun/ⲁⳉⲟⲩⲛ, (sA) aḥoun/ⲁϩⲟⲩⲛ, (B) ākhoun/ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ,
(F) āḥon/ⲉϩⲟⲛ (inside, inward, motion ) Coptic
ikn : (Stone vessel)
akunu Babylonian
im : ( in, with, by means of, from, out of, as, namely, when, as, though, together with, within)
irm (with, and ) Demotic
imo (within) (ref. http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
~ im.f (in it)
mmo=f/ⲘⲘⲞϤ (in it) Coptic
im : (therefor, there, therein, therewith, therefrom)
emmow /ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ, emmv Coptic
imA : (to be pleasing, splended, be delighted (with), charmed (with), kind, gentle, well-disposed, be gracious, be delighted, charmed)
jâm (peace, tranquility (in greetings), well being) Bankan Tey Dogon
jaama, jamm (peace) Wolof
jám (peace, tranquility (in greetings), well being) Tommo So Dogon
zâm (peace, tranquility (in greetings), well being) Yanda Dom Dogon
jimijimi (richly, wealthily, gorgeously, splendidly)
(https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfTheYorubaLanguage) Yoruba
amani Swahili
anai/ⲁⲛⲁⲓ (S, B), anei/ⲁⲛⲉⲓ (A) anaei/ⲁⲛⲁⲉⲓ (NH) (be pleasing, pleasant, be willing) ,
djemmo/ϫⲉⲙⲙⲟ (B) (cause, be at ease), djamē/ϫⲁⲙⲏ (S, sA, B) (calm) Coptic
~ imAt : (charm, kindliness, graciousness, favour, favour (toward someone)
hmot/ϩⲙⲟⲧ (S, B), hmat/ϩⲙⲁⲧ (A, sA, F), ehmot/ⲉϩⲙⲟⲧ (B) (grace, gift) Coptic
~ iry imAt : thereof/related to the pleasing (Please do)
ari-ehmot/ⲁⲣⲓϩ⳰ⲙⲟⲧ (B) (please (do) Coptic
imi : (not) 𓇋𓅓𓂜
am 𓄿𓅓 Early Egyptian
-am /-አም (neg suffix) Amharic
(S, B) an/ⲁⲛ, (A, F) ən/ⲉⲛ (enclitic negative particle) Coptic
imiwti, imytw, im(y)t(w), im(y)tw : (between)
outō/ ⲟⲩⲧⲱ, oute/ ⲟⲩⲧⲉ Coptic
imn : (right hand)
ounam/ⲟⲩⲛⲁⲙ (S, F), ou(e)inam/ⲟⲩ(ⲉ)ⲓⲛⲁⲙ (S), iounam/ⲓⲟⲩⲛⲁⲙ (S), ounom/ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲙ (S), iounom/ⲓⲟⲩⲛⲟⲙ (S),
ounem/ⲟⲩⲛⲉⲙ (A, sA), owwinam/ⲟⲩⲓⲛⲁⲙ (B), owwinem/ⲟⲩⲓⲛⲉⲙ (F), owwienēm/ⲟⲩⲓⲉⲛⲏⲙ (F),
iounem/ⲓⲟⲩⲛⲉⲙ (F) , iouenēm/ⲓⲟⲩⲉⲛⲏⲙ (F), iōnam/ⲓⲱⲛⲁⲙ (F), iōnēm/ⲓⲱⲛⲏⲙ (F) (right hand) Coptic
imnu/𒍠 Akkadian
yamīn (right), yamān (right handed) (ref. Haase) Proto-Semitic
yamīn (right), yamān (right handed) (ref. Haase) Semitic
yäman/ የማን Amharic
yamīnيَمِينٌ/ Arabic
yaman (left) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
lemin Maltese
yammīnā יַמִּינָא/ Aramaic Hebrew
yammīnāܝܡܝܢܐ/ Aramaic Syriac
yāmîn/יָמִין Hebrew
ymn𐩺𐩣𐩬/ Old South Arabian
ymn / 𐎊𐎎𐎐 Ugaritic
ymn (right side) Semitic
yäman /የማነ Ethiopic
ʲamnat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
imn : (Amun God)
imnt : (wife to Amun)
imntt : (goddess of the west Amuntet)
imnt(t) (Fem), imnty (Masc) : (The West , Western, the Underworld, (translated into Coptic as Hades or Hell) 𓆄𓏏𓏮𓏏𓏏𓈉
Amentet Budge
jmnṱ, imnṱ Demotic
àmənti/ⲁ̀ⲙⲉⲛϯ (B, F), amntə/ⲁⲙⲛⲧⲉ (S,A) (Hades, Western place); əmnᵉt /ⲉⲙⲛ︦ⲧ (S), ïmnt/ⲉⲓⲙⲛⲧ (A, F),
əmntə/ⲉⲙⲛⲧⲉ (A, F), ïmntə/ⲉⲓⲙⲛⲧⲉ (A, F), èmənt/ⲉ̀ⲙⲉⲛⲧ (B), a-mənti/ⲁ⳰ⲙⲉⲛϯ,
əmnt/ⲉⲙⲛⲧ (the west, land of the dead) Coptic
ʾamandi /أمـــنــدﻯ (May a tragedy take you to hell) (ref. Bishai) Arabic
ho hai̯dēs/ὁ ᾃδηϛ , ο αιδηϚ τοπος (the invisible place, ass. with Hades) Greek
jmn.tt (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ja'mintit , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) jaˈmintiʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE):
ʔaˈmentə > Amnᵉtə/ⲁⲙⲛ︦ⲧⲉ "afterlife", ʲa'mintiʲ (fem) Loprieno); jmn.ti (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE): jaˈmintij,
(Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE): jaˈmintij, (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE): ʔəˈment (masc) (Loprieno) IPA
Ȧmunet, Ȧmunetet Conventunal Pronunciation
Alt Pronunciation
~ imntt: (The Wester land of the dead)
ʲa'mintit (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
amntā/ⲁⲙⲛⲧⲉ (S, A), āmntā/ⲉⲙⲛⲧⲉ (A, sA), amānti/ⲁⲙⲉⲛϯ (B, F) (hades literally western place) Coptic
imnt : the right side
jamin-u > jamin-at > imn.t /jamnat/ > imn.ti /ja'mintij/ > əmnt/ⲉⲙⲛⲧ (Loprieno) IPA
imy : (who, which is in, in which is)
Amw/Ꜣmw Demotic
maou /ⲙⲁⲟⲩ , meou /ⲙⲉⲟⲩ Old Coptic
hām/ϩⲉⲙ, hᵉm/ϩⲙ︦ [GE Champollion]; mow/ ⲙⲁⲩ (S) (B), mō /ⲙⲱ (Sa), mo /ⲙⲟ (A), māv /ⲙⲉⲩ (sA, F),
meou /ⲙⲉⲟⲩ (sA, F) (the place there, in, therein, who, which is there) Coptic
ʲamíʲ IPA
(i)m(y) -r(A)-mSa : (general)
Pelmos (pəlamusa) or (bəlamusa) Meroitic
p-lmš' Late Kingdom
stratego /sστρατηγός Greek
in : (by , so say)
n/ⲛ (with, by) Old Coptic
(S, A, sA, B, F) n/ⲛ (with, by), na/ⲛⲁ, ntʰə/ⲛⲑⲉ (advrb) Coptic
in (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
inH : (eyebrow)
(S, A) ānḥ/ⲉⲛϩ, (S, A) nḥ/ⲛϩ (eyebrow) Coptic
inhmn, nhm, inhrmA : (pomegranate)
iwn-h-A-ny-r-mAA Alt
alhammān Hoch
hrnnt Demotic
h-na-man₂ Hoch
lrmn Ugaritic
armannu, lurmû, lurimtu, lurindu, lurinni, lurimāu Akkadian
rimon /רִמוֹן Hebrew
remon/ רעמאָן Yiddish
ʾanār/انار Persian
ʾnʾlin Pahlavi
raman/ رمان Arabic
h(e)rman/ϩ(ⲉ)ⲣⲙⲁⲛ (S, B), h(e)rmēm/ϩ(ⲉ)ⲣⲙⲏⲛ (Sf), h(e)rmen/ϩ(ⲉ)ⲣⲙⲉⲛ (F),
lehmen/ⲗⲉϩⲙⲉⲛ (A), erman/ⲉⲣⲙⲁⲛ (B) Coptic
ini : (bring, fetch, carry off, remove, overcome, reach, attain, buy, appoint, use)
jn, ỉnỉ (bring) Demotic
ini /ⲓⲛⲓ (brought forth); (S, A) ïnā/ⲉⲓⲛⲉ , (A, sA) inā/ⲓⲛⲉ, (B, F) ini/ⲓⲛⲓ, (F) ni/ⲛⲓ, (S, A, sA) n/ⲛ,
(S, A, sA) m/ⲙ, (S, B, F) ān/ⲉⲛ, (S, A, sA) nt/ⲛⲧ, (B) ānt/ⲉⲛⲧ, (F) int/ⲓⲛⲧ, (F) nit/ⲛⲓⲧ (bring, bear) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) ˈjiːnit , (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) ˈjiːniʔ , (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) ˈʔiːnə ,
(modern Egyptological) ini IPA
ʲa'niʲ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ink : (I, I am) Independent pronoun 𓇋𓈖𓎡𓀀
nwk 𓏌𓎡𓀀 , inwk 𓇋𓏌𓎡𓀀 Alt Egyptian
jnk, ỉnk Demotic
ȧnuk (inwk) Budge
ana/ አነ (I, me) Tigre
ank/𐎀𐎐𐎃, an 𐎀𐎐 (I) Ugaritic
Ɂân, Ɂîn; ân, în (I) Proto-Afroasiatic
in (I) Omotic
ʾnk/ 𐤀𐤍𐤊 (I) ,ʾnky / 𐤀𐤍𐤊𐤉 (I) Phoenician
ʔan-āku, ʔaniya, Ɂan-ā, Ɂan-i Proto-Semitic
'anāku (I am), Ɂn (I) Semitic
Ɂâni (I) Cushitic
anāku/ 𒀀𒈾𒆪 (I) Akkadian
anâku Assyrin
anoky/ אנוכי, anokiy/ אָנׄכִי, anok/אנך (I) Archaic Hebrew
ʔānōḵī ,ʾānōkî /אנכי ; ʔănī , ʔănî /אני , ahyh (I) Hebrew
(ʔ)anoˈχi , anokhí / אָנֹכִי (I) Israel Hebrew
aní/ אֲנִי (I) Modern Hebrew
ʔana/ انا (I) Arabic
nek, nec (I, me), ənakkᵂ (I) Berber
ane, ani (I) (Rn. 1895) (Weninger) Bed.
ʔan-i, ʔan-u (I) (Sasse 1982,26) (Weninger) ECu.
ʔan-i (I) (Ehret 1980. 283) (Weninger) SCu.
inu (I) (Weninger) Maji
anok /ⲁⲛⲟⲕ, ank /ⲁⲛⲕ Old Coptic
anok /ⲁⲛⲟⲕ (stressed) (S, B), eanok /ⲁ⳰ⲛⲟⲕ (B), nok /ⲛⲟⲕ , anak /ⲁⲛⲁⲕ (A, F), ank/ⲁⲛⲕ (K, M),
aenk/ⲁⲛ̀ⲕ (unstressed )Coptic
jaˈnak (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) (Loprieno), jaˈnaːk (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE),
jaˈnaːk , ʔaˈnak (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE), inɛk (Reconstructed Old Egyptian), ʔn(k) , ʲānak, a‘nɔk (S) (Peust) IPA
anuk/anok, ʲnok; janak (OK), janāk/ʔanak (MK), ʔanok (LK), anok, anak, ank (Old Copitc) ; anok (UE), eanok, anok (LE) Fix
inn , (i)nn : (we) 𓇋𓀁𓈖𓈖𓏥
inw 𓇋𓏌𓈖𓏥 Alt Egyptian
enen Budge
Ɂǎnn, Ɂǐnn ; ǎnn, ǐnn Proto-Afroasiatic
ǝñña / እኛ Amharic
nnε Baŋgi
nona, nuna , nina Omotic
Ɂǎnn, Ɂǐnn (we) Cushitic
nīnu Akkadian
Ɂnn (we) Semitic
ʾnḥn/ 𐤀𐤍𐤇𐤍 Phoenician
nekni , necnin , neccin (we) Berber
an /ⲁⲛ (short for) anon /ⲁⲛⲟⲛ (S, B), anan/ⲁⲛⲁⲛ (A, F), anᵉn /ⲁⲛⲛ︦( old) (we) Coptic
naḥnu/ نحن (we) Arabic
íḥna (we/us/our) (? ref needed) Egyptian Arabic
Ɂǎnaḥnû/ אֳַנַחְנוּ , anu/ אֲנוּ Hebrew
ʲānan (AEVP), ja'nan (Loprieno) IPA
* ref https://en.wikiversity.org
inm : (flesh or skin of an animal or man, hue (of the sky)
inwm Alt Egyptian
inama (flesh, skin, meat) Bemba-Bantu
anom/ⲁⲛⲟⲙ (skin) Coptic
inpw : (god Anubis)
inpw : (royal child of a princess)
inpw (inpou) is 'dog' and more especially 'puppy' (Kurt Sethe & Hermann Kees claims) Alt Egyptian
jnp Demotic
inɛpuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
inepu Traditional Pronunciation
inr : (stone, rock, slab, block)
jny Demotic
(S, A, sA, F) ōnā/ⲱⲛⲉ, (B, F) ōni/ⲱⲛⲓ, (S) ānā/ⲉⲛⲉ, (B, F) ana/ⲁⲛⲁ (stone, as measure) Coptic
inɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
inry : (shudder, shake)
enour /ⲛ⳰ϩⲟⲩⲣ Coptic
inst , jnst (medical plant; anise?)
ánnēson/ἄννησον, ánēson/ἄνησον , ánēsson/ἄνησσον, ánīson/ἄνῑσον (anise, Pimpinella anisum) Greek
(1st CE Egyptian)ˈan.ne̝.son, (4th CE Koine)ˈan.ni.son, (10th CE Byzantine) ˈan.ni.son ,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan) ˈa.ni.son IPA
int : (valley)
ỉnyt Demotic
inw : (purple)
ȧnu Alt Egyptian
ʾargmn/𐎀𐎗𐎂𐎎𐎐 (purple) Ugaritic
ar-ga-man-nu/𒅈𒂵𒌋𒌋𒉡Neo-Assyrian
argamannu/𒋠𒍝𒆳𒋛𒀀 (red purple) Akkadian
ʾargəwānā/ܐܪܓܘܢܐ (purple) Syriac
argamana/ אַרְגְּוָונָא (purple), argamana/ אַרְגָּמָן (purple, crimson) Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
argaman/אֵרְגְוָנִי (purple), ʾargāmān/ אַרְגָּמָן (purple, red-purple [of garment]) Hebrew
arğawān/ارغوان (red-purple; a plant) Urdu
ʾarjuwān, ʾurjuwān/ أرجوان (purple) Arabic
ʾrγwʾn /arγawān/ (purple) Sogdian
ian/ⲓⲁⲛ (indigo) Coptic
ipt : (a dry measure of volume equivalent to 4 ḥqꜣwt (about 19.2 litres or 0.54 bushels)
jpyt Demotic
aeypah/ אֵיפָה Hebrew
aeipe/ ⲁⲉⲓⲡⲉ (A) ōipi/ⲱⲓⲡⲓ (B) aipi/ⲁⲓⲡⲓ (F) oeipe/ⲟⲉⲓⲡⲉ (S)
ipd : (cup)
ipt (chalice) Demotic
apot/ⲁⲡⲟⲧ (S) (cup, drinking vessel), apʰot/ⲁⲫⲟⲧ (B), apat/ⲁⲡⲁⲧ (F) (cup) Coptic
ipn : (these)
eipn/ⲉⲓⲡⲛ Old Coptic
ipt : (harem, secret chamber)
apōt ? Coptic
ipt : (a measure of corn or grain)
oipe /ⲟⲓⲡⲉ Coptic
oiphe /οιφε Greek
ephah (ahē-fahe) /ﬡֵיפָה Hebew
ipt : (census)
(S) ēpə/ⲎⲠⲈ, (S, A, sA, B, F) ōp/ⲱⲡ , (S) ōpə/ⲱⲡⲉ , (S, B, F) əp/ⲉⲡ , (A) ḥəp/ϩⲉⲡ , (Sf) ap/ⲁⲡ , (A) ōp/ⲱⲡ , (S, B) op/ⲟⲡ ,
(S, A, F) ap/ⲁⲡ , (S, sA, B, F) ēp/ⲏⲡ (count, esteem) Coptic
iqr , iq : (trust, trustworthy, skilful, excellent, pleasing, well-to-do, superior)
Akr/Ꜣkr Demotic
waqar (to be heavy or weighty; a tree laden with fruits; to be honorable or to hold weight in value) Proto-Semitic
waqar ? Proto-Afroasiatic
yaaqur, yaqri/yaaqer Aramaic
yāqār (highly esteemed) , yāqar, yaw-kawr' / יָקָר (expensive, precious, having a high price, cost); Yqr/יקר "to be heavy,
to honor, to be honored, to be precious); yakár/ יָקָר ((having a high price, cost, Dear, precious) Hebrew
waqār/وَقارْ (dignity, grandeur, majesty, veneration) Arabic
(OE, 2500 BE) ˈjaːqʼaɾ/, (ME 1700 BE) ˈjaːqʼaʔ , (LE 800 BE) ˈjoːqʼə [noun]; (OE, 2500 BE) ˈˈjaːqʼiɾ,
(ME 1700 BE) ˈjaːqʼiʔ , (LE 800 BE) ˈjoːqʼə [Adjective] IPA
iker Traditional Pronunciation
~ iqrw : (plur)
(w)aqāru(m) Akkadian
waqura Arabic
yqr Hebrew
ir, iri : (do, at, to, if, as to, as for, when, as regards, towards )
ir.i : (towards me) Alt Egyptian
ỉr Demotic
ait/ⲁⲓⲧ, āirə, ïrə/ⲉⲓⲣⲉ , ər/ⲉⲣ , r/ⲣ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA) əirə, ïrə/ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (sA) irə/ⲓⲣⲉ , (B) iri/ⲓⲣⲓ , (F) ili/ⲓⲗⲓ , (B, F) ra/ⲣⲁ, (B, F) la/ⲗⲁ , (S, A, sA) r/ⲣ ,
(S, B) ər/ⲉⲣ , (F) əl/ⲉⲗ , (S) āiat, ïat/ⲉⲓⲁⲧ , (S) aa /ⲁⲁ , (A, sA) əət/ⲉⲉⲧ , (sA) əəit/ⲉⲉⲓⲧ , (sA) əə/ⲉⲉ,
(sA) aə/ⲁⲉ , (B) ai/ⲁⲓ , (F) əi/ⲉⲓ, (F) ït/ⲉⲓⲧ , (NH) a/ⲁ , (S, sA, F) o/ⲟ , (A) ə/ⲉ, (A) ïə/ⲉⲓⲉ ,
(sA) oəi/ⲟⲉⲓ , (B, F) oi/ⲟⲓ ,(F) ai/ⲁⲓ, (F) āi , ï/ⲉⲓ, (F) ə/ⲉ (act, become, befall, make, do, pass time, make total,
amount to) ; (S) āirā/ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (doing); (S) arirā/ⲁⲣⲓⲣⲉ (do!) ; (S) arirā/ⲁⲣⲓⲣⲉ, (B) arioui/ⲁⲣⲓⲟⲩⲓ, (S, A, B) ari/ⲁⲣⲓ,
(A, sA) āri/ⲉⲣⲓ, (do! /imperative); araï/ⲁⲣⲁï (A, L), eroï/ⲉⲣⲟï (B, S), elaï/ⲉⲗⲁï (F), eraï /ⲉⲣⲁï (M) Coptic
~ iri ib : (please)
iai (be pleased)
irb(A) : to be shut in, driven
(S) ōr(ā)b/ⲱⲣ(ⲉ)ⲃ, (S, B) ōrf/ⲱⲣϥ , (Sa, A) ōrbā/ⲱⲣⲃⲉ, (S) ārb/ⲉⲣⲃ ,(B) ārf/ⲉⲣϥ, (F) arāf/ⲁⲣⲉϥ, (S) orb/ⲟⲣⲃ, (S, B) orf/ⲟⲣϥ,
(Sf, A) arb/ⲁⲣⲃ, (S) orb/ⲟⲣⲃ, (A, Sf, S, sA) arb/ⲁⲣⲃ, (S, B) orf/ⲟⲣϥ ,(A) arbā/ⲁⲣⲃⲉ (be enclosed, apart, quiet,
restrict, surround) Coptic
iri , ir : (create, beget, make, do, accomplish, act, aqquire, pass time, cultivate (plants)
jrj Alt Egyptian
jr(j), ỉr(ỉ) Demotic
e'rhe /ዕርሐ (make), ʔa'riya /ዓረየ Ethiopic
ïrā /ⲉⲓⲣⲉ , ait/ⲁⲓⲧ , ār /ⲉⲣ, r/ⲣ Old Coptic
ïrā /ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (S, A, sA), irā/ⲓⲣⲉ (sA), iri/ⲓⲣⲓ (B), ili/ⲓⲗⲓ (F), ra/ⲣⲁ (B, F), la/ⲗⲁ (B, F), r/ⲣ (S, A, sA),
ār /ⲉⲣ (S, B), āl/ⲉⲗ (F), aa/ⲁⲁ (S), ïat/ⲉⲓⲁⲧ (S), āāt/ⲉⲉⲧ (A, sA), āāit/ⲉⲉⲓⲧ (sA), āā/ⲉⲉ (sA),
aā/ⲁⲉ (sA), ai/ⲁⲓ (B), āi/ⲉⲓ (F), āit/ⲉⲓⲧ (F), a/ⲁ (NH), o/ⲟ (S, sA, F), ā/ⲉ (A), āiā/ⲉⲓⲉ (A),
oāi/ⲟⲉⲓ (sA), oi/ⲟⲓ (B, F), ai/ⲁⲓ (F), āi/ⲉⲓ (F),
ā/ⲉ (F) (act, become, befall, make, do, bear fruit, pass time, make total, amount to, value at ),
a/ⲁ- , a/ⲁ (verbal prefix derived from ⲉⲓⲣⲉ) (Crum) (S, A, B, F) Coptic
~ iri.w : (create, beget, make, do, accomplish, act) (plr)
ja:rvw Alt Pronunciation
~ iri.f : (he does, he makes)
iry.f , irr.f Late Kingdom
ir.f Demotic
ʲarīʲuf (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
iri : (companion)
iry (fellow, friend) (Crum) Alt Egyptian
ēr /ⲏⲣ (B) (friend, companion), ārēw /ⲉⲣⲏⲩ (S) (fellow, companion, each other, together, mutually) Coptic
~ tAy.i iry n st-Hmt (my female companion)
taréi ānsimā/ⲧⲁⲣⲉ́ⲓ ⲉⲛⲥⲓⲙⲉ< réi ānsimā/ⲣⲉ́ⲓ ⲉⲛⲥⲓⲙⲉ (my female companion) Coptic
irp : (wine) 𓇋𓂋𓊪𓏉
jrp Demotic
orp(a)/ ⲟⲣⲡ(ⲁ) (Peust) Old Nubian
orp Nubian
'jrp Ugaritic
yáyin/ יַיִן (wine) Hebrew
hérpis/ ἕρπις Ancient Greek
ērp /ⲏⲣⲡ (S, A, sA, B, F), ērep/ⲏⲣⲡ̄ (A, B, A, L) , erp /ⲉⲣⲡ (B, S), ērᵉp /ⲏⲣⲡ︦ (S?) , rp/ⲣⲡ (S), ēlp /ⲏⲗⲡ (F) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC)ˈjuːɾap ; (Middle Egyptian,1700 BC) ˈjuːɾap ; (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ˈʔeːɾəp IPA
~ irpw : wine (plur)
ērep /ⲏⲣⲡ̄ Coptic
irr : (radiate, shine)
(S) āiālāl/ⲉⲓⲉⲗⲉⲗ, (S) āiālāiāl/ⲉⲓⲉⲗⲉⲓⲉⲗ , (B) iālāl/ⲓⲉⲗⲉⲗ, (B) ālāl/ⲉⲗⲉⲗ (shine, glitter, brightness) Coptic
haw-lal', halal /הָﬥַל (Shine) Hebrew
êllu Assyrian
irt : (eye)
ʔil Proto-Afroasiatic Form
iāt/ⲓⲉⲧ Old Coptic
yāirā, ïirā /ⲓⲉⲓⲣⲉ (L), yār, ïr /ⲓⲉⲣ (B), āya /ⲉⲓⲁ (S), yat /ⲓⲁⲧ (B), ïat /ⲉⲓⲁⲧ (S), āyār, ïār /ⲉⲓⲉⲣ (S), ïaat/ⲉⲓⲁⲁⲧ ,
(S) ïāt/ⲉⲓⲉⲧ (A), iat/ⲓⲁⲧ (B), iēt/ⲓⲏⲧ (F) (eye and sight); eïāt /ⲉⲓ̈ⲉⲧ Coptic
ojo (eye) Spanish
irɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
ʲārat Alt Pronunciation
~ bin irt : (evil eye)
ban ïirā /ⲃⲁⲛ ⲓⲉⲓⲣⲉ (malicious 'evil of eye' ) Coptic
~ irt bint : (evil eye)
āiār boonā/ⲉⲓⲉⲣ ⲃⲟⲟⲛⲉ (evil of eye) (Crum) Coptic
~ mH irt m, mHn irt : (fill eye with)
mḥ ỉrt , mḥ n ỉrt Demotic
(S) māḥ-āiat = mmo= /ⲙⲉϩ-ⲉⲓⲁⲧ⳼ ⲙⲙⲟ⳼ (fill eye with, look intently); (S) mouḥ n- /ⲙⲟⲩϩ ⲛ- (fill with) ;
(A) maḥ-ïāt = mma= /ⲙⲁϩ-ïⲉⲧ ⳼ ⲙⲙⲁ⳼ (fill eye with, look intently)
'look intently' ; maḥ-iaït.f/ⲙⲁϩ-ⲓⲁⲓ̈ⲧϥ (onlooker 'one who fills his eye (with something) Coptic
irt : (duty (of someone), use, purpose)
jrt Demotic
ïār/ⲉⲓⲉⲣ (S), ïat/ⲉⲓⲁⲧ (S), iār/ⲓⲉⲣ (B), iat/ⲓⲁⲧ (B) (duty? needs ref.) Coptic
irt : (do, to do, to make)
ʔírat> yire> írir> ire/ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (Allen) (doing) Evolution
eire/ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (S, L) Coptic
ʲīrit < ʔi:rɘ (1,000 BCE) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
irTt, iryt : (milk)
jrt(t) Demotic
yer Meroitic
ārōtā /ⲉⲣⲱⲧⲉ (S, A), ārōti /ⲉⲣⲱϯ (B, F), arōtā/ⲁⲣⲱⲧⲉ (Sf), arōti/ⲁⲣⲱϯ (F) Coptic
iry : (thereof, thereto, relating to, friend?)
ēr /ⲏⲣ (B), ārēu /ⲉⲣⲏⲩ (S) (each other, together, mutually) ; ērā /ⲏⲣⲉ , ēri /ⲏⲣⲓ;
arēu /ⲁⲣⲏⲩ (S), ḥarēw/ϩⲁⲣⲏⲩ (S), arēou/ⲁⲣⲏⲟⲩ (B) (perhaps, if,) Coptic
iryw : (plr)
ērēw/ⲎⲢⲎⲨ (plr) Coptic
iry : (ram)
ʾi₃=ra=ya (ASAE 1954) Hoch
ʾêlya, ʾayla
ālu Akkadian
oāilā/ⲟⲉⲓⲗⲉ (S), olāiā/ⲟⲗⲉⲓⲉ (S), oilāiā/ⲟⲓⲗⲉⲓⲉ (S), oilā/ⲟⲓⲗⲉ (S), ailā/ⲁⲓⲗⲉ (A) ōili/ⲱⲓⲗⲓ (B), oili/ⲟⲓⲗⲓ (B),
aili/ⲁⲓⲗⲓ (F), ail/ⲁⲓⲗ (F) Coptic
iry Hmt : (take a wife, to marry, get married, wed)
er ghamos/ ⲉⲣⲅⲁⲙⲟⲥ (Greek influence) Coptic
iryw : (Crew (on boat)
iry (fellows, companion) Demotic
(A, B) erēou /ⲉⲣⲏⲟⲩ (B) arēou /ⲁⲣⲏⲟⲩ, erēu/ⲉⲣⲏⲩ (fellow, companion together, each other) Coptic
jarjǔw Possible Pronunciation
is : (be light (of weight), lie light)
isi Alt Egyptian
ꜢsꜤ (be light) Demotic
asiōou/ⲁⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩ Old Coptic
(S, F) asai/ⲁⲥⲁⲓ, (A) āsiāāi/ⲉⲥⲓⲉⲉⲓ, (B) asiai/ⲁⲥⲓⲁⲓ, (S, F) asōou/ⲁⲥⲱⲟⲩ, (S) asāiōou/ⲁⲥⲉⲓⲱⲟⲩ, (A) āsiōou/ⲉⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩ,
(B) asiōou/ⲁⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩ (be light, relieved, be swift) Coptic
is : (old)
(S, F) as /ⲁⲥ, (S) aas /ⲁⲁⲥ , (A, F) es/ ⲉⲥ , (S, B) apas /ⲁⲡⲁⲥ , (F) apes /ⲁⲡⲉⲥ Coptic
is : (enclitic particle mark of emphasis, behold, lo)
iws (it is (that) Late Kingdom
is (behold) Demotic
(S, Sa, A, sA) ïs/ⲉⲓⲥ, (S, Sa, A, sA) əs/ⲉⲥ , (B) is/ⲓⲥ (behold, lo, here is) Coptic
~ istw, isT(w) (behold, though)
ïstə/ⲉⲓⲥⲧⲉ (S,A), əstə/ⲉⲥⲧⲉ (A) (behold, lo, here is ) (Rösch) ; >
ïs ḥēētā/ⲉⲓⲥ ϩⲏⲏⲧⲉ (properly before pronouns and verbs) for) Coptic
isft : (falsehood, lie, wrong, sin, wickedness, injustice, doing wrong, disorder, chaos
shoft/ϣⲟϥⲧ (to err, to make a mistake, to stumble, mistake, error, wrong, mistaken (possible connection);
mətshaft/ⲙⲉⲧϣⲁϥⲧ (iniquity, wickedness, evil) Coptic
(OE 2500 BCE) jaˈzaːfat ; (ME, 1700 BCE) jaˈsaːfaʔ ; (Amarna-period LE 1350 BCE) ʔaˈsaːfa ;
(LE, 800 BCE) ʔaˈsoːfə (ME AIitLCoH J.P.A p120; WdA S Hermann) IPA
iSp : (cucumber)
eshoop /ⲉϣⲟⲟⲡ Coptic
ispt (NK), isp (MK) : (quiver (for arrows) (MK-NK)
ashpah/ʾašpâh/אַשְׁפָּה, 'ashshaph (Strong's Exhaustive Concordance) Hebrew
išpatu Assyrian
ủṯpt Ugaritic
ispet Traditional Pronunciation
isw : (lo, behold)
js Demotic
əis/ⲉⲓⲥ (S, Sa, A, sA), əs/ⲉⲥ (S, Sa, A, sA), is/ⲓⲥ (B), (behold, lo, here is) Coptic
ˈjiːsVw (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.), ˈjiːsVw (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C.), ˈʔiːsəʔ (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BC)),
ʔiːs (Late Egyptian 800 B.C.), isuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
iSst : (what?)
(S, B) ásh/ⲁϣ , (A) éḥ, ākh/ⲉⳉ , (sA, F) ésh/ⲉϣ, (L) ésh, (pL) éç (what? who?) Coptic
ȧshes-t (Budge) Alt Pronunciation
it , iti : (father) 𓇋𓏏
ȧtf, tf (based off and Coptic) 𓇋𓏏𓆑𓀀, 𓇋𓆑 Budge
itf Alt Egyptian
yt, ytfṱ (Father) Demotic
ʔab (Father) Proto-Afroasiatic Form
ʾab (Father) Proto-Semitic
ʾab, ʾāb, ʾabu (Father) Semtic
ʔabb (Father) Proto-Berber
uba Hausa
abu 𒌗𒉈 , abu/ 𒀊, ʼab (Father) Akkadian
ʾb /𐤀𐤁 (Father) Ammonite, Edomite and Moabite
ʾabbo/ ኣቦ(Father) Tigrinya
ʾäb /አብ (Father) Tigre
ʾäbat /አባት (abat) (Father) Amharic
ʾb /በእ (Father) Arharic
ʾab/ ኣብ, 'aba/ ኣባ , abo / ኣቦ (Father) Ge'ez Ethiopic
ảb(Father) Ugaritic
abu (Father) Assyrian
ảb /𐎀𐎁 (Father) Ugaritic
𐩱𐩨/ ʾb (Father) Arabian
ʾb 𐤀𐤁/, ʾab, bu Phoenician
אב/ab (Father) Sabean
abba /אבא , ab (awb)/אָב , ʾôb, ʼāḇ (Father) Hebrew
'áv, ʾāḇ /אָב (Father) Biblical Hebrew
’aḇā’/אבא, ʾabbā / אַבָּא (the father, my father) Aramaic
ḥa-yb (Father) Mehri
aabo (Father) Somali
’ab-ā’ /ܐܒܐ , bābā (Father) Syriac
abba (Father) Afar
pitar (Father) Sanskrit
ʔabúu / أـنـبــا (Father) Egyptian Arabic
ʾab/ أَب > ʾabū (Father) Arabic
iout/ⲓⲟⲩⲧ, ïout/ïⲟⲩⲧ (Father) Old Coptic
ïōt, yōt/ ⲉⲓⲱⲧ (S, A, sA), ïot, yot/ ⲉⲓⲟⲧ (M), yoat, yōt /ⲓⲱⲧ (S, B, F), efyōt /ⲫ̀ⲓⲱⲧ, ente /ⲛ⳰ⲧⲉ (B), yoti /ⲓⲟϯ (Father) Coptic
ˈjaːtij (Reconstructed OE); jatǎi or jǎtaf (possible Old Kingdom) (Danielito); i.'a.tʰa (JPA) (OE&ME); 'ja.tʰa (JPA) (LE) IPA
'jaːtvj or ʲātVʲ from ʲt (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
it Traditional Pronunciation
~ itw- (fathers)
ʲtʲ.w (Loprieno) Alt Egyptian
ïotā , yotā/ⲉⲓⲟⲧⲉ (S), ïatā/ⲉⲓⲁⲧⲉ (A, sA), ïati, yati/ ⲉⲓⲁϯ (A, sA, F), ioti/ⲓⲟϯ (B), ïōtā, yōte /ⲉⲓⲱⲧⲉ Coptic
ʲatʲaw (Loprieno), (j)at-i-jūw (Danielito), jǎtjaw Alt Pronunciation
~ it.f : his father
'jatjif or ʲātʲif from 'jaːt(v) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
it-it : (grandfather, grandpa)
tf-tf Budge
mpyōt /ⲙⲡⲉⲓⲱⲧ (S), p(ei)/ⲡ(ⲉⲓ) (S) Coptic
itn : (sun disk, sun)
iōit/ⲓⲱⲓⲧ ? (Sun, god) Coptic
𒅀𒀀𒋾 (ia-a-ti) in 𒈠𒅀𒀀𒋾 (ma-ia-a-ti/Mayati “Meritaten”) Cuneiform
ˈjaːtin (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.), ˈjaːtin (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C.), ˈjaːtəj (Middle-Late Egyptian 1350 B.C.),
ˈjoːtəj (Late Egyptian 800 B.C.), itɛn (modern Egyptological) IPA
aten Traditional Pronunciation
itn: (god Aten, sun)
itrw : (river)
iwr (Brugsch), ỉꜢrw (Junge), jtrw Alt Egyptian
ytr (? needs ref) Old Egyptian
yě'ōr Late Egyptian
ỉắt\r˘w > ỉắꜢ\r˘w> āioorā/ⲉⲓⲟⲟⲣⲉ (S) (ref. Friedrich Junge), itrw> itr> itry Evolution
ïoor/ⲉⲓⲟⲟⲣ (S), ïoore/ⲉⲓⲟⲟⲣⲉ (S), ioorā/ⲓⲟⲟⲣⲉ (A), iōōrā/ⲓⲱⲱⲣⲉ(A), ior/ⲓⲟⲣ (B), iaar/ⲓⲁⲁⲣ (F), iaal/ⲓⲁⲁⲗ(F) (canal);
ïāro/ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ (S), ïro/ⲓⲉⲣⲟ (S, A), ïāra/ⲓⲉⲣⲁ (F), iaro/ⲓⲁⲣⲟ (B) (river) Coptic
ye'ór/ יְאוֹר , יְאֹר (Nile, river) Hebrew
ˈjatraw > jaʔr(ə), ʲatraw (Loprieno) Alt pronunciation
ˈjatɾaw (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE), ˈjaʔɾaw (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), ˈjaʔɾ (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE),
itɛruː (modern Egyptological) IPA
iteru Traditional Pronunciation
~ jtrw ꜥꜣ (great river, Nile)
y(ꜥr) ꜥꜣ (river, Nile) Demotic
ïāro, eiāro/ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ (S) (river, 'great canal) Coptic
~ DAi itrw (cross river)
ṯꜢỉ y(Ꜥ)r (cross the river) Demotic
(S) djioor/ϫⲓⲟⲟⲣ, (S) djiāoor/ϫⲓⲉⲓⲟⲟⲣ , (A) djioorā/ϫⲓⲟⲟⲣⲉ, (A) r djioorā/ⲣ ϫⲓⲟⲟⲣⲉ , (B) ār djinor/ⲉⲣ ϫⲓⲛⲓⲟⲣ,
(B) ārchinor/ⲉⲣϭⲓⲛⲓⲟⲣ , (F) djnaar/ϫⲛⲁⲁⲣ, (F) djniaal/ϫⲛⲓⲁⲁⲗ
(river over, cross river, cross (sea or land) Coptic
iTw : (thief)
chiouᵉi/ϭⲓⲟⲩⲓ⳰ Coptic
iw (Enclitic particle at the head of a sentence)
ˈʔu (Werning) Alt pronunciation
iw : (is, are, are, it is, is, non-enclitic particle)
ou /ⲟⲩ Coptic
iw : (dog)
ʔu Antonio Loprieno
ka-wa Luvale-Bantu
r- iwd : (between)
ỉwṯ (between) Demotic
outō/ⲟⲩⲧⲱ (among, between) Old Coptic
(S, F) outā/ⲟⲩⲧⲉ, (S, F) oudā/ⲟⲩⲇⲉ , (S, A, sA, B, F) outō/ⲟⲩⲧⲱ (among, between);
ouōti/ⲟⲩⲱϯ, outā/ⲟⲩⲧⲉ (separate, between) Coptic
iw, iwi : (come, return)
jy Demotic
āḥoun/ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ Old Coptic
(S, B) ābol/ⲉⲃⲟⲗ, (A, sA) abal/ⲁⲃⲁⲗ, (F) ābal/ⲉⲃⲁⲗ (out, forth, outward, coming, going, bringing,
loosing, throwing, opening, sprouting, pouring, crying); (S, F) āḥoun/ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ, (A) akhoun/ⲁⳉⲟⲩⲛ, (sA)
aḥoun/ⲁϩⲟⲩⲛ, (B) ākhoun/ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ, (F) āḥon/ⲉϩⲟⲛ (inside, inward, motion ) Coptic
if : (flesh (to man)
jwf Demotic
if 𓇋𓆑𓄹 (flesh) (Vycichl) Old Kingdom
if 𓇋𓆑𓄹𓏥 (Vycichl) Middle Egyptian
iwf 𓇋𓅱𓆑𓄹 (flesh) (Vycichl) 17th Dynasty
if 𓇋𓆑𓄺 (flesh) (Vycichl) Late Kingdom
(S, B) af/ⲁϥ, (S, F) aaf/ⲁⲁϥ , (A) ab/ⲁⲃ, (A) āf/ⲉϥ, (S) apʰi/ⲁⲫⲩ , ef/ⲉϥ (A, L) (flesh, human or animal) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) ˈjuwfuw ; (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) ˈjuwfuw; (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BC) ˈʔuʔfəʔ;
(Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ʔøʔf IPA
~ iwfw : (flesh) (plur)
(S, B, F) afowwi/ⲁϥⲟⲩⲓ, (S, B, F) avowwi/ⲁⲃⲟⲩⲓ, (B) apʰowwi/ⲁⲫⲟⲩⲓ
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) jawˈfaːwaw ; (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) jawˈfaːwaw;
(Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BC) ʔaʔˈfaːjəʔ ; (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ʔaˈfoːj IPA
ꜥafǎw/ꜥufǎw Alt Pronunciation
iwtn : (ground, floor, flooring)
iwtn (ground) Demotic
(S) ïyn/ⲉⲓⲧⲛ, (S) itnā/ⲓⲧⲛⲉ , (S) tnē/ⲧⲛⲏ, (S, sA) itn/ⲓⲧⲛ , (S, B, F) itān/ⲓⲧⲉⲛ (ground, earth, dust, rubbis)
~ iwtn n xt : (ashe, dust of the fire, dust of wood)
etnikh /ⲉⲧⲛⲓⳉ Coptic
iwty : (who..not, with...not)
itwy (without) Demotic
at/ⲁⲧ (without); (S, A, sA, B, F) ouōt/ⲟⲩⲱⲧ, (S, sA) ouōtā/ⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉ (f)
(without, single, alone, any, one & same) Coptic
iwy : (which is not)
iwii Alt Egyptian
iwt(y) (without), iwty (which is not) Demotic
at/ⲁⲧ Coptic
iwy : (indeed)
yA, ỉꜢ (interjection) Alt Egyptian
āiā/ⲉⲓⲉ (then (particle) Coptic
iwy-HAt(y) : (be patient, long-suffering)
ōou n ḥēt /ⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ ϩⲏⲧ Coptic
iwn , iwnw [jwn] : (color, colour, complexion, nature, disposition, character)
iwn- (color) (Loprieno) Proto-Afroasiatic
ản/𐎀𐎐 (pigment) Ugaritic
lawn, ʔanāku Proto-Semitic
ʾā́nā/אָנָה Hebrew
iawn/ لَوْن [ʔayna] color, type) Arabic
owan/ⲁⲩⲁⲛ (S, F), owaan/ⲁⲩⲁⲁⲛ (S), owïn/ⲁⲩⲉⲓⲛ (S), owïïn/ⲁⲩⲉⲓⲉⲓⲛ (S), eouen/ⲉⲟⲩⲉⲛ (A), aowwēn/ⲁⲟⲩⲏⲛ (F),
aowwan/ⲁⲟⲩⲁⲛ (B), avan/ⲁⲃⲁⲛ (B) (colour, metaphorically, appearance) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) jaˈwin ; (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) jaˈwin > ʔaˈwin; (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ʔaˈwen;
ɑˈwɑn (Late Coptic) IPA
ʲa'win (Loprieno), jaˈwin > ʔaˈwin Alt Pronunciation
ix : (what ? , then, therefore)
ix < ixt (things, offerings, possessions, property, matter, affair, something, anything) Evolution
jḫ > ash/ⲁϣ (S,B) Demotic
(S, B) ásh/ⲁϣ , (A) éḥ, ākh/ⲉⳉ , (sA, F) ésh/ⲉϣ, (L) ésh, (pL) éç (what? who?) Coptic
jšst (from (what) ix + st (3rd person prnoun) (what?) Derived Terms
~ ix pw pwy : What (it) is this? (possible reconstruction)
ash pe pʰai/ⲁϣ ⲡⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ : What's this?
ixix : (become green)
jꜣq.t , AxAx (become green) Alt Egyptian
wrḳ Afroas
wrq (green) Proto-Semitic
warq Semitic
yéreq/ ירק (vegetables) Hebrew
ēkⁱā/ⲏϭⲉ (S), ēdji/ⲏϫⲓ (B) (leek, leek colored) Coptic
wāRiḏ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
iXm : (divine Image, iamage of god, falcon)
aḥōm/ⲁϩⲱⲙ (S), aḥōmā/ⲁϩⲱⲙⲉ (S), aḥōōmā/ⲁϩⲱⲱⲙⲉ (S), akhōm/ⲁⳉⲱⲙ (A), akhōm/ⲁϧⲱⲙ (B) (eagle)
ⲡⲁϧⲱⲙ/pakhōm from ⲁϧⲱⲙ/akhōm (eagle or falcon) Coptic
Pachómios/ Παχώμιος, Pachúmios/Παχούμιος Greek
.i : (me, I, my) 1st sg. (Suffixed pronouns)
ỉ Demotic
i (me, my) Proto-Semitic
i , yi (me, my) Proto-Afroasiatic
i, -ya Akkadian
äy /ይ Amharic T
i Beja
i (I, me, my) (Ari) Omitic
i, yi (my) Cushitic
i (me, my) Chadic
i (me, my) Semtic
inu, nnu, iw (my) Berber
iyi Kabyle
o Dahalo-general
-î/ ִ י Hebrew
- ́ya (after vowel), -i (after con) (my nomial) Egyptian Arabic
i/ ⲓ, ēy/ⲏⲓ, ei /ⲓ⳰ (me, I, my), e/ⲉ (me, thee), a/ⲁ Coptic
aʲ , (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) aj, (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) aj, (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE)
(in certain phonetic environments) ʔ ; (usually) silent, but preserves root-final t , ɾ that would otherwise be lost;
ʔi (modern Egyptological) , aʲ (AEVP) IPA
i, ē (more accurate), ȧ (Budge) Traditional Pronunciation
i, iA : (Oh! O!, say, utterance)
ō /ⲱ , ēi/ⲏⲓ (O!) Old Coptic
iAbti, iAbty : (the East)
ỉꜢbṱ (eastern, east) ; p(r) ỉꜢbṱ (the East) > pāiābt/ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ Demotic
(S) yabt, ïəbt/ⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ, (S) əïbt/ⲉⲉⲓⲃⲧ, (S) ïbt/ⲉⲓⲃⲧ, (S) ïēbt/ⲉⲓⲏⲃⲧ, (S) iēft/ⲓⲏϥⲧ, (S) əəbt/ⲉⲉⲃⲧ, (S) əïbtə/ⲉⲉⲓⲃⲧⲉ,
(S) ïəbtə/ⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧⲉ, (S) əəftə/ⲉⲉϥⲧⲉ, (S) ēïēbïtē/ⲏⲉⲓⲏⲃⲉⲓⲧⲏ, (A) ïbt/ⲉⲓⲃⲧ, (sA) ïbtə/ⲉⲓⲃⲧⲉ, (B) əyvt/ⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ,
(B) ˀayabt/ⲓⲉⲃⲧ, (F) iēft/ⲓⲏϥⲧ, (F) aiēbt/ⲁⲓⲏⲃⲧ (the East) Coptic
iAdt : dew, pouring rain
jꜤtꜢ.t, jt.t (Černy) Demotic
(S, A) ïōtə / ⲉⲓⲱⲧⲉ, (B, F) iōti/ⲓⲱϯ (dew, honey as dew, manna as dew) Coptic
iai : (wash)
ỉꜤj (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
(S,A) əiō/ⲉⲓⲱ, (S, sA) əiouə/ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲉ, (B) iōi/ⲓⲱⲓ, (B) iō/ⲓⲱ, (F) iōōi/ⲓⲱⲱⲓ , (NH) əiōə/ⲉⲓⲱⲉ, (S, A, sA) əia/ⲉⲓⲁ ,
(S, B) ia/ⲓⲁ , (S, A) ïaa/ⲉⲓⲁⲁ , (F) ïā/ⲓⲉⲉ , (S) əiē/ⲉⲓⲏ , (B) iōou/ⲓⲱⲟⲩ (wash) Coptic
iaH: (mood god)
iaH: (moon)
ȧāḥ Budge
jꜥḥ Demotic
war(i)ḫ (moon) (Satzinger) Proto Semitic
warḫu/ 𒌗 , ꜥaRH̱u Akkadian
wär/ ወር Amharic
yarħā’ܝܪܚܐ / Aramaic Syriac
yarḥā (month) Syriac
yarħā’ירחא / Aramaic Hebrew
ywε Baŋgi
wärḫ/ወርኅ, werḧi/ ወርሒ Ge'ez
yareaḥ /ירח, yārēaḥ, irk / יָרֵחַ Hebrew
𐤉𐤓 /yrḥ (moon) Phoenician
wärḥi/ ወርሒ Tigrinya
yrḫ/ 𐎊𐎗𐎃 Ugaritic
ōḥ /ⲱϩ Old Coptic
yoḥ, ioḥ /ⲓⲟϩ (B), ooḥ /ⲟⲟϩ (S, A), oḥ /ⲟϩ (S), ōḥ /ⲱϩ (S), aaḥ /ⲁⲁϩ (F), aḥ /ⲁϩ (F) Coptic
iɑːħ (modern Egyptological); (Old Egyptian 2500 BCE) /jaˈʕaħ/, (Middle Egyptian 1700 BCE) /jaˈʕaħ/, (Late Egyptian
800 BCE) /ʔəˈjaħ/ (modern Egyptological) /iɑːħ/ IPA
iah Traditional Pronunciation
jā́ꜤVḥ (Satzinger) Alt Pronunciation
iAqt : (vegetables, leeks)
jɜq Alt Egytian
warq (leaf) Semetic
(S) ēkⁱā/ⲏϭⲉ , (B) ēdji/ⲏϫⲓ , (F) ēli/ⲏⲅⲓ (?) (leek) Coptic
juʀqat Alt Pronunciation
ian : (baboon)
jꜥn (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
ꜥnr Earlier Egyptian
ỉꜥny, ꜥꜥn(y) Demotic
ana/ⲁⲛⲁ (baboon) Old Coptic
ēn /ⲏⲛ (S), ān/ⲉⲛ (B) (baboon, ape) Coptic
iany Demotic
~ iant : (baboon, female)
ēnā /ⲏⲛⲉ (S, NH), qapi/ϭⲁⲡⲓ (A) Coptic
iar, ar : (mount up, ascend, extend, penetrate, to rise, climb)
āal ? Late Kingdom
Ꜥrj (to rise up) (Herman); ȧāi (to approach, go upto, to ascend, to rise, to reachup, to exalt), ȧār
(to approach, to ascend (Diacritic) Alt Egyptian
āar, āal (to ascend), ār (to come or go up to some one or something, to ascend) (Budge) Alt Egyptian
(S) alā/ⲁⲗⲉ , (B) alēi/ⲁⲗⲏⲓ , (F) alē/ⲁⲗⲏ , (S) alo/ⲁⲗⲟ , (S) alēw/ⲁⲗⲏⲩ (mount, go up, go on, board);
(S, A, sA, F) ōl/ⲱⲗ , (B) ōli/ⲱⲗⲓ , (B) āl/ⲉⲗ , (S, B, sA) ol/ⲟⲗ , (Sf, A, sA, F, S) al/ⲁⲗ (hold, contain, enclose) Coptic
Ꜥli̯ (High) Semitic
alá/עָלָה (ʔ)aˈla) (To ascend, rise, go up; to move from a point to a higher point.) Hebrew
iArrt : (grape, grapes)
irrt, jrrt Alt Egyptian
aloli /ⲁⲗⲟⲗⲓ (B), āloolā /ⲉⲗⲟⲟⲗⲉ (S), ālaalā/ⲉⲗⲁⲁⲗⲉ (A), ālalā/ⲉⲗⲁⲗⲉ (sA), alaali/ⲁⲗⲁⲁⲗⲓ (F),
alali/ⲁⲗⲁⲗⲓ (F), ālaali/ⲉⲗⲁⲁⲗⲓ (F), ilali/ⲓⲗⲁⲗⲓ (F), ālāl/ⲉⲗⲉⲗ (S), lāl/ⲗⲉⲗ (S), lāāl/ⲗⲉⲉⲗ (S), lil /ⲗⲓⲗ (S),
ālal/ⲉⲗⲁⲗ (A), al/ⲁⲗ (B), āl/ⲉⲗ (B), lālā/ⲗⲉⲗⲉ (B) (grapes, grapevine) Coptic
iɑrɛrɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
iareret Traditional Pronunciation
ȧroret Fix
iAt : (mound, ruin)
Ꜣty Late Kingdom
iAt : (back, spine (of man, animal)
ỉꜢt Alt Egyptian
iAt Early- Middle Kingdom
At , Ati New Kingdom
At , Ati, iAt Late Kingdom
Adt , iAdt Greco-Romen
iAw : (adoration)
ōou/ⲱⲟⲩ , āoou /ⲉⲟⲟⲩ Old Coptic
ōou/ⲱⲟⲩ (B), āoou /ⲉⲟⲟⲩ (S), āav/ⲉⲁⲩ (A, sA, F) (Honor, glory) Coptic
iɑuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
iau Traditional Pronunciation
~ iAwt : (hail)
iAw (praised is) Demotic
Awy Alt Egyptian
āouōt/ⲉⲟⲩⲱⲧ, āwōt/ⲉⲩⲱⲧ Old Coptic
~ iAwt.f : (hail to him)
āouōtf/ⲉⲟⲩⲱⲧϥ Coptic
iAwi : (be aged, attain old age)
ay-ay /ⲁⲓⲁⲓ (growth, ageing, maturation) Coptic
iAxt : (water plant)
(S) aḥr/ⲁϩⲣ, (S) aḥrā/ⲁϩⲣⲉ, (B) achi/ⲁϧⲓ, (B) akhi/ⲁⲭⲓ (marsh herbage, sedge) Coptic
aäħe̞wo̞a /אַחְוָא 𐡀𐡇𐡅𐡀 Aramaic
aw'-khoo/אָ֫חוּ (marsh grass , reeds, rushes) Hebrew
akhei/αχει Greek
iAywr : (type of animal for meat, possibly a stag)
ʾayyāla or ʾayyōla Alt Pronunciation
ʾa=yu=--r (Wen) Hoch
ʾa₂=ya=ra¹ (PN) A-ia-lu , ʾAyl Hoch
Ꜣywr Demotic
ayyalu (stag) Akkadian
ailu Assyrian
Ayl/איל (Ram) Phoenician
ʾayyəlā /ܐܝܠܐ Syriac
ảylm Ugaritic
häyälə hayyal / ሀየል ? Ethiopic
ʾayyalum Amorite
ayla /אילא Aramaic
ayyal/אַיָּל 'ah-yawl' (stag), 'ayil/אַיִל 'ah'-yil' (ram) Hebrew
ʾayyil, ʾiyyal, ʾuyyal /أيل (deer) Arabic
ïoul/ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲗ (S, A, B, F) (hart, hind 'quarters') Coptic
ib : (heart, mind, understanding, intelligence, will, desire, mood, wish)
jb Alt Egyptian
ib 𓇋𓃀𓄣 Old Kingdom
iwbw (possible) New Kingdom
(ỉ)b Demotic
libbu 𒊮, libb; libbum (nominal), ibbam (accusative forms), ibbim (genitove); libbi, libb-u (Vycichl) Akkadian
lb/𐎍𐎁 Ugaritic
li-bù /libbu(m)/ 𒇷𒅤 Eblaite
ləb /ልብ, libb (Ge'ez) Amharic
ləbi /ልቢ Tigrinya
ləb/ ልብ Tigre
ibi Assyrian
lib Proto-Afro-Asiatic
lib(a)b, libb Proto-Semitic
libb Semitic
lb/𐤋𐤁 Phoenician
lebb-āʼ Aramaic
libbā/ ܠܒܐ , lëbā (Syriac) Aramaic
libbā/ לִבָּא (Hebrew) Aramaic
obi Igbo
lēḇ לֵב/, lëḇāḇ/ לֵבָב Hebrew
ib/ ῖβ < (Άθρῖβις/Hwt-Hr-ib) Greek
lb/ 𐩡𐩨 , lbb/ 𐩡𐩨𐩨 (palm-heart) (Sabaean) Old South Arabian
lb/ 𐩡𐩨 Minaean Old South Arabian
lubb/ لُبّ , qalb Arabic
(ə)bi/(ⲉ)ⲃⲓ (B); (ē)bi/(ⲏ)ⲃⲓ (B) (from Atʰrēbi/Ⲁⲑⲣⲏⲃⲓ/Hwt-Hr-ib); ᵉb/ⲃ︦ (mind); jib/ ⲉⲡ (LC?) (heart) Coptic
ʲib (Old Egyptian), ʲib(Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), ʔep (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE),
ib (modern Egyptological) (Loprieno) IPA
ỉlb (bassed off of minb (ax) (Vycichl); yibb-u/a, yib [j-b < PAA *libb-, *lubb- (OS)/ *li3b- (Ehret)
(Sami Paldanius) Alt Pronunciation
ib , ȧb (Budge) Traditional Pronunciation
~ iat ib : to cool, to gratify the mind, to be appeased
ȧāi-ȧb Budge
ȧāi-ḥa-t Alt Egyptian
āiō ḥēt/ⲉⲓⲱ ϩⲏⲧ (S,B) Coptic
ibH : (tooth)
(S) obḥə/ⲟⲃϩⲉ, (S) obḥ/ⲟⲃϩ , (A) abḥə/ⲁⲃϩⲉ , (S) abaḥ/ⲁⲃⲁϩ , (S) abḥ/ⲁⲃϩ (tooth) Coptic
ibi : (to thirst )
Abi (to thirst) Alt Egyptian
(S, A, sA) ïbə/ⲉⲓⲃⲉ, (B) ˀiwi/ⲓⲃⲓ , (F) ibi/ⲓⲃⲓ , (S) ōbə/ⲟⲃⲉ , (A, sA) abə/ⲁⲃⲉ , (B) obi/ⲟⲃⲓ , (F) abi/ⲁⲃⲓ (thirst) Coptic
ibpAt(w) : (to parish, destroy, go astray)
abed /אָבַד (to parish) Hebrew
a-ba-da-at Phoenician
abâtu Assyrian
abātu (parish, destroy) Akkadian
ʾaḇaḏ/ ܐܒܕ (parish, destroy) Syriac
ʾabada / أبد (run away, to roam in the wilderness, to run wild, to shy away) Arabic
ảbd Ugaritic
ʾa₂=ba₂=ti₂ ʾabbádtī (An.) (Hoch) Alt pronunciation
ibr : (stallion) 𓇋𓊸𓅡𓂋𓏤𓃗
ʾabira / ʾ=bi=ra, ʾabirāya (stallion, studhorse) Hoch
ʾa₂=bi=--r=ya (An.) Hoch
ʾbry Ḫatti
ỉbr/𐎛𐎁𐎗 (bull) Ugaritic
ʾabbī́r /אַדִיר (Mighty of stallions) Hebrew
ibsA : (mint)
absōn/ⲁⲃⲥⲱⲛ (B), owson/ⲁⲩⲥⲟⲛ (B) (wild mint) Coptic
id : (boy, youth)
ˀād (Demotic?) Alt Egyptian
ỉꜢd Faulkner
ld Late Egypitan
wld Semtic
yād Egyptian Arabic
alou/ⲁⲗⲟⲩ (S,B,F) (youth, maiden, servant) Coptic
idmi : (red linen) 𓇋𓂧𓏇𓅆𓏠
jdmj Alt Egyptian
ʔe-tûn Late Kingdom
(ʔa-)dVm (red, blood) Afroasiatic Form
dVm Proto-Afroasiatic Form
dîm- , dâm- (blood) Proto-Afroasiatic
dam- (blood) (Gonga) Omotic
dîm- , dâm- (red) Cushitic
d-m- (blood) West Chadic
dm , dǝma (blood) Assyrian
idammen (blood) Berber
othónē/ὀθόνη Ancient Greek
othóni/οθόνη Greek
'ēṭûn/ אֵט֥וּן (red linen, fine linen, thread), dom/ דָּם (blood) Hebrew
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) jVˈtʼuːmVj , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) jVˈtʼuːmVj , (Late Egyptian, 800 BC)ʔəˈtʼeːm IPA
'ədūme < 'ədōme < 'ədāme Possible Etymology
ʲV'dU:mV (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
idn , jdn : (ear)
auḏn/ʾuðn, id (ear) Proto-Semitic
uznu Akkadian
ozen/ אֹזֶן Hebrew
ezen/ አዘን Ge'ez
ʾuḏun or uḏn/ أُذُن or أُذْن (ear) Arabic
id.t : (womb, vulva, uterus)
ḥem-t, ȧtȧ (Budge) Alt Egyptian
ootā/ⲟⲟⲧⲉ (S), otā/ⲟⲧⲉ (S), atā/ⲁⲧⲉ (A), oti/ⲟϯ (B), ōti/ⲱⲧⲓ (F), totā/ⲧⲟⲧⲉ (S) (womb) Coptic
iwf , jwf : (meat)
if Old Egyptian
əf/ⲉϥ (A, L) , af/ⲁϥ (S,B) aaf/ⲁⲁϥ (F,S) (meat) Coptic
igr , igrt , gr : (but, also)
ajurn/أجرن (because) Arabic
igS : (Ethiopian)
jgS, Ỉgš, kꜣš 𓎡𓄿𓈙𓈉 (Kush) Alt Egyptian
Ỉkš , jkš Demotic
ku-u-š-a-y /Kušāya/𐎤𐎢𐏁𐎠𐎹 Old Persian
kūsi/ 𒆳𒆪𒌑𒋢 Akkadian
əkʲōsh /ⲉϭⲱϣ (S), əkōsh /ⲉϭⲱϣ (A), ətʰāōsh/ ⲉⲑⲱϣ (B), əōsh /ϭⲱϣ (Ethiopian) Coptic
Aitʰiopʰia/Αἰθιοπία Later Greek
kûš/ כּוּשׁ Biblical Hebrew
habaš/ حبش (Abyssinian) Arabic
Æthiopian Archaic
~ igSw : (Ethiopians)(plur)
ethauš/ⲉⲑⲁⲩϣ (Ethiopians)(plur) Coptic
~ igSt : (Ethiopia)(female)
əkʲosə/ⲉϭⲟϣⲉ (S), əkooshə/ⲉϭⲟⲟϣⲉ (S) ətʰāoshi/ⲉⲑⲟϣⲓ (B) (Ethiopian)(female) Coptic
~ pA-igS : (That Ethiopia)
* the ig is removed
Pecōs/Πέκως: Greek
Pəćōš/Ⲡⲉϭⲱϣ Coptic
~ref https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Aegyptia_Demotica
iH , iHi : (bull, ox, cow) (m)
ʲḥʲ Alt Egyptian
eəḥə /ⲉ⳰ϩⲉ (S, A, B), aḥē/ ⲁϩⲏ (F) (ox, cow); āḥōou/ⲉϩⲱⲟⲩ, āoou/ⲉⲟⲟⲩ, āḥāv/ⲉϩⲉⲩ (cow) Coptic
jaḥi-u > ʲa'ḥiʲ > ⲉϩⲉ /ʔə;heʔ/ (Loprieno) IPA
~ iHt : (cow) (f)
eəḥə /ⲉ⳰ϩⲉ (S, A, B), aḥē/ ⲁϩⲏ (F), əḥə/ⲉϩⲉ (ox, cow) Coptic
~ iHw : (cows) (plr)
əḥoou /ⲉϩⲟⲟⲩ (S), əḥēu /ⲉϩⲏⲩ (S), əḥəu /ⲉϩⲉⲩ (S, A, B), əḥow /ⲉϩⲁⲩ (sA),
eəḥōou /ⲉ⳰ϩⲱⲟⲩ (B), əḥəou /ⲉϩⲉⲟⲩ (B), aḥow /ⲁϩⲁⲩ (F), ēḥaou /ⲏϩⲁⲟⲩ (F) (plr) (cow) Coptic
jaḥiu-u > ʲa'ḥiww > ⲉϩⲉⲩ /ʔə'hew/ (Loprieno) IPA
ii : (come)
jy, ỉy (Come) Demotic
āḥoun/ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ Old Coptic
āi /ⲉⲓ (S) (come, coming, go), ow/ⲁⲩ (S), owā/ⲁⲩⲉ (S), owāi/ⲁⲩⲉⲓ (S, sA), owāāi/ⲁⲩⲉⲉⲓ (A), owāis/ⲁⲩⲉⲓⲥ (sA),
aouāi/ⲁⲟⲩⲉⲓ (F) (come!, give, bring hither ); (S, B) ābol/ⲉⲃⲟⲗ, (A, sA) abal/ⲁⲃⲁⲗ,
(F) ābal/ⲉⲃⲁⲗ (out, forth, outward, coming, going, bringing, loosing, throwing, opening, sprouting, pouring, crying);
(S, F) āḥoun/ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ, (A) akhoun/ⲁⳉⲟⲩⲛ, (sA) aḥoun/ⲁϩⲟⲩⲛ, (B) ākhoun/ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ,
(F) āḥon/ⲉϩⲟⲛ (inside, inward, motion ) Coptic
ikn : (Stone vessel)
akunu Babylonian
im : ( in, with, by means of, from, out of, as, namely, when, as, though, together with, within)
irm (with, and ) Demotic
imo (within) (ref. http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
~ im.f (in it)
mmo=f/ⲘⲘⲞϤ (in it) Coptic
im : (therefor, there, therein, therewith, therefrom)
emmow /ⲙ̄ⲙⲁⲩ, emmv Coptic
imA : (to be pleasing, splended, be delighted (with), charmed (with), kind, gentle, well-disposed, be gracious, be delighted, charmed)
jâm (peace, tranquility (in greetings), well being) Bankan Tey Dogon
jaama, jamm (peace) Wolof
jám (peace, tranquility (in greetings), well being) Tommo So Dogon
zâm (peace, tranquility (in greetings), well being) Yanda Dom Dogon
jimijimi (richly, wealthily, gorgeously, splendidly)
(https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfTheYorubaLanguage) Yoruba
amani Swahili
anai/ⲁⲛⲁⲓ (S, B), anei/ⲁⲛⲉⲓ (A) anaei/ⲁⲛⲁⲉⲓ (NH) (be pleasing, pleasant, be willing) ,
djemmo/ϫⲉⲙⲙⲟ (B) (cause, be at ease), djamē/ϫⲁⲙⲏ (S, sA, B) (calm) Coptic
~ imAt : (charm, kindliness, graciousness, favour, favour (toward someone)
hmot/ϩⲙⲟⲧ (S, B), hmat/ϩⲙⲁⲧ (A, sA, F), ehmot/ⲉϩⲙⲟⲧ (B) (grace, gift) Coptic
~ iry imAt : thereof/related to the pleasing (Please do)
ari-ehmot/ⲁⲣⲓϩ⳰ⲙⲟⲧ (B) (please (do) Coptic
imi : (not) 𓇋𓅓𓂜
am 𓄿𓅓 Early Egyptian
-am /-አም (neg suffix) Amharic
(S, B) an/ⲁⲛ, (A, F) ən/ⲉⲛ (enclitic negative particle) Coptic
imiwti, imytw, im(y)t(w), im(y)tw : (between)
outō/ ⲟⲩⲧⲱ, oute/ ⲟⲩⲧⲉ Coptic
imn : (right hand)
ounam/ⲟⲩⲛⲁⲙ (S, F), ou(e)inam/ⲟⲩ(ⲉ)ⲓⲛⲁⲙ (S), iounam/ⲓⲟⲩⲛⲁⲙ (S), ounom/ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲙ (S), iounom/ⲓⲟⲩⲛⲟⲙ (S),
ounem/ⲟⲩⲛⲉⲙ (A, sA), owwinam/ⲟⲩⲓⲛⲁⲙ (B), owwinem/ⲟⲩⲓⲛⲉⲙ (F), owwienēm/ⲟⲩⲓⲉⲛⲏⲙ (F),
iounem/ⲓⲟⲩⲛⲉⲙ (F) , iouenēm/ⲓⲟⲩⲉⲛⲏⲙ (F), iōnam/ⲓⲱⲛⲁⲙ (F), iōnēm/ⲓⲱⲛⲏⲙ (F) (right hand) Coptic
imnu/𒍠 Akkadian
yamīn (right), yamān (right handed) (ref. Haase) Proto-Semitic
yamīn (right), yamān (right handed) (ref. Haase) Semitic
yäman/ የማን Amharic
yamīnيَمِينٌ/ Arabic
yaman (left) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
lemin Maltese
yammīnā יַמִּינָא/ Aramaic Hebrew
yammīnāܝܡܝܢܐ/ Aramaic Syriac
yāmîn/יָמִין Hebrew
ymn𐩺𐩣𐩬/ Old South Arabian
ymn / 𐎊𐎎𐎐 Ugaritic
ymn (right side) Semitic
yäman /የማነ Ethiopic
ʲamnat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
imn : (Amun God)
imnt : (wife to Amun)
imntt : (goddess of the west Amuntet)
imnt(t) (Fem), imnty (Masc) : (The West , Western, the Underworld, (translated into Coptic as Hades or Hell) 𓆄𓏏𓏮𓏏𓏏𓈉
Amentet Budge
jmnṱ, imnṱ Demotic
àmənti/ⲁ̀ⲙⲉⲛϯ (B, F), amntə/ⲁⲙⲛⲧⲉ (S,A) (Hades, Western place); əmnᵉt /ⲉⲙⲛ︦ⲧ (S), ïmnt/ⲉⲓⲙⲛⲧ (A, F),
əmntə/ⲉⲙⲛⲧⲉ (A, F), ïmntə/ⲉⲓⲙⲛⲧⲉ (A, F), èmənt/ⲉ̀ⲙⲉⲛⲧ (B), a-mənti/ⲁ⳰ⲙⲉⲛϯ,
əmnt/ⲉⲙⲛⲧ (the west, land of the dead) Coptic
ʾamandi /أمـــنــدﻯ (May a tragedy take you to hell) (ref. Bishai) Arabic
ho hai̯dēs/ὁ ᾃδηϛ , ο αιδηϚ τοπος (the invisible place, ass. with Hades) Greek
jmn.tt (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) ja'mintit , (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE) jaˈmintiʔ , (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE):
ʔaˈmentə > Amnᵉtə/ⲁⲙⲛ︦ⲧⲉ "afterlife", ʲa'mintiʲ (fem) Loprieno); jmn.ti (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE): jaˈmintij,
(Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE): jaˈmintij, (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE): ʔəˈment (masc) (Loprieno) IPA
Ȧmunet, Ȧmunetet Conventunal Pronunciation
Alt Pronunciation
~ imntt: (The Wester land of the dead)
ʲa'mintit (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
amntā/ⲁⲙⲛⲧⲉ (S, A), āmntā/ⲉⲙⲛⲧⲉ (A, sA), amānti/ⲁⲙⲉⲛϯ (B, F) (hades literally western place) Coptic
imnt : the right side
jamin-u > jamin-at > imn.t /jamnat/ > imn.ti /ja'mintij/ > əmnt/ⲉⲙⲛⲧ (Loprieno) IPA
imy : (who, which is in, in which is)
Amw/Ꜣmw Demotic
maou /ⲙⲁⲟⲩ , meou /ⲙⲉⲟⲩ Old Coptic
hām/ϩⲉⲙ, hᵉm/ϩⲙ︦ [GE Champollion]; mow/ ⲙⲁⲩ (S) (B), mō /ⲙⲱ (Sa), mo /ⲙⲟ (A), māv /ⲙⲉⲩ (sA, F),
meou /ⲙⲉⲟⲩ (sA, F) (the place there, in, therein, who, which is there) Coptic
ʲamíʲ IPA
(i)m(y) -r(A)-mSa : (general)
Pelmos (pəlamusa) or (bəlamusa) Meroitic
p-lmš' Late Kingdom
stratego /sστρατηγός Greek
in : (by , so say)
n/ⲛ (with, by) Old Coptic
(S, A, sA, B, F) n/ⲛ (with, by), na/ⲛⲁ, ntʰə/ⲛⲑⲉ (advrb) Coptic
in (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
inH : (eyebrow)
(S, A) ānḥ/ⲉⲛϩ, (S, A) nḥ/ⲛϩ (eyebrow) Coptic
inhmn, nhm, inhrmA : (pomegranate)
iwn-h-A-ny-r-mAA Alt
alhammān Hoch
hrnnt Demotic
h-na-man₂ Hoch
lrmn Ugaritic
armannu, lurmû, lurimtu, lurindu, lurinni, lurimāu Akkadian
rimon /רִמוֹן Hebrew
remon/ רעמאָן Yiddish
ʾanār/انار Persian
ʾnʾlin Pahlavi
raman/ رمان Arabic
h(e)rman/ϩ(ⲉ)ⲣⲙⲁⲛ (S, B), h(e)rmēm/ϩ(ⲉ)ⲣⲙⲏⲛ (Sf), h(e)rmen/ϩ(ⲉ)ⲣⲙⲉⲛ (F),
lehmen/ⲗⲉϩⲙⲉⲛ (A), erman/ⲉⲣⲙⲁⲛ (B) Coptic
ini : (bring, fetch, carry off, remove, overcome, reach, attain, buy, appoint, use)
jn, ỉnỉ (bring) Demotic
ini /ⲓⲛⲓ (brought forth); (S, A) ïnā/ⲉⲓⲛⲉ , (A, sA) inā/ⲓⲛⲉ, (B, F) ini/ⲓⲛⲓ, (F) ni/ⲛⲓ, (S, A, sA) n/ⲛ,
(S, A, sA) m/ⲙ, (S, B, F) ān/ⲉⲛ, (S, A, sA) nt/ⲛⲧ, (B) ānt/ⲉⲛⲧ, (F) int/ⲓⲛⲧ, (F) nit/ⲛⲓⲧ (bring, bear) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) ˈjiːnit , (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) ˈjiːniʔ , (Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) ˈʔiːnə ,
(modern Egyptological) ini IPA
ʲa'niʲ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ink : (I, I am) Independent pronoun 𓇋𓈖𓎡𓀀
nwk 𓏌𓎡𓀀 , inwk 𓇋𓏌𓎡𓀀 Alt Egyptian
jnk, ỉnk Demotic
ȧnuk (inwk) Budge
ana/ አነ (I, me) Tigre
ank/𐎀𐎐𐎃, an 𐎀𐎐 (I) Ugaritic
Ɂân, Ɂîn; ân, în (I) Proto-Afroasiatic
in (I) Omotic
ʾnk/ 𐤀𐤍𐤊 (I) ,ʾnky / 𐤀𐤍𐤊𐤉 (I) Phoenician
ʔan-āku, ʔaniya, Ɂan-ā, Ɂan-i Proto-Semitic
'anāku (I am), Ɂn (I) Semitic
Ɂâni (I) Cushitic
anāku/ 𒀀𒈾𒆪 (I) Akkadian
anâku Assyrin
anoky/ אנוכי, anokiy/ אָנׄכִי, anok/אנך (I) Archaic Hebrew
ʔānōḵī ,ʾānōkî /אנכי ; ʔănī , ʔănî /אני , ahyh (I) Hebrew
(ʔ)anoˈχi , anokhí / אָנֹכִי (I) Israel Hebrew
aní/ אֲנִי (I) Modern Hebrew
ʔana/ انا (I) Arabic
nek, nec (I, me), ənakkᵂ (I) Berber
ane, ani (I) (Rn. 1895) (Weninger) Bed.
ʔan-i, ʔan-u (I) (Sasse 1982,26) (Weninger) ECu.
ʔan-i (I) (Ehret 1980. 283) (Weninger) SCu.
inu (I) (Weninger) Maji
anok /ⲁⲛⲟⲕ, ank /ⲁⲛⲕ Old Coptic
anok /ⲁⲛⲟⲕ (stressed) (S, B), eanok /ⲁ⳰ⲛⲟⲕ (B), nok /ⲛⲟⲕ , anak /ⲁⲛⲁⲕ (A, F), ank/ⲁⲛⲕ (K, M),
aenk/ⲁⲛ̀ⲕ (unstressed )Coptic
jaˈnak (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE) (Loprieno), jaˈnaːk (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE),
jaˈnaːk , ʔaˈnak (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE), inɛk (Reconstructed Old Egyptian), ʔn(k) , ʲānak, a‘nɔk (S) (Peust) IPA
anuk/anok, ʲnok; janak (OK), janāk/ʔanak (MK), ʔanok (LK), anok, anak, ank (Old Copitc) ; anok (UE), eanok, anok (LE) Fix
inn , (i)nn : (we) 𓇋𓀁𓈖𓈖𓏥
inw 𓇋𓏌𓈖𓏥 Alt Egyptian
enen Budge
Ɂǎnn, Ɂǐnn ; ǎnn, ǐnn Proto-Afroasiatic
ǝñña / እኛ Amharic
nnε Baŋgi
nona, nuna , nina Omotic
Ɂǎnn, Ɂǐnn (we) Cushitic
nīnu Akkadian
Ɂnn (we) Semitic
ʾnḥn/ 𐤀𐤍𐤇𐤍 Phoenician
nekni , necnin , neccin (we) Berber
an /ⲁⲛ (short for) anon /ⲁⲛⲟⲛ (S, B), anan/ⲁⲛⲁⲛ (A, F), anᵉn /ⲁⲛⲛ︦( old) (we) Coptic
naḥnu/ نحن (we) Arabic
íḥna (we/us/our) (? ref needed) Egyptian Arabic
Ɂǎnaḥnû/ אֳַנַחְנוּ , anu/ אֲנוּ Hebrew
ʲānan (AEVP), ja'nan (Loprieno) IPA
* ref https://en.wikiversity.org
inm : (flesh or skin of an animal or man, hue (of the sky)
inwm Alt Egyptian
inama (flesh, skin, meat) Bemba-Bantu
anom/ⲁⲛⲟⲙ (skin) Coptic
inpw : (god Anubis)
inpw : (royal child of a princess)
inpw (inpou) is 'dog' and more especially 'puppy' (Kurt Sethe & Hermann Kees claims) Alt Egyptian
jnp Demotic
inɛpuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
inepu Traditional Pronunciation
inr : (stone, rock, slab, block)
jny Demotic
(S, A, sA, F) ōnā/ⲱⲛⲉ, (B, F) ōni/ⲱⲛⲓ, (S) ānā/ⲉⲛⲉ, (B, F) ana/ⲁⲛⲁ (stone, as measure) Coptic
inɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
inry : (shudder, shake)
enour /ⲛ⳰ϩⲟⲩⲣ Coptic
inst , jnst (medical plant; anise?)
ánnēson/ἄννησον, ánēson/ἄνησον , ánēsson/ἄνησσον, ánīson/ἄνῑσον (anise, Pimpinella anisum) Greek
(1st CE Egyptian)ˈan.ne̝.son, (4th CE Koine)ˈan.ni.son, (10th CE Byzantine) ˈan.ni.son ,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan) ˈa.ni.son IPA
int : (valley)
ỉnyt Demotic
inw : (purple)
ȧnu Alt Egyptian
ʾargmn/𐎀𐎗𐎂𐎎𐎐 (purple) Ugaritic
ar-ga-man-nu/𒅈𒂵𒌋𒌋𒉡Neo-Assyrian
argamannu/𒋠𒍝𒆳𒋛𒀀 (red purple) Akkadian
ʾargəwānā/ܐܪܓܘܢܐ (purple) Syriac
argamana/ אַרְגְּוָונָא (purple), argamana/ אַרְגָּמָן (purple, crimson) Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
argaman/אֵרְגְוָנִי (purple), ʾargāmān/ אַרְגָּמָן (purple, red-purple [of garment]) Hebrew
arğawān/ارغوان (red-purple; a plant) Urdu
ʾarjuwān, ʾurjuwān/ أرجوان (purple) Arabic
ʾrγwʾn /arγawān/ (purple) Sogdian
ian/ⲓⲁⲛ (indigo) Coptic
ipt : (a dry measure of volume equivalent to 4 ḥqꜣwt (about 19.2 litres or 0.54 bushels)
jpyt Demotic
aeypah/ אֵיפָה Hebrew
aeipe/ ⲁⲉⲓⲡⲉ (A) ōipi/ⲱⲓⲡⲓ (B) aipi/ⲁⲓⲡⲓ (F) oeipe/ⲟⲉⲓⲡⲉ (S)
ipd : (cup)
ipt (chalice) Demotic
apot/ⲁⲡⲟⲧ (S) (cup, drinking vessel), apʰot/ⲁⲫⲟⲧ (B), apat/ⲁⲡⲁⲧ (F) (cup) Coptic
ipn : (these)
eipn/ⲉⲓⲡⲛ Old Coptic
ipt : (harem, secret chamber)
apōt ? Coptic
ipt : (a measure of corn or grain)
oipe /ⲟⲓⲡⲉ Coptic
oiphe /οιφε Greek
ephah (ahē-fahe) /ﬡֵיפָה Hebew
ipt : (census)
(S) ēpə/ⲎⲠⲈ, (S, A, sA, B, F) ōp/ⲱⲡ , (S) ōpə/ⲱⲡⲉ , (S, B, F) əp/ⲉⲡ , (A) ḥəp/ϩⲉⲡ , (Sf) ap/ⲁⲡ , (A) ōp/ⲱⲡ , (S, B) op/ⲟⲡ ,
(S, A, F) ap/ⲁⲡ , (S, sA, B, F) ēp/ⲏⲡ (count, esteem) Coptic
iqr , iq : (trust, trustworthy, skilful, excellent, pleasing, well-to-do, superior)
Akr/Ꜣkr Demotic
waqar (to be heavy or weighty; a tree laden with fruits; to be honorable or to hold weight in value) Proto-Semitic
waqar ? Proto-Afroasiatic
yaaqur, yaqri/yaaqer Aramaic
yāqār (highly esteemed) , yāqar, yaw-kawr' / יָקָר (expensive, precious, having a high price, cost); Yqr/יקר "to be heavy,
to honor, to be honored, to be precious); yakár/ יָקָר ((having a high price, cost, Dear, precious) Hebrew
waqār/وَقارْ (dignity, grandeur, majesty, veneration) Arabic
(OE, 2500 BE) ˈjaːqʼaɾ/, (ME 1700 BE) ˈjaːqʼaʔ , (LE 800 BE) ˈjoːqʼə [noun]; (OE, 2500 BE) ˈˈjaːqʼiɾ,
(ME 1700 BE) ˈjaːqʼiʔ , (LE 800 BE) ˈjoːqʼə [Adjective] IPA
iker Traditional Pronunciation
~ iqrw : (plur)
(w)aqāru(m) Akkadian
waqura Arabic
yqr Hebrew
ir, iri : (do, at, to, if, as to, as for, when, as regards, towards )
ir.i : (towards me) Alt Egyptian
ỉr Demotic
ait/ⲁⲓⲧ, āirə, ïrə/ⲉⲓⲣⲉ , ər/ⲉⲣ , r/ⲣ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA) əirə, ïrə/ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (sA) irə/ⲓⲣⲉ , (B) iri/ⲓⲣⲓ , (F) ili/ⲓⲗⲓ , (B, F) ra/ⲣⲁ, (B, F) la/ⲗⲁ , (S, A, sA) r/ⲣ ,
(S, B) ər/ⲉⲣ , (F) əl/ⲉⲗ , (S) āiat, ïat/ⲉⲓⲁⲧ , (S) aa /ⲁⲁ , (A, sA) əət/ⲉⲉⲧ , (sA) əəit/ⲉⲉⲓⲧ , (sA) əə/ⲉⲉ,
(sA) aə/ⲁⲉ , (B) ai/ⲁⲓ , (F) əi/ⲉⲓ, (F) ït/ⲉⲓⲧ , (NH) a/ⲁ , (S, sA, F) o/ⲟ , (A) ə/ⲉ, (A) ïə/ⲉⲓⲉ ,
(sA) oəi/ⲟⲉⲓ , (B, F) oi/ⲟⲓ ,(F) ai/ⲁⲓ, (F) āi , ï/ⲉⲓ, (F) ə/ⲉ (act, become, befall, make, do, pass time, make total,
amount to) ; (S) āirā/ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (doing); (S) arirā/ⲁⲣⲓⲣⲉ (do!) ; (S) arirā/ⲁⲣⲓⲣⲉ, (B) arioui/ⲁⲣⲓⲟⲩⲓ, (S, A, B) ari/ⲁⲣⲓ,
(A, sA) āri/ⲉⲣⲓ, (do! /imperative); araï/ⲁⲣⲁï (A, L), eroï/ⲉⲣⲟï (B, S), elaï/ⲉⲗⲁï (F), eraï /ⲉⲣⲁï (M) Coptic
~ iri ib : (please)
iai (be pleased)
irb(A) : to be shut in, driven
(S) ōr(ā)b/ⲱⲣ(ⲉ)ⲃ, (S, B) ōrf/ⲱⲣϥ , (Sa, A) ōrbā/ⲱⲣⲃⲉ, (S) ārb/ⲉⲣⲃ ,(B) ārf/ⲉⲣϥ, (F) arāf/ⲁⲣⲉϥ, (S) orb/ⲟⲣⲃ, (S, B) orf/ⲟⲣϥ,
(Sf, A) arb/ⲁⲣⲃ, (S) orb/ⲟⲣⲃ, (A, Sf, S, sA) arb/ⲁⲣⲃ, (S, B) orf/ⲟⲣϥ ,(A) arbā/ⲁⲣⲃⲉ (be enclosed, apart, quiet,
restrict, surround) Coptic
iri , ir : (create, beget, make, do, accomplish, act, aqquire, pass time, cultivate (plants)
jrj Alt Egyptian
jr(j), ỉr(ỉ) Demotic
e'rhe /ዕርሐ (make), ʔa'riya /ዓረየ Ethiopic
ïrā /ⲉⲓⲣⲉ , ait/ⲁⲓⲧ , ār /ⲉⲣ, r/ⲣ Old Coptic
ïrā /ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (S, A, sA), irā/ⲓⲣⲉ (sA), iri/ⲓⲣⲓ (B), ili/ⲓⲗⲓ (F), ra/ⲣⲁ (B, F), la/ⲗⲁ (B, F), r/ⲣ (S, A, sA),
ār /ⲉⲣ (S, B), āl/ⲉⲗ (F), aa/ⲁⲁ (S), ïat/ⲉⲓⲁⲧ (S), āāt/ⲉⲉⲧ (A, sA), āāit/ⲉⲉⲓⲧ (sA), āā/ⲉⲉ (sA),
aā/ⲁⲉ (sA), ai/ⲁⲓ (B), āi/ⲉⲓ (F), āit/ⲉⲓⲧ (F), a/ⲁ (NH), o/ⲟ (S, sA, F), ā/ⲉ (A), āiā/ⲉⲓⲉ (A),
oāi/ⲟⲉⲓ (sA), oi/ⲟⲓ (B, F), ai/ⲁⲓ (F), āi/ⲉⲓ (F),
ā/ⲉ (F) (act, become, befall, make, do, bear fruit, pass time, make total, amount to, value at ),
a/ⲁ- , a/ⲁ (verbal prefix derived from ⲉⲓⲣⲉ) (Crum) (S, A, B, F) Coptic
~ iri.w : (create, beget, make, do, accomplish, act) (plr)
ja:rvw Alt Pronunciation
~ iri.f : (he does, he makes)
iry.f , irr.f Late Kingdom
ir.f Demotic
ʲarīʲuf (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
iri : (companion)
iry (fellow, friend) (Crum) Alt Egyptian
ēr /ⲏⲣ (B) (friend, companion), ārēw /ⲉⲣⲏⲩ (S) (fellow, companion, each other, together, mutually) Coptic
~ tAy.i iry n st-Hmt (my female companion)
taréi ānsimā/ⲧⲁⲣⲉ́ⲓ ⲉⲛⲥⲓⲙⲉ< réi ānsimā/ⲣⲉ́ⲓ ⲉⲛⲥⲓⲙⲉ (my female companion) Coptic
irp : (wine) 𓇋𓂋𓊪𓏉
jrp Demotic
orp(a)/ ⲟⲣⲡ(ⲁ) (Peust) Old Nubian
orp Nubian
'jrp Ugaritic
yáyin/ יַיִן (wine) Hebrew
hérpis/ ἕρπις Ancient Greek
ērp /ⲏⲣⲡ (S, A, sA, B, F), ērep/ⲏⲣⲡ̄ (A, B, A, L) , erp /ⲉⲣⲡ (B, S), ērᵉp /ⲏⲣⲡ︦ (S?) , rp/ⲣⲡ (S), ēlp /ⲏⲗⲡ (F) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC)ˈjuːɾap ; (Middle Egyptian,1700 BC) ˈjuːɾap ; (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ˈʔeːɾəp IPA
~ irpw : wine (plur)
ērep /ⲏⲣⲡ̄ Coptic
irr : (radiate, shine)
(S) āiālāl/ⲉⲓⲉⲗⲉⲗ, (S) āiālāiāl/ⲉⲓⲉⲗⲉⲓⲉⲗ , (B) iālāl/ⲓⲉⲗⲉⲗ, (B) ālāl/ⲉⲗⲉⲗ (shine, glitter, brightness) Coptic
haw-lal', halal /הָﬥַל (Shine) Hebrew
êllu Assyrian
irt : (eye)
ʔil Proto-Afroasiatic Form
iāt/ⲓⲉⲧ Old Coptic
yāirā, ïirā /ⲓⲉⲓⲣⲉ (L), yār, ïr /ⲓⲉⲣ (B), āya /ⲉⲓⲁ (S), yat /ⲓⲁⲧ (B), ïat /ⲉⲓⲁⲧ (S), āyār, ïār /ⲉⲓⲉⲣ (S), ïaat/ⲉⲓⲁⲁⲧ ,
(S) ïāt/ⲉⲓⲉⲧ (A), iat/ⲓⲁⲧ (B), iēt/ⲓⲏⲧ (F) (eye and sight); eïāt /ⲉⲓ̈ⲉⲧ Coptic
ojo (eye) Spanish
irɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
ʲārat Alt Pronunciation
~ bin irt : (evil eye)
ban ïirā /ⲃⲁⲛ ⲓⲉⲓⲣⲉ (malicious 'evil of eye' ) Coptic
~ irt bint : (evil eye)
āiār boonā/ⲉⲓⲉⲣ ⲃⲟⲟⲛⲉ (evil of eye) (Crum) Coptic
~ mH irt m, mHn irt : (fill eye with)
mḥ ỉrt , mḥ n ỉrt Demotic
(S) māḥ-āiat = mmo= /ⲙⲉϩ-ⲉⲓⲁⲧ⳼ ⲙⲙⲟ⳼ (fill eye with, look intently); (S) mouḥ n- /ⲙⲟⲩϩ ⲛ- (fill with) ;
(A) maḥ-ïāt = mma= /ⲙⲁϩ-ïⲉⲧ ⳼ ⲙⲙⲁ⳼ (fill eye with, look intently)
'look intently' ; maḥ-iaït.f/ⲙⲁϩ-ⲓⲁⲓ̈ⲧϥ (onlooker 'one who fills his eye (with something) Coptic
irt : (duty (of someone), use, purpose)
jrt Demotic
ïār/ⲉⲓⲉⲣ (S), ïat/ⲉⲓⲁⲧ (S), iār/ⲓⲉⲣ (B), iat/ⲓⲁⲧ (B) (duty? needs ref.) Coptic
irt : (do, to do, to make)
ʔírat> yire> írir> ire/ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (Allen) (doing) Evolution
eire/ⲉⲓⲣⲉ (S, L) Coptic
ʲīrit < ʔi:rɘ (1,000 BCE) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
irTt, iryt : (milk)
jrt(t) Demotic
yer Meroitic
ārōtā /ⲉⲣⲱⲧⲉ (S, A), ārōti /ⲉⲣⲱϯ (B, F), arōtā/ⲁⲣⲱⲧⲉ (Sf), arōti/ⲁⲣⲱϯ (F) Coptic
iry : (thereof, thereto, relating to, friend?)
ēr /ⲏⲣ (B), ārēu /ⲉⲣⲏⲩ (S) (each other, together, mutually) ; ērā /ⲏⲣⲉ , ēri /ⲏⲣⲓ;
arēu /ⲁⲣⲏⲩ (S), ḥarēw/ϩⲁⲣⲏⲩ (S), arēou/ⲁⲣⲏⲟⲩ (B) (perhaps, if,) Coptic
iryw : (plr)
ērēw/ⲎⲢⲎⲨ (plr) Coptic
iry : (ram)
ʾi₃=ra=ya (ASAE 1954) Hoch
ʾêlya, ʾayla
ālu Akkadian
oāilā/ⲟⲉⲓⲗⲉ (S), olāiā/ⲟⲗⲉⲓⲉ (S), oilāiā/ⲟⲓⲗⲉⲓⲉ (S), oilā/ⲟⲓⲗⲉ (S), ailā/ⲁⲓⲗⲉ (A) ōili/ⲱⲓⲗⲓ (B), oili/ⲟⲓⲗⲓ (B),
aili/ⲁⲓⲗⲓ (F), ail/ⲁⲓⲗ (F) Coptic
iry Hmt : (take a wife, to marry, get married, wed)
er ghamos/ ⲉⲣⲅⲁⲙⲟⲥ (Greek influence) Coptic
iryw : (Crew (on boat)
iry (fellows, companion) Demotic
(A, B) erēou /ⲉⲣⲏⲟⲩ (B) arēou /ⲁⲣⲏⲟⲩ, erēu/ⲉⲣⲏⲩ (fellow, companion together, each other) Coptic
jarjǔw Possible Pronunciation
is : (be light (of weight), lie light)
isi Alt Egyptian
ꜢsꜤ (be light) Demotic
asiōou/ⲁⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩ Old Coptic
(S, F) asai/ⲁⲥⲁⲓ, (A) āsiāāi/ⲉⲥⲓⲉⲉⲓ, (B) asiai/ⲁⲥⲓⲁⲓ, (S, F) asōou/ⲁⲥⲱⲟⲩ, (S) asāiōou/ⲁⲥⲉⲓⲱⲟⲩ, (A) āsiōou/ⲉⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩ,
(B) asiōou/ⲁⲥⲓⲱⲟⲩ (be light, relieved, be swift) Coptic
is : (old)
(S, F) as /ⲁⲥ, (S) aas /ⲁⲁⲥ , (A, F) es/ ⲉⲥ , (S, B) apas /ⲁⲡⲁⲥ , (F) apes /ⲁⲡⲉⲥ Coptic
is : (enclitic particle mark of emphasis, behold, lo)
iws (it is (that) Late Kingdom
is (behold) Demotic
(S, Sa, A, sA) ïs/ⲉⲓⲥ, (S, Sa, A, sA) əs/ⲉⲥ , (B) is/ⲓⲥ (behold, lo, here is) Coptic
~ istw, isT(w) (behold, though)
ïstə/ⲉⲓⲥⲧⲉ (S,A), əstə/ⲉⲥⲧⲉ (A) (behold, lo, here is ) (Rösch) ; >
ïs ḥēētā/ⲉⲓⲥ ϩⲏⲏⲧⲉ (properly before pronouns and verbs) for) Coptic
isft : (falsehood, lie, wrong, sin, wickedness, injustice, doing wrong, disorder, chaos
shoft/ϣⲟϥⲧ (to err, to make a mistake, to stumble, mistake, error, wrong, mistaken (possible connection);
mətshaft/ⲙⲉⲧϣⲁϥⲧ (iniquity, wickedness, evil) Coptic
(OE 2500 BCE) jaˈzaːfat ; (ME, 1700 BCE) jaˈsaːfaʔ ; (Amarna-period LE 1350 BCE) ʔaˈsaːfa ;
(LE, 800 BCE) ʔaˈsoːfə (ME AIitLCoH J.P.A p120; WdA S Hermann) IPA
iSp : (cucumber)
eshoop /ⲉϣⲟⲟⲡ Coptic
ispt (NK), isp (MK) : (quiver (for arrows) (MK-NK)
ashpah/ʾašpâh/אַשְׁפָּה, 'ashshaph (Strong's Exhaustive Concordance) Hebrew
išpatu Assyrian
ủṯpt Ugaritic
ispet Traditional Pronunciation
isw : (lo, behold)
js Demotic
əis/ⲉⲓⲥ (S, Sa, A, sA), əs/ⲉⲥ (S, Sa, A, sA), is/ⲓⲥ (B), (behold, lo, here is) Coptic
ˈjiːsVw (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.), ˈjiːsVw (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C.), ˈʔiːsəʔ (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BC)),
ʔiːs (Late Egyptian 800 B.C.), isuː (modern Egyptological) IPA
iSst : (what?)
(S, B) ásh/ⲁϣ , (A) éḥ, ākh/ⲉⳉ , (sA, F) ésh/ⲉϣ, (L) ésh, (pL) éç (what? who?) Coptic
ȧshes-t (Budge) Alt Pronunciation
it , iti : (father) 𓇋𓏏
ȧtf, tf (based off and Coptic) 𓇋𓏏𓆑𓀀, 𓇋𓆑 Budge
itf Alt Egyptian
yt, ytfṱ (Father) Demotic
ʔab (Father) Proto-Afroasiatic Form
ʾab (Father) Proto-Semitic
ʾab, ʾāb, ʾabu (Father) Semtic
ʔabb (Father) Proto-Berber
uba Hausa
abu 𒌗𒉈 , abu/ 𒀊, ʼab (Father) Akkadian
ʾb /𐤀𐤁 (Father) Ammonite, Edomite and Moabite
ʾabbo/ ኣቦ(Father) Tigrinya
ʾäb /አብ (Father) Tigre
ʾäbat /አባት (abat) (Father) Amharic
ʾb /በእ (Father) Arharic
ʾab/ ኣብ, 'aba/ ኣባ , abo / ኣቦ (Father) Ge'ez Ethiopic
ảb(Father) Ugaritic
abu (Father) Assyrian
ảb /𐎀𐎁 (Father) Ugaritic
𐩱𐩨/ ʾb (Father) Arabian
ʾb 𐤀𐤁/, ʾab, bu Phoenician
אב/ab (Father) Sabean
abba /אבא , ab (awb)/אָב , ʾôb, ʼāḇ (Father) Hebrew
'áv, ʾāḇ /אָב (Father) Biblical Hebrew
’aḇā’/אבא, ʾabbā / אַבָּא (the father, my father) Aramaic
ḥa-yb (Father) Mehri
aabo (Father) Somali
’ab-ā’ /ܐܒܐ , bābā (Father) Syriac
abba (Father) Afar
pitar (Father) Sanskrit
ʔabúu / أـنـبــا (Father) Egyptian Arabic
ʾab/ أَب > ʾabū (Father) Arabic
iout/ⲓⲟⲩⲧ, ïout/ïⲟⲩⲧ (Father) Old Coptic
ïōt, yōt/ ⲉⲓⲱⲧ (S, A, sA), ïot, yot/ ⲉⲓⲟⲧ (M), yoat, yōt /ⲓⲱⲧ (S, B, F), efyōt /ⲫ̀ⲓⲱⲧ, ente /ⲛ⳰ⲧⲉ (B), yoti /ⲓⲟϯ (Father) Coptic
ˈjaːtij (Reconstructed OE); jatǎi or jǎtaf (possible Old Kingdom) (Danielito); i.'a.tʰa (JPA) (OE&ME); 'ja.tʰa (JPA) (LE) IPA
'jaːtvj or ʲātVʲ from ʲt (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
it Traditional Pronunciation
~ itw- (fathers)
ʲtʲ.w (Loprieno) Alt Egyptian
ïotā , yotā/ⲉⲓⲟⲧⲉ (S), ïatā/ⲉⲓⲁⲧⲉ (A, sA), ïati, yati/ ⲉⲓⲁϯ (A, sA, F), ioti/ⲓⲟϯ (B), ïōtā, yōte /ⲉⲓⲱⲧⲉ Coptic
ʲatʲaw (Loprieno), (j)at-i-jūw (Danielito), jǎtjaw Alt Pronunciation
~ it.f : his father
'jatjif or ʲātʲif from 'jaːt(v) (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
it-it : (grandfather, grandpa)
tf-tf Budge
mpyōt /ⲙⲡⲉⲓⲱⲧ (S), p(ei)/ⲡ(ⲉⲓ) (S) Coptic
itn : (sun disk, sun)
iōit/ⲓⲱⲓⲧ ? (Sun, god) Coptic
𒅀𒀀𒋾 (ia-a-ti) in 𒈠𒅀𒀀𒋾 (ma-ia-a-ti/Mayati “Meritaten”) Cuneiform
ˈjaːtin (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C.), ˈjaːtin (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C.), ˈjaːtəj (Middle-Late Egyptian 1350 B.C.),
ˈjoːtəj (Late Egyptian 800 B.C.), itɛn (modern Egyptological) IPA
aten Traditional Pronunciation
itn: (god Aten, sun)
itrw : (river)
iwr (Brugsch), ỉꜢrw (Junge), jtrw Alt Egyptian
ytr (? needs ref) Old Egyptian
yě'ōr Late Egyptian
ỉắt\r˘w > ỉắꜢ\r˘w> āioorā/ⲉⲓⲟⲟⲣⲉ (S) (ref. Friedrich Junge), itrw> itr> itry Evolution
ïoor/ⲉⲓⲟⲟⲣ (S), ïoore/ⲉⲓⲟⲟⲣⲉ (S), ioorā/ⲓⲟⲟⲣⲉ (A), iōōrā/ⲓⲱⲱⲣⲉ(A), ior/ⲓⲟⲣ (B), iaar/ⲓⲁⲁⲣ (F), iaal/ⲓⲁⲁⲗ(F) (canal);
ïāro/ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ (S), ïro/ⲓⲉⲣⲟ (S, A), ïāra/ⲓⲉⲣⲁ (F), iaro/ⲓⲁⲣⲟ (B) (river) Coptic
ye'ór/ יְאוֹר , יְאֹר (Nile, river) Hebrew
ˈjatraw > jaʔr(ə), ʲatraw (Loprieno) Alt pronunciation
ˈjatɾaw (Old Egyptian, 2500 BCE), ˈjaʔɾaw (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), ˈjaʔɾ (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE),
itɛruː (modern Egyptological) IPA
iteru Traditional Pronunciation
~ jtrw ꜥꜣ (great river, Nile)
y(ꜥr) ꜥꜣ (river, Nile) Demotic
ïāro, eiāro/ⲉⲓⲉⲣⲟ (S) (river, 'great canal) Coptic
~ DAi itrw (cross river)
ṯꜢỉ y(Ꜥ)r (cross the river) Demotic
(S) djioor/ϫⲓⲟⲟⲣ, (S) djiāoor/ϫⲓⲉⲓⲟⲟⲣ , (A) djioorā/ϫⲓⲟⲟⲣⲉ, (A) r djioorā/ⲣ ϫⲓⲟⲟⲣⲉ , (B) ār djinor/ⲉⲣ ϫⲓⲛⲓⲟⲣ,
(B) ārchinor/ⲉⲣϭⲓⲛⲓⲟⲣ , (F) djnaar/ϫⲛⲁⲁⲣ, (F) djniaal/ϫⲛⲓⲁⲁⲗ
(river over, cross river, cross (sea or land) Coptic
iTw : (thief)
chiouᵉi/ϭⲓⲟⲩⲓ⳰ Coptic
iw (Enclitic particle at the head of a sentence)
ˈʔu (Werning) Alt pronunciation
iw : (is, are, are, it is, is, non-enclitic particle)
ou /ⲟⲩ Coptic
iw : (dog)
ʔu Antonio Loprieno
ka-wa Luvale-Bantu
r- iwd : (between)
ỉwṯ (between) Demotic
outō/ⲟⲩⲧⲱ (among, between) Old Coptic
(S, F) outā/ⲟⲩⲧⲉ, (S, F) oudā/ⲟⲩⲇⲉ , (S, A, sA, B, F) outō/ⲟⲩⲧⲱ (among, between);
ouōti/ⲟⲩⲱϯ, outā/ⲟⲩⲧⲉ (separate, between) Coptic
iw, iwi : (come, return)
jy Demotic
āḥoun/ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ Old Coptic
(S, B) ābol/ⲉⲃⲟⲗ, (A, sA) abal/ⲁⲃⲁⲗ, (F) ābal/ⲉⲃⲁⲗ (out, forth, outward, coming, going, bringing,
loosing, throwing, opening, sprouting, pouring, crying); (S, F) āḥoun/ⲉϩⲟⲩⲛ, (A) akhoun/ⲁⳉⲟⲩⲛ, (sA)
aḥoun/ⲁϩⲟⲩⲛ, (B) ākhoun/ⲉϧⲟⲩⲛ, (F) āḥon/ⲉϩⲟⲛ (inside, inward, motion ) Coptic
if : (flesh (to man)
jwf Demotic
if 𓇋𓆑𓄹 (flesh) (Vycichl) Old Kingdom
if 𓇋𓆑𓄹𓏥 (Vycichl) Middle Egyptian
iwf 𓇋𓅱𓆑𓄹 (flesh) (Vycichl) 17th Dynasty
if 𓇋𓆑𓄺 (flesh) (Vycichl) Late Kingdom
(S, B) af/ⲁϥ, (S, F) aaf/ⲁⲁϥ , (A) ab/ⲁⲃ, (A) āf/ⲉϥ, (S) apʰi/ⲁⲫⲩ , ef/ⲉϥ (A, L) (flesh, human or animal) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) ˈjuwfuw ; (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) ˈjuwfuw; (Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BC) ˈʔuʔfəʔ;
(Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ʔøʔf IPA
~ iwfw : (flesh) (plur)
(S, B, F) afowwi/ⲁϥⲟⲩⲓ, (S, B, F) avowwi/ⲁⲃⲟⲩⲓ, (B) apʰowwi/ⲁⲫⲟⲩⲓ
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) jawˈfaːwaw ; (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) jawˈfaːwaw;
(Medio-Late Egyptian, 1350 BC) ʔaʔˈfaːjəʔ ; (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ʔaˈfoːj IPA
ꜥafǎw/ꜥufǎw Alt Pronunciation
iwtn : (ground, floor, flooring)
iwtn (ground) Demotic
(S) ïyn/ⲉⲓⲧⲛ, (S) itnā/ⲓⲧⲛⲉ , (S) tnē/ⲧⲛⲏ, (S, sA) itn/ⲓⲧⲛ , (S, B, F) itān/ⲓⲧⲉⲛ (ground, earth, dust, rubbis)
~ iwtn n xt : (ashe, dust of the fire, dust of wood)
etnikh /ⲉⲧⲛⲓⳉ Coptic
iwty : (who..not, with...not)
itwy (without) Demotic
at/ⲁⲧ (without); (S, A, sA, B, F) ouōt/ⲟⲩⲱⲧ, (S, sA) ouōtā/ⲟⲩⲱⲧⲉ (f)
(without, single, alone, any, one & same) Coptic
iwy : (which is not)
iwii Alt Egyptian
iwt(y) (without), iwty (which is not) Demotic
at/ⲁⲧ Coptic
iwy : (indeed)
yA, ỉꜢ (interjection) Alt Egyptian
āiā/ⲉⲓⲉ (then (particle) Coptic
iwy-HAt(y) : (be patient, long-suffering)
ōou n ḥēt /ⲱⲟⲩ ⲛ ϩⲏⲧ Coptic
iwn , iwnw [jwn] : (color, colour, complexion, nature, disposition, character)
iwn- (color) (Loprieno) Proto-Afroasiatic
ản/𐎀𐎐 (pigment) Ugaritic
lawn, ʔanāku Proto-Semitic
ʾā́nā/אָנָה Hebrew
iawn/ لَوْن [ʔayna] color, type) Arabic
owan/ⲁⲩⲁⲛ (S, F), owaan/ⲁⲩⲁⲁⲛ (S), owïn/ⲁⲩⲉⲓⲛ (S), owïïn/ⲁⲩⲉⲓⲉⲓⲛ (S), eouen/ⲉⲟⲩⲉⲛ (A), aowwēn/ⲁⲟⲩⲏⲛ (F),
aowwan/ⲁⲟⲩⲁⲛ (B), avan/ⲁⲃⲁⲛ (B) (colour, metaphorically, appearance) Coptic
(Old Egyptian, 2500 BC) jaˈwin ; (Middle Egyptian, 1700 BC) jaˈwin > ʔaˈwin; (Late Egyptian, 800 BC) ʔaˈwen;
ɑˈwɑn (Late Coptic) IPA
ʲa'win (Loprieno), jaˈwin > ʔaˈwin Alt Pronunciation
ix : (what ? , then, therefore)
ix < ixt (things, offerings, possessions, property, matter, affair, something, anything) Evolution
jḫ > ash/ⲁϣ (S,B) Demotic
(S, B) ásh/ⲁϣ , (A) éḥ, ākh/ⲉⳉ , (sA, F) ésh/ⲉϣ, (L) ésh, (pL) éç (what? who?) Coptic
jšst (from (what) ix + st (3rd person prnoun) (what?) Derived Terms
~ ix pw pwy : What (it) is this? (possible reconstruction)
ash pe pʰai/ⲁϣ ⲡⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ : What's this?
ixix : (become green)
jꜣq.t , AxAx (become green) Alt Egyptian
wrḳ Afroas
wrq (green) Proto-Semitic
warq Semitic
yéreq/ ירק (vegetables) Hebrew
ēkⁱā/ⲏϭⲉ (S), ēdji/ⲏϫⲓ (B) (leek, leek colored) Coptic
wāRiḏ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
iXm : (divine Image, iamage of god, falcon)
aḥōm/ⲁϩⲱⲙ (S), aḥōmā/ⲁϩⲱⲙⲉ (S), aḥōōmā/ⲁϩⲱⲱⲙⲉ (S), akhōm/ⲁⳉⲱⲙ (A), akhōm/ⲁϧⲱⲙ (B) (eagle)
ⲡⲁϧⲱⲙ/pakhōm from ⲁϧⲱⲙ/akhōm (eagle or falcon) Coptic
Pachómios/ Παχώμιος, Pachúmios/Παχούμιος Greek
K
.k : (you, your ) (M) (sg) (Suffixed pronouns)
ka/ ኻ Amharic T
ok Beja
ik Kabyle
-ka Akkadian
't/ 𐤀𐤕 Phoenician
ku, ka (you) (M) (sg) Proto-Afroasiatic
ku (your) (M) (sg) Cushitic
ka, ku (M) (sg) Chadic
ka (your) (2s suffix) (M) (sg) (Arabic) Semitic
inek , nnek , -k (your) (M) (sg) Berber
netta (he), keyy, cek (you) (M) (sg) Berber
ak (2nd) (M) (sg) (Weninger) Brb.
ka, ku, ki (your) (m) (sg) (Weninger) ECu.
-kā/ְ ךָ (your), Hebrew
- ́k (after vowel), -ak (after con) Egyptian Arabic
ka Arabic
k/ⲕ, ekh /ⲭ⳰, ak/ⲁⲕ (thou, you) (M), ek/ⲕ︦ Coptic
(Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE-Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) k (modern Egyptological) ʔɛk; kʰ (JPA, Northern) IPA
ku Alt Pronunciation
ek Traditional Pronunciation
~ tw.k (1st person present 2nd person sing (M) (Late Kingdom)
ir.k Demotic
k/ⲕ (M) Coptic
kA : (bull)
kꜢ (bull) Demotic
ko/ⲕⲟ (bull) Old Coptic
ko/κω, Xo/χω Greek
go/ गो "soul", "cow" Sanskrit
(OE 2500 B.C.E.) kuʀ , kʰal (JPA) ; (ME 1700 B.C.E.) kuʀ , kʰal (JPA) ; (ME-LE 1350 B.C.E.) kuʔ, kʰal (JPA);
(LE 800 B.C.E.) køʔ, kʰaʔ(JPA) IPA
~ n-kaw , n-kɜ.w : bulls Pre Late Kingdom
nikū (en.wikiversity.org) Cuneiform
kA : (soul body)
ko/ⲕⲟ (bull) Old Coptic
(S, A, B, F) kōt /ⲕⲱⲧ, (S, B) kāt /ⲕⲉⲧ, (F) kat /ⲕⲁⲧ, (S, B) kot /ⲕⲟⲧ, (A, F) kat /ⲕⲁⲧ,
(S, B) kēt /ⲕⲏⲧ (edify, encourage, spiritually, build, form); kō /ⲕⲱ , kah /ⲕⲁ (older?) ; koi/ⲕⲟⲓ < koiahk/ⲕⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ (Peust) Coptic
kAry : Gardener
Kiri Sumerian
go/ गो "soul", "cow" Sanskrit
kuʀ (reconstructed Old Egyptian), kɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ka Traditional Pronunciation
kA : (so, then, as a result)
(S, A, sA, F) qā/ϭⲉ , (S, B) djā/ϫⲉ , (F) qē/ϭⲏ (then, therefore, but, again, once more, (no) longer) Coptic
ʔkɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ka Traditional Pronunciation
kAb : ( to double)
(S, A, B, F) kōb/ⲕⲱⲃ, (B) kōp/ⲕⲱⲡ (more often for B) , (S) kb/ⲕⲃ, (S) kāb/ⲕⲉⲃ , (S, B) kob/ⲕⲟⲃ , (S, A, B, F) kēb/ⲕⲏⲃ
(be doubled, make double) Coptic
kAbt : (breast)
(B) kifi /ⲕⲓϥⲓ, (S) ekibe /ⲉⲕⲓⲃⲉ, (S) kibe /ⲕⲓⲃⲉ, (S) kiebe /ⲕⲓⲉⲃⲉ, chibe/ϭⲓⲃⲉ ? Coptic
kAm : (wine rod, garden)
kꜣm (garden) Demotic
karm (vineyard) Semetic
kirû, kiriu (garden, orchard, palm grove) Akkadian
kwr, Akr (to caltivate), kiry, kVw/AVr (Garden, cultivate field) Afrasian
Kerem כָּ֫רֶם (vineyard) (the 'A' in medu netjer is used for the 're') Hebrew
kʲme/ϭⲙⲉ (S), chme/ϭⲙⲉ (B), kʲmē/ϭⲙⲏ (S, Sf), chmē/ϭⲙⲏ (B), kʲimē/ϭⲓⲙⲏ (F) (gardener, vinedresser);
(S, A, sA, F) kʲōm/ϭⲱⲙ , (B) chōm/ϭⲱⲙ , (S) kʲom/ϭⲟⲙ , (S) kom/ⲕⲟⲙ, (B) djōm/ϫⲱⲙ ,
(S) khōmā/ϭⲱⲙⲉ (garden, vineyard, property) Coptic
kǎꜢm(u), 'kaʀmvw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ kAmw : (gardener, vinedresser)
kʲmēv/ϭⲙⲏⲩ (S, A, sA), kʲmēou/ϭⲙⲏⲟⲩ (S), kʲməʔv/ϭⲙⲉⲉⲩ (S) kʲmowəï/ϭⲙⲁⲩⲉⲓ (Sf) ,
kʲ(i)nə/Ϭ(Ⲓ)ⲚⲈ (garden, vineyard) Coptic
/kaʀmiw/ > ϭⲙⲉ /kʲmeʔ/ (gardner) Evolution
kaꜢmǔwaw Alt Pronunciation
kAmi(a)r : Camel
gmwl (camel) Demotic
(S, A, B, F) qamoul/ϭⲁⲙⲟⲩⲗ, (S) kamoul/ⲕⲁⲙⲟⲩⲗ , (B) djamoul/ϫⲁⲙⲟⲩⲗ (camel) Coptic
gamal Proto-Semitic
gammal/ 𒃵𒂷 Akkadian
gemale/ መል Ethiopic
gamlā /ܓܡܠܐ Syriac
gamál/ גָמָל Hebrew
kámēlos/κάμηλος Ancient Greek
camēlus Latin
jamal/ جَمَل Arabic
kjaˈmul IPA
kAmw : (vineyard, orchard)
karm Semitic
kaRmVw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
kAp : (cover, roof over, hide oneself, take cover, droop (of eyebrows)
kꜢp, khp Alt Egyptian
ḳp (hide) Demotic
(S) kōp/ⲕⲱⲡ , (B) khōp/ⲭⲱⲡ, (B) khāp/ⲭⲉⲡ, (B) khop/ⲭⲟⲡ , (F) kap/ⲕⲁⲡ , (S) kēp/ⲕⲏⲡ , (B) khēp/ⲭⲏⲡ (hide, be hidden);
(S, A, sA, B, F) ḥōp/ϩⲱⲡ , (NH) kōp/ⲕⲱⲡ , (S, B) ḥāp/ϩⲉⲡ, (S, B) ḥop/ϩⲟⲡ , (A, sA, F) ḥap/ϩⲁⲡ ,
(S, A, sA, B, F) ḥēp/ϩⲏⲡ (be hidden, hide) Coptic
kahf/ كهف Arabic
kAri : (gardener (Middle- Late Egyptian)
kꜢrỉ Alt Egyptian
kwr, ʔa/ikkār (needs ref) (to cultivate , laborer) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
ʔkr (to cultivate) , ʔa/ikkār Semitic
kirû , kiriu (garden, orchard, palm grove) Old Akkadian
kiriu , kirû , kirītu (an orchard , a garden) Akkadian
kwr , krw (to hoe), kawira(-mi)- (hoe) Central Chadic
kur (to cultivate) South Cushitic
* ref oi.uchicago.edu, starling.rinet.ru , assyrianlanguages.org
kATA : (safflower)
(S) kⁱoudj/ϭⲟⲩϫ, (S) koudj/ⲕⲟⲩϫ, (S) kⁱōdj/ϭⲱϫ, (S) kⁱiukⁱ/ϭⲟⲩϭ, (S) kouk/ⲕⲟⲩⲕ, (B) djoudj/ϫⲟⲩϫ,
(B) shoudj/ϣⲟⲩϫ (safflower, cardamum) Coptic
kdf : (pluck)
qa-ta-pu /qatāpu/ 𒋡𒋫𒁍 Akkadian
qaṭap Proto-Semitic
qṭap̄/ ܩܛܲܦ Aramaic
katáf, qāṭáp̄/ קְטַף (to pick; to pluck (flowers, fruit) Hebrew
qaṭafa/ قـطـف (picking, pluck, pick, reap) Arabic
kHn : (dakrness)
kHn : (chapel)
(S) knḥē/ⲕⲛϩⲉ , (B) kāḥni/ⲕⲉϩⲛⲓ (chapelle, wherehouse, shop) Coptic
ki : (stative ending)
ʔki (modern Egyptological) IPA
.ki Traditional Pronunciation
~ ky : (dual ending)
ʔɛki (modern Egyptological) IPA
.kē , .eki Traditional Pronunciation
kk, kkw : (darkness)
kky (darkness) Demotic
ákantha/ἄκανθα , akakíā/ἀκᾰκίᾱ (acacia tree) Greek
akakía/ἀκακία (acacia tree) Byzantine Greek
acacia (acacia tree) Latin
khōōkh /ⲭⲱⲱⲭ (darkness) Old Coptic
kakā /ⲕⲁⲕⲉ (S), kākā /ⲕⲉⲕⲉ (A, sA), kākāi /ⲕⲉⲕⲉⲓ (A), khaki /ⲭⲁⲕⲓ (B) (darkness) Coptic
(5th BCE Attic) a.ka.kí.aː, (1st CE Egyptian) a.kaˈki.a , (4th CE Koine) a.kaˈci.a , (10th CE Byzantine) a.kaˈci.a,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan) a.kaˈci.a IPA
keku Traditional Pronunciation
km : total up, amount to, complete, put an end to, pay (to)
koma (come to an end, finish, cease) (needs ref) Bantu
kēn/ⲕⲏⲛ (B) (finish, cease, fail, suffice, be enough), djin[m] /ϫⲓⲛ[ⲙ] (B) (completion) , kⁱin[m]/ϭⲓⲛ[ⲙ] (S)
(filling, completion) Coptic
~ kmyt : conclusion (book)
Coptic
km : (black color not skin tone)
kmi Alt Egyptian
kam, kami Budge
kmm Schenkel
kmj , kmy Demotic
'ku: ma:/ܟܘܼܡܵܐ (black, the darkest colour, black person), u:'ka:ma:/ ܐܘܼܟܵܡܵܐ (black, sunburn, black person),
'ka ma/ܐܟܵܡܵܐ (to blacken, to turn black, to grow dark or darker) Syriac
akhom/אָכֹם (black) Hebrew
kamə/ⲕⲁⲙⲉ (S, A), kamē/ⲕⲁⲙⲏ (S), kəmə/ⲕⲉⲙⲉ (S) , kmmə/ⲕⲙⲙⲉ (S) , kam/ⲕⲁⲙ (S), khamə/ⲭⲁⲙⲉ (B),
khamē/ⲭⲁⲙⲏ (B), khəmi/ⲭⲉⲙⲓ (B) , kəmi/ⲕⲉⲙⲓ (F), kəm/ⲕⲉⲙ (F) (Black color);
khēm/ⲭⲏⲙ (B), kēm/ⲕⲏⲙ (S, A, F) (to be black, to become black); kmə/ⲕⲙⲉ (darkness), rkamə/ⲣⲕⲁⲙⲉ (S, A),
rkamē/ⲣⲕⲁⲙⲏ (S), rkmmə/ⲣⲕⲙⲙⲉ (S), rkam/ⲣⲕⲁⲙ (S) (be black); kēmə/ⲔⲎⲘⲈ Coptic
ˈkuːmaw (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C), ˈkuːmaw (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C), keːm (Late Egyptian 800 B.C) IPA
kammǐ(j), kǎmə > kām/ ⲔⲎⲘ , kmom (Schenkel, Cerny, Westendorf) Alternative Pronunciation
kemet Traditional Pronunciation
kumat (OK), kēmat (OK-MK), kami (MK-LK); khēmi (B) (LE), kēme (S) (UE) More Accurate Pronunciation
~ kmw : (blackened)
kēm/ⲕⲏⲙ (S, A, F), (be or become black) Coptic
~ kmwt : (blakc color) (plr)
kamavï/ⲕⲁⲙⲁⲩⲉⲓ (S) , khaməv/ⲭⲁⲙⲉⲩ (B) (plur) Coptic
~ skm : (become gray)
skim/ⲥⲕⲓⲙ (S, Sf, A, F), schim/ⲥϭⲓⲙ (S), skhim/ⲥⲭⲓⲙ (B) (discolored, grey hair) Coptic
~ kmm : (to become black)
ka'mam (Loprieno) Alternative Pronunciation
kmom/ⲕⲙⲟⲙ (S), kmam/ⲕⲙⲁⲙ (F), khmom/ⲭⲙⲟⲙ (B), kēm/ⲕⲏⲙ (S, A, F),
khēm/ⲭⲏⲙ (B), kmām/ⲕⲙⲉⲙ (be or become black) Coptic
kmt : Egypt (black lands, Egyptians)
Kmy, Kmj, kmỉ Demotic
Kam-t' Ptolemaic Egyptian
Kamits/ ከሚተ, Kamme /ከም, Kami /ከሚ Ethiopic
kēmə/ⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S, A), khēmi/ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (B) kēmi/ⲕⲏⲙⲓ (F) (the black land, Egypt); rmnkēmə/ⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S,A) ,
Mətrəmenkhēmi/ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ⳰ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (B) Mentrmənkēmə/ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S) (Egyptian language & nationality);
Kami/ⲔⲀⲘⲒ (needs ref) Coptic
Khēmía /Χημία Early Greek
Kimit, Kāmāt/كيميت (black land), Kimi , Kaimai /كيمى (LE) (B), Khaimi/ Khimi / خيمى (UE) (S)
(Fertile lands, black lands) Egyptian Arabic
al-Kīmīā /الكيمياء Arabic
qubṭ /قبط >from Arabic qubṭī> Coptic gyptios> Greek aigýpti, aigýptios > Greek Linear B tables a-ku-pi-ti-yo Arabic
Aegyptus, Egyptus Latin
Aegyptus Mitzráyim /מִצְרַיִם Hebrew
Maṣr /مَصر < Masira/Μαςιρα (Greek) < Masi-Ra (born of Ra the sun) (Coptic) Arabic Modern
ˈkuːmat (Reconstructed Old Egyptian), > ˈkuːmə , ˈkeːmə (Reconstructed Late Egyptian),
kɛmɛt (Egyptological) (ref Loprieno) Evolution
ˈkuːmat (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C), ˈkuːmaʔ (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C), ˈkeːmə (Late Egyptian 800 B.C),
kɛmɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
kammī(jat), kǎmat (Danielito); Kéme (UE), Chémi (LE) (Amentet Neferet); Kemia Alt Pronunciation
Kēmit, Kamit (Ptolomic), kēmə(t) (UE), khēmi(t) (LE), kēmi (Nile Valley), Kimē (possibly ME-LE), kēmə (Old Coptic),
Kimia (Greek) Fix
~ Roots of the word Alchemy and Chemistry
al-kīmiyaʾ (the Egyptian science) < kēme/ⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S, A), khēmi/ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (B) (Coptic)
< Kmi (Demotic) < kmt (Black lands); (Chemestry) khemein or khēmia, "preparation of black powder" Budge
Chemestry< khēmia (transmutation of earth, is the science of matter at the atomic to molecular
scale) **Needs ref** Theory
al-kīmiyāʾ /الكيمياء < Kimiya/کیمیا (Arabic Alchemy) Egyptian Arabic
alchimia Middle Latin
kemia/χημία < kmt (black lands) or km (black 'black art') (Oxford English Dictionary),
khēmia/χημία, khēmeia /χημεία (melting metals and of producing alloys) Greek Theory
kTn : (charioteer)
kDn Alt Egyptian
kuzi, guzi (stableman) Akkadian
ktt : (small, smaller, smallness)
kowwi /ⲕⲟⲩⲓ Old Coptic
kowwi /ⲕⲟⲩⲓ (S, A, F), kouï /ⲕⲟⲩⲉⲓ (sA), koudju /ⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ (B), kougyi /ⲕⲟⲩϭⲓ (F), kou /ⲕⲟⲩ (S, F)
ka /ⲕⲁ (F), ko /ⲕⲟ (F) (small person or thing, young person) Coptic
kwnt : (holy tree, sacred tree)
qnṱ (fig) Demotic
kntā/ⲕⲛⲧⲉ (S, A), kāntā/ⲕⲉⲛⲧⲉ (B), kāntē/ⲕⲉⲛⲧⲏ (F) (fig) Coptic
ky : (monkey)
kima (ref. http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
m-kia (monkey tail) Kiswahili-Bantu
ky : (other, another)
ki Budge
kii (another) Demotic
kale/ ካልእ (other) Ethiopic
kā /ⲕⲉ Old Coptic
kā /ⲕⲉ (S, A, sA, B, F), chā /ϭⲉ (S), kē /ⲕⲏ (F), chē /ϭⲏ (F), kai /ⲕⲁⲓ (sA),
kou /ⲕⲟⲩ (S) (other, this other, another, also) Coptic
~ k(y)t (other) (Female)
kiti (another) Late Kingdom
ktit Demotic
(S) kāt/ⲕⲉⲧ, (B) khāt/ⲭⲉⲧ, (F) kēt/ⲕⲏⲧ, (S) kātā/ⲕⲉⲧⲉ (Female), (S) kētā /ⲕⲏⲧⲉ (Female),
(B) khāti/ⲭⲉϯ (Female) (another) Coptic
~ pA k(y)t (the other)
pi khāt/ⲡⲓ-ⲭⲉⲧ (this other) Coptic
~ pAy k(y)t (this other)
pai khāt/ⲡⲁⲓ-ⲭⲉⲧ (this other) Coptic
~ k(yw)t : (other, another) (Female)
(S) kāt/ⲕⲉⲧ, (B) khāt/ⲭⲉⲧ, (F) kēt/ⲕⲏⲧ, (S) kātā/ⲕⲉⲧⲉ (Female), (S) kētā /ⲕⲏⲧⲉ (Female),
(B) khāti/ⲭⲉϯ (Female) (another) Coptic
~ k(y)w : (others)
k-w.wy, ky.wy Alt Egyptian
kjwj, kiwi (others) Demotic
kooue/ⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ (another, this other, other, different); kēāouā/ⲕⲏⲉⲩⲉ , kēvā/ⲕⲏⲩⲉ , kavā/ⲕⲁⲩⲉ,
kavï/ⲕⲁⲩⲉⲓ , kāoua/ⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁ, khōouēi/ⲭⲱⲟⲩⲏⲓ, kawēā/ⲕⲁⲩⲏⲉ , kāu/ⲕⲉⲩ
; kekhōouni/ⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ (anothers); kai/ⲕⲁⲓ, (S) kou/ⲕⲟⲩ Coptic
kākoouā/ⲕⲉⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S), kākouā/ⲕⲉⲕⲟⲩⲉ, kākōouā/ⲕⲉⲕⲱⲟⲩⲉ, kākāouā/ⲕⲉⲕⲉⲟⲩⲉ, kākāāvā/ⲕⲉⲕⲉⲉⲩⲉ, kākowiā/ⲕⲉⲕⲁⲩⲉ, kākowiēi/ⲕⲉⲕⲁⲩⲏⲓ, kākowiā/ⲕⲉⲕⲁⲩⲓⲉ,
koudji/ⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ (others)(second plur) Coptic
~ k(y)t-xt : (others)
kekhōouni/ⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ (anothers) Coptic
~ nw k(y)t-xt (the others)
ni kekhōouni//ⲛⲓ-ⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ (this other) Coptic
~ kii sp : (another time)
nkāson/ⲛⲕⲉⲥⲟⲛ (another time) Coptic
kymy : (hen) 𓎡𓇋𓇋𓏲𓅓𓇋𓏲𓅭
kimi Budge
kⁱamə/ϭⲁⲓⲙⲉ (S) Coptic
l
l: (rw, letter l)
l ⲗ Fayyumic or Faiyumic Coptic
r ⲣ Coptic B and S
rw or rn Late Egyptian
.k : (you, your ) (M) (sg) (Suffixed pronouns)
ka/ ኻ Amharic T
ok Beja
ik Kabyle
-ka Akkadian
't/ 𐤀𐤕 Phoenician
ku, ka (you) (M) (sg) Proto-Afroasiatic
ku (your) (M) (sg) Cushitic
ka, ku (M) (sg) Chadic
ka (your) (2s suffix) (M) (sg) (Arabic) Semitic
inek , nnek , -k (your) (M) (sg) Berber
netta (he), keyy, cek (you) (M) (sg) Berber
ak (2nd) (M) (sg) (Weninger) Brb.
ka, ku, ki (your) (m) (sg) (Weninger) ECu.
-kā/ְ ךָ (your), Hebrew
- ́k (after vowel), -ak (after con) Egyptian Arabic
ka Arabic
k/ⲕ, ekh /ⲭ⳰, ak/ⲁⲕ (thou, you) (M), ek/ⲕ︦ Coptic
(Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE-Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) k (modern Egyptological) ʔɛk; kʰ (JPA, Northern) IPA
ku Alt Pronunciation
ek Traditional Pronunciation
~ tw.k (1st person present 2nd person sing (M) (Late Kingdom)
ir.k Demotic
k/ⲕ (M) Coptic
kA : (bull)
kꜢ (bull) Demotic
ko/ⲕⲟ (bull) Old Coptic
ko/κω, Xo/χω Greek
go/ गो "soul", "cow" Sanskrit
(OE 2500 B.C.E.) kuʀ , kʰal (JPA) ; (ME 1700 B.C.E.) kuʀ , kʰal (JPA) ; (ME-LE 1350 B.C.E.) kuʔ, kʰal (JPA);
(LE 800 B.C.E.) køʔ, kʰaʔ(JPA) IPA
~ n-kaw , n-kɜ.w : bulls Pre Late Kingdom
nikū (en.wikiversity.org) Cuneiform
kA : (soul body)
ko/ⲕⲟ (bull) Old Coptic
(S, A, B, F) kōt /ⲕⲱⲧ, (S, B) kāt /ⲕⲉⲧ, (F) kat /ⲕⲁⲧ, (S, B) kot /ⲕⲟⲧ, (A, F) kat /ⲕⲁⲧ,
(S, B) kēt /ⲕⲏⲧ (edify, encourage, spiritually, build, form); kō /ⲕⲱ , kah /ⲕⲁ (older?) ; koi/ⲕⲟⲓ < koiahk/ⲕⲟⲓⲁϩⲕ (Peust) Coptic
kAry : Gardener
Kiri Sumerian
go/ गो "soul", "cow" Sanskrit
kuʀ (reconstructed Old Egyptian), kɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ka Traditional Pronunciation
kA : (so, then, as a result)
(S, A, sA, F) qā/ϭⲉ , (S, B) djā/ϫⲉ , (F) qē/ϭⲏ (then, therefore, but, again, once more, (no) longer) Coptic
ʔkɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
ka Traditional Pronunciation
kAb : ( to double)
(S, A, B, F) kōb/ⲕⲱⲃ, (B) kōp/ⲕⲱⲡ (more often for B) , (S) kb/ⲕⲃ, (S) kāb/ⲕⲉⲃ , (S, B) kob/ⲕⲟⲃ , (S, A, B, F) kēb/ⲕⲏⲃ
(be doubled, make double) Coptic
kAbt : (breast)
(B) kifi /ⲕⲓϥⲓ, (S) ekibe /ⲉⲕⲓⲃⲉ, (S) kibe /ⲕⲓⲃⲉ, (S) kiebe /ⲕⲓⲉⲃⲉ, chibe/ϭⲓⲃⲉ ? Coptic
kAm : (wine rod, garden)
kꜣm (garden) Demotic
karm (vineyard) Semetic
kirû, kiriu (garden, orchard, palm grove) Akkadian
kwr, Akr (to caltivate), kiry, kVw/AVr (Garden, cultivate field) Afrasian
Kerem כָּ֫רֶם (vineyard) (the 'A' in medu netjer is used for the 're') Hebrew
kʲme/ϭⲙⲉ (S), chme/ϭⲙⲉ (B), kʲmē/ϭⲙⲏ (S, Sf), chmē/ϭⲙⲏ (B), kʲimē/ϭⲓⲙⲏ (F) (gardener, vinedresser);
(S, A, sA, F) kʲōm/ϭⲱⲙ , (B) chōm/ϭⲱⲙ , (S) kʲom/ϭⲟⲙ , (S) kom/ⲕⲟⲙ, (B) djōm/ϫⲱⲙ ,
(S) khōmā/ϭⲱⲙⲉ (garden, vineyard, property) Coptic
kǎꜢm(u), 'kaʀmvw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ kAmw : (gardener, vinedresser)
kʲmēv/ϭⲙⲏⲩ (S, A, sA), kʲmēou/ϭⲙⲏⲟⲩ (S), kʲməʔv/ϭⲙⲉⲉⲩ (S) kʲmowəï/ϭⲙⲁⲩⲉⲓ (Sf) ,
kʲ(i)nə/Ϭ(Ⲓ)ⲚⲈ (garden, vineyard) Coptic
/kaʀmiw/ > ϭⲙⲉ /kʲmeʔ/ (gardner) Evolution
kaꜢmǔwaw Alt Pronunciation
kAmi(a)r : Camel
gmwl (camel) Demotic
(S, A, B, F) qamoul/ϭⲁⲙⲟⲩⲗ, (S) kamoul/ⲕⲁⲙⲟⲩⲗ , (B) djamoul/ϫⲁⲙⲟⲩⲗ (camel) Coptic
gamal Proto-Semitic
gammal/ 𒃵𒂷 Akkadian
gemale/ መል Ethiopic
gamlā /ܓܡܠܐ Syriac
gamál/ גָמָל Hebrew
kámēlos/κάμηλος Ancient Greek
camēlus Latin
jamal/ جَمَل Arabic
kjaˈmul IPA
kAmw : (vineyard, orchard)
karm Semitic
kaRmVw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
kAp : (cover, roof over, hide oneself, take cover, droop (of eyebrows)
kꜢp, khp Alt Egyptian
ḳp (hide) Demotic
(S) kōp/ⲕⲱⲡ , (B) khōp/ⲭⲱⲡ, (B) khāp/ⲭⲉⲡ, (B) khop/ⲭⲟⲡ , (F) kap/ⲕⲁⲡ , (S) kēp/ⲕⲏⲡ , (B) khēp/ⲭⲏⲡ (hide, be hidden);
(S, A, sA, B, F) ḥōp/ϩⲱⲡ , (NH) kōp/ⲕⲱⲡ , (S, B) ḥāp/ϩⲉⲡ, (S, B) ḥop/ϩⲟⲡ , (A, sA, F) ḥap/ϩⲁⲡ ,
(S, A, sA, B, F) ḥēp/ϩⲏⲡ (be hidden, hide) Coptic
kahf/ كهف Arabic
kAri : (gardener (Middle- Late Egyptian)
kꜢrỉ Alt Egyptian
kwr, ʔa/ikkār (needs ref) (to cultivate , laborer) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
ʔkr (to cultivate) , ʔa/ikkār Semitic
kirû , kiriu (garden, orchard, palm grove) Old Akkadian
kiriu , kirû , kirītu (an orchard , a garden) Akkadian
kwr , krw (to hoe), kawira(-mi)- (hoe) Central Chadic
kur (to cultivate) South Cushitic
* ref oi.uchicago.edu, starling.rinet.ru , assyrianlanguages.org
kATA : (safflower)
(S) kⁱoudj/ϭⲟⲩϫ, (S) koudj/ⲕⲟⲩϫ, (S) kⁱōdj/ϭⲱϫ, (S) kⁱiukⁱ/ϭⲟⲩϭ, (S) kouk/ⲕⲟⲩⲕ, (B) djoudj/ϫⲟⲩϫ,
(B) shoudj/ϣⲟⲩϫ (safflower, cardamum) Coptic
kdf : (pluck)
qa-ta-pu /qatāpu/ 𒋡𒋫𒁍 Akkadian
qaṭap Proto-Semitic
qṭap̄/ ܩܛܲܦ Aramaic
katáf, qāṭáp̄/ קְטַף (to pick; to pluck (flowers, fruit) Hebrew
qaṭafa/ قـطـف (picking, pluck, pick, reap) Arabic
kHn : (dakrness)
kHn : (chapel)
(S) knḥē/ⲕⲛϩⲉ , (B) kāḥni/ⲕⲉϩⲛⲓ (chapelle, wherehouse, shop) Coptic
ki : (stative ending)
ʔki (modern Egyptological) IPA
.ki Traditional Pronunciation
~ ky : (dual ending)
ʔɛki (modern Egyptological) IPA
.kē , .eki Traditional Pronunciation
kk, kkw : (darkness)
kky (darkness) Demotic
ákantha/ἄκανθα , akakíā/ἀκᾰκίᾱ (acacia tree) Greek
akakía/ἀκακία (acacia tree) Byzantine Greek
acacia (acacia tree) Latin
khōōkh /ⲭⲱⲱⲭ (darkness) Old Coptic
kakā /ⲕⲁⲕⲉ (S), kākā /ⲕⲉⲕⲉ (A, sA), kākāi /ⲕⲉⲕⲉⲓ (A), khaki /ⲭⲁⲕⲓ (B) (darkness) Coptic
(5th BCE Attic) a.ka.kí.aː, (1st CE Egyptian) a.kaˈki.a , (4th CE Koine) a.kaˈci.a , (10th CE Byzantine) a.kaˈci.a,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan) a.kaˈci.a IPA
keku Traditional Pronunciation
km : total up, amount to, complete, put an end to, pay (to)
koma (come to an end, finish, cease) (needs ref) Bantu
kēn/ⲕⲏⲛ (B) (finish, cease, fail, suffice, be enough), djin[m] /ϫⲓⲛ[ⲙ] (B) (completion) , kⁱin[m]/ϭⲓⲛ[ⲙ] (S)
(filling, completion) Coptic
~ kmyt : conclusion (book)
Coptic
km : (black color not skin tone)
kmi Alt Egyptian
kam, kami Budge
kmm Schenkel
kmj , kmy Demotic
'ku: ma:/ܟܘܼܡܵܐ (black, the darkest colour, black person), u:'ka:ma:/ ܐܘܼܟܵܡܵܐ (black, sunburn, black person),
'ka ma/ܐܟܵܡܵܐ (to blacken, to turn black, to grow dark or darker) Syriac
akhom/אָכֹם (black) Hebrew
kamə/ⲕⲁⲙⲉ (S, A), kamē/ⲕⲁⲙⲏ (S), kəmə/ⲕⲉⲙⲉ (S) , kmmə/ⲕⲙⲙⲉ (S) , kam/ⲕⲁⲙ (S), khamə/ⲭⲁⲙⲉ (B),
khamē/ⲭⲁⲙⲏ (B), khəmi/ⲭⲉⲙⲓ (B) , kəmi/ⲕⲉⲙⲓ (F), kəm/ⲕⲉⲙ (F) (Black color);
khēm/ⲭⲏⲙ (B), kēm/ⲕⲏⲙ (S, A, F) (to be black, to become black); kmə/ⲕⲙⲉ (darkness), rkamə/ⲣⲕⲁⲙⲉ (S, A),
rkamē/ⲣⲕⲁⲙⲏ (S), rkmmə/ⲣⲕⲙⲙⲉ (S), rkam/ⲣⲕⲁⲙ (S) (be black); kēmə/ⲔⲎⲘⲈ Coptic
ˈkuːmaw (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C), ˈkuːmaw (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C), keːm (Late Egyptian 800 B.C) IPA
kammǐ(j), kǎmə > kām/ ⲔⲎⲘ , kmom (Schenkel, Cerny, Westendorf) Alternative Pronunciation
kemet Traditional Pronunciation
kumat (OK), kēmat (OK-MK), kami (MK-LK); khēmi (B) (LE), kēme (S) (UE) More Accurate Pronunciation
~ kmw : (blackened)
kēm/ⲕⲏⲙ (S, A, F), (be or become black) Coptic
~ kmwt : (blakc color) (plr)
kamavï/ⲕⲁⲙⲁⲩⲉⲓ (S) , khaməv/ⲭⲁⲙⲉⲩ (B) (plur) Coptic
~ skm : (become gray)
skim/ⲥⲕⲓⲙ (S, Sf, A, F), schim/ⲥϭⲓⲙ (S), skhim/ⲥⲭⲓⲙ (B) (discolored, grey hair) Coptic
~ kmm : (to become black)
ka'mam (Loprieno) Alternative Pronunciation
kmom/ⲕⲙⲟⲙ (S), kmam/ⲕⲙⲁⲙ (F), khmom/ⲭⲙⲟⲙ (B), kēm/ⲕⲏⲙ (S, A, F),
khēm/ⲭⲏⲙ (B), kmām/ⲕⲙⲉⲙ (be or become black) Coptic
kmt : Egypt (black lands, Egyptians)
Kmy, Kmj, kmỉ Demotic
Kam-t' Ptolemaic Egyptian
Kamits/ ከሚተ, Kamme /ከም, Kami /ከሚ Ethiopic
kēmə/ⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S, A), khēmi/ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (B) kēmi/ⲕⲏⲙⲓ (F) (the black land, Egypt); rmnkēmə/ⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S,A) ,
Mətrəmenkhēmi/ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ⳰ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (B) Mentrmənkēmə/ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S) (Egyptian language & nationality);
Kami/ⲔⲀⲘⲒ (needs ref) Coptic
Khēmía /Χημία Early Greek
Kimit, Kāmāt/كيميت (black land), Kimi , Kaimai /كيمى (LE) (B), Khaimi/ Khimi / خيمى (UE) (S)
(Fertile lands, black lands) Egyptian Arabic
al-Kīmīā /الكيمياء Arabic
qubṭ /قبط >from Arabic qubṭī> Coptic gyptios> Greek aigýpti, aigýptios > Greek Linear B tables a-ku-pi-ti-yo Arabic
Aegyptus, Egyptus Latin
Aegyptus Mitzráyim /מִצְרַיִם Hebrew
Maṣr /مَصر < Masira/Μαςιρα (Greek) < Masi-Ra (born of Ra the sun) (Coptic) Arabic Modern
ˈkuːmat (Reconstructed Old Egyptian), > ˈkuːmə , ˈkeːmə (Reconstructed Late Egyptian),
kɛmɛt (Egyptological) (ref Loprieno) Evolution
ˈkuːmat (Old Egyptian 2500 B.C), ˈkuːmaʔ (Middle Egyptian 1700 B.C), ˈkeːmə (Late Egyptian 800 B.C),
kɛmɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
kammī(jat), kǎmat (Danielito); Kéme (UE), Chémi (LE) (Amentet Neferet); Kemia Alt Pronunciation
Kēmit, Kamit (Ptolomic), kēmə(t) (UE), khēmi(t) (LE), kēmi (Nile Valley), Kimē (possibly ME-LE), kēmə (Old Coptic),
Kimia (Greek) Fix
~ Roots of the word Alchemy and Chemistry
al-kīmiyaʾ (the Egyptian science) < kēme/ⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S, A), khēmi/ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (B) (Coptic)
< Kmi (Demotic) < kmt (Black lands); (Chemestry) khemein or khēmia, "preparation of black powder" Budge
Chemestry< khēmia (transmutation of earth, is the science of matter at the atomic to molecular
scale) **Needs ref** Theory
al-kīmiyāʾ /الكيمياء < Kimiya/کیمیا (Arabic Alchemy) Egyptian Arabic
alchimia Middle Latin
kemia/χημία < kmt (black lands) or km (black 'black art') (Oxford English Dictionary),
khēmia/χημία, khēmeia /χημεία (melting metals and of producing alloys) Greek Theory
kTn : (charioteer)
kDn Alt Egyptian
kuzi, guzi (stableman) Akkadian
ktt : (small, smaller, smallness)
kowwi /ⲕⲟⲩⲓ Old Coptic
kowwi /ⲕⲟⲩⲓ (S, A, F), kouï /ⲕⲟⲩⲉⲓ (sA), koudju /ⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ (B), kougyi /ⲕⲟⲩϭⲓ (F), kou /ⲕⲟⲩ (S, F)
ka /ⲕⲁ (F), ko /ⲕⲟ (F) (small person or thing, young person) Coptic
kwnt : (holy tree, sacred tree)
qnṱ (fig) Demotic
kntā/ⲕⲛⲧⲉ (S, A), kāntā/ⲕⲉⲛⲧⲉ (B), kāntē/ⲕⲉⲛⲧⲏ (F) (fig) Coptic
ky : (monkey)
kima (ref. http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
m-kia (monkey tail) Kiswahili-Bantu
ky : (other, another)
ki Budge
kii (another) Demotic
kale/ ካልእ (other) Ethiopic
kā /ⲕⲉ Old Coptic
kā /ⲕⲉ (S, A, sA, B, F), chā /ϭⲉ (S), kē /ⲕⲏ (F), chē /ϭⲏ (F), kai /ⲕⲁⲓ (sA),
kou /ⲕⲟⲩ (S) (other, this other, another, also) Coptic
~ k(y)t (other) (Female)
kiti (another) Late Kingdom
ktit Demotic
(S) kāt/ⲕⲉⲧ, (B) khāt/ⲭⲉⲧ, (F) kēt/ⲕⲏⲧ, (S) kātā/ⲕⲉⲧⲉ (Female), (S) kētā /ⲕⲏⲧⲉ (Female),
(B) khāti/ⲭⲉϯ (Female) (another) Coptic
~ pA k(y)t (the other)
pi khāt/ⲡⲓ-ⲭⲉⲧ (this other) Coptic
~ pAy k(y)t (this other)
pai khāt/ⲡⲁⲓ-ⲭⲉⲧ (this other) Coptic
~ k(yw)t : (other, another) (Female)
(S) kāt/ⲕⲉⲧ, (B) khāt/ⲭⲉⲧ, (F) kēt/ⲕⲏⲧ, (S) kātā/ⲕⲉⲧⲉ (Female), (S) kētā /ⲕⲏⲧⲉ (Female),
(B) khāti/ⲭⲉϯ (Female) (another) Coptic
~ k(y)w : (others)
k-w.wy, ky.wy Alt Egyptian
kjwj, kiwi (others) Demotic
kooue/ⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ (another, this other, other, different); kēāouā/ⲕⲏⲉⲩⲉ , kēvā/ⲕⲏⲩⲉ , kavā/ⲕⲁⲩⲉ,
kavï/ⲕⲁⲩⲉⲓ , kāoua/ⲕⲉⲟⲩⲁ, khōouēi/ⲭⲱⲟⲩⲏⲓ, kawēā/ⲕⲁⲩⲏⲉ , kāu/ⲕⲉⲩ
; kekhōouni/ⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ (anothers); kai/ⲕⲁⲓ, (S) kou/ⲕⲟⲩ Coptic
kākoouā/ⲕⲉⲕⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S), kākouā/ⲕⲉⲕⲟⲩⲉ, kākōouā/ⲕⲉⲕⲱⲟⲩⲉ, kākāouā/ⲕⲉⲕⲉⲟⲩⲉ, kākāāvā/ⲕⲉⲕⲉⲉⲩⲉ, kākowiā/ⲕⲉⲕⲁⲩⲉ, kākowiēi/ⲕⲉⲕⲁⲩⲏⲓ, kākowiā/ⲕⲉⲕⲁⲩⲓⲉ,
koudji/ⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ (others)(second plur) Coptic
~ k(y)t-xt : (others)
kekhōouni/ⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ (anothers) Coptic
~ nw k(y)t-xt (the others)
ni kekhōouni//ⲛⲓ-ⲕⲉⲭⲱⲟⲩⲛⲓ (this other) Coptic
~ kii sp : (another time)
nkāson/ⲛⲕⲉⲥⲟⲛ (another time) Coptic
kymy : (hen) 𓎡𓇋𓇋𓏲𓅓𓇋𓏲𓅭
kimi Budge
kⁱamə/ϭⲁⲓⲙⲉ (S) Coptic
l
l: (rw, letter l)
l ⲗ Fayyumic or Faiyumic Coptic
r ⲣ Coptic B and S
rw or rn Late Egyptian
M
m : (as)
ana (as) Akkadian
m : (of, in)
em /ⲙ⳰, ami or ama Coptic
mu ciLuba
əm (Werning) Alt Pronunciation
m : (do not, not)
mē, mā /ⲘⲎ (not) Coptic
~ m ir (do not)
empər /Ⲙ⳰ⲠⲈⲢ/Coptic
m(a) : (what ? , who ?)
ma, mi (what?) Proto-Afroasiatic
ma- (what?) Omotic
ma, mi (interr. root) (what?) Cushitic
mi, ma (what?) Chadic
mā (what?) (Arabic, Hebrew) Semitic
mī (wha, who?) (Weninger) Semitic
mu? (what?) Assyrian
ma? , mayen? , min? (what?) Berber
mah/מַה (what) Hebrew
mā/ ما (what) Arabic
ma/ⲙⲁ (S, F), mā/ⲙⲉ (S) (if, when) Coptic
(i)m(w) : (owl)
mwlḏ (owl) Porto-Egyptian
mz (owl), múúǯììyáá (Hausa) (owl), múǯìya (Gwandara )(owl), jmw (the mourner i.e, owl) < jm (lament, mourn),
əmouldj/ⲉⲙⲟⲩⲗϫ, əmouladj/ⲉⲙⲟⲩⲗⲁϫ (Mülle) (Night raven) History
mꜣ ( he seeing one owl) < mꜣꜣ (to see) Old Egyptian
jm (name of a bird) Late Egyptian
ꜣmwlḏ, ꜥmwlḏ (eagle owl), mwlḏ<mwlṯ? (Newberry) (owl) Demotic
būm (owl) Semitic
mouladj/ⲙⲟⲩⲗⲁϫ, mouladjh/ⲙⲟⲩⲗⲁϫϩ (owl) (AVDoAE Vartavan) ; mav, mow/ⲙⲁⲩ > kaka-mav/ⲕⲁⲕⲕⲁⲙⲁⲩ (B) (small
night owl); amav/ⲁⲙⲁⲩ, mouladj/ ⲙⲟⲩⲗϫ ?; (ϩⲁ)ⲙⲟⲩⲗⲁϩϫ (S), moula(ḥ)dj/ⲙⲟⲩⲗⲁ(ϩ)ϫ (B) (Night raven) Coptic
amowladj (AVDoAE Vartavan) Possible pronousication
mAa : (truly, really, rightly)
mnt(m)/ⲙⲛⲧ(ⲙ) (S, B, F), māth(m)/ⲙⲉⲑ(ⲙ) (S, B, F) (truth, righteousness, truly) Coptic
mAat, mAa : (truth, justice, righteousness)
mꜣꜥ(t) Demotic
mrk, mrh (needs source) Alt Egyptian
mǎɜə(ꜥ) Old Egyptian
mǔɜə(ꜥ) Middle Egyptian-Late Egyptian
muAaa, měj Late Kingdom
mua (from the name 𒉿𒀸𒈬𒀀𒊑𒀀 /Uašmuaria/wa-aš-mu-a-re-a/wsr-mAat-ra (Hittite cuneiform );
mu-u (Amarna letter), mu-a Akkadian
Makeda (name , Maatkare (Egyptian) Ethiopic
Miot , Myoot (name from mAat Goddess) Kalenjin
mə/ⲙⲉ , mēt /ⲙⲏⲧ Old Coptic
mə/ⲙⲉ (S), mēi/mēy ⲙⲏⲓ (B, F), mēt /ⲙⲏⲧ (S) (true, real in magic), məə /ⲙⲉⲉ (S) , mēə /ⲙⲏⲉ (S, A),
miā /ⲙⲓⲉ (A), mēy ⲙⲏⲓ (B), mï /ⲙⲉⲓ (B, F), māïⲙⲉⲉⲓ (F), mēi/ ⲙⲏⲓ (B, F) (truth, justice) Coptic
maa - Maakah/מַעֲכָה (name, possibly corrupted of Maatkare (Egyptian) - Μ(ο)ωχα, Μα(α)χα (Greek) Biblical Hebrew
Maakah/maʕäkhah/ מַעֲכָה (from the name mAat-kA-ra ) (NK); e-mu-nah/אֱמוּנָה (firmness, securely fixed in place);
ɛ̆mɛt/אֱמֶת < /ʔamint/ (truth) ; אֱמֶת/e-met , ’ă-mit (truth) (en.wikiversity.org) Hebrew
mu-a, mu-wa/ 𒈬𒀀 (Amarna letters) < Ni-ib-mu-wa-ri-ia (nb-mAat-ra) Akkadian
mua Babylonian
maèliga/ m-l-ng (truth) KiKongo-Bantu
nlungu/ n-l-ng (Justification, just, justice, righteousness) Basaa-Bantu
ma/μα (from : Ούσιμαρής/wsr-mAat-ra), Λαμαρής /nj-mAat-ra);
moō - M(o)ōkha/Μ(ο)ωχα, maa -Ma(a)kha/Μα(α)χα (from the name מַעֲכָה/ mAat-kA-ra ) Greek
ˈmuʀʕat (Old Egyptian 2500 BCE), ˈmuʀʕaʔ (Middle Egyptian 1700 BCE), ˈmuʔʕəʔ (Medio-Late Egyptian 1350 BCE),
ˈmuʔʕə, muʔˤɘ (after 1000 BC) , ˈmeʔʕə (Late Egyptian),ˈmøʔʕə (Late Egyptian 800 BCE) IPA
mǎꜢ-Ꜥat or mǔꜢ-Ꜥat (scholars) ; mrāñt, mlāñt; muRˤat (old Egyptian) > muʔˤɘ (Loprieno);
mu-(w)a (en.wikiversity.org), muRˤat Alt Pronunciation
ma'at (English) Traditional Pronunciation
mah'āt (EK-MK) mah'ā (LK) (more correct) Fixed Pronunciation
~ mAaty : judgement ; righteous, just and truth-speaking man (Budge)
mēt/ⲙⲏⲧ (true, real, in magic), Coptic
mAat- (Goddess Ma'at)
mAat-xrw (justified , victorious , vindication, triumph, 'true of voice')
mAa-xrw Alt Egyptian
(S, A, sA) ᵉgro/ϫ︦ⲣⲟ , (S, A, sA, B) qro, chro/ϭⲣⲟ , (F) gra/ϫⲣⲁ , (S, sA) graāit/ϫⲣⲁⲉⲓⲧ , (S) qraeit/ϭⲣⲁⲉⲓⲧ ,
(S) groeit/ϫⲣⲟⲉⲓⲧ , (S) qroeit/ϭⲣⲟⲉⲓⲧ , (Sa) qrait/ϭⲣⲁⲓⲧ , (S) grēout/ϫⲣⲏⲟⲩⲧ , (B) chrēout/ϭⲣⲏⲟⲩⲧ ,
(F) garēout/ϫⲁⲣⲏⲟⲩⲧ (be, become strong, firm, victorious) Coptic
~ a xrw : be justified, vindicated, deceased, be triumphant, true of voice
āfqrēout/ ⲉϥϭⲣⲏⲟⲩⲧ (triumphant) Coptic
mAA : (look)
mꜣw New Kingdom
amāru (to look at, to see, to learn by experience) Akkadian
wὲέ (see) Dogon
mouāḥ /ⲙⲟⲩϩ (S) , moḥ /ⲙⲟϩ (B), moukh /ⲙⲟⲩⳉ Coptic
ʾamara/أَمَرَ (to instruct, to show how or what to do) Arabic
mɑʔɑ (modern Egyptological) IPA
maa or mah'ah Traditional Pronunciation
mabA: ( 30 , thirty)
maab/ⲙⲁⲁⲃ (Crum) (S, sA), map/ ⲙⲁⲡ (B), maabe/ⲙⲁⲁⲃⲉ (A), mabə/ⲙⲁⲃⲉ (A), mēb/ⲙⲏⲃ (F) Coptic
mabu' , máꜥb˘ꜣ (Callender, Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
~ mabAt : (female)
maabe/ ⲙⲁⲁⲃⲉ (female) Coptic
maHat : (tomb)
mꜤḥꜤt Alt Egyptian
mhw Demotic
mḥaouə/ⲙϩⲁⲟⲩⲉ Old Coptic
ᵉḥaow/ⲙ︦ϩⲁⲁⲩ (S), mḥaou/ⲙϩⲁⲟⲩ (S), mḥowə/ⲙϩⲁⲩⲉ (S), mḥō/ⲙϩⲱ (A), mḥəəv/ⲙϩⲉⲉⲩ (sA),
mḥav/ⲙϩⲁⲩ (B), əmḥav/ⲉⲙϩⲁⲩ (B), əmḥəou/ⲉⲙϩⲉⲟⲩ (F) Coptic
māhāt Traditional Pronunciation
mȧāḥā-t (Budge), maˤḥíˤwat (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
m(ȧ)āḥāt fix
mAi : ( lion )
mꜣj Demotic
mowwi, moui /ⲙⲟⲩⲓ Old Coptic
mowwi, moui /ⲙⲟⲩⲓ (S, A, F, B), mouï /ⲙⲟⲩⲉⲓ (S,A), mouə/ⲙⲟⲩⲉ (S) Coptic
(OE 2500 B.C.E.) maːʀij , (ME 1700 B.C.E) maːʀij, (ME-LE 1350 B.C.E.) maːjəʔ , (LE 800 B.C.E.) ˈmoːj ,
(modern Egyptological) mɑi ; muːj, muːʔ IPA
maē Traditional Pronunciation
~ mA(i)w- (lions)
mōowwi /ⲙⲱⲟⲩⲓ (B) Coptic
~ mAit- (lioness)
mowwiē /ⲙⲟⲩⲓⲏ (B), miē , mjā /ⲙⲓⲏ (B), myē /ⲙⲩⲏ (B), mie /ⲙⲓⲉ (B) Coptic
(OE 2500 B.C.E.) ˈmaːʀit , (ME 1700 B.C.E) ˈmaːʀiʔ, (ME-LE 1350 B.C.E.) ˈmaːʔəʔ ,
(LE 800 B.C.E.) ˈmoːʔ (modern Egyptological) mɑt IPA
mAi : (island)
mAwt < iw ni mAwt (island of newness) Alt Egyptian
mꜣy Demotic
mouā/ⲙⲟⲩⲉ (S), mouāi/ⲙⲟⲩⲉⲓ (S), mou/ⲙⲟⲩ (S), mowwi/ⲙⲟⲩⲓ (S, B) (island) Coptic
mAqArA : (istick, staff, rod)
maqqēl/ מַקֵּל Hebrew
mAqt : (ladder)
mouki/ⲙⲟⲩⲕⲓ (B) (ladder) Coptic
maSa : (to marchm to campaign)
(S) mooshā/ⲙⲟⲟϣⲉ, (S) moshā/ⲙⲟϣⲉ, (A, sA) maaḥā/ⲙⲁⲁϩⲉ, (Sa, A) maḥā/ⲙⲁϩⲉ, (Sa) moḥā/ⲙⲟϩⲉ, (B) moshi/ⲙⲟϣⲓ,
(F) maashi/ⲙⲁⲁϣⲓ, (F) mashi/ⲙⲁϣⲓ (walk, go on land or water, be about to, proceed to) Coptic
mAT : (think up, devise, announce, name)
mAw : (to think, to ponder, to bear in mind, to remember, fix attention on, mind, memory (Budge) Alt Egyptian
mAwT James P. Allen
mau Budge
məvi/ⲙⲉⲩⲓ Old Coptic
(S, A, sA) məəvə/ⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉ , (S, A, sA) məvə/ⲙⲉⲩⲉ , (S) məəv/ⲙⲉⲉⲩ , (A) məouə/ⲙⲉⲟⲩⲉ , (B) məvi/ⲙⲉⲩⲓ ,
(F) mēoui/ⲙⲏⲟⲩⲓ, (F) mēēoui/ⲙⲏⲏⲟⲩⲓ, (F) məəvï/ⲙⲉⲉⲩⲉⲓ (think, think that) Coptic
mAtt : (celery)
mit/ⲙⲓⲧ (S, B), əmit/ⲉⲙⲓⲧ (B) Copti
mAtw : (to throw , to cast, poison, to conspire)
(S) matou/ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲩ, (S) matouə/ⲙⲁⲧⲟⲩⲉ, (S) matə/ⲙⲁⲧⲉ , (A) mətou/ⲙⲉⲧⲟⲩ, (B) matʰoui/ⲙⲁⲑⲟⲩⲓ ,
(F) mətbi/ⲙⲉⲧⲃⲓ (poison, especially serpent's) Coptic
mAw Hr , mAw-Hr (mirror)
mꜢw ḥr Alt Egyptian
mušālu (mirror), muššulu (likeness , replica , mirror, resemblance , similitude , replica) Akkadian
muraayad (mirror) Somali
mar’ah/ מַרְאָה (mirror) Hebrew
mïoḥo/ⲙⲉⲓⲟϩⲟ Coptic
mir’aah /مِرْآة (mirror) Arabic
mirare (to look at) Latin
mera (mirror) Maltese
mirall (mirror) Catalan
mireoir (a reflecting glass, looking glass) < miradoir (11c.) < mirer (look at oneself in a mirror) Old French
mirar (to look, look at, behold) Spanish
miroir (mirror) French
mirror (mirror) English
mɑuː-ħɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
maaᵘḥur Alt Pronunciation
maw-her Traditional Pronunciation
mēu-ḥur Fix
mAwt : (rays (of light)
mouā/ⲙⲟⲩⲉ (B), mōowwi/ⲙⲱⲟⲩⲓ (B) (light, brightness) Coptic
mAwy , mAwt : (new)
mAw : (a new situation, a new state (of being) Alt Egyptian
may/ʔ (be new) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
mway (new) Central Chadic
mwaH (new) Western Chadic
máwúya (new) Mofu-Gudur
(F) moui/ⲙⲟⲩⲓ, (F) mououi/ⲙⲟⲩⲟⲩⲓ , mouï/ⲙⲟⲩⲉⲓ (new) Coptic
mAx : (to burn, to smelt)
mouḥ/ⲙⲟⲩϩ (S, A, sA, F), moḥ/ⲙⲟϩ (B)
mAy : (fetus)
mayai (eggs, seeds, testicle (consisting of two eggs), M’yai (egg, embryos) (ref.http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk, Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
m bAH : (before, in the presence of)
em mah /ⲙ̀ⲙⲁϩ Coptic
mDAt : (book, letter, papyrus roll, dispatch)
mets'ihaf /መጽሓፍ Ethiopic
(S) djoouf /ϫⲟⲟⲩϥ, (B) chomf /ϭⲟⲙϥ, (B) chonf /ϭⲟⲛϥ (papyrus)
(S, F) djōōme /ϫⲱⲱⲙⲉ, (S, sA, F) djōme /ϫⲱⲙⲉ , (A) djououme /ϫⲟⲩⲟⲩⲙⲉ , (A) djoume /ϫⲟⲩⲙⲉ, (B) djōm /ϫⲱⲙ,
(F) djōōmi /ϫⲱⲱⲙ ⲓ, (F) djōōmi /ϫⲱⲙⲓ , (F) djoome /ϫⲟⲟⲙⲉ, (F) djome /ϫⲟⲙⲉ
(sheet, roll of papyrus, written document, book), Matoi/ⲘⲀⲦOⲒ from ⲦⲘⲀⲦOⲒ > tɜ-mdɜ(.t) Coptic
mDH : (belt, band)
(S) modjḥ /ⲙⲟϫϩ, (S) madjḥ /ⲙⲁϫϩ, (S) motdjḥ /ⲙⲟⲧϫϩ, (S) modjḥ /ⲙⲟϫⲏϩ, (A) madjkh /ⲙⲁϫⳉ,
(B) modjkh /ⲙⲟϫϧ, (B) moudjkh /ⲙⲟⲩϫϧ, (B) mokhdj /ⲙⲟϧϫ, (F) madjb /ⲙⲁϫⲃ,
(S, F) modj /ⲙⲟϫ , (F) madj /ⲙⲁϫ , (girdle of soldier or monk) Coptic
mḏl : (onion) Demotic
bāṣāl/ בָּצָל (onion) Hebrew
būṣlā/ בּוּצְלָא (onion) Aramaic
baṣal/ بَصَل (onion) Arabic
ᵉmdjōl /ⲙ︦ϫⲱⲗ (S) Coptic
mdt : (speech)
mt Demotic
mnt /ⲙⲛⲧ (S, A, L) (speech), māt/ⲙⲉⲧ (B, F) Coptic
mdw : (word, words, speak, address, speech, plea)
mt < md (speak) (Černy) Demotic
mwdw , mdwj Alt Egyptian
la-mu (words) Akkadian
muṭu , múdu (J.P.M.) Cuneiform
maalu, bwalu, madu, mwanda (ref. needed) ciLuba
mtav /ⲙⲧⲀⲩ (B) (words, magic words), moutə /ⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ (S, A, sA) (to speak, to call, to shout),
moutə /ⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ (S, A, sA) (to speak, enchant), mouti /ⲙⲟⲩϯ (B, F), mountə/ⲙⲟⲩⲛⲧⲉ (A)
(to speak, to call, to shout) Coptic
mot (word) French
ˈmaːtʼaw (Old Egyptian, 2500- Middle Egyptian, 1700 BCE), ˈmoːtʼ (Late Egyptian, 800 BCE),
mɛduː (modern Egyptological) IPA
ma'duww and me;duu from mdw.w, maduw , madu-u (Loprieno), miṯu (needs ref) Alt Pronunciation
medu Traditional Pronunciation
mout'ew More Accurate Pronunciation
~ mdw: (consult, say)
maadi/ መዐዲ (consult, advisor) Amharic
~ mdw.f : (he speaks)
refmoute /ⲣⲉϥⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ (man who speaks) Coptic
~ mdww : (words)
maduu-u > ma'duww/md.w > mdaw/ⲙⲧⲀⲩ (Loprieno) Evolution
mā'dūw Alt Pronunciation
mtav /ⲙⲧⲀⲩ (B) (words) Coptic
~ mdw nTr : 'words of god' Ancient Egyptian language (Written)
tà hierá /𝛕ᾲ ἱερά 'The sacred letters' Herodotus
hieroglyphikos /ἱερογλυφικός (comes from hierós/ἱερός 'sacred' and glýphō/γλύφω 'Ι carve, engrave');
hieroglyphós/ἱερογλυφός 'a carver of hieroglyphs' Greek
tà hieroglyphikà (grámmata)/τὰ ἱερογλυφικὰ (γράμματα) 'the sacred engraved letters' Ptolemaic Greek
mətrəmenkhēmi/ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ⳰ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (B), mentrmenkēmə/ ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S) (the Egyptian language) ;
mtav /ⲙⲧⲁⲩ (B), nouti /ⲛⲟⲩϯ (B) (Egyptian Language) Coptic
(OE 2500 B.C.) ˌmaːtʼaw ˈnaːcaɾ, (ME 1700 B.C.)ˌmaːtʼaw ˈnaːtaʔ, (Late Egyptian, c. 800 B.C.E.) moːtʼ ˈnoːtə,
mɛduː nɛt͡ʃɛr (modern Egyptological) IPA
medu netjer Traditional Pronunciation
~ mdt-kmt : (Egyptian Language)
~ mdw rA n kmt : (Language of Egypt' or 'Words of Mouth of Egypt) (Spoken)
moudi ro en khēmi (Lower Egyptian, B); moudə rah en kēmət (Upper Egyptian, S);
maːtʼaw (raʔ) ni kuːmat (OK); maːtʼaw raʔ n̩(i) ˈku.mat (MK); maːtʼaw raʔ ne kuːmaʔ
(MK-LK); moːtʼ (ra) ne keːmə (LK) (Loprieno) IPA
mət rəme n khēmi/ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ⳰ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (Lower Egypt (B) ;
ment rmə n khēmə/ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ (Upper Egypt (S) Coptic
~ mdw-rmT-kmt : (words of the peopel of Egypt)
mət/ⲙⲉⲧ (B, F), mnt/ⲙⲛⲧ (S, A, sA) < mouti/ⲙⲟⲩϯ (B, F),
moutə/ⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ (S, A, sA) (speak, call, enchant, charm)
< mdw (speak, address, speach, wprds, plea) Evolution of mdw
rm/ⲣⲙ (S, A, sA), rəm/ⲣⲉⲙ (S, B, F), rōmə/ⲣⲱⲙⲉ (S, A, sA, O),
rōmi/ⲣⲱⲙⲓ (B, F) < rmt (Demotic)
< rmT ( man, men, mankind, Egyptians, humans) Evolution of rmT
kēmā, kǎmə/ⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S, A) , khēmi/ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (B)
(the black land, Egypt), kmj, kmy (Demotic)
< kmt (black lands, Egypt) Evolution of kmt
mət/Ⲙⲉⲧ < moutə/ⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ (speak, call, enchant, charm)
< medu/mdw (speak, address, speach, wprds, plea) Evolution
mentrmenkēmə/ ⲙⲛⲧⲣⲙⲛⲕⲏⲙⲉ (S), metremenkīmi/ ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ (B)
(the Egyptian language), mnt [rmnk]/ⲙⲛⲧ[ⲣⲙⲛⲕ], mnt[rmnkh] /ⲙⲛⲧ[ⲣⲙⲛⲭ]
(nationality, speech) ; ment aiguption/ ⲙⲛⲧⲁⲓⲅⲩⲡⲧⲓⲟⲛ,
ment kuptaion /ⲙⲛⲧⲕⲩⲡⲧⲁⲓⲟⲛ (Egyptian language) Coptic
~ sS ni mdw nTr (Inscription of the divine words 'writing system') (Written)
mətnouti/ⲙⲉⲧⲛⲟⲩϯ Coptic
mDw , mD : (10 , ten (m)
meraw Proto-Berber
mraw ; mrawt (F) Berber
muțu Cuneiform
mg (need ref?) Afroasiatic
mēt/ ⲙⲏⲧ (S, A, sA), mēti/ⲙⲏϯ (B), met/ⲙⲉⲧ (B), mnt/ⲙⲛⲧ (B) [abv. ⲓ︦ ] (Male); mēt(ā)/ⲘⲎⲦ(Ⲉ) Coptic
ˈmuːɟaw IPA
mūḏaw , mu-țu , mū́ḏaw (Callender , Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
medj(u) Traditional Pronunciation
~ mDt : ten (f)
mētā/ ⲙⲏⲧⲉ (S) (Female) Coptic
mu-țu , mū́ḏat (Callender) , mū́ḏaw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
mDt : (stalled cattle)
mtch-t Late Kingdom
m-chaa (cattle stall) (http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
mfkAt : (turquoise)
mfkꜣt Alt Egyptian
mfkAt Old Kingdom
fAkt Middle Kingdom
fkꜢ.t Pre Late Kingdom ?
no̞-fe̞k/נֹפֶךְ (turquoise) Hebrew
əmfakɜet (Old Egyptian) , əmfaɜket (Middle Egyptian) , əmfāk(ə), əmfak (New Kingdom),
mɛfkɑt (modern Egyptological) IPA
mefukat, me-fak(-a-)ɜat, (ə)m-fik-ɜət Alt Pronunciation
(ref. https://en.wikiversity.org)
mH : (full, fill up, fill)
(S, A, sA, F) mouḥ/ ⲙⲟⲩϩ, (B, S) moḥ/ ⲙⲟϩ , (S, F, B) məḥ/ ⲙⲉϩ , (S, A, sA, B) maḥ/ ⲙⲁϩ, (F) mə(ḥ)/ ⲙⲉ(ϩ),
(S, A, sA) mēḥ/ ⲙⲏϩ Coptic
mHtt : (northern, north)
mḥit/ ⲙϩⲓⲧ Old Coptic
(S, A) mḥit/ⲙϩⲓⲧ , (A) mḥït/ ⲙϩⲉⲓⲧ, (A, sA, F) məḥēt /meḥit ⲙⲉϩⲓⲧ , (S, B, F) emḥit/ ⲉⲙϩⲓⲧ ,
(F) mənḥit /ⲙⲉⲛϩⲓⲧ Coptic
~ nA mHtyw : (the notherners)
nmḥatə /ⲛⲙϩⲁⲧⲉ (S) , nəmḥati/ⲛⲉⲙϩⲁϯ (B) Coptic
~ mHyt , mHti : (north wind)
ma'ḥīʲVT > mɘ'ḥe:ʔ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
ma-ḫe-e Akkadian
mHwt : (feather)
maḥi (mAHy MDC) (Budge) Alt Egyptian
mēḥə/ⲙⲏϩⲉ (S), məḥə/ⲙⲉϩⲉ (S), məḥi/ⲙⲉϩⲓ (B) (feather, lancet) Coptic
mHy : (flax)
mHaw Alt Egyptian
maḥə /ⲙⲁϩⲉ (S, A), maḥi /ⲙⲁϩⲓ (B) Coptic
mhyt : (fish)
mHi (fish) Alt Egyptian
amías/ἀμίας , amíā/ἀμῐ́ᾱ Greek
amia Latin
(5th BCE Attic) a.mí.aː , (1st CE Egyptian) aˈmi.a , (4th CE Koine) aˈmi.a , (10th CE Byzantine) aˈmi.a ,
(15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /aˈmi.a/ IPA
mi : (come!)
m(a)i Alt Egyptian
ʲamāʔ (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
amou/ⲁⲙⲟⲩ (imperative) Coptic
~ mit : (come!) (F)
amē/ⲁⲙⲏ (imperative) Coptic
miaS(A) : (abundance, many)
mȧāsh (Budge) Alt Egyptian
mēēshə/ⲙⲏⲏϣⲉ (S, sA, F), mēshə/ⲙⲏϣⲉ (sA), miïshə/ⲙⲓⲉⲓϣⲉ (A), mishə/ⲙⲓϣⲉ (A), mēsh/ⲙⲏϣ (B), mēēshi/ⲙⲏⲏϣⲓ (F),
məshi/ⲙⲉϣⲓ (F) (multitude, crowd, troop, (adverb) greatly)
mik : (thou) (Budge)
ᵉmmok/ⲙ︦ⲙⲟⲕ (Budge) Coptic
min : (today; daily (Budge)
mwi Baŋgi
mēnā/ⲙⲏⲛⲉ (S, A), mēēnā/ⲙⲏⲏⲛⲉ (S, A), mēni/ⲙⲏⲛⲓ (B, F), māni/ⲙⲉⲛⲓ (F) (every day, daily) Coptic
minA : (here, hither, like this, accordingly)
r mnꜣy (hither) Demotic
mnai/ⲙⲛⲁⲓ (B) (here, hence, hither ) Coptic
m ir : (do not)
ʔVm'ʔāraw (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
mpōr/ⲙⲡⲱⲣ (S, A, sA), mpʰōr/ⲙⲫⲱⲣ (B) (do (it) not!, by no means!, nay); ᵉmpᵉr/ ⲙ︦ⲡⲣ︦ (S, A, sA),
ᵉpər/ⲙ︦ⲡⲉⲣ (B) nnər/ⲛⲛⲉⲣ (S, B, F), nr/ⲛⲣ (S, A, F), nər/ⲛⲉⲣ (S, A, F), mpəl/ⲙⲡⲉⲗ (F), nəl/ⲛⲉⲗ (F),
mbəl/ⲙⲃⲉⲗ (F) (as pref of neg imperat) (Budge) Coptic
~ m iri.w : (do not do, in which)
mnōr/ⲙⲛⲱⲣ Coptic
mir(w) : (abyss) 𓅓𓇋𓏲𓂋𓎺𓀭
mȧra (Budge) Alt Egyptian
mērə/ⲙⲏⲣⲉ? (needs ref) Coptic
mist : (liver)
ⲙⲁⲟⲩⲥⲉ Coptic
mit : (road, way, path)
mat (mAt MDC), mȧt (mit MDC), mȧit (Budge)
moït/ⲙⲟⲉⲓⲧ (S), maït/ⲙⲁⲉⲓⲧ (Sa), mōit/ⲙⲱⲓⲧ (B), mait/ⲙⲁⲓⲧ (F) (road, path) Coptic
mitt : (the middle)
mētə/ ⲙⲏⲧⲉ (middle) Old Coptic
mētə/ ⲙⲏⲧⲉ (S, A) , mēētə/ⲙⲏⲏⲧⲉ (S) , mēti/ⲙⲏϯ (B, F) (middle) Coptic
mitti (center, middle, midst, midpoint, centre) German
mitt : (the like)
my Adverbal
mi (like, according to) Late Egyptian
a/ⲁ , āra/ⲁⲣⲁ Old Coptic
(S, B, F) ə/ⲉ , (A,sA) a/ⲁ , (S, B) əro/ⲉⲣⲟ, (S, B) ərō/ⲉⲣⲱ, (A) āra/ⲁⲣⲁ , (F) əla/ⲉⲗⲁ
(to, for, according to, as regards, in order to , about, because of, from, by means of, direction towards, to) Coptic
mitɛt (modern Egyptological) IPA
miw : ( cat )
miy; mAw, mAy, mAiw, imiy , imi : (cat (Budge) ALT Egyptian
jmj, mj Demotic
m-r or m-l (cat) Proto-Afro-Asiatic
niau, miaow (Sharma, http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) (The cat) Bemba-Bantu
niau, miaow (The cat) (http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
nìwⁿá (Toro Tegu) Dogon
mariy-amo (wild cat) Alagwa
mēr (serval), méríán (wild cat) Lamé Ngete
merian (wild cat, serval) Pévé
mīēr (genette) Zime-Dari Pévé
ámíl (African civet) Musgu
melā (cat) Bedanga Sokoro
māo/ 貓 (cat) Chinese
mǣu/ ແມວ (cat) Lao
əmou /ⲉⲙⲟⲩ (S, B, F), amou/ⲁⲙⲟⲩ (S) (cat) Coptic
mi(ʀ)juw (Reconstructed), əˈmuː (reconstructed classical Coptic), aːmou̯,
æːmou̯ (reconstructed post-conquest Bohairic) IPA
aːmou̯, æːmou̯ Alt Pronunciation
~ miwt , myt : (cat) (f)
miaou-ti Kiswahili-Bantu
~ miww , mAww : cats (plr)
əmooyə/ⲉⲙⲟⲟⲩⲉ (S), āmōowwi/ⲉⲙⲱⲟⲩⲓ (B) Coptic
~ mi , my : (cat)
əmou /ⲉⲙⲟⲩ, ⲁⲙⲟⲩ (S) Coptic
~ mit , myt : (female cat)
miaou-ti (http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Kiswahili-Bantu
əmou /ⲉⲙⲟⲩ (S, B, F) ? Coptic
mkr : (boat)
makurru, makkūru, magurru (going boat) Akkadian Old Babylonian
mágur Sumerian
mktr : (tower)
mkṱr (tower) Demotic
magdal (tower) (tower) Proto-West Semitic
madgaltu/ 𒈠𒀜𒂵𒆷𒌅 (watchtower) Akkadian
mgdl /magdalu/ 𐎎𐎂𐎄𐎍 (tower) Ugaritic
mgdl/ 𐤌𐤂𐤃𐤋 (tower) Moabite
mgdl/ 𐩣𐩴𐩵𐩡 (tower) Minaean
magdəlā/ܡܰܓܕܠܳܐ (tower) Syriac
miḡdāl/ מִגְדָּל (tower) Hebrew
majdal/ مَجْدَل (tower) Arabic
məshtōl/ⲙⲉϭⲧⲱⲗ (tower) Coptic
m mnt : (daily)
ᵉmmēne/ ⲙ︦ⲙⲏⲛⲉ (S) Coptic
mn : (to stay, remains, the remainder is)
mi-in ( from minmuʔˤɘ'riˤɘ is mi-in-mu-a-ri (1,000 BCE) mn-mAat-raw 'Ra is stable of truth') Akkadian
mn/ⲙⲛ (stay with), moun/ⲙⲟⲩⲛ (S, A, sA, B, F), moune/ⲙⲟⲩⲛⲉ (S, O), mouni/ⲙⲟⲩⲛⲓ (B),
mēn/ⲙⲏⲛ (S, A, B, F) mēne/ⲙⲏⲛⲉ (S) (remain, continue) Coptic
maːn, mān (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
mn : (be firm, established, enduring (of king), be fixed, stick fast (in), be attached (to), remain (in), dwell (in), be vested (in),
establish, press (with fingers), remains, the remainder is
(S, A) sminā/ⲥⲙⲓⲛⲉ, (sA) smēnā/ⲥⲙⲏⲛⲉ , (F) smini/ⲥⲙⲓⲛⲓ , (S, A) smn/ⲥⲙⲛ , (S, F) smān/ⲥⲙⲉⲛ , (S) smin/ⲥⲙⲓⲛ,
(sA) smmn/ⲥⲙⲙⲛ , (B) sāmnā/ⲥⲉⲙⲛⲉ, (S, A, F) smnt/ⲥⲙⲛⲧ , (B, F) sāmnēt/ⲥⲉⲙⲛⲏⲧ , (S, B) smont/ⲥⲙⲟⲛⲧ ,
(B) smot/ⲥⲙⲟⲧ , (A, sA, F) smant/ⲥⲙⲁⲛⲧ , (sA) smaant/ⲥⲙⲁⲁⲛⲧ , (B) ssmnēout/ⲥⲥⲙⲛⲏⲟⲩⲧ
(be established, set right, in order, establish, construct, set right , compose, write (book), provide, pay for
(book, mostly in colophons), draw up deed, set up, construct (building etc.); (S, A, sA) minā/ⲙⲓⲛⲉ , (S, A) māinā/ⲙⲉⲓⲛⲉ ,
(B, F) mini/ⲙⲓⲛⲓ (sort, quality, manner) Coptic
men /mεμ (stable) Greek
maːn (infinitive), miːn (reconstructed Old Egyptian), mɛn (modern Egyptological) IPA
min (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
men, or min Traditional Pronunciation
~ mn nfr : 𓏠𓈖
minnafir (Loprieno) Alt Pronunciation
mamphis/Мεμφις Greek
menɘf/ⲙⲛⲉϥ , mɘmfi/ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ Coptic
manf/مَنف/ manf, مَنْف < ⲙⲛⲉϥ , manfi/مَنفﻲ < ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ (benefit) Arabic (Egyptian)
Moph or Noph Biblical
mn : loss
ment(o)/ⲙⲛⲧ(ⲟ) (S) , mentosɘ/ⲙⲛⲧⲟⲥⲉ (N) (loss) Coptic
mna : (nurse)
(S) moonā/ⲙⲟⲟⲛⲉ, (A) maanā/ⲙⲁⲁⲛⲉ, (B) moni/ⲙⲟⲛⲓ, (F) maani/ⲙⲁⲁⲛⲓ (nurse, foster-mother) Coptic
mnD : (breast)
mnot / ⲙⲛⲟⲧ (B), mnoti/ⲙⲛⲟϯ (breast) Coptic
m-nDr : even when
ⲛ︦ⲧⲉⲣⲉ/ entārā (when, after) Coptic
mnh : (young mn, boy, youth)
mʊ̀ntʊ̀/ munhu (person) (wiktionary.org) Shona-Bantu
muana (child boy or girl) (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
mnht : (girl maiden)
munhu (person) munhu-kadzi (female person) Shona-Bantu
muana (child boy or girl) (Sharman) Kiswahili-Bantu
kati, ati (female ending) (http://www.kaa-umati.co.uk) Siswati-Bantu
mnHtti : (gift, tribute) (LK)
mnḥt/ 𐤌𐤍𐤇𐤕 Phoenician
thallós/θαλλός (“gift”) Ancient Greek
mäḥäna/ መሐና Ge'ez
minḥā/ מִנְחָה ( gift offering, afternoon prayer) Hebrew
minḥa/ مِنْحَة ( “gift”) Arabic
mnH : (wax)
(S, A, B) moulḥ/ⲙⲟⲩⲗϩ , (S) moulaḥ/ⲙⲟⲩⲗⲁϩ, (S) mourḥ/ⲙⲟⲩⲣϩ Coptic
mni : (moor (ship), marry (to), attach (to), endow (with)
mjn Alt Egyptian
mina'/ ميناء (port, harbor, seaport, harbour) Arabic
miː.naːʔ IPA
~ mnit (mooring post, whipping post)
minwt (harbor) Egyptian
mint (mooring post), mini (to moor) Related to Egyptian
mniw-siwt : (shepherd)
(B) manāsoou/ⲙⲁⲛⲉⲥⲟⲟⲩ, (B) manāsōou/ⲙⲁⲛⲉⲥⲱⲟⲩ (shephard) Coptic
mnkA : (end, finish)
(B) mounk /ⲙⲟⲩⲛⲕ, (S) mouk/ⲙⲟⲩⲕ, (F) moouk/ⲙⲟⲟⲩⲕ (cease, be lacking, perish, cause to cease, destroy) Coptic
mnt : (swallow bird)
bny (swallow) Demotic
(S) bnnā/ⲃⲛⲛⲉ, (S) bēnnā/ⲃⲏⲛⲛⲉ, (B, F) bēni/ⲃⲏⲛⲓ, (B) bāni/ⲃⲉⲛⲓ, bēnā/ⲃⲏⲛⲉ (crum) (swallow) Coptic
mnty : (night watchman, door keeper)
mnṱ (porter) Demotic
mnout/ⲙⲛⲟⲩⲧ (S, sA, B, F), āmnout/ⲉⲙⲛⲟⲩⲧ (B, F) mnot/ⲙⲛⲟⲧ (B), āmnouti/ⲉⲙⲛⲟⲩϯ (B) (doorkeeeper, porter) Coptic
~ mntyt : (night watchwomen, door keeper) (female)
mnotā/ⲙⲛⲟⲧⲉ (S), mnooā/ⲙⲛⲟⲟⲧⲉ (S), mnāoutā/ⲙⲛⲉⲟⲩⲧⲉ (sA), emnotā/ⲉⲙⲛⲟⲧⲉ (B) (female) Coptic
mntf : (He, it)